1
|
Mukherjee AG, Gopalakrishnan AV. Sex hormone-binding globulin and its critical role in prostate cancer: A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024:106606. [PMID: 39181189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a common and widespread cancer that affects men globally. A complicated interaction of hormonal variables influences its development. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a crucial element in controlling the availability of sex hormones, especially androgens, which have a notable impact on the development and progression of PC. SHBG controls the levels of free, active androgens in the body, which helps regulate androgen-dependent processes associated with PC. The equilibrium between SHBG and androgens plays a critical role in maintaining the stability of the prostate. When this balance is disrupted, it is associated with the development and advancement of PC. The processes responsible for SHBG's role in PC are complex and have multiple aspects. SHBG primarily binds to androgens, preventing them from interacting with androgen receptors (ARs) in prostate cells. It reduces the activation of androgen signaling pathways essential for tumor development and survival. In addition, SHBG can directly affect prostate cells by interacting with specific receptors on the cell surface. This review thoroughly examines the role of SHBG in PC, including its physiological activities, methods of action, and clinical consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong J, Liu C, Lu J, Wang L, Xie S, Ji L, Lu B. The relationship between sex hormone-binding protein and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using Mendelian randomisation. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14082. [PMID: 37605959 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing annually with the improvement of living standards. Numerous epidemiological observations have linked sex hormone-binding protein (SHBG) levels to NAFLD. However, evidence of the causal role of SHBG in the development and progression of NAFLD is still absent. Therefore, a systematic assessment of the causal relationship is needed. METHOD A two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis was conducted. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for SHBG were obtained online from the IEU database (ebi-a-GCST90012111) as exposure. GWAS data from the NAFLD of the Finngen consortium were used for preliminary analysis, while NAFLD data from another GWAS involving 8434 participants were used for replication and meta-analyses. Causal effects were investigated with inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median and MR-Egger regression. Sensitivity analyses including Cochran's Q test, leave-one-out analysis and MR-Egger intercept analysis were simultaneously conducted to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. RESULTS After rigorous selection, 179 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as strongly correlated instrumental variables. Preliminary analysis suggested a significant causal relationship between genetically determined serum SHBG levels and NAFLD [odds ratio (OR) IVW = .54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = .30-.98, p = .043], supported by the results of the replication analysis (ORIVW = .61, 95% CI = .46-.81, p = .0006) and further meta-analysis (OR = .59, 95% CI = .46-.77, p < .0001). CONCLUSION The genetic tendency to high levels of SHBG was causally correlated with a reduced risk of NAFLD, indicating that circulating high levels of SHBG was a protective factor for NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Dong
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Chenming Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Lu
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Luna Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shisheng Xie
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Lichao Ji
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Baochun Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang S, Wang Y, Bai M, Peng Y, Zhou D, Lei P, Zhou B, Zhang P, Zhang Z. Causal inference of sex hormone-binding globulin on venous thromboembolism: evidence from Mendelian randomisation. Thromb J 2023; 21:109. [PMID: 37880771 PMCID: PMC10599068 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-023-00553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous cohort studies have shown that exogenous sex hormone use, such as testosterone replacement therapy and oestrogen-containing contraceptives, can increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the relationship between endogenous sex hormone levels and VTE remains unclear. The goal of the present study was to explore the causal roles of endogenous sex hormones, including hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), bioactive testosterone (BT), and total testosterone (TT), in VTE and its two subgroups, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS We used a genome-wide association study of sex hormones as exposure data and Finnish VTE data as the outcome. Inverse variance weighting, MR-Egger, and weighted median were used for two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR). Sensitivity analyses included MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, Cochrane Q test, MR Steiger, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plot, combined with multivariate MR and replicated MR analyses using larger VTE data from the global biobank meta-analysis initiative. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was used to determine genetic associations and estimate sample overlap. RESULTS Our findings genetically predicted that an increase in serum SHBG levels by one standard deviation (SD) caused 25% higher odds for VTE (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.01-1.55) and 58% higher odds for PE (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.20-2.08). LDSC supported the genetic correlation between these two traits and replicated analyses confirm SHBG's genetic effect on VTE in both sexes (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.20-1.78) and in females (OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.17-1.91). In addition, an increase in serum TT levels by one SD caused 32% higher odds for VTE (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08-1.62) and 31% higher odds for DVT (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.01-1.69); however, LDSC and replicated analyses did not find a genetic correlation between TT and VTE or its subtypes. No significant correlation was observed between BT and all three outcome traits. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that elevated serum SHBG levels, as predicted by genetics, increase VTE risk. However, the causal effect of testosterone levels on VTE requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Wang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ming Bai
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Peng Lei
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Binpeng Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Piyi Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
- Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scalisi EM, Pecoraro R, Salvaggio A, Capparucci F, Fortuna CG, Zimbone M, Impellizzeri G, Brundo MV. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Effects on Development and Male Reproductive System. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111783. [PMID: 37299686 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are used intensively. Thanks to their extremely small size (1-100 nm), TiO2-NPs are more absorbable by living organisms; consequently, they can cross the circulatory system and then be distributed in various organs including the reproductive organs. We have evaluated the possible toxic effect of TiO2-NPs on embryonic development and the male reproductive system using Danio rerio as an organism model. TiO2-NPs (P25, Degussa) were tested at concentrations of 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L, and 4 mg/L. TiO2-NPs did not interfere with the embryonic development of Danio rerio, however, in the male gonads the TiO2-NPs caused an alteration of the morphological/structural organization. The immunofluorescence investigation showed positivity for biomarkers of oxidative stress and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), both confirmed by the results of qRT-PCR. In addition, an increased expression of the gene responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone was found. Since Leydig cells are mainly involved in this activity, an increase in gene activity can be explained by the ability of TiO2-NPs to act as endocrine disruptors, and, therefore, with androgenic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maria Scalisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Pecoraro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Salvaggio
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabiano Capparucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Violetta Brundo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Zheng L, Chan KHK, Zou X, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhong Q, Madsen TE, Wu WC, Manson JE, Yu X, Liu S. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women. Clin Chem 2023; 69:374-385. [PMID: 36702572 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in clinical risk stratification and intervention for coronary heart disease (CHD) remains uncertain. We aimed to examine whether circulating levels of SHBG are predictive of CHD risk in men and women. METHODS We investigated the association between SHBG and the risk of incident CHD in 128 322 men and 135 103 women free of CHD at baseline in the prospective United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) cohort. The unconfounded associations were estimated using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We further conducted a meta-analysis to integrate currently available prospective evidence. CHD events included nonfatal and fatal myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization. RESULTS In the UKB, during a median of 11.7 follow-up years, 10 405 men and 4512 women developed CHD. Serum levels of SHBG were monotonically associated with a decreased risk of CHD in both men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] per log nmol/L increase in SHBG: 0.88 [0.83-0.94]) and women (HR: 0.89 [0.83-0.96]). MR-based analyses suggested causality and a dose-response relationship of SHBG with CHD risk. A cumulative meta-analysis including 216 417 men and 138 282 women from 11 studies showed that higher levels of SHBG were prospectively associated with decreased CHD risk in men comparing the highest with the lowest quartile: pooled relative risk (RR) 0.81 (0.74-0.89) and women (pooled RR: 0.86 [0.78-0.94]). CONCLUSIONS Higher circulating SHBG levels were directly and independently predictive of lower CHD risk in both men and women. The utility of SHBG for CHD risk stratification and prediction warrants further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lingling Zheng
- Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kei Hang Katie Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xia Zou
- Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jundong Liu
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingwei Zhong
- Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tracy E Madsen
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wen-Chih Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simin Liu
- Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan Q, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yuan L. Autophagy: A Double-Edged Sword in Male Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315273. [PMID: 36499597 PMCID: PMC9741305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cell reprogramming mechanism, exists in all eukaryotic organisms. It is a fundamental and vital degradation/recycling pathway that removes undesirable components, such as cytoplasmic organelles, misfolded proteins, viruses, and intracellular bacteria, to provide energy and essential materials for organisms. The success of male reproduction depends on healthy testes, which are mainly composed of seminiferous tubules and mesenchyme. Seminiferous tubules are composed of Sertoli cells (SCs) and various germ cells, and the main functional part of mesenchyme are Leydig cells (LCs). In recent years, a large amount of evidence has confirmed that autophagy is active in many cellular events associated with the testes. Autophagy is not only important for testicular spermatogenesis, but is also an essential regulatory mechanism for the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) integrity of SCs, as well as for the normal function of the blood-testes barrier (BTB). At the same time, it is active in LCs and is crucial for steroid production and for maintaining testosterone levels. In this review, we expanded upon the narration regarding the composition of the testes; summarized the regulation and molecular mechanism of autophagy in SCs, germ cells, and LCs; and concluded the roles of autophagy in the process of spermatogenesis and testicular endocrinology. Through integrating the latest summaries and advances, we discuss how the role of autophagy is a double-edged sword in the testes and may provide insight for future studies and explorations on autophagy in male reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ligang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (L.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Associations of Sex Steroids and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Study and Meta-Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060966. [PMID: 35741728 PMCID: PMC9223113 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Prior studies have reported inconsistent results or less well-explored associations between sex hormones and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we aimed to investigate the associations of NAFLD with sex steroids and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the population-based study and conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of all published observational studies. Methods: Analyses included 755 men and 1109 women with available data on sex steroids, SHBG, and ultrasound-based NAFLD from the Rotterdam Study. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the associations. Additionally, we searched five databases from inception to 1 April 2022 and performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Random-effects (DerSimonian-Laird) method was used for meta-analysis, odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the effect estimate, subgroup and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were conducted, and meta-regression was performed to explore the pooled statistics with high heterogeneity. Results: In the Rotterdam Study, lower levels of SHBG were associated with NAFLD in both sexes, while lower testosterone was associated with NAFLD only among women. Similarly, the meta-analysis of 16 studies indicated no sex-specific association between SHBG and NAFLD (men: OR = 0.37, 95%CI 0.21–0.53; women: OR = 0.40, 95%CI 0.21–0.60), yet there was a sex-specific association between testosterone and NAFLD (men: OR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.42–0.76; women: OR = 1.06, 95%CI 0.68–1.44). Moreover, men with NAFLD had lower estradiol levels than those without NAFLD. Conclusions: Lower SHBG levels were associated with NAFLD in both sexes, but testosterone levels were associated in a sex-specific manner. In addition, our results showed estradiol with the potential as a protective factor for NAFLD in healthy men.
Collapse
|
8
|
The clinical management of testosterone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a review. Int J Impot Res 2022; 34:635-641. [PMID: 36198811 PMCID: PMC9674516 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
As women age, there is an overall decrease in androgen production due to decline of ovarian and adrenal function during menopause. Androgens have been demonstrated to play an important role in sexual motivation in women. As a result, many postmenopausal women experience Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) which are a group of disorders that pertain to sexual arousal, desire, orgasm, and pain. A prevalent manifestation of FSD is Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) or the absence of sexual fantasies, thoughts, and/or desire for or receptivity to sexual activity. There is gaining interest in the use of Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) for the treatment of HSDD in postmenopausal women. This article reviews the literature on the relationship of androgen decline and HSDD, describes our methodology for evaluation, diagnosis of HSDD, and the use of TRT in treating postmenopausal women with HSDD. Our results conclude that testosterone is a vital hormone in women in maintaining sexual health and function. TRT is an effective treatment option for postmenopausal people with HSDD. There is still limited data on the effectiveness in premenopausal people with HSDD. Further research in the strengths and weaknesses for the long-term effect of TRT in women of all ages is needed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Simons PIHG, Valkenburg O, Stehouwer CDA, Brouwers MCGJ. Sex hormone-binding globulin: biomarker and hepatokine? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:544-553. [PMID: 34052096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there have been important breakthroughs in our understanding of the regulation and function of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). A recent genome-wide association and Mendelian randomization study has provided new insights at the population level. Thorough study of genetic variants affecting serum SHBG has identified de novo lipogenesis as one of the mechanistic links between the metabolic syndrome and reduced serum SHBG levels in humans. Furthermore, careful deduction of the Mendelian randomization results suggests a direct, causal role for SHBG in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, as a hepatokine, in women. These findings prompt the development of SHBG-raising therapies as a means to prevent or treat disorders such as type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pomme I H G Simons
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Valkenburg
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Basualto-Alarcón C, Llanos P, García-Rivas G, Troncoso MF, Lagos D, Barrientos G, Estrada M. Classic and Novel Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Effects on the Cardiovascular System in Men. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:5527973. [PMID: 34335746 PMCID: PMC8318754 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5527973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In men, 70% of circulating testosterone binds with high affinity to plasma sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), which determines its bioavailability in their target cells. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has shown that circulating SHBG not only is a passive carrier for steroid hormones but also actively regulates testosterone signaling through putative plasma membrane receptors and by local expression of androgen-binding proteins apparently to reach local elevated testosterone concentrations in specific androgen target tissues. Circulating SHBG levels are influenced by metabolic and hormonal factors, and they are reduced in obesity and insulin resistance, suggesting that SHBG may have a broader clinical utility in assessing the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, plasma SHBG levels are strongly correlated with testosterone concentrations, and in men, low testosterone levels are associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile. Although obesity and insulin resistance are associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, whether they lead to abnormal expression of circulating SHBG or its interaction with androgen signaling remains to be elucidated. SHBG is produced mainly in the liver, but it can also be expressed in several tissues including the brain, fat tissue, and myocardium. Expression of SHBG is controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK/PPAR interaction is critical to regulate hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF4), a prerequisite for SHBG upregulation. In cardiomyocytes, testosterone activates AMPK and PPARs. Therefore, the description of local expression of cardiac SHBG and its circulating levels may shed new light to explain physiological and adverse cardiometabolic roles of androgens in different tissues. According to emerging clinical evidence, here, we will discuss the potential mechanisms with cardioprotective effects and SHBG levels to be used as an early metabolic and cardiovascular biomarker in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Basualto-Alarcón
