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Ludwig M, Yi YJ, Lüsebrink F, Callaghan MF, Betts MJ, Yakupov R, Weiskopf N, Dolan RJ, Düzel E, Hämmerer D. Functional locus coeruleus imaging to investigate an ageing noradrenergic system. Commun Biol 2024; 7:777. [PMID: 38937535 PMCID: PMC11211439 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC), our main source of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain, declines with age and is a potential epicentre of protein pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases (ND). In vivo measurements of LC integrity and function are potentially important biomarkers for healthy ageing and early ND onset. In the present study, high-resolution functional MRI (fMRI), a reversal reinforcement learning task, and dedicated post-processing approaches were used to visualise age differences in LC function (N = 50). Increased LC responses were observed during emotionally and task-related salient events, with subsequent accelerations and decelerations in reaction times, respectively, indicating context-specific adaptive engagement of the LC. Moreover, older adults exhibited increased LC activation compared to younger adults, indicating possible compensatory overactivation of a structurally declining LC in ageing. Our study shows that assessment of LC function is a promising biomarker of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Ludwig
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Yeo-Jin Yi
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Falk Lüsebrink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- NMR Methods Development Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina F Callaghan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Betts
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renat Yakupov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorothea Hämmerer
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Fiorini MR, Dilliott AA, Thomas RA, Farhan SMK. Transcriptomics of Human Brain Tissue in Parkinson's Disease: a Comparison of Bulk and Single-cell RNA Sequencing. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04124-5. [PMID: 38578357 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to motor dysfunction and, in some cases, dementia. Transcriptome analysis is one promising approach for characterizing PD and other neurodegenerative disorders by informing how specific disease events influence gene expression and contribute to pathogenesis. With the emergence of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (scnRNA-seq) technologies, the transcriptional landscape of neurodegenerative diseases can now be described at the cellular level. As the application of scnRNA-seq is becoming routine, it calls to question how results at a single-cell resolution compare to those obtained from RNA sequencing of whole tissues (bulk RNA-seq), whether the findings are compatible, and how the assays are complimentary for unraveling the elusive transcriptional changes that drive neurodegenerative disease. Herein, we review the studies that have leveraged RNA-seq technologies to investigate PD. Through the integration of bulk and scnRNA-seq findings from human, post-mortem brain tissue, we use the PD literature as a case study to evaluate the compatibility of the results generated from each assay and demonstrate the complementarity of the sequencing technologies. Finally, through the lens of the PD transcriptomic literature, we evaluate the current feasibility of bulk and scnRNA-seq technologies to illustrate the necessity of both technologies for achieving a comprehensive insight into the mechanism by which gene expression promotes neurodegenerative disease. We conclude that the continued application of both assays will provide the greatest insight into neurodegenerative disease pathology, providing both cell-specific and whole-tissue level information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Fiorini
- The Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Allison A Dilliott
- The Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rhalena A Thomas
- The Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sali M K Farhan
- The Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Fudge JL, Kelly EA, Love TM. Amygdalo-nigral inputs target dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the primate: a view from dendrites and soma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575910. [PMID: 38293165 PMCID: PMC10827221 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The central nucleus (CeN) of the amygdala is an important afferent to the DA system that mediates motivated learning. We previously found that CeN terminals in nonhuman primates primarily overlap the elongated lateral VTA (parabrachial pigmented nucleus, PBP, A10), and retrorubral field(A8) subregion. Here, we examined CeN afferent contacts on cell somata and proximal dendrites of DA and GABA neurons, and distal dendrites of each, using confocal and electron microscopy (EM) methods, respectively. At the soma/proximal dendrites, the proportion of TH+ and GAD1+ cells receiving at least one CeN afferent contact was surprisingly similar (TH = 0.55: GAD1=0.55 in PBP; TH = 0.56; GAD1 =0.51 in A8), with the vast majority of contacted TH+ and GAD1+ soma/proximal dendrites received 1-2 contacts. Similar numbers of tracer-labeled terminals also contacted TH-positive and GAD1-positive small dendrites and/or spines (39% of all contacted dendrites were either TH- or GAD1-labeled). Overall, axon terminals had more symmetric (putative inhibitory) axonal contacts with no difference in the relative distribution in the PBP versus A8, or onto TH+ versus GAD1+ dendrites/spines in either region. The striking uniformity in the amygdalonigral projection across the PBP-A8 terminal field suggests that neither neurotransmitter phenotype nor midbrain location dictates likelihood of a terminal contact. We discuss how this afferent uniformity can play out in recently discovered differences in DA:GABA cell densities between the PBP and A8, and affect specific outputs. Significance statement The amygdala's central nucleus (CeN) channels salient cues to influence both appetitive and aversive responses via DA outputs. In higher species, the broad CeN terminal field overlaps the parabrachial pigmented nucleus ('lateral A10') and the retrorubral field (A8). We quantified terminal contacts in each region on DA and GABAergic soma/proximal dendrites and small distal dendrites. There was striking uniformity in contacts on DA and GABAergic cells, regardless of soma and dendritic compartment, in both regions. Most contacts were symmetric (putative inhibitory) with little change in the ratio of inhibitory to excitatory contacts by region.We conclude that post-synaptic shifts in DA-GABA ratios are key to understanding how these relatively uniform inputs can produce diverse effects on outputs.
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Shukla D, Goel A, Mandal PK, Joon S, Punjabi K, Arora Y, Kumar R, Mehta VS, Singh P, Maroon JC, Bansal R, Sandal K, Roy RG, Samkaria A, Sharma S, Sandhilya S, Gaur S, Parvathi S, Joshi M. Glutathione Depletion and Concomitant Elevation of Susceptibility in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: State-of-the-Art MR Spectroscopy and Neuropsychological Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4383-4394. [PMID: 38050970 PMCID: PMC10739611 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by extrapyramidal motor disturbances and nonmotor cognitive impairments which impact activities of daily living. Although the etiology of PD is still obscure, autopsy reports suggest that oxidative stress (OS) is one of the important factors in the pathophysiology of PD. In the current study, we have investigated the impact of OS in PD by measuring the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) levels from the substantia nigra (SN), left hippocampus (LH) and neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) levels from SN region. Concomitant quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) from SN and LH was also acquired from thirty-eight PD patients and 30 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Glutathione levels in the SN region decreased significantly and susceptibility increased significantly in PD compared to HC. Nonsignificant depletion of GABA was observed in the SN region. GSH levels in the LH region were depleted significantly, but LH susceptibility did not alter in the PD cohort compared to HC. Neuropsychological and physical assessment demonstrated significant impairment of cognitive functioning in PD patients compared to HC. GSH depletion was negatively correlated to motor function performance. Multivariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis on the combined effect of GSH, GABA, and susceptibility in the SN region yielded an improved diagnostic accuracy of 86.1% compared to individual diagnostic accuracy based on GSH (65.8%), GABA (57.5%), and susceptibility (69.6%). This is the first comprehensive report in PD demonstrating significant GSH depletion as well as concomitant iron enhancement in the SN region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Shukla
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Anshika Goel
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Pravat K. Mandal
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh
Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Shallu Joon
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Khushboo Punjabi
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Yashika Arora
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department
of Neurology, Paras Hospitals, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002, India
| | - Veer Singh Mehta
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Paras Hospitals, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002, India
| | - Padam Singh
- Department
of Biostatistics, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Joseph C. Maroon
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh
Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rishu Bansal
- Department
of Neurology, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Kanika Sandal
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Rimil Guha Roy
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Avantika Samkaria
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Shallu Sharma
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Sandhya Sandhilya
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Shradha Gaur
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - S. Parvathi
- Department
of Biostatistics, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Mallika Joshi
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), NBRC, Gurgaon 122051, India
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Delgado-Zabalza L, Mallet NP, Glangetas C, Dabee G, Garret M, Miguelez C, Baufreton J. Targeting parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata restores motor function in parkinsonian mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113287. [PMID: 37843977 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) neurons, the main output structure of basal ganglia, is altered in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the type of neurons responsible for PD-related motor dysfunctions have been elucidated yet. Here, we show that parvalbumin-expressing SNr neurons (SNr-PV+) occupy dorsolateral parts and possess specific electrophysiological properties compared with other SNr cells. We also report that only SNr-PV+ neurons' intrinsic excitability is reduced by downregulation of sodium leak channels in a PD mouse model. Interestingly, in anesthetized parkinsonian mice in vivo, SNr-PV+ neurons display a bursty pattern of activity dependent on glutamatergic tone. Finally, we demonstrate that chemogenetic inhibition of SNr-PV+ neurons is sufficient to alleviate motor impairments in parkinsonian mice. Overall, our findings establish cell-type-specific dysfunction in experimental parkinsonism in the SNr and provide a potential cellular therapeutic target to alleviate motor symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Delgado-Zabalza
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Pharmacology. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nicolas P Mallet
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Guillaume Dabee
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maurice Garret
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Department of Pharmacology. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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6
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Darcey VL, Guo J, Chi M, Chung ST, Courville AB, Gallagher I, Herscovitch P, Howard R, LaNoire M, Milley L, Schick A, Stagliano M, Turner S, Urbanski N, Yang S, Yim E, Zhai N, Zhou MS, Hall KD. Striatal dopamine tone is positively associated with body mass index in humans as determined by PET using dual dopamine type-2 receptor antagonist tracers. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.27.23296169. [PMID: 37886556 PMCID: PMC10602123 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.23296169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between adiposity and dopamine type-2 receptor binding potential (D2BP) in the human brain has been repeatedly studied for >20 years with highly discrepant results, likely due to variable methodologies and differing study populations. We conducted a controlled inpatient feeding study to measure D2BP in the striatum using positron emission tomography with both [18F]fallypride and [11C]raclopride in pseudo-random order in 54 young adults with a wide range of body mass index (BMI 20-44 kg/m2). Within-subject D2BP measurements using the two tracers were moderately correlated (r=0.47, p<0.001). D2BP was negatively correlated with BMI as measured by [11C]raclopride (r= -0.51; p<0.0001) but not [18F]fallypride (r=-0.01; p=0.92) and these correlation coefficients were significantly different from each other (p<0.001). Given that [18F]fallypride has greater binding affinity to dopamine type-2 receptors than [11C]raclopride, which is more easily displaced by endogenous dopamine, our results suggest that adiposity is positively associated with increased striatal dopamine tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Darcey
