Pantothenic acid in health and disease

The iron maiden: Oligodendroglial metabolic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and mitochondrial signaling

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, governed by oligodendrocyte (OL) dystrophy and central nervous system (CNS) demyelination manifesting variable neurological impairments. Mitochondrial mechanisms may drive myelin biogenesis maintaining the axo-glial unit according to dynamic requisite demands imposed by the axons they ensheath. The promotion of OL maturation and myelination by actively transporting thyroid hormone (TH) into the CNS and thereby facilitating key transcriptional and metabolic pathways that regulate myelin biogenesis is fundamental to sustain the profound energy demands at each axo-glial interface. Deficits in regulatory functions exerted through TH for these physiological roles to be orchestrated by mature OLs, can occur in genetic and acquired myelin disorders, whereby mitochondrial efficiency and eventual dysfunction can lead to profound oligodendrocytopathy, demyelination and neurodegenerative sequelae. TH-dependent transcriptional and metabolic pathways can be dysregulated during acute and chronic MS lesion activity depriving OLs from critical acetyl-CoA biochemical mechanisms governing myelin lipid biosynthesis and at the same time altering the generation of iron metabolism that may drive ferroptotic mechanisms, leading to advancing neurodegeneration.

PuRenDan alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus symptoms by modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

PuRenDan (PRD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula comprising five herbs that have been traditionally used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While PRD has been shown to be effective in treating T2DM in clinical and animal studies, the mechanisms by which it works on the gut microbiome and metabolites related to T2DM are not well understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study was to partially elucidate the mechanism of PRD in treating T2DM through analyses of the gut microbiota metagenome and metabolome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high-fat diets (HFDs) and injected with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) to replicate T2DM models. Then the therapeutic effects of PRD were evaluated by measuring clinical markers such as blood glucose, insulin resistance (IR), lipid metabolism biomarkers (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, non-esterified fatty acids, and triglycerides), and inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 [IL-6], interferon gamma, and IL-1β). Colon contents were collected, and metagenomics, combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolic profiling, was performed to evaluate the effects of T2DM and PRD on gut microbiota and its metabolites in rats. Spearman analysis was used to calculate the correlation coefficient among different microbiota, clinical indices, and metabolites.

RESULTS

PRD exhibited significant improvement in blood glucose and IR, and reduced serum levels of lipid metabolism biomarkers and inflammatory factors. Moreover, the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota undergo significant changes in rats with T2DM that PRD was able to reverse. The gut microbiota associated with T2DM including Rickettsiaceae bacterium 4572_127, Psychrobacter pasteurii, Parabacteroides sp. CAG409, and Paludibacter propionicigenes were identified. The gut microbiota most closely related to PRD were Prevotella sp. 10(H), Parabacteroides sp. SN4, Flavobacteriales bacterium, Bacteroides massiliensis, Alistipes indistinctus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Additionally, PRD regulated the levels of gut microbiota metabolites including pantothenic acid, 1-Methylhistamine, and 1-Methylhistidine; these affected metabolites were involved in pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, and secondary bile acid biosynthesis. Correlation analysis illustrated a close relationship among gut microbiota, its metabolites, and T2DM-related indexes.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides insights into the gut microbiota and its metabolites of PRD therapy for T2DM. It clarifies the role of gut microbiota and the metabolites in the pathogenesis of T2DM, highlighting the potential of PRD for the treatment of this disease.

Micronutrient status in children aged 6-59 months with severe wasting and/or nutritional edema: implications for nutritional rehabilitation formulations

Undernutrition remains a global struggle and is associated with almost 45% of deaths in children younger than 5 years. Despite advances in management of severe wasting (though less so for nutritional edema), full and sustained recovery remains elusive. Children with severe wasting and/or nutritional edema (also commonly referred to as severe acute malnutrition and part of the umbrella term "severe malnutrition") continue to have a high mortality rate. This suggests a likely multifactorial etiology that may include micronutrient deficiency. Micronutrients are currently provided in therapeutic foods at levels based on expert opinion, with few supportive studies of high quality having been conducted. This narrative review looks at the knowledge base on micronutrient deficiencies in children aged 6-59 months who have severe wasting and/or nutritional edema, in addition to highlighting areas where further research is warranted (See "Future Directions" section).

Navigating the B vitamins: Dietary diversity, microbial synthesis, and human health

B vitamins are intricately involved in various physiological processes vital for health. Their significance is complicated by the heterogeneous landscape of B vitamin distribution in diets and the contributions of the gut microbiota. Here, we delve into the impact of these factors on B vitamins and introduce strategies, with a focus on microbiota-based therapeutic options, to enhance their availability for improved well-being. Additionally, we provide an ecological and evolutionary perspective on the importance of B vitamins to human-microbiota interactions. In the dynamic realms of nutrition and microbiome science, these essential micronutrients continue to play a fundamental role in our understanding of disease development.

Microbial production of vitamin B5: current status and prospects

Vitamin B5, also called D-pantothenic acid (D-PA), is a necessary micronutrient that plays an essential role in maintaining the physiological function of an organism. It is widely used in: food, medicine, feed, cosmetics, and other fields. Currently, the production of D-PA in industry heavily relies on chemical processes and enzymatic catalysis. With an increasing demand on the market, replacing chemical-based production of D-PA with microbial fermentation utilizing renewable resources is necessary. In this review, the physiological role and applications of D-PA were firstly introduced, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be summarized. Subsequently, a series of cell factory development strategies for excessive D-PA production are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the prospect of microbial production of D-PA production has been prospected.

Concentrate supplementation improves cold-season environmental fitness of grazing yaks: responsive changes in the rumen microbiota and metabolome

Yak (Bos grunniens) is an important economic animal species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Yaks grazed in the cold season often suffer from nutritional stress, resulting in low production performance. This situation can be improved by properly feeding the grazing yaks in the cold season; however, there is still little information about the effect of different feeding levels on the intestinal microflora and metabolites of yaks. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of feeding different doses of concentrate supplements on rumen bacterial communities and metabolites in grazing yaks during the cold season. Feed concentrate supplementation significantly improved the production performance and rumen fermentation status of grazing yaks during the cold season, and switched the type of ruminal fermentation from acetic acid fermentation to propionic acid fermentation. Ruminal fermentation parameters and ruminal bacterial abundance correlated strongly. At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes increased with increasing concentrate supplementation, while the opposite was true for Bacteroidota. At the genus level, the abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, NK4A214_group, Ruminococcus, norank_f__Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, norank_f__norank_o__ Clostridia_UCG-014, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Acetitomaculum, and Family_XIII_AD3011_group increased with increasing concentrate supplementation, while the abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_ group decreased. Dietary concentrate supplementation altered the concentration and metabolic mode of metabolites in the rumen, significantly affecting the concentration of metabolites involved in amino acid and derivative metabolism (e.g., L-aspartic acid, L-glutamate, and L-histidine), purine metabolism (e.g., guanine, guanosine, and hypoxanthine), and glycerophospholipid metabolism (e.g., phosphatidate, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphocholine), and other metabolic pathways. The strong correlation between yak rumen microorganisms and metabolites provided a more comprehensive understanding of microbial community composition and function. This study showed significant changes in the composition and abundance of bacteria and metabolites in the rumen of cool season grazing yaks fed with concentrate supplements. Changes in ruminal fermentation parameters and metabolite concentration also showed a strong correlation with ruminal bacterial communities. These findings will be helpful to formulate supplementary feeding strategies for grazing yaks in the cold season from the perspective of intestinal microorganisms.