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique 5951537, Chile
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile
| | - Paola Llanos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Medicina Funcional, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León 66278, Mexico
| | - Mayarling Francisca Troncoso
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile
| | - Daniel Lagos
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile
| | - Genaro Barrientos
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile
| | - Manuel Estrada
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Neto FTL, Flannigan R, Goldstein M. Regulation of Human Spermatogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1288:255-286. [PMID: 34453741 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77779-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human spermatogenesis (HS) is an intricate network of sequential processes responsible for the production of the male gamete, the spermatozoon. These processes take place in the seminiferous tubules (ST) of the testis, which are small tubular structures considered the functional units of the testes. Each human testicle contains approximately 600-1200 STs [1], and are capable of producing up to 275 million spermatozoa per day [2].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Flannigan
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc Goldstein
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saez-Lopez C, Villena JA, Simó R, Selva DM. Sex hormone-binding globulin overexpression protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity in transgenic male mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108480. [PMID: 32795655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obese subjects of all ages and sex have reduced plasma SHBG levels. Whether these low plasma SHBG levels play a role in obesity development is unknown. In the present work we wanted to explore if SHBG overexpression could prevent obesity development induced by high fat diet (HFD). To do so, we fed humanized SHBG transgenic male mice and their wild-type littermates with control diet (CD) or HFD over the course of 8 weeks. The results showed that SHBG overexpression protected against body weight gain and fat accumulation induced by HFD. In addition, SHBG overexpression also abrogated the increase in insulin, leptin and resistin levels, as well as the reduction in adiponectin, induced by HFD. Mechanistically, the SHBG protection against HFD-induced obesity was achieved by stimulating lipolysis in white adipose tissue. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the SHBG cell-autonomous effect using human primary visceral adipocytes. Taking together, our results demonstrate that SHBG overexpression protects against diet-induced obesity and improves the metabolic profile of male mice fed a HFD diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saez-Lopez
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep A Villena
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Selva
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu Y, Ma X, Shen Y, Wang Y, Zhou J, Bao Y. Influence of Sex Hormones on the Relationship Between Body Fat and Glycated Albumin Levels. J Sex Med 2020; 17:903-910. [PMID: 32173622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that glycated albumin (GA) is affected by body fat distribution. Sex hormones are reported to play an important role in fat metabolism. AIM This study aimed to explore the influence of sex hormones on the relationship between body fat and GA in a community population. METHODS We recruited 763 middle-aged and elderly subjects with normal glucose tolerance from communities. GA was determined using the enzyme method, and serum estradiol (E2), total testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were detected using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays. OUTCOME There was a statistically significant association between SHBG and GA remained after adjusting for body fat in both men and women. RESULTS The average serum GA levels were 13.40 ± 1.10% in the 298 men and 465 postmenopausal women included in this study. GA presented a significant downward trend with increasing quartiles of total fat mass (FM), limb FM, and trunk FM in both men and women (all P for trend < .01). In men, total testosterone, free testosterone, and SHBG were positively correlated with GA (both P < .01), and the correlation between SHBG and GA remained after adjusting for body fat (P < .01). In women, E2, free testosterone, bioactive testosterone, and SHBG were correlated with GA (all P < .01); furthermore, the positive correlation between SHBG and GA and the inverse correlation between E2 and GA remained after adjusting for body fat (both P < .05). Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that in addition to trunk FM, SHBG was positively correlated with GA in both men and women (standardized β = 0.136, P = .035; standardized β = 0.101, P = .033); however, E2 was not independently correlated with GA in women. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS SHBG may contribute to the influence of body fat, especially trunk fat on GA levels. STRENGTHS & IMPLICATIONS This study used an automated bioelectrical impedance analyzer to measure segmental body composition including limb FM and trunk FM and further investigated the role of segmental body fat in the correlation between SHBG and GA. Sex hormones may explain in part why body fat content and distribution can alter GA levels. CONCLUSION SHBG is positively correlated with serum GA levels, and this correlation is independent of total or segmental body fat. Xu Y, Ma X, Shen Y, et al. Influence of Sex Hormones on the Relationship Between Body Fat and Glycated Albumin Levels. J Sex Med 2020;17:903-910.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yin JF, Li JFT, Li XH, Yang YL, Qin ZF. Bioaccumulation and transfer characteristics of dechlorane plus in human adipose tissue and blood stream and the underlying mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134391. [PMID: 31627044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, bioaccumulation and transfer characteristics of dechlorane plus (DP) were examined between human adipose tissue and matched maternal serum, and the possible transfer mechanism between tissues was further discussed. The median level of total DP was 971 pg g-1 wet weight (ww) and 1.22 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) in adipose tissue, respectively, and was 34.7 pg g-1 ww and 3.98 ng g-1 lw for serum, respectively. DP wet levels' positive association with fat contents of five types of human tissues indicated that DP distribution might be related to lipid-driven mechanism. However, the lipid-adjusted adipose-serum partitioning ratios were estimated to be 0.35 for syn-DP and 0.35 for anti-DP, accordingly, which implied that the DP distribution between serum and adipose tissues, was not only regulated by the tissue lipid contents. Both the internal mono-dechlorination of anti-DP, and stereo-selective behavior of DP isomers were not found in DP transfer from blood to adipose tissue. The marginal positive relationship was observed between serum levels and apolipoprotein A concentrations (p = 0.095 for total DP and 0.045 for syn-DP), and neither association was found between serum levels and thyroid hormone concentrations (THs). To our best knowledge, this is the first report about the accumulation relationship of DP between human adipose tissue and blood stream with the corresponding distribution-related mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ji-Fang-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xing-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - You-Lin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Wenling, 333 Chuang'annan Road, Chengxi Street, Taizhou 317500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fan J, Campioli E, Sottas C, Zirkin B, Papadopoulos V. Amhr2-Cre-Mediated Global Tspo Knockout. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa001. [PMID: 32099945 PMCID: PMC7031085 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of translocator protein (TSPO) in cholesterol transport in steroid-synthesizing cells has been studied extensively, recent studies of TSPO genetic depletion have questioned its role. Amhr2-Cre mice have been used to generate Leydig cell-specific Tspo conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Using the same Cre line, we were unable to generate Tspo cKO mice possibly because of genetic linkage between Tspo and Amhr2 and coexpression of Amhr2-Cre and Tspo in early embryonic development. We found that Amhr2-Cre is expressed during preimplantation stages, resulting in global heterozygous mice (gHE; Amhr2-Cre+/–,Tspo–/+). Two gHE mice were crossed, generating Amhr2-Cre–mediated Tspo global knockout (gKO; Tspo–/–) mice. We found that 33.3% of blastocysts at E3.5 to E4.5 showed normal morphology, whereas 66.7% showed delayed development, which correlates with the expected Mendelian proportions of Tspo+/+ (25%), Tspo–/– (25%), and Tspo+/– (50%) genotypes from crossing 2 Tspo–/+ mice. Adult Tspo gKO mice exhibited disturbances in neutral lipid homeostasis and reduced intratesticular and circulating testosterone levels, but no change in circulating basal corticosterone levels. RNA-sequencing data from mouse adrenal glands and lungs revealed transcriptome changes in response to the loss of TSPO, including changes in several cholesterol-binding and transfer proteins. This study demonstrates that Amhr2-Cre can be used to produce Tspo gKO mice instead of cKO, and can serve as a new global “Cre deleter.” Moreover, our results show that Tspo deletion causes delayed preimplantation embryonic development, alters neutral lipid storage and steroidogenesis, and leads to transcriptome changes that may reflect compensatory mechanisms in response to the loss of function of TSPO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Enrico Campioli
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Sottas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, US
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, US
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, US