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juen Guo
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meible Chi
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie T Chung
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amber B Courville
- Human Energy and Body Weight Regulation Core, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabelle Gallagher
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Herscovitch
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Howard
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa LaNoire
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Milley
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Schick
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Stagliano
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Turner
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Urbanski
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shanna Yang
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eunha Yim
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nan Zhai
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan S Zhou
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin D Hall
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Britto AM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Fonseca IAT, Araújo DP, Oliveira LC, Guzen FP, Morais PLAG, Cavalcanti JRLP. Basal ganglia for beginners: the basic concepts you need to know and their role in movement control. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1242929. [PMID: 37600831 PMCID: PMC10435282 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1242929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are a subcortical collection of interacting clusters of cell bodies, and are involved in reward, emotional, and motor circuits. Within all the brain processing necessary to carry out voluntary movement, the basal nuclei are fundamental, as they modulate the activity of the motor regions of the cortex. Despite being much studied, the motor circuit of the basal ganglia is still difficult to understand for many people at all, especially undergraduate and graduate students. This review article seeks to bring the functioning of this circuit with a simple and objective approach, exploring the functional anatomy, neurochemistry, neuronal pathways, related diseases, and interactions with other brain regions to coordinate voluntary movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José R. L. P. Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, Brazil
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8
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Abstract
Striosomes form neurochemically specialized compartments of the striatum embedded in a large matrix made up of modules called matrisomes. Striosome-matrix architecture is multiplexed with the canonical direct-indirect organization of the striatum. Striosomal functions remain to be fully clarified, but key information is emerging. First, striosomes powerfully innervate nigral dopamine-containing neurons and can completely shut down their activity, with a following rebound excitation. Second, striosomes receive limbic and cognition-related corticostriatal afferents and are dynamically modulated in relation to value-based actions. Third, striosomes are spatially interspersed among matrisomes and interneurons and are influenced by local and global neuromodulatory and oscillatory activities. Fourth, striosomes tune engagement and the motivation to perform reinforcement learning, to manifest stereotypical behaviors, and to navigate valence conflicts and valence discriminations. We suggest that, at an algorithmic level, striosomes could serve as distributed scaffolds to provide formats of the striatal computations generated through development and refined through learning. We propose that striosomes affect subjective states. By transforming corticothalamic and other inputs to the functional formats of the striatum, they could implement state transitions in nigro-striato-nigral circuits to affect bodily and cognitive actions according to internal motives whose functions are compromised in neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Ayano Matsushima
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
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9
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Hamilton TJ, Tresguerres M, Kwan GT, Szaskiewicz J, Franczak B, Cyronak T, Andersson AJ, Kline DI. Effects of ocean acidification on dopamine-mediated behavioral responses of a coral reef damselfish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162860. [PMID: 36931527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether CO2-induced ocean acidification (OA) affects dopamine receptor-dependent behavior in bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus). Damselfish were kept in aquaria receiving flow through control (pH ~ 8.03; pCO2 ~ 384 μatm) or OA (pH ~ 7.64; CO2 ~ 1100 μatm) seawater at a rate of 1 L min-1. Despite this relatively fast flow rate, fish respiration further acidified the seawater in both control (pH ~7.88; pCO2 ~ 595 μatm) and OA (pH ~7.55; pCO2 ~ 1450 μatm) fish-holding aquaria. After five days of exposure, damselfish locomotion, boldness, anxiety, and aggression were assessed using a battery of behavioral tests using automated video analysis. Two days later, these tests were repeated following application of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393. OA-exposure induced ceiling anxiety levels that were significantly higher than in control damselfish, and SKF 38393 increased anxiety in control damselfish to a level not significantly different than that of OA-exposed damselfish. Additionally, SKF 38393 decreased locomotion and increased boldness in control damselfish but had no effect in OA-exposed damselfish, suggesting an alteration in activity of dopaminergic pathways that regulate behavior under OA conditions. These results indicate that changes in dopamine D1 receptor function affects fish behavior during exposure to OA. However, subsequent measurements of seawater sampled using syringes during the daytime (~3-4 pm local time) from crevasses in coral reef colonies, which are used as shelter by damselfish, revealed an average pH of 7.73 ± 0.03 and pCO2 of 925.8 ± 62.2 μatm; levels which are comparable to Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 predicted end-of-century mean OA levels in the open ocean. Further studies considering the immediate environmental conditions experienced by fish as well as individual variability and effect size are required to understand potential implications of the observed OA-induced behavioral effects on damselfish fitness in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Garfield T Kwan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joshua Szaskiewicz
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Brian Franczak
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Tyler Cyronak
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460
| | - Andreas J Andersson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David I Kline
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Panamá, Panama
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10
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van Hooijdonk CFM, van der Pluijm M, Bosch I, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Booij J, de Haan L, Selten JP, Giessen EVD. The substantia nigra in the pathology of schizophrenia: A review on post-mortem and molecular imaging findings. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 68:57-77. [PMID: 36640734 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of striatal dopamine is considered to be an important driver of pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia. Despite being one of the main origins of dopaminergic input to the striatum, the (dys)functioning of the substantia nigra (SN) has been relatively understudied in schizophrenia. Hence, this paper aims to review different molecular aspects of nigral functioning in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls by integrating post-mortem and molecular imaging studies. We found evidence for hyperdopaminergic functioning in the SN of patients with schizophrenia (i.e. increased AADC activity in antipsychotic-free/-naïve patients and elevated neuromelanin accumulation). Reduced GABAergic inhibition (i.e. decreased density of GABAergic synapses, lower VGAT mRNA levels and lower mRNA levels for GABAA receptor subunits), excessive glutamatergic excitation (i.e. increased NR1 and Glur5 mRNA levels and a reduced number of astrocytes), and several other disturbances implicating the SN (i.e. immune functioning and copper concentrations) could potentially underlie this nigral hyperactivity and associated striatal hyperdopaminergic functioning in schizophrenia. These results highlight the importance of the SN in schizophrenia pathology and suggest that some aspects of molecular functioning in the SN could potentially be used as treatment targets or biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen F M van Hooijdonk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Marieke van der Pluijm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iris Bosch
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Therese A M J van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elsmarieke van de Giessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Jang Y, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Pantelyat AY, Dawson TM, Rosenthal LS, Na CH. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Analysis of Human Substantia Nigra From Parkinson's Disease Patients Identifies Multiple Pathways Potentially Involved in the Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100452. [PMID: 36423813 PMCID: PMC9792365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the brain. Despite decades of studies, the precise pathogenic mechanism of PD is still elusive. An unbiased proteomic analysis of PD patient's brain allows the identification of critical proteins and molecular pathways that lead to dopamine cell death and α-synuclein deposition and the resulting devastating clinical symptoms. In this study, we conducted an in-depth proteome analysis of human SN tissues from 15 PD patients and 15 healthy control individuals combining Orbitrap mass spectrometry with the isobaric tandem mass tag-based multiplexing technology. We identified 10,040 proteins with 1140 differentially expressed proteins in the SN of PD patients. Pathway analysis showed that the ribosome pathway was the most enriched one, followed by gamma-aminobutyric acidergic synapse, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, cell adhesion molecules, morphine addiction, Prion disease, and PD pathways. Strikingly, the majority of the proteins enriched in the ribosome pathway were mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (mitoribosomes). The subsequent protein-protein interaction analysis and the weighted gene coexpression network analysis confirmed that the mitoribosome is the most enriched protein cluster. Furthermore, the mitoribosome was also identified in our analysis of a replication set of ten PD and nine healthy control SN tissues. This study provides potential disease pathways involved in PD and paves the way to study further the pathogenic mechanism of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yura Jang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Y Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Faustini G, Longhena F, Muscò A, Bono F, Parrella E, La Via L, Barbon A, Pizzi M, Onofri F, Benfenati F, Missale C, Memo M, Zizioli D, Bellucci A. Synapsin III Regulates Dopaminergic Neuron Development in Vertebrates. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233902. [PMID: 36497160 PMCID: PMC9739466 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by alterations in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. Polymorphisms in the Synapsin III (Syn III) gene can associate with ADHD onset and even affect the therapeutic response to the gold standard ADHD medication, methylphenidate (MPH), a monoamine transporter inhibitor whose efficacy appears related with the stimulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Interestingly, we previously showed that MPH can bind Syn III, which can regulate neuronal development. These observations suggest that Syn III polymorphism may impinge on ADHD onset and response to therapy by affecting BDNF-dependent dopaminergic neuron development. Here, by studying zebrafish embryos exposed to Syn III gene knock-down (KD), Syn III knock-out (ko) mice and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived neurons subjected to Syn III RNA interference, we found that Syn III governs the earliest stages of dopaminergic neurons development and that this function is conserved in vertebrates. We also observed that in mammals Syn III exerts this function acting upstream of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5)-stimulated dendrite development. Collectively, these findings own significant implications for deciphering the biological basis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessia Muscò
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Bono
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca La Via
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbon
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Via Leon Battista Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- IRCSS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Zizioli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-(0)30-3717546 (D.Z.); +39-(0)30-3717380 (A.B.)