Milk Yields and Milk Fat Composition Promoted by Pantothenate and Thiamine via Stimulating Nutrient Digestion and Fatty Acid Synthesis in Dairy Cows

Considering the synergistic effect of pantothenate and thiamine on the regulation of energy metabolism, this study investigated the influences of coated calcium pantothenate (CCP) and coated thiamine (CT) on milk production and composition, nutrients digestion, and expressions of genes involved in fatty acids synthesis in mammary glands. Forty-four multiparous Chinese Holstein cows (2.8 ± 0.19 of parity, 772 ± 12.3 kg of body weight [BW], 65.8 ± 8.6 days in milk [DIM] and 35.3 ± 1.9 kg/d of milk production, mean ± SD) were blocked by parity, BW, DIM, and milk production, and they were allocated into one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial block design. Additional CCP (0 mg/kg [CCP-] or 55 mg/kg dry matter [DM] of calcium pantothenate from CCP [CCP+]) and CT (0 g/kg [CT-] or 5.3 mg/kg DM of thiamine from CT [CT+]) were hand-mixed into the top one-third of total mixed ration. Both CCP and CT additives increased milk production, fat content, true protein, and lactose by promoting nutrient digestibility. The CCP or/and CT supplementation induced the elevation of C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C14:1, C15:0, C15:1, C16:00, C16:1, C24:00, C24:1 fatty acids, saturated fatty acid, and C4-16 fatty acid contents in milk fat; but it decreased C17-22 fatty acid content. Ruminal total VFA content was increased, but pH was decreased by both additives. The ruminal fermentation pattern was altered, and a tendency of acetate formation was implied by the increased acetate-to-propionate ratio after both additives' supplementation. The expressions of PPARγ, SREBPF1, ACACA, FASN, SCD, and FABP3 mRNAs were enhanced by CCP or CT addition, but the relative expression of LPL mRNA was upregulated by CT addition only. Additionally, blood glucose, triglyceride, insulin-like growth factor-1, and total antioxidant capacity were promoted by both additives. The combination of CCP and CT more effectively increased the ruminal total VFA concentration, the acetate to propionate ratio, and blood glucose level, and decreased ammoniacal nitrogen concentration than that achieved by CCP or CT alone. The results suggested that CCP and CT supplementation stimulated lactation performance by promoting nutrient digestion and fatty acid synthesis in the mammary glands.

Comparative bioavailability of vitamins in human foods sourced from animals and plants

Vitamins are essential components of enzyme systems involved in normal growth and function. The quantitative estimation of the proportion of dietary vitamins, that is in a form available for utilization by the human body, is limited and fragmentary. This review provides the current state of knowledge on the bioavailability of thirteen vitamins and choline, to evaluate whether there are differences in vitamin bioavailability when human foods are sourced from animals or plants. The bioavailability of naturally occurring choline, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K in food awaits further studies. Animal-sourced foods are the almost exclusive natural sources of dietary vitamin B-12 (65% bioavailable) and preformed vitamin A retinol (74% bioavailable), and contain highly bioavailable biotin (89%), folate (67%), niacin (67%), pantothenic acid (80%), riboflavin (61%), thiamin (82%), and vitamin B-6 (83%). Plant-based foods are the main natural sources of vitamin C (76% bioavailable), provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene (15.6% bioavailable), riboflavin (65% bioavailable), thiamin (81% bioavailable), and vitamin K (16.5% bioavailable). The overview of studies showed that in general, vitamins in foods originating from animals are more bioavailable than vitamins in foods sourced from plants.

Rosenbergiella meliponini D21B Isolated from Pollen Pots of the Australian Stingless Bee Tetragonula carbonaria

Rosenbergiella bacteria have been previously isolated predominantly from floral nectar and identified in metagenomic screenings as associated with bees. Here, we isolated three Rosenbergiella strains from the robust Australian stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria sharing over 99.4% sequence similarity with Rosenbergiella strains isolated from floral nectar. The three Rosenbergiella strains (D21B, D08K, D15G) from T. carbonaria exhibited near-identical 16S rDNA. The genome of strain D21B was sequenced; its draft genome contains 3,294,717 bp, with a GC content of 47.38%. Genome annotation revealed 3236 protein-coding genes. The genome of D21B differs sufficiently from the closest related strain, Rosenbergiella epipactidis 2.1A, to constitute a new species. In contrast to R. epipactidis 2.1A, strain D21B produces the volatile 2-phenylethanol. The D21B genome contains a polyketide/non-ribosomal peptide gene cluster not present in any other Rosenbergiella draft genomes. Moreover, the Rosenbergiella strains isolated from T. carbonaria grew in a minimal medium without thiamine, but R. epipactidis 2.1A was thiamine-dependent. Strain D21B was named R. meliponini D21B, reflecting its origin from stingless bees. Rosenbergiella strains may contribute to the fitness of T. carbonaria.

Forensic identification of sudden cardiac death: a new approach combining metabolomics and machine learning

The determination of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is one of the difficult tasks in the forensic practice, especially in the absence of specific morphological changes in the autopsies and histological investigations. In this study, we combined the metabolic characteristics from corpse specimens of cardiac blood and cardiac muscle to predict SCD. Firstly, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)-based untargeted metabolomics was applied to obtain the metabolomic profiles of the specimens, and 18 and 16 differential metabolites were identified in the cardiac blood and cardiac muscle from the corpses of those who died of SCD, respectively. Several possible metabolic pathways were proposed to explain these metabolic alterations, including the metabolism of energy, amino acids, and lipids. Then, we validated the capability of these combinations of differential metabolites to distinguish between SCD and non-SCD through multiple machine learning algorithms. The results showed that stacking model integrated differential metabolites featured from the specimens showed the best performance with 92.31% accuracy, 93.08% precision, 92.31% recall, 91.96% F1 score, and 0.92 AUC. Our results revealed that the SCD metabolic signature identified by metabolomics and ensemble learning in cardiac blood and cardiac muscle has potential in SCD post-mortem diagnosis and metabolic mechanism investigations.