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Basuli F, Zhang X, Blackman B, White ME, Jagoda EM, Choyke PL, Swenson RE. Fluorine-18 Labeled Fluorofuranylnorprogesterone ([ 18F]FFNP) and Dihydrotestosterone ([ 18F]FDHT) Prepared by "Fluorination on Sep-Pak" Method. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132389. [PMID: 31261651 PMCID: PMC6651117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To further explore the scope of our recently developed “fluorination on Sep-Pak” method, we prepared two well-known positron emission tomography (PET) tracers 21-[18F]fluoro-16α,17α-[(R)-(1′-α-furylmethylidene)dioxy]-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione furanyl norprogesterone ([18F]FFNP) and 16β-[18F]fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone ([18F]FDHT). Following the “fluorination on Sep-Pak” method, over 70% elution efficiency was observed with 3 mg of triflate precursor of [18F]FFNP. The overall yield of [18F]FFNP was 64–72% (decay corrected) in 40 min synthesis time with a molar activity of 37–81 GBq/µmol (1000–2200 Ci/mmol). Slightly lower elution efficiency (~55%) was observed with the triflate precursor of [18F]FDHT. Fluorine-18 labeling, reduction, and deprotection to prepare [18F]FDHT were performed on Sep-Pak cartridges (PS-HCO3 and Sep-Pak plus C-18). The overall yield of [18F]FDHT was 25–32% (decay corrected) in 70 min. The molar activity determined by using mass spectrometry was 63–148 GBq/µmol (1700–4000 Ci/mmol). Applying this quantitative measure of molar activity to in vitro assays [18F]FDHT exhibited high-affinity binding to androgen receptors (Kd~2.5 nM) providing biological validation of this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Basuli
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Burchelle Blackman
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Margaret E White
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elaine M Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rolf E Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sakkiah S, Guo W, Pan B, Kusko R, Tong W, Hong H. Computational prediction models for assessing endocrine disrupting potential of chemicals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 36:192-218. [PMID: 30633647 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2018.1537132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) mimic natural hormones and disrupt endocrine function. Humans and wildlife are exposed to EDCs might alter endocrine functions through various mechanisms and lead to an adverse effects. Hence, EDCs identification is important to protect the ecosystem and to promote the public health. Leveraging in-vitro and in-vivo experiments to identify potential EDCs is time consuming and expensive. Hence, quantitative structure-activity relationship is applied to screen the potential EDCs. Here, we summarize the predictive models developed using various algorithms to forecast the binding activity of chemicals to the estrogen and androgen receptors, alpha-fetoprotein, and sex hormone binding globulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- a Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics , National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Wenjing Guo
- a Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics , National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Bohu Pan
- a Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics , National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Rebecca Kusko
- b Immuneering Corporation , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Weida Tong
- a Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics , National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Huixiao Hong
- a Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics , National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Parsons TK, Pratt RN, Tang L, Wu Y. An active and selective molecular mechanism mediating the uptake of sex steroids by prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 477:121-131. [PMID: 29928927 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play important roles in normal physiological functions and diseases. Sex steroids hormones are important in the biology and treatment of sex hormone-related cancer such as prostate cancer and breast cancer. Cells may take up steroids using multiple mechanisms. The conventionally accepted hypothesis that steroids cross cell membrane through passive diffusion has not been tested rigorously. Experimental data suggested that cells may take up sex steroid using an active uptake mechanism. 3H-testosterone uptake by prostate cancer cells showed typical transporter-mediated uptake kinetic. Cells retained testosterone taken up from the medium. The uptake of testosterone was selective for certain steroid hormones but not others. Data also indicated that the active and selective uptake mechanism resided in cholesterol-rich membrane domains, and may involve ATP and membrane transporters. In summary, the present study provided strong evidence to support the existence of an active and selective molecular mechanism for sex steroid uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd K Parsons
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Rachel N Pratt
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luo J, Chen Q, Shen T, Wang X, Fang W, Wu X, Yuan Z, Chen G, Ling W, Chen Y. Association of sex hormone-binding globulin with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:79. [PMID: 30455723 PMCID: PMC6225668 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a glycoprotein synthesized by hepatocytes, has been linked to insulin resistance and hepatic lipid metabolism and is suggested to be associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the association of SHBG with NAFLD in Chinese adults. Methods We conducted a community-based, cross-sectional study in China involving 2912 participants aged 40–75 years old. All participants underwent detection for hepatic fat infiltration by ultrasound in addition to providing complete medical history and undergoing physical and blood biochemical examinations. The association of serum SHBG with the presence of NAFLD was reported by adjusted odds ratio after applying logistic regression models. To further explore the relationship between SHBG and NAFLD, mRNA expression of SHBG and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-α (HNF4α), as well as intrahepatic triglycerides, were determined from the liver tissues of 32 subjects with different degrees of steatosis. Results Serum SHBG levels in patients with NAFLD (median, 43.8 nmol/L; interquartile range, 33.4–56.8 nmol/L) were significantly lower than those in non-NAFLD subjects (median, 63.4 nmol/L; interquartile range, 47.6–83.1 nmol/L). Serum SHBG levels were inversely correlated with WHR, trunk fat percentage, glucose, HOMA-IR, TG, UA and DHEAS, and were positively correlated with HDL-C levels (all p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that serum SHBG levels were negatively associated with the presence of NAFLD in all subjects, as well as the subgroups stratified by sex, BMI and HOMA-IR (all p < 0.05). In human liver tissues, SHBG and HNF4α mRNA expression decreased along with the elevated grade of hepatic steatosis. Both SHBG and HNF4α mRNA expression levels were negatively correlated with intrahepatic triglycerides. Conclusions These results demonstrate that SHBG levels were negatively associated with the presence of NAFLD in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-018-0313-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- 1Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Qian Chen
- 1Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080 China.,5Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Tianran Shen
- 1Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Xu Wang
- 1Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Wanjun Fang
- 1Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Xiaocai Wu
- 4Department of Hepatic Surgery,The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
| | - Zenan Yuan
- 4Department of Hepatic Surgery,The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
| | - Gengdong Chen
- 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080 China.,3Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- 1Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yuming Chen
- 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080 China.,3Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, 510080 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Griswold MD. 50 years of spermatogenesis: Sertoli cells and their interactions with germ cells. Biol Reprod 2018; 99:87-100. [PMID: 29462262 PMCID: PMC7328471 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex morphology of the Sertoli cells and their interactions with germ cells has been a focus of investigators since they were first described by Enrico Sertoli. In the past 50 years, information on Sertoli cells has transcended morphology alone to become increasingly more focused on molecular questions. The goal of investigators has been to understand the role of the Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis and to apply that information to problems relating to male fertility. Sertoli cells are unique in that they are a nondividing cell population that is active for the reproductive lifetime of the animal and cyclically change morphology and gene expression. The numerous and distinctive junctional complexes and membrane specializations made by Sertoli cells provide a scaffold and environment for germ cell development. The increased focus of investigators on the molecular components and putative functions of testicular cells has resulted primarily from procedures that isolate specific cell types from the testicular milieu. Products of Sertoli cells that influence germ cell development and vice versa have been characterized from cultured cells and from the application of transgenic technologies. Germ cell transplantation has shown that the Sertoli cells respond to cues from germ cells with regard to developmental timing and has furthered a focus on spermatogenic stem cells and the stem cell niche. Very basic and universal features of spermatogenesis such as the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and the spermatogenic wave are initiated by Sertoli cells and maintained by Sertoli-germ cell cooperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Griswold