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-(0)30-3717546 (D.Z.); +39-(0)30-3717380 (A.B.)
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13
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Involvement of AMPA receptors of lateral habenula in the expression and acquisition phases of morphine-induced place preference. Brain Res 2022; 1798:148150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Bongiovanni AR, Zhao P, Inan S, Wiah S, Shekarabi A, Farkas DJ, Watson MN, Wimmer ME, Ruff MR, Rawls SM. Multi-chemokine receptor antagonist RAP-103 inhibits opioid-derived respiratory depression, reduces opioid reinforcement and physical dependence, and normalizes opioid-induced dysregulation of mesolimbic chemokine receptors in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 238:109556. [PMID: 35843139 PMCID: PMC9444981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-opioid crosstalk is a physiological crossroads for influencing therapeutic and adverse effects of opioids. Activation of chemokine receptors, especially CCR2, CCR5 and CXCR4, reduces opioid-induced analgesia by desensitizing OPRM1 receptors. Chemokine receptor antagonists (CRAs) enhance opioid analgesia, but knowledge about how CRAs impact adverse opioid effects remains limited. We examined effects of RAP-103, a multi-CRA orally active peptide analog of "DAPTA", on opioid-derived dependence, reinforcement, and respiratory depression in male rats and on changes in chemokine and OPRM1 (µ opioid) receptor levels in mesolimbic substrates during opioid abstinence. In rats exposed to chronic morphine (75 mg pellet x 7 d), daily RAP-103 (1 mg/kg, IP) treatment reduced the severity of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal responses. For self-administration (SA) studies, RAP-103 (1 mg/kg, IP) reduced heroin acquisition (0.1 mg/kg/inf) and reinforcing efficacy (assessed by motivation on a progressive-ratio reinforcement schedule) but did not impact sucrose intake. RAP-103 (1-3 mg/kg, IP) also normalized the deficits in oxygen saturation and enhancement of respiratory rate caused by morphine (5 mg/kg, SC) exposure. Abstinence from chronic morphine elicited brain-region specific changes in chemokine receptor protein levels. CCR2 and CXCR4 were increased in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), whereas CCR2 and CCR5 were reduced in the nucleus accumbens (NAC). Effects of RAP-103 (1 mg/kg, IP) were focused in the NAC, where it normalized morphine-induced deficits in CCR2 and CCR5. These results identify CRAs as potential biphasic function opioid signaling modulators to enhance opioid analgesia and inhibit opioid-derived dependence and respiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Bongiovanni
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonita Wiah
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aryan Shekarabi
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Farkas
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mia N Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Ambrosi P, Lerner TN. Striatonigrostriatal circuit architecture for disinhibition of dopamine signaling. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111228. [PMID: 35977498 PMCID: PMC9425427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia operate largely in closed parallel loops, including an associative circuit for goal-directed behavior originating from the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and a somatosensory circuit important for habit formation originating from the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). An exception to this parallel circuit organization has been proposed to explain how information might be transferred between striatal subregions, for example, from the DMS to the DLS during habit formation. The "ascending spiral hypothesis" proposes that the DMS disinhibits dopamine signaling in the DLS through a tri-synaptic, open-loop striatonigrostriatal circuit. Here, we use transsynaptic and intersectional genetic tools to investigate both closed- and open-loop striatonigrostriatal circuits. We find strong evidence for closed loops, which would allow striatal subregions to regulate their own dopamine release. We also find evidence for functional synapses in open loops. However, these synapses are unable to modulate tonic dopamine neuron firing, questioning the prominence of their role in mediating crosstalk between striatal subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Ambrosi
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (NUIN), Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Talia N Lerner
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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16
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Synaptic Secretion and Beyond: Targeting Synapse and Neurotransmitters to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9176923. [PMID: 35923862 PMCID: PMC9343216 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9176923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is important, because it regulates the physiological function of the body. Neurons are the most basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. The synapse is an asymmetric structure that is important for neuronal function. The chemical transmission mode of the synapse is realized through neurotransmitters and electrical processes. Based on vesicle transport, the abnormal information transmission process in the synapse can lead to a series of neurorelated diseases. Numerous proteins and complexes that regulate the process of vesicle transport, such as SNARE proteins, Munc18-1, and Synaptotagmin-1, have been identified. Their regulation of synaptic vesicle secretion is complicated and delicate, and their defects can lead to a series of neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss the structure and functions of vesicle-based synapses and their roles in neurons. Furthermore, we will analyze neurotransmitter and synaptic functions in neurodegenerative diseases and discuss the potential of using related drugs in their treatment.
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17
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Todd KL, Lipski J, Freestone PS. The Subthalamic Nucleus Exclusively Evokes Dopamine Release in the Tail of the Striatum. J Neurochem 2022; 162:417-429. [PMID: 35869680 PMCID: PMC9541146 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A distinct population of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars lateralis (SNL) has a unique projection to the most caudolateral (tail) region of the striatum. Here, using two electrochemical techniques to measure basal dopamine and electrically evoked dopamine release in anesthetized rats, we characterized this pathway, and compared it with the ‘classic’ nigrostriatal pathway from neighboring substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine neurons to the dorsolateral striatum. We found that the tail striatum constitutes a distinct dopamine domain compared with the dorsolateral striatum, with consistently lower basal and evoked dopamine, and diverse dopamine release kinetics. Importantly, electrical stimulation of the SNL and SNc evoked dopamine release in entirely separate striatal regions; the tail and dorsolateral striatum, respectively. Furthermore, we showed that stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) evoked dopamine release exclusively in the tail striatum, likely via the SNL, consistent with previous anatomical evidence of STN afferents to SNL dopamine neurons. Our work identifies the STN as an important modulator of dopamine release in a novel dopamine pathway to the tail striatum, largely independent of the classic nigrostriatal pathway, which necessitates a revision of the basal ganglia circuitry with the STN positioned as a central integrator of striatal information.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Todd
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Janusz Lipski
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Peter S. Freestone
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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18
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Muddapu VRJ, Vijayakumar K, Ramakrishnan K, Chakravarthy VS. A Multi-Scale Computational Model of Levodopa-Induced Toxicity in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:797127. [PMID: 35516806 PMCID: PMC9063169 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.797127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The root cause of this cell loss in PD is still not decisively elucidated. A recent line of thinking has traced the cause of PD neurodegeneration to metabolic deficiency. Levodopa (L-DOPA), a precursor of dopamine, used as a symptom-relieving treatment for PD, leads to positive and negative outcomes. Several researchers inferred that L-DOPA might be harmful to SNc cells due to oxidative stress. The role of L-DOPA in the course of the PD pathogenesis is still debatable. We hypothesize that energy deficiency can lead to L-DOPA-induced toxicity in two ways: by promoting dopamine-induced oxidative stress and by exacerbating excitotoxicity in SNc. We present a systems-level computational model of SNc-striatum, which will help us understand the mechanism behind neurodegeneration postulated above and provide insights into developing disease-modifying therapeutics. It was observed that SNc terminals are more vulnerable to energy deficiency than SNc somas. During L-DOPA therapy, it was observed that higher L-DOPA dosage results in increased loss of terminals in SNc. It was also observed that co-administration of L-DOPA and glutathione (antioxidant) evades L-DOPA-induced toxicity in SNc neurons. Our proposed model of the SNc-striatum system is the first of its kind, where SNc neurons were modeled at a biophysical level, and striatal neurons were modeled at a spiking level. We show that our proposed model was able to capture L-DOPA-induced toxicity in SNc, caused by energy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Vijayakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | | | - V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyothi Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
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19
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Darbinyan LV, Simonyan KV, Hambardzumyan LE, Manukyan LP, Badalyan SH, Sarkisian VH. Protective effect of curcumin against rotenone-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuronal dysfunction. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1111-1118. [PMID: 35239141 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone is involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and curcumin may prevent or effectively slow the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous research has shown that the naturally occurring phenolic compound curcumin can reduce inflammation and oxidation, making it a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. The present study involves investigation of rotenone-induced histological changes in the brain area, hippocampus using Nissl staining after 35 day of subcutaneous injection of rotenone in adult male rats. We sought to determine whether curcumin could protect against rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in a rat model by in vivo electrical recording from Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Curcumin treatment significantly improved electrical activity of neurons in the SNc of rotenone-induced PD model rats. The pattern of histological alterations corresponds with electrophysiological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Darbinyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K V Simonyan
- Neuroendocrine Relationships Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - L E Hambardzumyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - L P Manukyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - S H Badalyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - V H Sarkisian
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
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20
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Salinas-Luypaert C, Sáez-Cortez F, Quintanilla ME, Herrera-Marschitz M, Rivera-Meza M. Gene knockdown of HCN2 ion channels in the ventral tegmental area reduces ethanol consumption in alcohol preferring rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:165-175. [PMID: 35377277 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2033759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated (HCN) ionic channels are known to play a key role in the control of neuron excitability and have been proposed as a molecular target of ethanol. Previous studies in rats have shown that gene-induced overexpression of the HCN2 channel in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) increases the rewarding effects of ethanol and its intake by the animals.Objective: The aim of this work was to study the effects of VTA HCN2 gene knockdown in the voluntary ethanol consumption of alcohol-preferring UChB rats.Methods: Two lentiviral vectors were generated; LV-siRNA-HCN2, coding for a siRNA that elicited >95% reduction of HCN2 protein levels in vitro, and a control vector coding for a scrambled siRNA sequence. Female UChB naïve rats (n = 14) were microinjected into the VTA with LV-siRNA-HCN2 or the scrambled control vector (n = 11). Four days after, animals were given a daily free access to 10% ethanol and water for 10 days.Results: Rats treated with the LV-siRNA-HCN2 vector showed a ~ 70% reduction (p < .001) in their ethanol preference and ethanol intake compared to control animals. No changes were observed in the total fluid intake of both groups. HCN2 levels in the VTA were measured by Western blot showing a reduction of 40% (p < .05) in the rats injected with LV-siRNA-HCN2, compared to control animals.Conclusion: These results show that knockdown of HCN2 ionic channels in the VTA of UChB rats markedly reduces their voluntary ethanol intake, supporting the idea that HCN2 channels may constitute a therapeutic target for alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Salinas-Luypaert