Large-Scale Genetic Correlation Analysis between Spondyloarthritis and Human Blood Metabolites

The aim was to study the genetic correlation and causal relationship between spondyloarthritis (SpA) and blood metabolites based on the large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data. The GWAS summary data (3966 SpA and 448,298 control cases) of SpA were from the UK Biobank, and the GWAS summary data (486 blood metabolites) of human blood metabolites were from a published study. First, the genetic correlation between SpA and blood metabolites was analyzed by linkage disequilibrium score (LDSC) regression. Next, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to perform access causal relationship between SpA and blood metabolites. Random effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the main analysis method, and the MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were supplementary methods. The MR analysis results were dominated by the random effects IVW. The Cochran's Q statistic (MR-IVW) and Rucker's Q statistic (MR Egger) were used to check heterogeneity. MR Egger and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) were used to check horizontal pleiotropy. The MR-PRESSO was also used to check outliers. The "leave-one-out" analysis was used to assess whether the MR analysis results were affected by a single SNP and thus test the robustness of the MR results. Finally, we identified seven blood metabolites that are genetically related to SpA: X-10395 (correlation coefficient = -0.546, p = 0.025), pantothenate (correlation coefficient = -0.565, p = 0.038), caprylate (correlation coefficient = -0.333, p = 0.037), pelargonate (correlation coefficient = -0.339, p = 0.047), X-11317 (correlation coefficient = -0.350, p = 0.038), X-12510 (correlation coefficient = -0.399, p = 0.034), and X-13859 (Correlation coefficient = -0.458, p = 0.015). Among them, X-10395 had a positive genetic causal relationship with SpA (p = 0.014, OR = 1.011). The blood metabolites that have genetic correlation and causal relationship with SpA found in this study provide a new idea for the study of the pathogenesis of SpA and the determination of diagnostic indicators.

Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Lipid Impairment in the Liver of Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Exposed to Carbendazim

Carbendazim is a systemic fungicide used in several countries, particularly in Brazil. However, studies suggest that it is related to the promotion of tumors, endocrine disruption, and toxicity to organisms, among other effects. As a result, carbendazim is not allowed in the United States, Australia, and some European Union countries. Therefore, further studies are necessary to evaluate its effects, and zebrafish is a model routinely used to provide relevant information regarding the acute and long-term effects of xenobiotics. In this way, zebrafish water tank samples (water samples from aquari containing zebrafish) and liver samples from animals exposed to carbendazim at a concentration of 120 μg/L were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, followed by multivariate and univariate statistical analyses, using the metabolomics approach. Our results suggest impairment of lipid metabolism with a consequent increase in intrahepatic lipids and endocrine disruption. Furthermore, the results suggest two endogenous metabolites as potential biomarkers to determine carbendazim exposure. Finally, the present study showed that it is possible to use zebrafish water tank samples to assess the dysregulation of endogenous metabolites to understand biological effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:437-448. © 2022 SETAC.

Hydrophilic Metabolite Composition of Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia of Edible Mushroom Species (Agaricomycetes)

Mushrooms have two components, the fruiting body, which encompasses the stalk and the cap, and the mycelium, which supports the fruiting body underground. The part of the mushroom most commonly consumed is the fruiting body. Given that it is more time consuming to harvest the fruiting body versus simply the mycelia, we were interested in understanding the difference in metabolite content between the fruiting bodies and mycelia of four widely consumed mushrooms in Taiwan: Agrocybe cylindracea (AC), Coprinus comatus (CC), Hericium erinaceus (HE), and Hypsizygus marmoreus (HM). In total, we identified 54 polar metabolites using 1H NMR spectroscopy that included sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, nucleosides and purine/pyrimidine derivatives, sugars, and others. Generally, the fruiting bodies of AC, CC, and HM contained higher amounts of essential amino acids than their corresponding mycelia. Among fruiting bodies, HE had the lowest essential amino acid content. Trehalose was the predominant carbohydrate in most samples except for the mycelia of AC, in which the major sugar was glucose. The amount of adenosine, uridine, and xanthine in the samples was similar, and was higher in fruiting bodies compared with mycelia, except for HM. The organic acid and sugar alcohol content between fruiting bodies and mycelia did not tend to be different. Although each mushroom had a unique metabolic profile, the metabolic profile of fruiting bodies and mycelia were most similar for CC and HE, suggesting that the mycelia of CC and HE may be good replacements for their corresponding fruiting bodies. Additionally, each mushroom species had a unique polar metabolite fingerprint, which could be utilized to identify adulteration.

Role of Vitamins in Cardiovascular Health: Know Your Facts - Part 1

Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide, thus it is important to adopt preventive interventions. Observational data demonstrating CV benefits of vitamin supplements, advanced by self-proclaimed experts have resulted in ~50% of Americans reporting the use of multivitamins for health promotion; this practice has led to a multi-billion-dollar business of the multivitamin-industry. However, the data on the extensive use of multivitamins show no consistent benefit for CVD prevention or all-cause mortality, while the use of certain vitamins might prove harmful. Thus, the focus of this two-part review is on the attributes or concerns about specific vitamins on CVD. In Part 1, the CV effects of specific vitamins are discussed, indicating the need for further supportive evidence of potential benefits. Vitamin A preserves CV homeostasis as it participates in many biologic functions, including atherosclerosis. However, supplementation could potentially be harmful. Betacarotene, a pro-vitamin A, conveys pro-oxidant actions that may mitigate any other benefits. Folic acid alone and certain B-vitamins (e.g., B1/B2/B6/B12) may reduce CVD, heart failure, and/or stroke, while niacin might increase mortality. Vitamin C has antioxidant and cardioprotective effects. Vitamin D may confer CV protection, but all the data are not in agreement. Combined vitamin E and C have antiatherogenic effects but clinical evidence is inconsistent. Vitamin K seems neutral. Thus, there are individual vitamin actions with favorable CV impact (certain B-vitamins and vitamins C and D), but other vitamins (β-carotene, niacin) may potentially have deleterious effects, which also holds true for high doses of fat-soluble vitamins (A/D/E/K).

Pantothenate and L-Carnitine Supplementation Improves Pathological Alterations in Cellular Models of KAT6A Syndrome

Mutations in several genes involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression have been considered risk alterations to different intellectual disability (ID) syndromes associated with features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Among them are the pathogenic variants of the lysine-acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A) gene, which causes KAT6A syndrome. The KAT6A enzyme participates in a wide range of critical cellular functions, such as chromatin remodeling, gene expression, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, and replication. In this manuscript, we examined the pathophysiological alterations in fibroblasts derived from three patients harboring KAT6A mutations. We addressed survival in a stress medium, histone acetylation, protein expression patterns, and transcriptome analysis, as well as cell bioenergetics. In addition, we evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of epigenetic modulators and mitochondrial boosting agents, such as pantothenate and L-carnitine, in correcting the mutant phenotype. Pantothenate and L-carnitine treatment increased histone acetylation and partially corrected protein and transcriptomic expression patterns in mutant KAT6A cells. Furthermore, the cell bioenergetics of mutant cells was significantly improved. Our results suggest that pantothenate and L-carnitine can significantly improve the mutant phenotype in cellular models of KAT6A syndrome.