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gill-Sharma MK. Testosterone Retention Mechanism in Sertoli Cells: A Biochemical Perspective. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:103-112. [PMID: 30069251 PMCID: PMC6048825 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanism(s) involved in regulating Intratesticular Testosterone levels (iT) have assumed importance in recent years, from the point of view of hormonal contraception. Contraceptives using Testosterone (T) in combination with Progestins (P), for more effective suppression of pituitary gonadotropins thereby iT, are not 100% effective in suppressing spermatogenesis in human males, likely due to pesrsistence of Intratesticular Dihydrotestosterone (iD) in poor-responders. Several lacunae pertaining to the mechanism of action of principal male hormone T during spermatogenesis remain to be resolved. Notably, the mechanism through which T brings about the stage-specific differentiation of germ cells lacking Androgen Receptors (AR). Testosterone is a highly anabolic steroid with a rapid tissue clearance rate. T is intratesticular substrate for synthesis of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and Estradiol (E2) involved in spermtaogenesis. Therefore, it is important to delineate the mechanism(s) for retention of iT, in order to understand regulation of its bioavailability in testis. In depth studies, pertaining to the role of androgen-binding protein(s) in sequestration, retention and bioavailability of T/DHT are required to understand male fertility regulation. The appropriate approach to overcome this lacuna would be development of mice lacking functional testicular Androgen-Binding Protein (ABPKO), but not deficient T/DHT, Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), in order to understand its physiological functions. Insights gained about androgen retention mechanism(s) from the ABPKO murine model will be of immense help in improving the efficacy of male hormonal contraceptives and infertility management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kaur Gill-Sharma
- Neuroendocrinology Department (retired), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Larimer BM, Dubois F, Bloch E, Nesti S, Placzek M, Zadra G, Hooker JM, Loda M, Mahmood U. Specific 18F-FDHT Accumulation in Human Prostate Cancer Xenograft Murine Models Is Facilitated by Prebinding to Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1538-1543. [PMID: 29853654 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.208785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous efforts are currently dedicated to the development of novel therapies targeting the androgen receptor (AR), the major driver of prostate cancer disease and its progression to castration resistance. The ability to noninvasively interrogate AR expression over time in murine models of prostate cancer would permit longitudinal preclinical analysis of novel compounds that could not otherwise be accomplished ex vivo. Although PET imaging with 16β-18F-fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone (18F-FDHT) has successfully quantified AR levels clinically, no rodent model of 18F-FDHT imaging has been reported so far. One difference between humans and rodents is the absence in the latter of the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a glycoprotein that binds to testosterone in the bloodstream, Here, we explore the role of SHBG in developing a working model of rodent AR imaging. Methods: Three human prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts (LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC3) were used to examine the uptake of free 18F-FDHT and SHBG-bound 18F-FDHT. Both ligands were examined for stability and competitive binding to AR over time in vitro before in vivo studies. PET/CT imaging was used to dynamically measure the uptake of both tracers over 4 h, whereas specificity was determined by competitive binding with the AR antagonist enzalutamide. Results: AR levels correlated with the uptake of both 18F-FDHT and SHBG-18F-FDHT in prostate cancer cell lines. Interestingly, whereas both free and SHBG-bound 18F-FDHT had a similar cellular accumulation at 1 and 2.5 h, SHBG-18F-FDHT accumulated at significantly higher levels after 4 h-evidence that receptor-mediated uptake of SHBG accounted for later time-point differences. This observation was also seen in 22Rv1 tumor-bearing mice, in which SHBG-18F-FDHT exhibited a significantly increased uptake (average tumor-to-background ratio [TBR], 1.62 ± 0.62) in comparison to unbound 18F-FDHT (TBR, 0.81 ± 0.08) at 4 h. Furthermore, the specificity of the SHBG-18F-FDHT accumulation at 4 h was demonstrated by a reduced tumor uptake after AR blockade with enzalutamide (TBR, 1.07 ± 0.13). Conclusion: Prebinding of 18F-FDHT to SHBG allows accurate and quantitative PET imaging of AR levels in murine models of prostate cancer. This procedure may permit the use of PET imaging to study the longitudinal effects of AR-targeting therapies, accelerating novel-drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Larimer
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank Dubois
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Bloch
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Nesti
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Placzek
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giorgia Zadra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Naeem S, Ghoneim A, Abd-Allah G, Hassan O. Testosterone levels and the genetic variation of sex hormone-binding globulin gene of Bubalus bubalis, bulls in Egypt. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
24
|
Gegenschatz-Schmid K, Verkauskas G, Demougin P, Bilius V, Dasevicius D, Stadler MB, Hadziselimovic F. Curative GnRHa treatment has an unexpected repressive effect on Sertoli cell specific genes. Basic Clin Androl 2018; 28:2. [PMID: 29456864 PMCID: PMC5806254 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-018-0067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone stimulate Sertoli cells to support germ cell function and differentiation. During mini-puberty, when gonadotropin (GnRH) stimulates increases in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels, gonocytes are transformed into Ad spermatogonia. In cryptorchidism, impaired gonadotropin secretion during mini-puberty results in insufficient LH and testosterone secretion, impaired gonocyte transition to Ad spermatogonia, and perturbed Sertoli cell proliferation. Treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa/Buserelin) induced gonocytes to differentiate into Ad spermatogonia and rescued fertility. The present study evaluated the impact of low LH secretion on Sertoli cell function by comparing differential gene expression data between testes with low LH that lacked Ad spermatogonia (Ad-) and testes that completed mini-puberty (Ad+). Furthermore, we analyzed changes in the transcription of selected Sertoli cell specific genes in response to GnRHa treatment. Results Ad- testes showed reduced expression of nine out of 40 selected Sertoli cell specific genes compared to Ad+ testes. GnRHa treatment repressed most of the Sertoli cell specific genes, including the inhibins, but it increased the expression of genes that regulate apoptosis (FASLG) and proliferation (GDNF). Conclusions Impaired-minipuberty with decreased LH and testosterone levels affected Ad and Sertoli cell development through positive and negative regulation of morphoregulatory and apoptotic genes. GnRHa treatment had a repressive effect on most Sertoli cell specific genes, which suggested that Sertoli cells underwent a cellular rearrangement. We propose that gonadotropin-dependent increases in FASLG and GDNF expression drove Sertoli cell proliferation and germ cell self-renewal and supported the transition of gonocytes to Ad spermatogonia, independent of inhibins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilvydas Verkauskas
- 2Children's Surgery Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Philippe Demougin
- 3Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vytautas Bilius
- 2Children's Surgery Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Darius Dasevicius
- 4Institute for Pathology, National Centre of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Michael B Stadler
- 5Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,6Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Faruk Hadziselimovic
- Cryptorchidism Research Institute, Kindermedizinisches Zentrum Liestal, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Goldman AL, Bhasin S, Wu FCW, Krishna M, Matsumoto AM, Jasuja R. A Reappraisal of Testosterone's Binding in Circulation: Physiological and Clinical Implications. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:302-324. [PMID: 28673039 PMCID: PMC6287254 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the circulation, testosterone and other sex hormones are bound to binding proteins, which play an important role in regulating their transport, distribution, metabolism, and biological activity. According to the free hormone hypothesis, which has been debated extensively, only the unbound or free fraction is biologically active in target tissues. Consequently, accurate determination of the partitioning of testosterone between bound and free fractions is central to our understanding of how its delivery to the target tissues and biological activity are regulated and consequently to the diagnosis and treatment of androgen disorders in men and women. Here, we present a historical perspective on the evolution of our understanding of the binding of testosterone to circulating binding proteins. On the basis of an appraisal of the literature as well as experimental data, we show that the assumptions of stoichiometry, binding dynamics, and the affinity of the prevailing models of testosterone binding to sex hormone-binding globulin and human serum albumin are not supported by published experimental data and are most likely inaccurate. This review offers some guiding principles for the application of free testosterone measurements in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with androgen disorders. The growing number of testosterone prescriptions and widely recognized problems with the direct measurement as well as the computation of free testosterone concentrations render this critical review timely and clinically relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Goldman
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Frederick C W Wu
- Andrology Research Unit, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Meenakshi Krishna
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Ravi Jasuja
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