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Sáez-Cortez
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elena Quintanilla
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Hollon NG, Williams EW, Howard CD, Li H, Traut TI, Jin X. Nigrostriatal dopamine signals sequence-specific action-outcome prediction errors. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5350-5363.e5. [PMID: 34637751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine has been suggested to encode cue-reward prediction errors during Pavlovian conditioning, signaling discrepancies between actual versus expected reward predicted by the cues.1-5 While this theory has been widely applied to reinforcement learning concerning instrumental actions, whether dopamine represents action-outcome prediction errors and how it controls sequential behavior remain largely unknown. The vast majority of previous studies examining dopamine responses primarily have used discrete reward-predictive stimuli,1-15 whether Pavlovian conditioned stimuli for which no action is required to earn reward or explicit discriminative stimuli that essentially instruct an animal how and when to respond for reward. Here, by training mice to perform optogenetic intracranial self-stimulation, we examined how self-initiated goal-directed behavior influences nigrostriatal dopamine transmission during single and sequential instrumental actions, in behavioral contexts with minimal overt changes in the animal's external environment. We found that dopamine release evoked by direct optogenetic stimulation was dramatically reduced when delivered as the consequence of the animal's own action, relative to non-contingent passive stimulation. This dopamine suppression generalized to food rewards was specific to the reinforced action, was temporally restricted to counteract the expected outcome, and exhibited sequence-selectivity consistent with hierarchical control of sequential behavior. These findings demonstrate that nigrostriatal dopamine signals sequence-specific prediction errors in action-outcome associations, with fundamental implications for reinforcement learning and instrumental behavior in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick G Hollon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elora W Williams
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher D Howard
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tavish I Traut
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Candidate Genes Encoding Dopamine Receptors as Predictors of the Risk of Antipsychotic-Induced Parkinsonism and Tardive Dyskinesia in Schizophrenic Patients. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080879. [PMID: 34440083 PMCID: PMC8389582 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Extrapyramidal disorders form the so-called extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS), which is characterized by the occurrence of motor disorders as a result of damage to the basal ganglia and the subcortical-thalamic connections. Often, this syndrome develops while taking medications, in particular antipsychotics (APs). (2) Purpose: To review studies of candidate genes encoding dopamine receptors as genetic predictors of development of AP-induced parkinsonism (AIP) and AP-induced tardive dyskinesia (AITD) in patients with schizophrenia. (3) Materials and Methods: A search was carried out for publications of PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and e-Library databases by keywords and their combinations over the last 10 years. In addition, the review includes earlier publications of historical interest. Despite extensive searches of these commonly used databases and search terms, it cannot be ruled out that some publications were possibly missed. (4) Results: The review considers candidate genes encoding dopamine receptors involved in pharmacodynamics, including genes DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4. We analyzed 18 genome-wide studies examining 37 genetic variations, including single nucleotide variants (SNVs)/polymorphisms of four candidate genes involved in the development of AIP and AITD in patients with schizophrenia. Among such a set of obtained results, only 14 positive associations were revealed: rs1799732 (141CIns/Del), rs1800497 (C/T), rs6275 (C/T), rs6275 (C/T) DRD2; rs167771 (G/A) DRD3 with AIP and rs4532 (A/G) DRD1, rs6277 (C/T), rs6275 (C/T), rs1800497 (C/T), rs1079597 (A/G), rs1799732 (141CIns/Del), rs1045280 (C/G) DRD2, rs6280 (C/T), rs905568 (C/G) DRD3 with AITD. However, at present, it should be recognized that there is no final or unique decision on the leading role of any particular SNVs/polymorphisms in the development of AIP and AITD. (5) Conclusion: Disclosure of genetic predictors of the development of AIP and AITD, as the most common neurological adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders, may provide a key to the development of a strategy for personalized prevention and treatment of the considered complication of AP therapy for schizophrenia in real clinical practice.
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Awathale SN, Choudhary AG, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. Neuropeptide CART modulates dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens: Insights into the anatomy of rewarding circuits. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1172-1185. [PMID: 34287909 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is known to influence the activity of the canonical mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway and modulate reward seeking behaviour. CART neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) send afferents to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) and these nuclei, in turn, send secondary projections to nucleus accumbens. We try to dissect the precise sites of CART's action in these circuits in promoting reward. Rats were implanted with bipolar electrode targeted at the lateral hypothalamus-medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) and trained to press the lever through intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) protocol. CART (55-102) administered directly into posterior VTA (pVTA) or PVT of the conditioned rats significantly increased the number of lever presses, indicating reward-promoting activity of the peptide. Concomitant increase in dopamine (DA) and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) efflux was noted in the microdialysate collected from the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). On the other hand, immunoneutralization of endogenous CART with CART antibodies injected directly in the pVTA or PVT reduced the lever press activity as well as DA and DOPAC efflux in the AcbSh. Injection of CART (1-39) in pVTA or PVT was ineffective. We suggest that CART cells in the LH-MFB area send afferents to (a) pVTA and influence dopaminergic neurons projecting to AcbSh and (b) PVT, from where the secondary neurons may feed into the AcbSh. Excitation of the CARTergic pathway to the pVTA as well as the PVT seems to promote DA release in the AcbSh and contribute to the generation of reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay N Awathale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Amit G Choudhary
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | | | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
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Purves-Tyson TD, Brown AM, Weissleder C, Rothmond DA, Shannon Weickert C. Reductions in midbrain GABAergic and dopamine neuron markers are linked in schizophrenia. Mol Brain 2021; 14:96. [PMID: 34174930 PMCID: PMC8235806 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00805-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductions in the GABAergic neurotransmitter system exist across multiple brain regions in schizophrenia and encompass both pre- and postsynaptic components. While reduced midbrain GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission may contribute to the hyperdopaminergia thought to underpin psychosis in schizophrenia, molecular changes consistent with this have not been reported. We hypothesised that reduced GABA-related molecular markers would be found in the midbrain of people with schizophrenia and that these would correlate with dopaminergic molecular changes. We hypothesised that downregulation of inhibitory neuron markers would be exacerbated in schizophrenia cases with high levels of neuroinflammation. Eight GABAergic-related transcripts were measured with quantitative PCR, and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65/67 and GABAA alpha 3 (α3) (GABRA3) protein were measured with immunoblotting, in post-mortem midbrain (28/28 and 28/26 control/schizophrenia cases for mRNA and protein, respectively), and analysed by both diagnosis and inflammatory subgroups (as previously defined by higher levels of four pro-inflammatory cytokine transcripts). We found reductions (21 – 44%) in mRNA encoding both presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins, vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), GAD1, and parvalbumin (PV) mRNAs and four alpha subunits (α1, α2, α3, α5) of the GABAA receptor in people with schizophrenia compared to controls (p < 0.05). Gene expression of somatostatin (SST) was unchanged (p = 0.485). We confirmed the reduction in GAD at the protein level (34%, p < 0.05). When stratifying by inflammation, only GABRA3 mRNA exhibited more pronounced changes in high compared to low inflammatory subgroups in schizophrenia. GABRA3 protein was expressed by 98% of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and was 23% lower in schizophrenia, though this did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Expression of transcripts for GABAA receptor alpha subunits 2 and 3 (GABRA2, GABRA3) were positively correlated with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) transcripts in schizophrenia cases (GABRA2; r > 0.630, GABRA3; r > 0.762, all p < 0.001) but not controls (GABRA2; r < − 0.200, GABRA3; r < 0.310, all p > 0.05). Taken together, our results support a profound disruption to inhibitory neurotransmission in the substantia nigra regardless of inflammatory status, which provides a potential mechanism for disinhibition of nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertia D Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Level 5, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Amelia M Brown
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Level 5, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Christin Weissleder
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Level 5, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Debora A Rothmond
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Level 5, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Level 5, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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25
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Potential Involvement of a Substantia Nigra Circuit in Opioid Reinforcement. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4169-4171. [PMID: 33980572 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3220-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Angiotensin-II Modulates GABAergic Neurotransmission in the Mouse Substantia Nigra. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0090-21.2021. [PMID: 33771900 PMCID: PMC8174047 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0090-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic projections neurons of the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), through an extensive network of dendritic arbors and axon collaterals, provide robust inhibitory input to neighboring dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) receptor signaling increases SNc dopaminergic neuronal sensitivity to insult, thus rendering these cells susceptible to dysfunction and destruction. However, the mechanisms by which Ang-II regulates SNc dopaminergic neuronal activity are unclear. Given the complex relationship between SN dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons, we hypothesized that Ang-II could regulate SNc dopaminergic neuronal activity directly and indirectly by modulating SNr GABAergic neurotransmission. Here, using transgenic mice, slice electrophysiology, and optogenetics, we provide evidence of an AT1 receptor-mediated signaling mechanism in SNr GABAergic neurons where Ang-II suppresses electrically-evoked neuronal output by facilitating postsynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and prolonging the action potential (AP) duration. Unexpectedly, Ang-II had no discernable effects on the electrical properties of SNc dopaminergic neurons. Also, and indicating a nonlinear relationship between electrical activity and neuronal output, following phasic photoactivation of SNr GABAergic neurons, Ang-II paradoxically enhanced the feedforward inhibitory input to SNc dopaminergic neurons. In sum, our observations describe an increasingly complex and heterogeneous response of the SN to Ang-II by revealing cell-specific responses and nonlinear effects on intranigral GABAergic neurotransmission. Our data further implicate the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) as a functionally relevant neuromodulator in the substantia nigra, thus underscoring a need for additional inquiry.