Vitamin B supplementation for sickle cell disease

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows:

To assess the effectiveness of vitamin B supplementation in children and adults with sickle cell disease (SCD), compared to no intervention or an alternative vitamin B supplementation given as part of standard care.

Association between plasma vitamin B5 and coronary heart disease: Results from a case-control study

Aim

The relationship of vitamin B5 and coronary heart disease (CHD) is still uncertain. This case–control study was performed to evaluate the relationship between the plasma vitamin B5 concentration and the risk of CHD.

Materials and methods

The study involved 429 patients with >70% stenosis of the coronary arteries on coronary angiography and 429 matched controls were included for age ± 2 years, gender, and date of coronary angiography examination ± 180 days. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between plasma vitamin B5 and the risk of CHD.

Results

An L-shaped relationship was found between the plasma vitamin B5 concentration and CHD. Compared with patients with low vitamin B5 (first quartile, <27.6 ng/ml), the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for participants in the third quartile (34.9–44.0 ng/ml) and fourth quartile (≥44.0 ng/ml) were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.26–0.70) and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.29–0.82), respectively. In the threshold effect analysis, the risk of CHD significantly decreased as the vitamin B5 concentration increased (per 10 ng/ml increment: OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.57–0.89) in participants with a plasma vitamin B5 concentration of <40.95 ng/ml; however, an increased plasma vitamin B5 concentration was no longer associated with a decreased risk of CHD (per 10 ng/ml increment: OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.87–1.14) in participants with a plasma vitamin B5 concentration of ≥40.95 ng/ml. The association between vitamin B5 and CHD was stronger in ever or current smokers than non-smokers (p-interaction = 0.046).

Conclusion

Plasma vitamin B5 has an L-shaped relationship with CHD, with a threshold around 40.95 ng/ml. This association was modified by smoking.

Systematic impacts of fluoride exposure on the metabolomics of rats

Fluoride is widely present in the environment. Excessive fluoride exposure leads to fluorosis, which has become a global public health problem and will cause damage to various organs and tissues. Only a few studies focus on serum metabolomics, and there is still a lack of systematic metabolomics associated with fluorosis within the main organs. Therefore, in the current study, a non-targeted metabolomics method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to research the effects of fluoride exposure on metabolites in different organs, to uncover potential biomarkers and study whether the affected metabolic pathways are related to the mechanism of fluorosis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a fluoride exposure group. GC-MS technology was used to identify metabolites. Multivariate statistical analysis identified 16, 24, 20, 20, 24, 13, 7, and 13 differential metabolites in the serum, liver, kidney, heart, hippocampus, cortex, kidney fat, and brown fat, respectively, in the two groups of rats. Fifteen metabolic pathways were affected, involving toxic mechanisms such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and fatty acid, amino acid and energy metabolism disorders. This study provides a new perspective on the understanding of the mechanism of toxicity associated with sodium fluoride, contributing to the prevention and treatment of fluorosis.

Immediate-Early Modifications to the Metabolomic Profile of the Perilymph Following an Acoustic Trauma in a Sheep Model

The pathophysiological mechanisms of noise-induced hearing loss remain unknown. Identifying biomarkers of noise-induced hearing loss may increase the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of deafness, allow for a more precise diagnosis, and inform personalized treatment. Emerging techniques such as metabolomics can help to identify these biomarkers. The objective of the present study was to investigate immediate-early changes in the perilymph metabolome following acoustic trauma. Metabolomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry to analyze metabolic changes in perilymph associated with noise-induced hearing loss. Sheep (n = 6) were exposed to a noise designed to induce substantial hearing loss. Perilymph was collected before and after acoustic trauma. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and a supervised multivariate analysis based on partial least squares discriminant analysis. A metabolomic analysis showed an abundance of 213 metabolites. Four metabolites were significantly changed following acoustic trauma (Urocanate (p = 0.004, FC = 0.48), S-(5’-Adenosyl)-L-Homocysteine (p = 0.06, FC = 2.32), Trigonelline (p = 0.06, FC = 0.46) and N-Acetyl-L-Leucine (p = 0.09, FC = 2.02)). The approach allowed for the identification of new metabolites and metabolic pathways involved with acoustic trauma that were associated with auditory impairment (nerve damage, mechanical destruction, and oxidative stress). The results suggest that metabolomics provides a powerful approach to characterize inner ear metabolites which may lead to identification of new therapies and therapeutic targets.

Dietary Concentrate-to-Forage Ratio Affects Rumen Bacterial Community Composition and Metabolome of Yaks

Changes in dietary composition affect the rumen microbiota in ruminants. However, information on the effects of dietary concentrate-to-forage ratio changes on yak rumen bacteria and metabolites is limited. This study characterized the effect of three different dietary concentrate-to-forage ratios (50:50, C50 group; 65:35, C65 group; 80:20, C80 group) on yak rumen fluid microbiota and metabolites using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. Rumen fermentation parameters and the abundance of rumen bacteria were affected by changes in the dietary concentrate-to-forage ratio, and there was a strong correlation between them. At the genus level, higher relative abundances of norank_f__F082, NK4A214_group, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Acetitomaculum, and norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014 were observed with a high dietary concentrate-to-forage ratio (P < 0.05). Combined metabolomic and enrichment analyses showed that changes in the dietary concentrate-to-forage ratio significantly affected rumen metabolites related to amino acid metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and purine metabolism. Compared with the C50 group, 3-methylindole, pantothenic acid, D-pantothenic acid, and 20-hydroxy-leukotriene E4 were downregulated in the C65 group, while spermine and ribose 1-phosphate were upregulated. Compared to the C50 group, Xanthurenic acid, tyramine, ascorbic acid, D-glucuronic acid, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1a, lipoxin B4, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate were upregulated in the C80 group, while 3-methylindole and 20-hydroxy-leukotriene E4 were downregulated. All metabolites (Xanthurenic acid, L-Valine, N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, Tyramine, 6-Keto-prostaglandin F1a, Lipoxin B4, Xanthosine, Thymine, Deoxyinosine, and Uric acid) were upregulated in the C80 group compared with the C65 group. Correlation analysis of microorganisms and metabolites provided new insights into the function of rumen bacteria, as well as a theoretical basis for formulating more scientifically appropriate feeding strategies for yak.