González A, Fernandino JI, Hammond GL, Somoza GM. Sex hormone binding globulin: Expression throughout early development and adult pejerrey fish, Odontesthes bonariensis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 247:205-214. [PMID: 28189591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormone binding globulin (Shbg) is a plasma glycoprotein that binds and transports steroids in the blood of all vertebrate classes apart from birds. In the present study we characterized shbg from pejerrey, a fish species with a well characterized temperature-dependent sex determination. The pejerrey shbg mRNA comprises 1185bp encoding for a 395 amino acid Shbg precursor protein that includes a leader sequence for secretion. Relative quantification of shbg transcript abundance revealed expression early in development coinciding with the sex-determining period and probably in association with temperature leading to male determination. The hepatopancreas was the main site of shbg expression, which varied according to the sex cycle in females. It was also expressed in gills, gonads, gut and taste buds during both larval stages and in adult fish. The presence of Shbg in organs in close contact with the environment such as gills, pseudobranchs, gut and taste buds suggests that these are potential sources of uptake or release of steroids/xenosteroids to and from the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anelisa González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan I Fernandino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geoffrey L Hammond
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Klaassen Z, Howard LE, Moreira DM, Andriole GL, Terris MK, Freedland SJ. Association of Obesity-Related Hemodilution of Prostate-Specific Antigen, Dihydrotestosterone, and Testosterone. Prostate 2017; 77:466-470. [PMID: 27990661 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) hemodilution is the leading theory for lower PSA values in obese men. However, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which are necessary for PSA production, are reduced in obese men. We assessed the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and PSA, taking into consideration the effect of testosterone and DHT. METHODS Among 8,122 participants in Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE), complete data were available for 7,275. BMI was categorized as normal (<25 kg/m2 ), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2 ), obese (30-34.9 kg/m2 ), or moderate + severely obese (≥35 kg/m2 ). Associations between BMI, testosterone, and DHT and the outcome variable of PSA were examined using linear regression. RESULTS There were 1,964 (27.0%) normal weight, 3,826 (52.6%) overweight, 1,200 (16.5%) obese, and 285 (3.9%) moderately + severely obese patients. With increasing BMI, there was a progressive decrease in PSA (P = 0.02), increase in prostate volume (P < 0.001), and decrease in both testosterone (P < 0.001) and DHT (P < 0.001). Using linear regression, increasing BMI was associated with decreasing serum PSA values. Furthermore, BMI remained inversely associated with PSA after individually adjusting for testosterone and DHT, as well as when adjusting for testosterone and DHT in the same model. Decreased androgen levels accounted for only 19% of the lower PSA in men with higher BMI. CONCLUSIONS Only a fraction of lower PSA in obese men could be attributed to testosterone and DHT levels. The remaining factors explaining lower PSA are unaccounted for, presumably secondary to hemodilution associated with increased plasma volume in obese men. Prostate 77:466-470, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Stephen J Freedland
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Duan L, Zhu J, Wang K, Zhou G, Yang Y, Cui L, Huang H, Cheng X, Ba Y. Does Fluoride Affect Serum Testosterone and Androgen Binding Protein with Age-Specificity? A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Chinese Male Farmers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:294-299. [PMID: 27154732 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that exposure to excess fluoride was associated with a variety of diseases. Little is known about the variation of testosterone (T) levels caused by fluoride exposure. The aim of this study is to explore the association of fluoride exposure and age with serum T and androgen-binding protein (ABP) levels in male farmers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a county of Henan Province, China, including high fluoride exposure from drinking water villages and control villages. Male farmers aged 18-55 years old who lived in these villages were recruited by cluster sampling and divided into a higher fluoride exposure group (HFG) and a lower fluoride exposure group (LFG) according to the level of urinary fluoride. Levels of T and ABP in serum were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Markedly lower T levels were observed in male farmers from the HFG than in those from the LFG (t = 2.496, P < 0.05). Furthermore, younger farmers, 18-29 and 30-39 years old, may be the most likely to have lower T levels when exposed to fluoride (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in serum ABP levels in all male farmers between the two groups with different fluoride exposure. These results supported that excess fluoride exposure decreased serum T levels of male farmers with age-specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leizhen Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- Kaifeng Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuxin Cui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saéz-López C, Rivera-Giménez M, Hernández C, Simó R, Selva DM. SHBG-C57BL/ksJ-db/db: A New Mouse Model to Study SHBG Expression and Regulation During Obesity Development. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4571-81. [PMID: 26441241 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in overweight individuals are a biomarker for the metabolic syndrome and are predictive of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. There are no in vivo models to study SHBG expression and regulation during obesity development. The main reason for this is that the obesity-prone rodent models cannot be used to study this issue, because rodents, unlike humans, do not express the SHBG gene in their livers. We have developed a unique mouse model that expresses the human SHBG, and it develops obesity, by crossing the human SHBG transgenic mice with the C57BL/ksJ-db/db mice. The results obtained with the SHBG-C57BL/ksJ-db/db mouse model have allowed us to determine that the SHBG overexpression in the C57BL/ksJ-db/db reduced the body weight gain but did not change the metabolic profile of these mice. Moreover, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms and transcription factors causing the SHBG down-regulation during obesity development, which involved changes in liver hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, these results were confirmed using human liver biopsies. Importantly, we also showed that this model resembles what occurs in human obese subjects, because plasma SHBG and total testosterone levels where reduced in obese mice when compared with lean mice. Future research using this unique mouse model will determine the role of SHBG in the development and progression of obesity, type 2 diabetes, or fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saéz-López
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Instituto Carlos III), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rivera-Giménez
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Instituto Carlos III), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Instituto Carlos III), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Instituto Carlos III), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Selva
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Instituto Carlos III), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Association of Alcohol Consumption with Markers of Prostate Health and Reproductive Hormone Profiles: A Multi-Center Study of 4,535 Men in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142780. [PMID: 26559058 PMCID: PMC4641659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of alcohol consumption on prostate health and reproductive hormone profiles has long been investigated and currently, no consensus has been reached. Additionally, large studies focusing on this topic are relatively rare in China. Purpose To investigate the association of alcohol consumption with prostate measurements and reproductive hormone profiles in Chinese population; and to examine the relationship between hormone levels and prostate measurements. Methods This cross-sectional study included 4535 men from four representative provinces of China. Demographic details, family history of prostate disease, tobacco and alcohol consumption, as well as International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) were collected through a questionnaire. Total prostate specific antingen (total PSA), free PSA, free PSA/total PSA ratio (f/tPSA), and reproductive hormones were measured in serum. Multi-variable regression models were used to test for association of alcohol consumption with markers of prostate health, used to test for association of alcohol consumption with reproductive hormones, and reproductive hormones with markers of prostate health. Results Alcohol consumption had no obvious impact on total PSA concentration and I-PSS. Current drinkers had lower level of free PSA (β = -0.11, p = 0.02) and f/tPSA (β = -0.03, p = 0.005), former drinkers also had lower level of free PSA (β = -0.19, p = 0.02) when compared with never drinkers. Lower Luteinizing hormone (LH) (β = -1.05, p = 0.01), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (β = -4.71, p = 0.01) and higher estradiol (β = 7.81, p = 0.01) was found in current drinkers than never drinkers, whereas higher LH (β = 1.04, p = 0.04) and free testosterone (FT) (β = 0.03, p = 0.02) was detected in former drinkers than never drinkers. Furthermore, LH was positively associated with f/tPSA (β = 0.002, p = 0.006), SHBG was also positively related with free PSA (β = 0.003, p = 0.003) and f/tPSA (β = 0.0004, p = 0.01). Both total testosterone (TT) and FT were inversely related with I-PSS (OR = 0.97, 95% CI, 0.95–0.98; OR = 0.23, 95% CI, 0.11–0.45, respectively). Conclusions Alcohol consumption could affect serum free PSA concentration and also f/tPSA ratio, and also acts as an endocrine disruptor on the male reproductive hormone profiles. LH and SHBG were positively related with fPSA and f/tPSA, and higher level of TT and FT may be helpful for improving participants' subjective symptoms.