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Valproate-induced rest tremor and parkinsonism. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:515-519. [PMID: 31721077 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tremor and parkinsonism are recognized side effects of valproate; however, the relationship between rest tremor and other signs of parkinsonism has not been addressed in patients taking valproate. We studied a cohort of 125 consecutive patients treated with valproate due to epilepsy or migraine, evaluated with the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale (FTM-TRS). A total of 14 (11.2%) patients had rest tremor (bilateral n = 10, unilateral n = 4). Patients with rest tremor had significant higher scores in the FTM-TRS (P < 0.001), but only one was diagnosed with parkinsonism. Patients may have valproate-induced parkinsonism or exacerbated motor features of Parkinson's disease by valproate. The frequency of parkinsonism was 1.6% in this cohort and of 3% in the pooled data of 717 patients from previous reports. Rest tremor is observed in 11.2% of patients treated with valproate and is related to the burden of valproate-induced tremor, rather than the presence of parkinsonism.
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28
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Integrative opioid-GABAergic neuronal mechanisms regulating dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving animals. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:971-983. [PMID: 33743175 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a terminal region of mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) neuronal projections from the ventral tegmental area. Accumbal DA release is integrated by afferents from other brain regions and by interneurons, which involve a diversity of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These integrative processes, implicated in the pathobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, are mediated via receptor subtypes whose relative roles in the regulation of accumbal DA release are poorly understood. Such complex interactions are exemplified by how selective activation of opioid receptor subtypes enhances accumbal DA efflux in a manner that is modulated by changes in neural activity through GABA receptor subtypes. This review delineates the roles of GABAA and GABAB receptors in GABAergic neural mechanisms in NAc that participate in delta- and mu-opioid receptor-mediated increases in accumbal DA efflux in freely moving rats, focusing on studies using in vivo brain microdialysis. First, we consider how endogenous GABA exerts inhibition of accumbal DA efflux through GABA receptor subtypes. We also consider possible intra-neuronal source of the endogenous GABA that inhibits accumbal DA efflux. As NAc contains GABAergic neurons that express delta- or mu-opioid receptors, inhibition of accumbal GABAergic neurons is a candidate for mediating delta- or mu-opioid receptor-mediated increases in accumbal DA efflux. Therefore, we provide a detailed analysis of the effects of GABA receptor subtype ligands on delta- and mu-opioid receptor-mediated accumbal DA efflux. Finally, we present an integrative model to explain the mechanisms of interaction among delta- and mu-opioid receptors, GABAergic neurons and DAergic neurons in NAc.
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29
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Song Y, Gong T, Saleh MG, Mikkelsen M, Wang G, Edden RAE. Upper brainstem GABA levels in Parkinson's disease. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:689-696. [PMID: 33745095 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-021-00910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dopaminergic pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) impacts circuits involving GABAergic neurons, especially in the brainstem, where the disease manifests early. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the upper brainstem are reduced in patients with PD compared to healthy controls, using edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS of GABA +). MATERIALS AND METHODS GABA + levels were examined in 18 PD patients and 18 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). GABA + -edited MRS was performed in 7.5-ml voxels in the upper brainstem, and the spectra were processed using the Gannet software. Differences in GABA + levels between the two groups were analyzed using independent t test analysis. RESULTS GABA + levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the upper brainstem of the patients with PD (4.57 ± 0.94 mM) than the HCs (5.89 ± 1.16 mM). CONCLUSION The lower GABA + levels in the upper brainstem of the PD patients suggest that a GABAergic deficit in the brainstem may contribute to the pathology in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Song
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Muhammad G Saleh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tossell K, Dodhia RA, Galet B, Tkachuk O, Ungless MA. Tonic GABAergic inhibition, via GABA A receptors containing αβƐ subunits, regulates excitability of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:1722-1737. [PMID: 33522050 PMCID: PMC8651010 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is strongly regulated by fast synaptic inhibitory γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inputs. There is growing evidence in other brain regions that low concentrations of ambient GABA can persistently activate certain subtypes of GABAA receptor to generate a tonic current. However, evidence for a tonic GABAergic current in midbrain dopamine neurons is limited. To address this, we conducted whole‐cell recordings from ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons in brain slices from mice. We found that application of GABAA receptor antagonists decreased the holding current, indicating the presence of a tonic GABAergic input. Global increases in GABA release, induced by either a nitric oxide donor or inhibition of GABA uptake, further increased this tonic current. Importantly, prolonged inhibition of the firing activity of local GABAergic neurons abolished the tonic current. A combination of pharmacology and immunohistochemistry experiments suggested that, unlike common examples of tonic inhibition, this current may be mediated by a relatively unusual combination of α4βƐ subunits. Lastly, we found that the tonic current reduced excitability in dopamine neurons suggesting a subtractive effect on firing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tossell
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rakesh A Dodhia
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Galet
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Olga Tkachuk
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark A Ungless
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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31
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Lopachev AV, Lagarkova MA, Lebedeva OS, Ezhova MA, Kazanskaya RB, Timoshina YA, Khutorova AV, Akkuratov EE, Fedorova TN, Gainetdinov RR. Ouabain-Induced Gene Expression Changes in Human iPSC-Derived Neuron Culture Expressing Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 and GABA Receptors. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020203. [PMID: 33562186 PMCID: PMC7915459 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are specific inhibitors and endogenous ligands of a key enzyme in the CNS-the Na+, K+-ATPase, which maintains and creates an ion gradient on the plasma membrane of neurons. CTS cause the activation of various signaling cascades and changes in gene expression in neurons and other cell types. It is known that intracerebroventricular injection of cardiotonic steroid ouabain causes mania-like behavior in rodents, in part due to activation of dopamine-related signaling cascades in the dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 (DARPP-32) expressing medium spiny neurons in the striatum. Dopaminergic projections in the striatum innervate these GABAergic medium spiny neurons. The objective of this study was to assess changes in the expression of all genes in human iPSC-derived expressing DARPP-32 and GABA receptors neurons under the influence of ouabain. We noted a large number of statistically significant upregulated and downregulated genes after a 16-h incubation with non-toxic concentration (30 nM) of ouabain. These changes in the transcriptional activity were accomplished with activation of MAP-kinase ERK1/2 and transcriptional factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Thus, it can be concluded that 30 nM ouabain incubated for 16 h with human iPSC-derived expressing DARPP-32 and GABA receptors neurons activates genes associated with neuronal maturation and synapse formation, by increasing the expression of genes associated with translation, vesicular transport, and increased electron transport chain function. At the same time, the expression of genes associated with proliferation, migration, and early development of neurons decreases. These data indicate that non-toxic concentrations of ouabain may induce neuronal maturation, neurite growth, and increased synaptogenesis in dopamine-receptive GABAergic neurons, suggesting formation of plasticity and the establishment of new neuronal junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Lopachev
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.T.); (A.V.K.); (T.N.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria A. Lagarkova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.L.); (O.S.L.)
| | - Olga S. Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.L.); (O.S.L.)
| | - Margarita A. Ezhova
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 127051 Moscow, Russia;
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rogneda B. Kazanskaya
- Biological Department, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Yulia A. Timoshina
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.T.); (A.V.K.); (T.N.F.)
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Khutorova
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.T.); (A.V.K.); (T.N.F.)
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny E. Akkuratov
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Tatiana N. Fedorova
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.T.); (A.V.K.); (T.N.F.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine and Saint Petersburg University Hospital, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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32
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Galaj E, Xi ZX. Progress in opioid reward research: From a canonical two-neuron hypothesis to two neural circuits. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 200:173072. [PMID: 33227308 PMCID: PMC7796909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Opioid abuse and related overdose deaths continue to rise in the United States, contributing to the national opioid crisis in the USA. The neural mechanisms underlying opioid abuse and addiction are still not fully understood. This review discusses recent progress in basic research dissecting receptor mechanisms and circuitries underlying opioid reward and addiction. We first review the canonical GABA-dopamine neuron hypothesis that was upheld for half a century, followed by major findings challenging this hypothesis. We then focus on recent progress in research evaluating the role of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine circuitries in opioid reward and relapse. Based on recent findings that activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is equally rewarding and that GABA neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) and the substantia nigra pars reticula (SNr) are rich in mu opioid receptors and directly synapse onto midbrain DA neurons, we proposed that the RTMg→VTA → ventrostriatal and SNr → SNc → dorsostriatal pathways may act as the two major neural substrates underlying opioid reward and abuse. Lastly, we discuss possible integrations of these two pathways during initial opioid use, development of opioid abuse and maintenance of compulsive opioid seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Galaj
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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Minkley M, MacLeod P, Anderson CK, Nashmi R, Walter PB. Loss of tyrosine hydroxylase, motor deficits and elevated iron in a mouse model of phospholipase A2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). Brain Res 2020; 1748:147066. [PMID: 32818532 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) is a rare early-onset monogenic neurodegenerative movement disorder which targets the basal ganglia and other regions in the central and peripheral nervous system; presenting as a series of heterogenous subtypes in patients. We describe here a B6.C3-Pla2g6m1J/CxRwb mouse model of PLAN which presents with early-onset neurodegeneration at 90 days which is analogous of the disease progression that is observed in PLAN patients. Homozygous mice had a progressively worsening motor deficit, which presented as tremors starting at 65 days and progressed to severe motor dysfunction and increased falls on the wire hang test at 90 days. This motor deficit positively correlated with a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein expression in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) without any neuronal loss. Fluorescence imaging of Thy1-YFP revealed spheroid formation in the SN. The spheroids in homozygous mice strongly mirrors those observed in patients and were demonstrated to correlate strongly with the motor deficits as measured by the wire hang test. The appearance of spheroids preceded TH loss and increased spheroid numbers negatively correlated with TH expression. Perls/DAB staining revealed the presence of iron accumulation within the SN of mice. This mouse model captures many of the major hallmarks of PLAN including severe-early onset neurodegeneration, a motor deficit that correlates directly to TH levels, spheroid formation and iron accumulation within the basal ganglia. Thus, this mouse line is a useful tool for further research efforts to improve understanding of how these disease mechanisms give rise to the disease presentations seen in PLAN patients as well as to test novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Minkley
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - Patrick MacLeod
- Division of Medical Genetics, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Raad Nashmi
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Canada.
| | - Patrick B Walter
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Canada; Hematology/Oncology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, USA.