O-GlcNAc transferase maintains metabolic homeostasis in response to CDK9 inhibition

Co-targeting of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and the transcriptional kinase CDK9 is toxic to prostate cancer cells. As OGT is an essential glycosyltransferase, identifying an alternative target showing similar effects is of great interest. Here, we used a multiomics approach (transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics) to better understand the mechanistic basis of the combinatorial lethality between OGT and CDK9 inhibition. CDK9 inhibition preferentially affected transcription. In contrast, depletion of OGT activity predominantly remodeled the metabolome. Using an unbiased systems biology approach (weighted gene correlation network analysis), we discovered that CDK9 inhibition alters mitochondrial activity / flux, and high OGT activity is essential to maintain mitochondrial respiration when CDK9 activity is depleted. Our metabolite profiling data revealed that pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is the metabolite that is most robustly induced by both OGT and OGT+CDK9 inhibitor treatments, but not by CDK9 inhibition alone. Finally, supplementing prostate cancer cell lines with vitamin B5 in the presence of CDK9 inhibitor mimics the effects of co-targeting OGT and CDK9.

B Vitamins and Their Roles in Gut Health

B vitamins act as coenzymes in a myriad of cellular reactions. These include energy production, methyl donor generation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and immune functions. Due to the ubiquitous roles of these vitamins, their deficiencies significantly affect the host’s metabolism. Recently, novel roles of B vitamins in the homeostasis of gut microbial ecology and intestinal health continue to be unravelled. This review focuses on the functional roles and biosynthesis of B vitamins and how these vitamins influence the growth and proliferation of the gut microbiota. We have identified the gut bacteria that can produce vitamins, and their biosynthetic mechanisms are presented. The effects of B vitamin deficiencies on intestinal morphology, inflammation, and its effects on intestinal disorders are also discussed.

In Vitro Reconstitution of the Pantothenic Acid Degradation Pathway in Ochrobactrum anthropi

Pantothenic acid is an essential metabolite found throughout all branches of life. Although the enzymes responsible for pantothenic biosynthesis have been characterized, those leading to its biodegradation remain poorly understood. In the study described herein, we showed that use of a "genomic enzymology" strategy enabled identification of four biodegradation pathway genes, which were then confirmed by using kinetic analysis of the purified recombinant enzymes encoded in Ochrobactrum anthropi. The reconstituted pathway converts pantothenic acid to β-alanine and (R)-pantoate, and then (R)-pantoate to aldopentoate, which is transformed to (R)-3,3-dimethylmalate and hence to α-ketoisovalerate. The pathway genes are common to Proteobacterial genomes in which they are not colocated.

Coenzyme a Biochemistry: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration

Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor in all living organisms. It is involved in a large number of biochemical processes functioning either as an activator of molecules with carbonyl groups or as a carrier of acyl moieties. Together with its thioester derivatives, it plays a central role in cell metabolism, post-translational modification, and gene expression. Furthermore, recent studies revealed a role for CoA in the redox regulation by the S-thiolation of cysteine residues in cellular proteins. The intracellular concentration and distribution in different cellular compartments of CoA and its derivatives are controlled by several extracellular stimuli such as nutrients, hormones, metabolites, and cellular stresses. Perturbations of the biosynthesis and homeostasis of CoA and/or acyl-CoA are connected with several pathological conditions, including cancer, myopathies, and cardiomyopathies. In the most recent years, defects in genes involved in CoA production and distribution have been found in patients affected by rare forms of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant aspects of CoA cellular metabolism, their role in the pathogenesis of selected neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and recent advancements in the search for therapeutic approaches for such diseases.

Distribution of inhaled volatile β-caryophyllene and dynamic changes of liver metabolites in mice

β-caryophyllene (BCP), an essential oil component of many herbs and spices, has various biological activities as a functional food factor. A distinct feature of BCP is its volatile double-ring sesquiterpene structure. Orally administered BCP is reportedly detected in its intact form in mice serum; however, the distribution of inhaled volatile BCP throughout the body remains unknown. This study aimed to estimate the distribution properties of inhaled volatile BCP and to investigate its effects on metabolism. After mice were exposed to volatile BCP, it was detected in the lung, olfactory bulb, brain, serum, heart, liver, kidney, epididymal fat, and brown adipose tissue. BCP was further detected in the brain, liver, and brown adipose tissue 24 h after exposure. Metabolites related to glutathione metabolism were significantly altered in the liver. These results suggest that inhaled volatile BCP is widely distributed in murine tissues and affects the dynamics of metabolites in the liver.

Serum Metabolites as an Indicator of Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Later in the Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort of a Chinese Population

OBJECTIVE

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder with onset during pregnancy. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of GDM have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we used a metabolomics approach to investigate the relationship between maternal serum metabolites and GDM in early pregnancy.

METHODS

A nested case-control study was performed. To establish an early pregnancy cohort, pregnant women in early pregnancy (10-13⁺⁶ weeks) were recruited. In total, 51 patients with GDM and 51 healthy controls were included. Serum samples were analyzed using an untargeted high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry metabolomics approach. The relationships between metabolites and GDM were analyzed by an orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. Differential metabolites were evaluated using a KEGG pathway analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 44 differential metabolites were identified between GDM cases and healthy controls during early pregnancy. Of these, 26 significant metabolites were obtained in early pregnancy after false discovery rate (FDR < 0.1) correction. In the GDM group, the levels of L-pyroglutamic acid, L-glutamic acid, phenylacetic acid, pantothenic acid, and xanthine were significantly higher and the levels of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, calcitriol, and 4-oxoproline were significantly lower than those in the control group. These metabolites were involved in multiple metabolic pathways, including those for amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, energy, nucleotide, cofactor, and vitamin metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified significant differentially expressed metabolites associated with the risk of GDM, providing insight into the mechanisms underlying GDM in early pregnancy and candidate predictive markers.

Retene, pyrene and phenanthrene cause distinct molecular-level changes in the cardiac tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae, part 2 - Proteomics and metabolomics

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are global contaminants of concern. Despite several decades of research, their mechanisms of toxicity are not very well understood. Early life stages of fish are particularly sensitive with the developing cardiac tissue being a main target of PAHs toxicity. The mechanisms of cardiotoxicity of the three widespread model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) retene, pyrene and phenanthrene were explored in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) early life stages. Newly hatched larvae were exposed to sublethal doses of each individual PAH causing no detectable morphometric alterations. Changes in the cardiac proteome and metabolome were assessed after 7 or 14 days of exposure to each PAH. Phase I and II enzymes regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor were significantly induced by all PAHs, with retene being the most potent compound. Retene significantly altered the level of several proteins involved in key cardiac functions such as muscle contraction, cellular tight junctions or calcium homeostasis. Those findings were quite consistent with previous reports regarding the effects of retene on the cardiac transcriptome. Significant changes in proteins linked to iron and heme metabolism were observed following exposure to pyrene. While phenanthrene also altered the levels of several proteins in the cardiac tissue, no clear mechanisms or pathways could be highlighted. Due to high variability between samples, very few significant changes were detected in the cardiac metabolome overall. Slight but significant changes were still observed for pyrene and phenanthrene, suggesting possible effects on several energetic or signaling pathways. This study shows that early exposure to different PAHs can alter the expression of key proteins involved in the cardiac function, which could potentially affect negatively the fitness of the larvae and later of the juvenile fish.