Collapse
|
32
|
Thaler MA, Seifert-Klauss V, Luppa PB. The biomarker sex hormone-binding globulin - from established applications to emerging trends in clinical medicine. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 29:749-60. [PMID: 26522459 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a serum glycoprotein exhibiting the unique feature of binding sex steroids with high affinity and specificity. Its serum levels are regulated not only by androgens and estrogens but also by thyroid hormones and other metabolic factors. Several disease conditions are accompanied by altered SHBG levels such as hyper- and hypoandrogenism, thyroid disorders, pituitary diseases, liver disorders, and breast as well as prostate cancer. Additionally, several drugs and alcohol consumption influence serum concentrations of SHBG. In some cases, altered SHBG levels are a specific result of the underlying pathology. In others, they merely constitute an epiphenomenon, which still might offer the possibility of using serum measurements of SHBG as surrogate marker. This review article portrays the different disorders associated with altered SHBG levels and discusses the usefulness of SHBG as disease biomarker from a clinicians as well as from an endocrinological researchers point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus A Thaler
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
| | - Vanadin Seifert-Klauss
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
| | - Peter B Luppa
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Simó R, Sáez-López C, Barbosa-Desongles A, Hernández C, Selva DM. Novel insights in SHBG regulation and clinical implications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:376-83. [PMID: 26044465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is produced and secreted by the liver into the bloodstream where it binds sex steroids and regulates their bioavailability. Traditionally, body mass index (BMI) was thought to be the major determinant of SHBG concentrations and hyperinsulinemia the main cause for low SHBG levels found in obesity. However, no mechanisms have ever been described. Emerging evidence now shows that liver fat content rather than BMI is a strong determinant of circulating SHBG. In this review we discuss evidence demonstrating that insulin might not regulate SHBG production, describe putative molecular mechanisms by which proinflammatory cytokines downregulate SHBG, and comment on recent findings suggesting dietary SHBG regulation. Finally, clinical implications of all of these findings and future perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sáez-López
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Barbosa-Desongles
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Selva
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
TANUTPANIT T, PONGSUMPUN P, TANG IM. A MODEL FOR THE TESTOSTERONE REGULATION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE PRESENCE OF TWO TYPES OF TESTOSTERONE HORMONES. J BIOL SYST 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339015500138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) on the mathematical model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) endocrine cycle which regulates the production of the male hormone testosterone. Large amounts of total circulating testosterone are bound to SHBG making them. Standard analytical techniques are used to analyze the modified mathematical model which includes a delay to account for the time required for luteinizing hormone emitted by the pituitary gland to reach the testis, to determine the steady state, its stability and the critical delay needed for the bifurcation. Numerical simulation of the solutions of the model is performed to illustrate the possible behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. TANUTPANIT
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - P. PONGSUMPUN
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - I. M. TANG
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guo Y, Hai Y, Yao C, Chen Z, Hou J, Li Z, He Z. Long-term culture and significant expansion of human Sertoli cells whilst maintaining stable global phenotype and AKT and SMAD1/5 activation. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:20. [PMID: 25880873 PMCID: PMC4380114 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sertoli cells play key roles in regulating spermatogenesis and testis development by providing structural and nutritional supports. Recent studies demonstrate that Sertoli cells can be converted into functional neural stem cells. Adult Sertoli cells have previously been considered the terminally differentiated cells with a fixed and unmodifiable population after puberty. However, this concept has been challenged. Since the number of adult human Sertoli cells is limited, it is essential to culture these cells for a long period and expand them to obtain sufficient cells for their basic research and clinic applications. Nevertheless, the studies on human Sertoli cells are restricted, because it is difficult to get access to human testis tissues. RESULTS Here we isolated adult human Sertoli cells with a high purity and viability from obstructive azoospermia patients with normal spermatogenesis. Adult human Sertoli cells were cultured with DMEM/F12 and fetal bovine serum for 2 months, and they could be expanded with a 59,049-fold increase of cell numbers. Morphology, phenotypic characteristics, and the signaling pathways of adult human Sertoli cells from different passages were compared. Significantly, adult human Sertoli cells assumed similar morphological features, stable global gene expression profiles and numerous proteins, and activation of AKT and SMAD1/5 during long-period culture. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that adult human Sertoli cells can be cultured for a long period and expanded with remarkable increase of cell numbers whilst maintaining their primary morphology, phenotype and signaling pathways. This study could provide adequate human Sertoli cells for reproductive and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yanan Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Chencheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jingmei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, 145 Shangdong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Zuping He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, 145 Shangdong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Winters SJ, Gogineni J, Karegar M, Scoggins C, Wunderlich CA, Baumgartner R, Ghooray DT. Sex hormone-binding globulin gene expression and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E2780-8. [PMID: 25226295 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The plasma level of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a glycoprotein produced by hepatocytes, is subject to genetic, hormonal, metabolic, and nutritional regulation, and is a marker for the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. OBJECTIVE Because the mechanism for these associations is unclear, and no studies of SHBG gene expression in humans have been published, SHBG mRNA was measured in human liver samples and related to anthropometric data. SETTING Inpatients at a private, nonprofit, university-associated hospital were studied. PARTICIPANTS Subjects were fifty five adult men and women undergoing hepatic resection as treatment for cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome measures were SHBG mRNA and serum SHBG levels. RESULTS SHBG mRNA was a strong predictor of serum SHBG with higher levels of the mRNA and protein in women than in men. The relationship between SHBG mRNA and circulating SHBG differed in males and females consistent with a sex difference in post-transcriptional regulation. A strong positive correlation was found between the level of the mRNA for the transcription factor HNF4α and SHBG mRNA. Insulin resistance (IR), assessed by homeostatis model assessment, was related inversely to SHBG mRNA and to HNF4α mRNA as well as to circulating SHBG levels. These mRNAs, as well as serum SHBG, were higher when the hepatic triglyceride concentration was low, and decreased with increasing body mass index but were unrelated to age. CONCLUSIONS Fat accumulation in liver and IR are important determinants of SHBG gene expression and thereby circulating SHBG levels that are perhaps mediated through effects on the transcription factor HNF4α. These findings provide a potential mechanism to explain why low SHBG predicts the development of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Winters
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes (S.J.W., J.G., M.K., D.T.G.), Division of Surgical Oncology (C.S.), Clinical Pathology Associates, Norton Healthcare (C.A.W.), and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (R.B.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hong H, Branham WS, Ng HW, Moland CL, Dial SL, Fang H, Perkins R, Sheehan D, Tong W. Human sex hormone-binding globulin binding affinities of 125 structurally diverse chemicals and comparison with their binding to androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, and α-fetoprotein. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:333-48. [PMID: 25349334 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One endocrine disruption mechanism is through binding to nuclear receptors such as the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) in target cells. The concentration of a chemical in serum is important for its entry into the target cells to bind the receptors, which is regulated by the serum proteins. Human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the major transport protein in serum that can bind androgens and estrogens and thus change a chemical's availability to enter the target cells. Sequestration of an androgen or estrogen in the serum can alter the chemical elicited AR- and ER-mediated responses. To better understand the chemical-induced endocrine activity, we developed a competitive binding assay using human pregnancy plasma and measured the binding to the human SHBG for 125 structurally diverse chemicals, most of which were known to bind AR and ER. Eighty seven chemicals were able to bind the human SHBG in the assay, whereas 38 chemicals were nonbinders. Binding data for human SHBG are compared with that for rat α-fetoprotein, ER and AR. Knowing the binding profiles between serum and nuclear receptors will improve assessment of a chemical's potential for endocrine disruption. The SHBG binding data reported here represent the largest data set of structurally diverse chemicals tested for human SHBG binding. Utilization of the SHBG binding data with AR and ER binding data could enable better evaluation of endocrine disrupting potential of chemicals through AR- and ER-mediated responses since sequestration in serum could be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixiao Hong
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - William S Branham
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Hui Wen Ng
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Carrie L Moland
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Stacey L Dial
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Hong Fang
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Roger Perkins
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Daniel Sheehan
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Weida Tong