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Galaj E, Han X, Shen H, Jordan CJ, He Y, Humburg B, Bi GH, Xi ZX. Dissecting the Role of GABA Neurons in the VTA versus SNr in Opioid Reward. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8853-8869. [PMID: 33046548 PMCID: PMC7659457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0988-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid reward has traditionally been thought to be mediated by GABA-induced disinhibition of dopamine (DA) neurons in the VTA. However, direct behavioral evidence supporting this hypothesis is still lacking. In this study, we found that the μ opioid receptor (MOR) gene, Oprm1, is highly expressed in GABA neurons, with ∼50% of GABA neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), ∼30% in the VTA, and ∼70% in the tail of the VTA (also called the rostromedial tegmental nucleus) in male rats. No Oprm1 mRNA was detected in midbrain DA neurons. We then found that optogenetic inhibition of VTA DA neurons reduced intravenous heroin self-administration, whereas activation of these neurons produced robust optical intracranial self-stimulation in DAT-Cre mice, supporting an important role of DA neurons in opioid reward. Unexpectedly, pharmacological blockade of MORs in the SNr was more effective than in the VTA in reducing heroin reward. Optogenetic activation of VTA GABA neurons caused place aversion and inhibited cocaine, but not heroin, self-administration, whereas optogenetic activation of SNr GABA neurons caused a robust increase in heroin self-administration with an extinction pattern, suggesting a compensatory response in drug intake due to reduced heroin reward. In addition, activation of SNr GABA neurons attenuated heroin-primed, but not cue-induced, reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior, whereas inhibition of SNr GABA neurons produced optical intracranial self-stimulation and place preference. Together, these findings suggest that MORs on GABA neurons in the SNr play more important roles in opioid reward and relapse than MORs on VTA GABA neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioid reward has long been believed to be mediated by inhibition of GABA interneurons in the VTA that subsequently leads to disinhibition of DA neurons. In this study, we found that more μ opioid receptors (MORs) are expressed in GABA neurons in the neighboring SNr than in the VTA, and that pharmacological blockade of MORs in the SNr is more effective in reducing heroin reward than blockade of MORs in the VTA. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of VTA GABA neurons inhibited cocaine, but not heroin, self-administration, whereas activation of SNr GABA neurons inhibited heroin reward and relapse. These findings suggest that opioid reward is more likely mediated by stimulation of MORs in GABA afferents from other brain regions than in VTA GABA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Galaj
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Xiao Han
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Hui Shen
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Chloe J Jordan
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Yi He
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Bree Humburg
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Blosser JA, Podolsky E, Lee D. L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in a Genetic Drosophila Model of Parkinson's Disease. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:273-284. [PMID: 32921640 PMCID: PMC7492844 DOI: 10.5607/en20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are directly related to the reduction of a neurotransmitter dopamine. Therefore, its precursor L-DOPA became the gold standard for PD treatment. However, chronic use of L-DOPA causes uncontrollable, involuntary movements, called L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the majority of PD patients. LID is complicated and very difficult to manage. Current rodent and non-human primate models have been developed to study LID mainly using neurotoxins. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a LID animal model with defects in genetic factors causing PD in order to study the relation between LID and PD genes such as α-synuclein. In this study, we first showed that a low concentration of L-DOPA (100 µM) rescues locomotion defects (i.e., speed, angular velocity, pause time) in Drosophila larvae expressing human mutant α-synuclein (A53T). This A53T larval model of PD was used to further examine dyskinetic behaviors. High concentrations of L-DOPA (5 or 10 mM) causes hyperactivity such as body bending behavior (BBB) in A53T larva, which resembles axial dyskinesia in rodents. Using ImageJ plugins and other third party software, dyskinetic BBB has been accurately and efficiently quantified. Further, we showed that a dopamine agonist pramipexole (PRX) partially rescues BBB caused by high L-DOPA. Our Drosophila genetic LID model will provide an important experimental platform to examine molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying LID, to study the role of PD causing genes in the development of LID, and to identify potential targets to slow/reverse LID pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Blosser
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Eric Podolsky
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Daewoo Lee
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Single-cell transcriptomics reveals multiple neuronal cell types in human midbrain-specific organoids. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:463-476. [PMID: 32737576 PMCID: PMC7683480 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human stem cell-derived organoids have great potential for modelling physiological and pathological processes. They recapitulate in vitro the organization and function of a respective organ or part of an organ. Human midbrain organoids (hMOs) have been described to contain midbrain-specific dopaminergic neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine. However, the human midbrain contains also additional neuronal cell types, which are functionally interacting with each other. Here, we analysed hMOs at high-resolution by means of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), imaging and electrophysiology to unravel cell heterogeneity. Our findings demonstrate that hMOs show essential neuronal functional properties as spontaneous electrophysiological activity of different neuronal subtypes, including dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic neurons. Recapitulating these in vivo features makes hMOs an excellent tool for in vitro disease phenotyping and drug discovery.
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Mao Q, Wang X, Chen B, Fan L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Lin X, Cao Y, Wu YC, Ji J, Xu J, Zheng J, Zhang H, Zheng C, Chen W, Cheng W, Luo X, Wang K, Zuo L, Kang L, Li CSR, Luo X. KTN1 Variants Underlying Putamen Gray Matter Volumes and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:651. [PMID: 32655362 PMCID: PMC7324786 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and diminished putamen gray matter volume (GMV) represents a central feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent studies have reported specific effects of kinectin 1 gene (KTN1) variants on the putamen GMV. Objective To examine the relationship of KTN1 variants, KTN1 mRNA expression in the putamen and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), putamen GMV, and PD. Methods We examined the associations between PD and a total of 1847 imputed KTN1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in one discovery sample [2,000 subjects with PD vs. 1,986 healthy controls (HC)], and confirmed the nominally significant associations (p < 0.05) in two replication samples (900 PD vs. 867 HC, and 940 PD vs. 801 HC, respectively). The regulatory effects of risk variants on the KTN1 mRNA expression in putamen and SNc and the putamen GMV were tested. We also quantified the expression levels of KTN1 mRNA in the putamen and/or SNc for comparison between PD and HC in five independent cohorts. Results Six replicable and two non-replicable KTN1-PD associations were identified (0.009 ≤ p ≤ 0.049). The major alleles of five SNPs, including rs12880292, rs8017172, rs17253792, rs945270, and rs4144657, significantly increased risk for PD (0.020 ≤ p ≤ 0.049) and putamen GMVs (19.08 ≤ β ≤ 60.38; 2.82 ≤ Z ≤ 15.03; 5.0 × 10–51 ≤ p ≤ 0.018). The risk alleles of five SNPs, including rs8017172, rs17253792, rs945270, rs4144657, and rs1188184 also significantly increased the KTN1 mRNA expression in the putamen or SNc (0.021 ≤ p ≤ 0.046). The KTN1 mRNA was abundant in the putamen and/or SNc across five independent cohorts and differentially expressed in the SNc between PD and HC in one cohort (p = 0.047). Conclusion There was a consistent, significant, replicable, and robust positive relationship among the KTN1 variants, PD risk, KTN1 mRNA expression in putamen, and putamen volumes, and a modest relation between PD risk and KTN1 mRNA expression in SNc, suggesting that KTN1 may play a functional role in the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Mao
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, People's Hospital of Deyang, Deyang, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longhua Fan
- Qingpu Branch, Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Radiobiology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuping Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawu Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Fuzhou Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Zhuhai Municipal Maternal and Children's Health Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihao Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Wenzhong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingqun Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Longli Kang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, Xizang Minzu University School of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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38
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Mabry SJ, McCollum LA, Farmer CB, Bloom ES, Roberts RC. Evidence for altered excitatory and inhibitory tone in the post-mortem substantia nigra in schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:339-356. [PMID: 31062628 PMCID: PMC6891153 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1615638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The substantia nigra (SN) receives glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs that regulate dopaminergic neuronal activity. Imaging studies have shown hyperactivity of the SN in schizophrenia (SZ) patients. We examined neurochemically defined inputs to the SN, synaptic density, and neuromelanin content that might contribute to or reflect this hyperexcitability.Methods: Glutamatergic axon terminals were identified by the immunohistochemical localisation of vGLUT1 and vGLUT2; GABA inputs were identified by the immunohistochemical localisation of GAD67. Neuromelanin granules are visible in unstained sections and thus were assessed in unstained sections. Optical densitometry was measured to assess the density of vGLUT1, vGLUT2 or GAD67 immunolabelled axon terminals and neuromelanin granules. Electron microscopy was used to quantify synaptic and mitochondrial density.Results: Compared to controls, SZ subjects had nonsignificant trends toward a decrease in vGLUT1, and an increase in both vGLUT2 and GAD67. vGLUT1 was negatively correlated with GAD67 in normal controls (NCs) and positively correlated in SZ subjects. A correlation of coefficient analysis showed a significant difference between the negative correlation in NCs and the positive correlation in SZ subjects. Frequency histograms showed the distribution of neuromelanin density was different in SZ subjects compared to NCs. Synaptic density data showed a decrease in inhibitory synapses in SZ subjects. Mitochondrial density was normal in SZ subjects.Conclusions: Synaptic density alterations and the lack of a positive correlation between GAD67 and vGLUT1 could contribute to hyperactivity in the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Mabry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7 Ave. South, Birmingham AL, 35294
| | - Lesley A. McCollum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7 Ave. South, Birmingham AL, 35294
| | - Charlene B. Farmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7 Ave. South, Birmingham AL, 35294
| | - Emma S. Bloom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7 Ave. South, Birmingham AL, 35294
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7 Ave. South, Birmingham AL, 35294
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Smits LM, Schwamborn JC. Midbrain Organoids: A New Tool to Investigate Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:359. [PMID: 32509785 PMCID: PMC7248385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human 3D cell culture models not only bridges the gap between traditional 2D in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models, it also addresses processes that cannot be recapitulated by either of these traditional models. Therefore, it offers an opportunity to better understand complex biology including brain development. The brain organoid technology provides a physiologically relevant context, which holds great potential for its application in modeling neurological diseases. Here, we compare different methods to obtain highly specialized structures that resemble specific features of the human midbrain. Regionally patterned neural stem cells (NSCs) were utilized to derive such human midbrain-specific organoids (hMO). The resulting neural tissue exhibited abundant neurons with midbrain dopaminergic neuron identity, as well as astroglia and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Within the midbrain organoids, neurite myelination, and the formation of synaptic connections were observed. Regular neuronal fire patterning and neural network synchronicity were determined by multielectrode array recordings. In addition to electrophysiologically functional neurons producing and secreting dopamine, responsive neuronal subtypes, such as GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons were also detected. In order to model disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD) in vitro, midbrain organoids carrying a disease specific mutation were derived and compared to healthy control organoids to investigate relevant neurodegenerative pathophysiology. In this way midbrain-specific organoids constitute a powerful tool for human-specific in vitro modeling of neurological disorders with a great potential to be utilized in advanced therapy development.