The Pathophysiological Role of CoA

The importance of coenzyme A (CoA) as a carrier of acyl residues in cell metabolism is well understood. Coenzyme A participates in more than 100 different catabolic and anabolic reactions, including those involved in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, ethanol, bile acids, and xenobiotics. However, much less is known about the importance of the concentration of this cofactor in various cell compartments and the role of altered CoA concentration in various pathologies. Despite continuous research on these issues, the molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the intracellular level of CoA under pathological conditions are still not well understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of (a) CoA subcellular concentrations; (b) the roles of CoA synthesis and degradation processes; and (c) protein modification by reversible CoA binding to proteins (CoAlation). Particular attention is paid to (a) the roles of changes in the level of CoA under pathological conditions, such as in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, myopathies, and infectious diseases; and (b) the beneficial effect of CoA and pantethine (which like CoA is finally converted to Pan and cysteamine), used at pharmacological doses for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Changes of Coenzyme A and Acetyl-Coenzyme A Concentrations in Rats after a Single-Dose Intraperitoneal Injection of Hepatotoxic Thioacetamide Are Not Consistent with Rapid Recovery

Small biomolecules, such as coenzyme A (CoA) and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), play vital roles in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. In this paper, we evaluated the delayed effect of the potent hepatotoxin thioacetamide (TAA) on the concentrations of CoA and acetyl-CoA in plasma and in different rat tissues. Administration of TAA negatively affects liver function and leads to the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). In our experiments, rats were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of TAA at doses of 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg. Plasma, liver, kidney, and brain samples were collected six days after the TAA administration, a period that has been suggested to allow for restoration of liver function. The concentrations of CoA and acetyl-CoA in the group of rats exposed to different doses of TAA were compared to those observed in healthy rats. The results obtained indicate that even a single administration of TAA to rats is sufficient to alter the physiological balance of CoA and acetyl-CoA in the plasma and tissues of rats for an extended period of time. The initial concentrations of CoA and acetyl-CoA were not restored even after the completion of the liver regeneration process.

Systemic vitamin intake impacting tissue proteomes

The kinetics and localization of the reactions of metabolism are coordinated by the enzymes that catalyze them. These enzymes are controlled via a myriad of mechanisms including inhibition/activation by metabolites, compartmentalization, thermodynamics, and nutrient sensing-based transcriptional or post-translational regulation; all of which are influenced as a network by the activities of metabolic enzymes and have downstream potential to exert direct or indirect control over protein abundances. Considering many of these enzymes are active only when one or more vitamin cofactors are present; the availability of vitamin cofactors likely yields a systems-influence over tissue proteomes. Furthermore, vitamins may influence protein abundances as nuclear receptor agonists, antioxidants, substrates for post-translational modifications, molecular signal transducers, and regulators of electrolyte homeostasis. Herein, studies of vitamin intake are explored for their contribution to unraveling vitamin influence over protein expression. As a body of work, these studies establish vitamin intake as a regulator of protein abundance; with the most powerful demonstrations reporting regulation of proteins directly related to the vitamin of interest. However, as a whole, the field has not kept pace with advances in proteomic platforms and analytical methodologies, and has not moved to validate mechanisms of regulation or potential for clinical application.

UPLC-MS-based urine nontargeted metabolic profiling identifies dysregulation of pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway in diabetic kidney disease

AIMS

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major prevalent chronic microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the present diagnostic indicators have limitations in the early diagnosis of DKD. This study concentrated on the sensitive and specific biomarkers in early diagnosis of DKD by metabolomics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we performed a UPLC-MS based nontargeted metabolomics assay to profile the urinary metabolites in patients with DKD. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used for screening out the metabolomic variables.

KEY FINDINGS

A total of 147 urinary metabolites were identified and 5 metabolic pathways were correlated with DKD pathophysiology. Pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway alteration was found the most prominent in DKD subjects. 4 metabolites, including dihydrouracil, ureidopropionic acid, pantothenic acid (PA), and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate involved in pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our finding indicates that PA would be served as a novel predictive biomarker associated with DKD development and progression. Furthermore, our results provide a promising prospect that PA and CoA biosynthesis pathway can be potential therapeutic targets for DKD treatment.

Pantothenic acid promotes dermal papilla cell proliferation in hair follicles of American minks via inhibitor of DNA Binding 3/Notch signaling pathway

AIMS

Pantothenic acid (PA) has been applied to treat alopecia, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Our study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of PA in regulating hair follicle (HF) growth.

MAIN METHODS

Mink HFs and dermal papilla (DP) cells were isolated and cultured in vitro. HFs and DP cells were treated with 0, 10, 20, 40 μg/ml PA. The effect of PA on HF growth, DP cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, cell migration, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions in DP cells was measured. Moreover, the effect of PA on inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (ID3)/Notch signaling pathway was analyzed. Subsequently, ID3 was silenced to validate whether ID3/Notch signaling pathway was involved in regulating DP cell proliferation by PA.

KEY FINDINGS

Both 20 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml PA promoted HF growth, G1/S transition of DP cells and IGF-1 and VEGF expressions in DP cells, while only 20 μg/ml PA promoted cell viability and the migration of DP cells. Thus 20 μg/ml PA was chosen for the following experiments. PA treatment was found to up-regulate ID3 expression but down-regulate Notch receptor 1 (Notch1) and Notch signaling targets expressions. Furthermore, ID3 knockdown reversed PA-induced cell proliferation and inhibition of Notch1 and Notch signaling targets expressions, indicating that PA-induced DP cell proliferation and inhibition of Notch signaling were mediated via up-regulation of ID3.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study provides an underlying mechanism related to the effect of PA on stimulating DP cell proliferation.

Molecular Choreography of Acute Exercise

Acute physical activity leads to several changes in metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune pathways. Although studies have examined selected changes in these pathways, the system-wide molecular response to an acute bout of exercise has not been fully characterized. We performed longitudinal multi-omic profiling of plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells including metabolome, lipidome, immunome, proteome, and transcriptome from 36 well-characterized volunteers, before and after a controlled bout of symptom-limited exercise. Time-series analysis revealed thousands of molecular changes and an orchestrated choreography of biological processes involving energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, tissue repair, and growth factor response, as well as regulatory pathways. Most of these processes were dampened and some were reversed in insulin-resistant participants. Finally, we discovered biological pathways involved in cardiopulmonary exercise response and developed prediction models revealing potential resting blood-based biomarkers of peak oxygen consumption.

Metabolic Adaptation during nab-Paclitaxel Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) correlates with high mortality and is about to become one of the major reasons for cancer-related mortality in the next decades. One reason for that high mortality is the limited availability of effective chemotherapy as well as the intrinsic or acquired resistance against it. Here, we report the impact of nab-paclitaxel on the cellular metabolome of PDAC cell lines. After establishment of nab-paclitaxel resistant cell lines, comparison of parental and resistant PDAC cell lines by metabolomics and biochemical assessments revealed altered metabolism, enhanced viability and reduced apoptosis. The results unveiled that acute nab-paclitaxel treatment affected primary metabolism to a minor extent. However, acquisition of resistance led to altered metabolites in both cell lines tested. Specifically, aspartic acid and carbamoyl-aspartic acid were differentially abundant, which might indicate an increased de novo pyrimidine synthesis. This pathway has already shown a similar behavior in other cancerous entities and thus might serve in the future as vulnerable target fighting resistance acquisition occurring in common malignancies.

Study of BDE-47 induced Parkinson's disease-like metabolic changes in C57BL/6 mice by integrated metabolomic, lipidomic and proteomic analysis

As the predominant congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) detected in human serum, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) has been reported to induce neurotoxicity. However, the possible linkage between BDE-47 and typical neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) is still unclear. Here we carried out omics studies using liquid chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-orbitrap MS) to depict the BDE-47 induced metabolic changes in C57BJ/L mice to explore the possible contribution of BDE-47 exposure to PD pathology. BDE-47 dissolved in corn oil was orally administered to mice for 30 consecutive days. Results of metabolomics and lipidomics studies of PD-related brain regions revealed significant metabolite changes in pathways involved in oxidative stress and neurotransmitter production. Moreover, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics study of the striatum, which is the part of brain that is most intensively studied in PD pathogenesis, revealed that BDE-47 could induce neurotransmitter system disturbance, abnormal phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Overall, this study depicts the possible contribution of BDE-47 exposure to PD pathology and highlights the powerfulness of omics platforms to deepen the mechanistic understanding of environmental pollutant-caused toxicity.

A Metabolomics Approach to Unravel Cricket Paralysis Virus Infection in Silkworm Bm5 Cells

How a host metabolism responds to infection with insect viruses and how it relates to pathogenesis, is little investigated. Our previous study observed that Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV, Dicistroviridae) causes short term persistence in silkworm Bm5 cells before proceeding to acute infection. In this study, a metabolomics approach based on high resolution mass spectrometry was applied to investigate how a host metabolism is altered during the course of CrPV infection in Bm5 cells and which changes are characteristic for the transition from persistence to pathogenicity. We observed that CrPV infection led to significant and stage-specific metabolic changes in Bm5 cells. Differential metabolites abundance and pathway analysis further identified specific metabolic features at different stages in the viral life cycle. Notably, both glucose and glutamine levels significantly increased during CrPV persistent infection followed by a steep decrease during the pathogenic stages, suggesting that the central carbon metabolism was significantly modified during CrPV infection in Bm5 cells. In addition, dynamic changes in levels of polyamines were detected. Taken together, this study characterized for the first time the metabolic dynamics of CrPV infection in insect cells, proposing a central role for the regulation of both amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism during the period of persistent infection of CrPV in Bm5 cells.

Inborn errors of mitochondrial acyl-coenzyme a metabolism: acyl-CoA biology meets the clinic

The last decade saw major advances in understanding the metabolism of Coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters (acyl-CoAs) and related inborn errors (CoA metabolic diseases, CAMDs). For diagnosis, acylcarnitines and organic acids, both derived from acyl-CoAs, are excellent markers of most CAMDs. Clinically, each CAMD is unique but strikingly, three main patterns emerge: first, systemic decompensations with combinations of acidosis, ketosis, hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia and fatty liver; second, neurological episodes, particularly acute "stroke-like" episodes, often involving the basal ganglia but sometimes cerebral cortex, brainstem or optic nerves and third, especially in CAMDs of long chain fatty acyl-CoA metabolism, lipid myopathy, cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. Some patients develop signs from more than one category. The pathophysiology of CAMDs is not precisely understood. Available data suggest that signs may result from CoA sequestration, toxicity and redistribution (CASTOR) in the mitochondrial matrix has been suggested to play a role. This predicts that most CAMDs cause deficiency of CoA, limiting mitochondrial energy production, and that toxic effects from the abnormal accumulation of acyl-CoAs and from extramitochondrial functions of acetyl-CoA may also contribute. Recent progress includes the following. (1) Direct measurements of tissue acyl-CoAs in mammalian models of CAMDs have been related to clinical features. (2) Inborn errors of CoA biosynthesis were shown to cause clinical changes similar to those of inborn errors of acyl-CoA degradation. (3) CoA levels in cells can be influenced pharmacologically. (4) Roles for acetyl-CoA are increasingly identified in all cell compartments. (5) Nonenzymatic acyl-CoA-mediated acylation of intracellular proteins occurs in mammalian tissues and is increased in CAMDs.

Genetic defect of the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter: A treatable disease, mimicking biotinidase deficiency

The sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter that facilitates the uptake of the water-soluble vitamins biotin, pantothenic acid, and the vitamin-like substance lipoate is coded by the SLC5A6 gene. Variants in this gene cause a relatively novel treatable metabolic disorder. Here we describe the second case. A 17-month-old girl presented with hypoglycemia (2.0 mmol/L) and severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.87), leading to resuscitation. Her history revealed feeding problems from birth and poor weight gain. Metabolic investigation showed elevated plasma C3-carnitine and C5-OH-carnitine. Urine analysis showed persistently elevated excretion of 3-OH-isovaleric acid. Biochemically, the combination of elevated C5-OH-carnitine and increased excretion of 3-OH-isovaleric acid seemed compatible with biotinidase deficiency. Supplementation with biotin was started. Biotinidase activity in plasma showed only marginally decreased activity, which was considered insufficient explanation for her clinical symptoms. Subsequent trio-based whole exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygosity for variants in the SLC5A6 gene. Upon increasing the dosage of biotin supplementation and introduction of pantothenic acid supplementation, a striking clinical improvement was seen.