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40
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Pina MM, Pati D, Hwa LS, Wu SY, Mahoney AA, Omenyi CG, Navarro M, Kash TL. The kappa opioid receptor modulates GABA neuron excitability and synaptic transmission in midbrainprojections from the insular cortex. Neuropharmacology 2020; 165:107831. [PMID: 31870854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As an integrative hub, the insular cortex (IC) translates external cues into interoceptive states that generate complex physiological, affective, and behavioral responses. However, the precise circuit and signaling mechanisms in the IC that modulate these processes are unknown. Here, we describe a midbrain-projecting microcircuit in the medial aspect of the agranular IC that signals through the Gαi/o-coupled kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and its endogenous ligand dynorphin (Dyn). Within this microcircuit, Dyn is robustly expressed in layer 2/3, while KOR is localized to deep layer 5, which sends a long-range projection to the substantia nigra (SN). Using ex vivo electrophysiology, we evaluated the functional impact of KOR signaling in layer 5 of the IC. We found that bath application of dynorphin decreased GABA release and increased glutamate release on IC-SN neurons, but did not alter their excitability. Conversely, dynorphin decreased the excitability of GABA neurons without altering synaptic transmission. Pretreatment with the KOR antagonist nor-BNI blocked the effects of dynorphin in IC-SN neurons and GABA neurons, indicating that the changes in synaptic transmission and excitability were selectively mediated through KOR. Selective inhibition of IC GABA neurons using a KOR-derived DREADD recapitulated these effects. This work provides insight into IC microcircuitry and indicates that Dyn/KOR signaling may act to directly reduce activity of layer 5 GABA neurons. In turn, KOR-driven inhibition of GABA promotes disinhibition of IC-SN neurons, which can modulate downstream circuits. Our findings present a potential mechanism whereby chronic upregulation of IC Dyn/KOR signaling can lead to altered subcortical function and downstream activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Pina
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 2751, USA
| | - Dipanwita Pati
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 2751, USA
| | - Lara S Hwa
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 2751, USA
| | - Sarah Y Wu
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra A Mahoney
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chiazam G Omenyi
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Montserrat Navarro
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Thomas L Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 2751, USA.
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TGF-β/Smad3 Signalling Modulates GABA Neurotransmission: Implications in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020590. [PMID: 31963327 PMCID: PMC7013528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutiryc acid (GABA) is found extensively in different brain nuclei, including parts involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD), such as the basal ganglia and hippocampus. In PD and in different models of the disorder, an increase in GABA neurotransmission is observed and may promote bradykinesia or L-Dopa-induced side-effects. In addition, proteins involved in GABAA receptor (GABAAR) trafficking, such as GABARAP, Trak1 or PAELR, may participate in the aetiology of the disease. TGF-β/Smad3 signalling has been associated with several pathological features of PD, such as dopaminergic neurodegeneration; reduction of dopaminergic axons and dendrites; and α-synuclein aggregation. Moreover, TGF-β/Smad3 intracellular signalling was recently shown to modulate GABA neurotransmission in the context of parkinsonism and cognitive alterations. This review provides a summary of GABA neurotransmission and TGF-β signalling; their implications in PD; and the regulation of GABA neurotransmission by TGF-β/Smad3. There appear to be new possibilities to develop therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD using GABA modulators.
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42
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Lerner TN. Interfacing behavioral and neural circuit models for habit formation. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1031-1045. [PMID: 31916623 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Habits are an important mechanism by which organisms can automate the control of behavior to alleviate cognitive demand. However, transitions to habitual control are risky because they lead to inflexible responding in the face of change. The question of how the brain controls transitions into habit is thus an intriguing one. How do we regulate when our repeated actions become automated? When is it advantageous or disadvantageous to release actions from cognitive control? Decades of research have identified a variety of methods for eliciting habitual responding in animal models. Progress has also been made to understand which brain areas and neural circuits control transitions into habit. Here, I discuss existing research on behavioral and neural circuit models for habit formation (with an emphasis on striatal circuits), and discuss strategies for combining information from different paradigms and levels of analysis to prompt further progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia N Lerner
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Persson J, Szalisznyó K, Antoni G, Wall A, Fällmar D, Zora H, Bodén R. Phosphodiesterase 10A levels are related to striatal function in schizophrenia: a combined positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:451-459. [PMID: 31119377 PMCID: PMC7210243 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is being investigated as a treatment option in schizophrenia. PDE10A acts postsynaptically on striatal dopamine signaling by regulating neuronal excitability through its inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and we recently found it to be reduced in schizophrenia compared to controls. Here, this finding of reduced PDE10A in schizophrenia was followed up in the same sample to investigate the effect of reduced striatal PDE10A on the neural and behavioral function of striatal and downstream basal ganglia regions. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan with the PDE10A ligand [11C]Lu AE92686 was performed, followed by a 6 min resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in ten patients with schizophrenia. To assess the relationship between striatal function and neurophysiological and behavioral functioning, salience processing was assessed using a mismatch negativity paradigm, an auditory event-related electroencephalographic measure, episodic memory was assessed using the Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT) and executive functioning using trail-making test B. Reduced striatal PDE10A was associated with increased amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) within the putamen and substantia nigra, respectively. Higher ALFF in the substantia nigra, in turn, was associated with lower episodic memory performance. The findings are in line with a role for PDE10A in striatal functioning, and suggest that reduced striatal PDE10A may contribute to cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Persson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - K. Szalisznyó
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G. Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,PET-Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Wall
- PET-Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden ,Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear medicine and PET, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D. Fällmar
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H. Zora
- Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. Bodén
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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44
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Bortz DM, Gazo KL, Grace AA. The medial septum enhances reversal learning via opposing actions on ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2186-2194. [PMID: 31261368 PMCID: PMC6898642 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility deficits are one of the most pervasive symptoms across psychiatric disorders, making continued investigation of the circuitry underlying this function a top priority. Medial septum (MS) lesions lead to perseverative, inflexible-type behavior; however, a role for this region in cognitive flexibility circuitry has never been examined. We activated the MS (DREADDs) and measured performance in a T-maze spatial reversal learning task in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Systemic activation of the MS (CNO) significantly decreased both trials to perform a reversal and entries into the previously baited arm. Intra-ventral subiculum CNO enhanced reversal learning in the same manner as systemic CNO and also significantly increased ventral tegmental area and decreased substantia nigra dopamine neuron population activity. Finally, co-injection of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 with CNO prevented the enhanced reversal learning performance seen in the previous two experiments. Taken together, these data suggest a key role for the MS in cognitive flexibility, and suggest that MS-mediated changes in midbrain dopamine neuron population activity could be one mechanism by which this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Bortz
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - K L Gazo
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A A Grace
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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45
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Fricchione G, Beach S. Cingulate-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical aspects of catatonia and implications for treatment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 166:223-252. [PMID: 31731912 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64196-0.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The catatonic syndrome is an example of a multifactorial neurobehavioral disorder that causes much morbidity and mortality but also has the potential to unlock the mystery of how motivation and movement interact to produce behavior. In this chapter, an attempt is made to understand better the catatonic syndrome through the lens of neurobiology and neuropathophysiology updated by recent studies in molecular biology, genomics, inflammasomics, neuroimaging, neural network theory, and neuropsychopathology. This will result in a neurostructural model for the catatonic syndrome that centers on paralimbic regions including the anterior and midcingulate cortices, as they interface with striatal and thalamic nodes in the salience decision-making network. Examination of neurologic disorders like the abulic syndrome, which includes in its extreme catatonic form, akinetic mutism, will identify the cingulate cortex and paralimbic neighbors as regions of interest. This exploration has the potential to unlock mysteries of the brain cascade from motivation to movement and to clarify catatonia therapeutics. Such a synthesis may also help us discern meaning inherent in this complex neurobehavioral syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Fricchione
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Scott Beach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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46
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Yadav RK, Khanday MA, Mallick BN. Interplay of dopamine and GABA in substantia nigra for the regulation of rapid eye movement sleep in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112169. [PMID: 31442548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Substantia nigra (SN) is rich in dopamine (DA)-ergic and GABA-ergic neurons, which project to and receive inputs from locus coeruleus (LC) and pedunculo-pontine tegmentum (PPT) possessing REM-OFF and REM-ON neurons, respectively. Loss of DA-ergic neurons and disturbed REM sleep (REMS) are associated with Parkinson's disease, depression and REMS behavior disorder. GABA-ergic projections from SN act pre-synaptically on the noradrenaline (NA)-ergic terminals coming from the LC-REM-OFF neurons onto the REM-ON neurons in PPT and play a critical role in initiating REMS. However, it was unknown how SN neurons get activated and whether the SN-DA-ergic neurons interact with the SN-GABA-ergic neurons for REMS regulation. In freely moving chronically prepared rats, neurons in SN (bilateral) were stimulated by local microinjection of Glutamate (Glut), sparing the fibers of passage, in the presence and absence of i.p. Haloperidol (Hal, DA-antagonist). In other sets, either Hal or Bicuculine (Bic, GABA-antagonist) alone or simultaneously was microinjected bilaterally into the SN and the effects on sleep-wakefulness were recorded. We observed that Glut in SN significantly increased REMS, which was prevented by Hal. REMS was decreased and increased by Hal and Bic, respectively; while their co-injection neutralized (ineffective) the individual effects. Combining these findings with previous reports suggest that the SN-DA-ergic neurons act on the SN-GABA-ergic to regulate REMS. The results advance our understanding of the neuro-anatomo-chemical connections and pharmaco-physiological regulation of REMS in health and diseases.
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47
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Fu R, Zuo W, Shiwalkar N, Mei Q, Fan Q, Chen X, Li J, Bekker A, Ye JH. Alcohol withdrawal drives depressive behaviors by activating neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1464-1475. [PMID: 30928995 PMCID: PMC6784902 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) GABA neurons exert a primary inhibitory drive onto midbrain dopamine neurons and are excited by a variety of aversive stimuli. There is, however, little evidence that the RMTg-ventral tegmental area (VTA)-nucleus accumbens shell (Acb) circuit plays a role in the aversive consequences of alcohol withdrawal. This study was performed in adult male Long-Evans rats at 48-h withdrawal from chronic alcohol drinking in the intermittent schedule. These rats displayed clear anhedonia and depression-like behaviors, as measured with the sucrose preference, and forced swimming tests. These aberrant behaviors were accompanied by a substantial increase in cFos expression in the VTA-projecting RMTg neurons, identified by a combination of immunohistochemistry and retrograde-tracing techniques. Pharmacological or chemogenetic inhibition of RMTg neurons mitigated the anhedonia and depression-like behaviors. Ex vivo electrophysiological data showed that chemogenetic inactivation of RMTg neurons reduced GABA release and accelerated spontaneous firings of VTA dopamine neurons. Finally, using a functional hemispheric disconnection procedure, we demonstrated that inhibition of unilateral RMTg, when combined with activation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the contralateral (but not ipsilateral) Acb, mitigated the anhedonia and depression-like behaviors in alcohol-withdrawal rats. These data show that the integrity in the RMTg-VTA-Acb pathway in a single hemisphere is sufficient to elicit depression-like behavior during ethanol-withdrawal. Overall, the present results reveal that the RMTg-VTA-Acb pathway plays a crucial role in the depression-like behavior in animals undergoing alcohol withdrawal, further advocating the RMTg as a potential therapeutic target for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Wanhong Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Nimisha Shiwalkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Qinghua Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jiang-Hong Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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48
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Muddapu VR, Mandali A, Chakravarthy VS, Ramaswamy S. A Computational Model of Loss of Dopaminergic Cells in Parkinson's Disease Due to Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:11. [PMID: 30858799 PMCID: PMC6397878 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with progressive and inexorable loss of dopaminergic cells in Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc). Although many mechanisms have been suggested, a decisive root cause of this cell loss is unknown. A couple of the proposed mechanisms, however, show potential for the development of a novel line of PD therapeutics. One of these mechanisms is the peculiar metabolic vulnerability of SNc cells compared to other dopaminergic clusters; the other is the SubThalamic Nucleus (STN)-induced excitotoxicity in SNc. To investigate the latter hypothesis computationally, we developed a spiking neuron network-model of SNc-STN-GPe system. In the model, prolonged stimulation of SNc cells by an overactive STN leads to an increase in ‘stress' variable; when the stress in a SNc neuron exceeds a stress threshold, the neuron dies. The model shows that the interaction between SNc and STN involves a positive-feedback due to which, an initial loss of SNc cells that crosses a threshold causes a runaway-effect, leading to an inexorable loss of SNc cells, strongly resembling the process of neurodegeneration. The model further suggests a link between the two aforementioned mechanisms of SNc cell loss. Our simulation results show that the excitotoxic cause of SNc cell loss might initiate by weak-excitotoxicity mediated by energy deficit, followed by strong-excitotoxicity, mediated by a disinhibited STN. A variety of conventional therapies were simulated to test their efficacy in slowing down SNc cell loss. Among them, glutamate inhibition, dopamine restoration, subthalamotomy and deep brain stimulation showed superior neuroprotective-effects in the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alekhya Mandali
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - V Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT-Madras, Chennai, India
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49
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Morita K, Kawaguchi Y. A Dual Role Hypothesis of the Cortico-Basal-Ganglia Pathways: Opponency and Temporal Difference Through Dopamine and Adenosine. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 12:111. [PMID: 30687019 PMCID: PMC6338031 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that the basal-ganglia direct and indirect pathways represent goodness (or benefit) and badness (or cost) of options, respectively, explains a wide range of phenomena. However, this hypothesis, named the Opponent Actor Learning (OpAL), still has limitations. Structurally, the OpAL model does not incorporate differentiation of the two types of cortical inputs to the basal-ganglia pathways received from intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal-tract (PT) neurons. Functionally, the OpAL model does not describe the temporal-difference (TD)-type reward-prediction-error (RPE), nor explains how RPE is calculated in the circuitry connecting to the DA neurons. In fact, there is a different hypothesis on the basal-ganglia pathways and DA, named the Cortico-Striatal-Temporal-Difference (CS-TD) model. The CS-TD model differentiates the IT and PT inputs, describes the TD-type RPE, and explains how TD-RPE is calculated. However, a critical difficulty in this model lies in its assumption that DA induces the same direction of plasticity in both direct and indirect pathways, which apparently contradicts the experimentally observed opposite effects of DA on these pathways. Here, we propose a new hypothesis that integrates the OpAL and CS-TD models. Specifically, we propose that the IT-basal-ganglia pathways represent goodness/badness of current options while the PT-indirect pathway represents the overall value of the previously chosen option, and both of these have influence on the DA neurons, through the basal-ganglia output, so that a variant of TD-RPE is calculated. A key assumption is that opposite directions of plasticity are induced upon phasic activation of DA neurons in the IT-indirect pathway and PT-indirect pathway because of different profiles of IT and PT inputs. Specifically, at PT→indirect-pathway-medium-spiny-neuron (iMSN) synapses, sustained glutamatergic inputs generate rich adenosine, which allosterically prevents DA-D2 receptor signaling and instead favors adenosine-A2A receptor signaling. Then, phasic DA-induced phasic adenosine, which reflects TD-RPE, causes long-term synaptic potentiation. In contrast, at IT→iMSN synapses where adenosine is scarce, phasic DA causes long-term synaptic depression via D2 receptor signaling. This new Opponency and Temporal-Difference (OTD) model provides unique predictions, part of which is potentially in line with recently reported activity patterns of neurons in the globus pallidus externus on the indirect pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Morita
- Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
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50
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Solinas M, Belujon P, Fernagut PO, Jaber M, Thiriet N. Dopamine and addiction: what have we learned from 40 years of research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:481-516. [PMID: 30569209 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the neurotransmitters involved in addiction, dopamine (DA) is clearly the best known. The critical role of DA in addiction is supported by converging evidence that has been accumulated in the last 40 years. In the present review, first we describe the dopaminergic system in terms of connectivity, functioning and involvement in reward processes. Second, we describe the functional, structural, and molecular changes induced by drugs within the DA system in terms of neuronal activity, synaptic plasticity and transcriptional and molecular adaptations. Third, we describe how genetic mouse models have helped characterizing the role of DA in addiction. Fourth, we describe the involvement of the DA system in the vulnerability to addiction and the interesting case of addiction DA replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. Finally, we describe how the DA system has been targeted to treat patients suffering from addiction and the result obtained in clinical settings and we discuss how these different lines of evidence have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the physiopathology of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France.
| | - Pauline Belujon
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
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