Reuniting overnutrition and undernutrition, macronutrients, and micronutrients

Over-nutrition and its late consequences are a dominant theme in medicine today. In addition to the health hazards brought on by over-nutrition, the medical community has recently accumulated a roster of health benefits with obesity, grouped under "obesity paradox." Throughout the world and throughout history until the 20^th century, under-nutrition was a dominant evolutionary force. Under-nutrition brings with it a mix of benefits and detriments that are opposite to and continuous with those of over-nutrition. This continuum yields J-shaped or U-shaped curves relating body mass index to mortality. The overweight have an elevated risk of dying in middle age of degenerative diseases while the underweight are at increased risk of premature death from infectious conditions. Micronutrient deficiencies, major concerns of nutritional science in the 20^th century, are being neglected. This "hidden hunger" is now surprisingly prevalent in all weight groups, even among the overweight. Because micronutrient replacement is safe, inexpensive, and predictably effective, it is now an exceptionally attractive target for therapy across the spectrum of weight and age. Nutrition-related conditions worthy of special attention from caregivers include excess vitamin A, excess vitamin D, and deficiency of magnesium.

Urine metabolic fingerprinting can be used to predict the risk of metritis and highlight the pathobiology of the disease in dairy cows

INTRODUCTION

Metritis is an uterine pathology that causes economic losses for the dairy industry. It is associated with lower reproductive efficiency, increased culling rates, decreased milk production and increased veterinary costs.

OBJECTIVES

To gain a more detailed view of the urine metabolome and to detect metabolite signature in cows with metritis. In addition, we aimed to identify early metabolites which can help to detect cows at risk to develop metritis in the future.

METHODS

We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy starting at 8 and 4 weeks prior to the expected day of parturition, during the week of diagnosis of metritis, and at 4 and 8 weeks after diagnosis of metritis in Holstein dairy cows.

RESULTS

At 8 weeks before parturition, pre-metritic cows had a total of 30 altered metabolites. Interestingly, 28 of them increased in urine when compared with control cows (P < 0.05). At 4 weeks before parturition, 34 metabolites were altered. At the week of diagnosis of metritis a total of 20 metabolites were altered (P < 0.05). The alteration continued at 4 and 8 weeks after diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The metabolic fingerprints in the urine of pre-metritic and metritic cows point toward excretion of multiple amino acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and monosaccharides. Combination of galactose, leucine, lysine and panthotenate at 8 weeks before parturition might serve as predictive biomarkers for metritis.

Metabolomics and Ionomics of Potato Tuber Reveals an Influence of Cultivar and Market Class on Human Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important global food crop that contains phytochemicals with demonstrated effects on human health. Understanding sources of chemical variation of potato tuber can inform breeding for improved health attributes of the cooked food. Here, a comprehensive metabolomics (UPLC- and GC-MS) and ionomics (ICP-MS) analysis of raw and cooked potato tuber was performed on 60 unique potato genotypes that span 5 market classes including russet, red, yellow, chip, and specialty potatoes. The analyses detected 2,656 compounds that included known bioactives (43 compounds), nutrients (42), lipids (76), and 23 metals. Most nutrients and bioactives were partially degraded during cooking (44 out of 85; 52%), however genotypes with high quantities of bioactives remained highest in the cooked tuber. Chemical variation was influenced by genotype and market class. Specifically, ~53% of all detected compounds from cooked potato varied among market class and 40% varied by genotype. The most notable metabolite profiles were observed in yellow-flesh potato which had higher levels of carotenoids and specialty potatoes which had the higher levels of chlorogenic acid as compared to the other market classes. Variation in several molecules with known association to health was observed among market classes and included vitamins (e.g., pyridoxal, ~2-fold variation), bioactives (e.g., chlorogenic acid, ~40-fold variation), medicinals (e.g., kukoamines, ~6-fold variation), and minerals (e.g., calcium, iron, molybdenum, ~2-fold variation). Furthermore, more metabolite variation was observed within market class than among market class (e.g., α-tocopherol, ~1-fold variation among market class vs. ~3-fold variation within market class). Taken together, the analysis characterized significant metabolite and mineral variation in raw and cooked potato tuber, and support the potential to breed new cultivars for improved health traits.

Integrative analysis of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics profiling reveals alterations in energy metabolism between fed and fasted pigs

Background

Fasting is a simple metabolic strategy that is used to estimate the maintenance energy requirement where the energy supply for basic physiological functions is provided by the mobilization of body reserves. However, the underlying metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure are not clear. This study investigated the differences in heat production (HP), respiratory quotient (RQ) and plasma metabolites in pigs in the fed and fasted state, using the techniques of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics.

Methods

Nine barrows (45.2 ± 1.7 kg BW) were fed corn-soybean based meal diets and were kept in metabolism crates for a period of 14 d. After 7 d adaptation, pigs were transferred to respiratory chambers to determine HP and RQ based on indirect calorimetry. Pigs were fed the diet at 2,400 kJ ME/(kg BW^0.6·d) during d 8 to 12. The last 2 d were divided into 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting treatment, respectively. Plasma samples of each pig were collected from the anterior vena cava during the last 3 d (1 d while pigs were fed and 2 d during which they were fasted). The metabolites of plasma were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry using a metabolomics approach.

Results

Indirect calorimetry analysis revealed that HP and RQ were no significant difference between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting, which were lower than those of fed state (P <  0.01). The nitrogen concentration of urine tended to decrease with fasting (P = 0.054). Metabolomics analysis between the fed and fasted state revealed differences in 15 compounds, most of which were not significantly different between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting. Identified compounds were enriched in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the decreases in HP and RQ of growing pigs under fasting conditions were associated with the alterations of linoleic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The integrative analysis also revealed that growing pigs under a 24-h fasting were more appropriate than a 48-h fasting to investigate the metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure.

miR-103 inhibits proliferation and sensitizes hemopoietic tumor cells for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis

Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are an important ingredient of leukemia therapy since they are potent inducers of lymphoid cell apoptosis. However, the development of GC resistance remains an obstacle in GC-based treatment. In the present investigation we found that miR-103 is upregulated in GC-sensitive leukemia cells treated by the hormone. Transfection of GC resistant cells with miR-103 sensitized them to GC induced apoptosis (GCIA), while miR-103 sponging of GC sensitive cells rendered them partially resistant. miR-103 reduced the expression of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK2) and its cyclin E1 target, thereby leading to inhibition of cellular proliferation. miR-103 is encoded within the fifth intron of PANK3 gene. We demonstrate that the GC receptor (GR) upregulates miR-103 by direct interaction with GC response element (GRE) in the PANK3 enhancer. Consequently, miR-103 targets the c-Myc activators c-Myb and DVL1, thereby reducing c-Myc expression. Since c-Myc is a transcription factor of the miR-17~92a poly-cistron, all six miRNAs of the latter are also downregulated. Of these, miR-18a and miR-20a are involved in GCIA, as they target GR and BIM, respectively. Consequently, GR and BIM expression are elevated, thus advancing GCIA. Altogether, this study highlights miR-103 as a useful prognostic biomarker and drug for leukemia management in the future.