- *Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Division of Systems Biology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the physiology of pregnancy enables effective management of pregnancy complications that could otherwise be life threatening for both mother and fetus. A functional uterus (i) retains the fetus in utero during pregnancy without initiating stretch-induced contractions and (ii) is able to dilate the cervix and contract the myometrium at term to deliver the fetus. The onset of labour is associated with successful cervical remodelling and contraction of myometrium, arising from concomitant activation of uterine immune and endocrine systems. A large body of evidence suggests that actions of local steroid hormones may drive changes occurring in the uterine microenvironment at term. Although there have been a number of studies considering the potential role(s) played by progesterone and estrogen at the time of parturition, the bio-availability and effects of androgens during pregnancy have received less scrutiny. The aim of this review is to highlight potential roles of androgens in the biology of pregnancy and parturition. METHODS A review of published literature was performed to address (i) androgen concentrations, including biosynthesis and clearance, in maternal and fetal compartments throughout gestation, (ii) associations of androgen concentrations with adverse pregnancy outcomes, (iii) the role of androgens in the physiology of cervical remodelling and finally (iv) the role of androgens in the physiology of myometrial function including any impact on contractility. RESULTS Some, but not all, androgens increase throughout gestation in maternal circulation. The effects of this increase are not fully understood; however, evidence suggests that increased androgens might regulate key processes during pregnancy and parturition. For example, androgens are believed to be critical for cervical remodelling at term, in particular cervical ripening, via regulation of cervical collagen fibril organization. Additionally, a number of studies highlight potential roles for androgens in myometrial relaxation via non-genomic, AR-independent pathways critical for the pregnancy reaching term. Understanding of the molecular events leading to myometrial relaxation is an important step towards development of novel targeted tocolytic drugs. CONCLUSIONS The increase in androgen levels throughout gestation is likely to be important for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and initiation of parturition. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of androgen action on cervical remodelling and myometrial contractility is needed. The insights gained may facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to manage pregnancy complications such as preterm birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Makieva
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom and Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom and
| | - Jane E Norman
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom and Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A Chinese herbal formula, Wuzi Yanzong Pill (五子衍宗丸), improves spermatogenesis by modulating the secretory function of Sertoli cells. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:194-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
40
|
Ma Y, Liang D, Liu J, Wen JG, Servoll E, Waaler G, Sæter T, Axcrona K, Vlatkovic L, Axcrona U, Paus E, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Kvalheim G, Nesland JM, Suo Z. SHBG is an important factor in stemness induction of cells by DHT in vitro and associated with poor clinical features of prostate carcinomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70558. [PMID: 23936228 PMCID: PMC3728318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen plays a vital role in prostate cancer development. However, it is not clear whether androgens influence stem-like properties of prostate cancer, a feature important for prostate cancer progression. In this study, we show that upon DHT treatment in vitro, prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 were revealed with higher clonogenic potential and higher expression levels of stemness related factors CD44, CD90, Oct3/4 and Nanog. Moreover, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was also simultaneously upregulated in these cells. When the SHBG gene was blocked by SHBG siRNA knock-down, the induction of Oct3/4, Nanog, CD44 and CD90 by DHT was also correspondingly blocked in these cells. Immunohistochemical evaluation of clinical samples disclosed weakly positive, and areas negative for SHBG expression in the benign prostate tissues, while most of the prostate carcinomas were strongly positive for SHBG. In addition, higher levels of SHBG expression were significantly associated with higher Gleason score, more seminal vesicle invasions and lymph node metastases. Collectively, our results show a role of SHBG in upregulating stemness of prostate cancer cells upon DHT exposure in vitro, and SHBG expression in prostate cancer samples is significantly associated with poor clinicopathological features, indicating a role of SHBG in prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian-Guo Wen
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Einar Servoll
- Department of Surgery, Soerlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | - Gudmund Waaler
- Department of Surgery, Soerlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | | | - Karol Axcrona
- Departments of Urology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ljiljana Vlatkovic
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrika Axcrona
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Paus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yue Yang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Departments of Cell Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jahn M. Nesland
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhenhe Suo
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Waldert M, Schatzl G, Swietek N, Rom M, Klatte T. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin is an Independent Predictor of Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy. J Urol 2012; 188:792-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Waldert
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Schatzl
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Swietek
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Rom
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) transports androgens and estrogens in blood and regulates their access to target tissues. Hepatic production of SHBG fluctuates throughout the life cycle and is influenced primarily by metabolic and hormonal factors. Genetic differences also contribute to interindividual variations in plasma SHBG levels. In addition to controlling the plasma distribution, metabolic clearance, and bioavailability of sex steroids, SHBG accumulates in the extravascular compartments of some tissues and in the cytoplasm of specific epithelial cells, where it exerts novel effects on androgen and estrogen action. In mammals, the gene-encoding SHBG is expressed primarily in the liver but also at low levels in other tissues, including the testis. In subprimate species, Shbg expression in Sertoli cells is under the control of follicle-stimulating hormone and produces the androgen-binding protein that influences androgen actions in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis. In humans, the SHBG gene is not expressed in Sertoli cells, but its expression in germ cells produces an SHBG isoform that accumulates in the acrosome. In fish, Shbg is produced by the liver but has a unique function in the gill as a portal for natural steroids and xenobiotics, including synthetic steroids. However, salmon have retained a second, poorly conserved Shbg gene that is expressed only in ovary, muscle, and gill and that likely exerts specialized functions in these tissues. The present review compares the production and functions of SHBG in different species and its diverse effects on reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Hammond
- Child & Family Research Institute and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Steroid binding properties of the 2nd WHO International Standard for sex hormone-binding globulin. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:869-72. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
45
|
Pinós T, Barbosa-Desongles A, Hurtado A, Santamaria-Martínez A, de Torres I, Reventós J, Munell F. Human SHBG mRNA translation is modulated by alternative 5'-non-coding exons 1A and 1B. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13844. [PMID: 21079794 PMCID: PMC2973947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene comprises at least 6 different transcription units (TU-1, -1A, -1B, -1C, -1D and -1E), and is regulated by no less than 6 different promoters. The best characterized are TU-1 and TU-1A: TU-1 is responsible for producing plasma SHBG, while TU-1A is transcribed and translated in the testis. Transcription of the recently described TU-1B, -1C, and -1D has been demonstrated in human prostate tissue and prostate cancer cell lines, as well as in other human cell lines such as HeLa, HepG2, HeK 293, CW 9019 and imr 32. However, there are no reported data demonstrating their translation. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether TU-1A and TU-1B are indeed translated in the human prostate and whether 5′ UTR exons 1A and 1B differently regulate SHBG translation. Results Cis-regulatory elements that could potentially regulate translation were identified within the 5′UTRs of SHBG TU-1A and TU–1B. Although full-length SHBG TU-1A and TU-1B mRNAs were present in prostate cancer cell lines, the endogenous SHBG protein was not detected by western blot in any of them. LNCaP prostate cancer cells transfected with several SHBG constructs containing exons 2 to 8 but lacking the 5′UTR sequence did show SHBG translation, whereas inclusion of the 5′UTR sequences of either exon 1A or 1B caused a dramatic decrease in SHBG protein levels. The molecular weight of SHBG did not vary between cells transfected with constructs with or without the 5′UTR sequence, thus confirming that the first in-frame ATG of exon 2 is the translation start site of TU-1A and TU-1B. Conclusions The use of alternative SHBG first exons 1A and 1B differentially inhibits translation from the ATG situated in exon 2, which codes for methionine 30 of transcripts that begin with the exon 1 sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Pinós
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Hurtado
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Inés de Torres
- Servei d'Anatomía Patològica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Reventós
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Munell
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hammond GL. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. Foreward. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:1-2. [PMID: 19772893 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Hammond
- Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bobe J, Guiguen Y, Fostier A. Diversity and biological significance of sex hormone-binding globulin in fish, an evolutionary perspective. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:66-78. [PMID: 19772892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In fish, two different genes, shbga and shbgb, exist that encode for very different proteins. Shbga is the ortholog of mammalian Shbg and was found in all investigated teleosts. In contrast, Shbgb is highly divergent and appears to be a salmonid-specific protein. Here, we review existing data on fish Shbga and Shbgb that have been obtained in chondrichthyes and osteichtyes. Even though other significant expression sites exist, existing data indicate that Shbga is mainly expressed in liver and subsequently secreted into the blood as a homodimer. In contrast, Shbgb is mainly expressed in the ovary, probably secreted as a monomer, and could contribute to the regulation of local steroid action. Binding studies indicate a specialization of circulating Shbg during evolution towards the preferential binding of estradiol and testosterone in teleosts. In contrast, specific fish steroids such as 11-oxo-androgens and oocyte maturation-inducing steroids that are crucial for reproduction are poorly bound by either form of Shbg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bobe
- INRA, UR1037 SCRIBE, IFR140, Fish Reproduction Group, Ouest-Genopole, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Avvakumov GV, Cherkasov A, Muller YA, Hammond GL. Structural analyses of sex hormone-binding globulin reveal novel ligands and function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:13-23. [PMID: 19748550 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) regulates the access of androgens and estrogens to their target tissues and cell types. An SHBG homologue, known as the androgen-binding protein, is expressed in Sertoli cells of many mammalians, but testicular expression of human SHBG is restricted to germ cells. The primary structure of SHBG comprises tandem laminin G-like (LG) domains. The amino-terminal LG-domain includes the steroid-binding site and dimerization interface, and its tertiary structure, resolved in complex with natural and synthetic sex steroids, has revealed unanticipated mechanisms of steroid binding at the atomic level. This LG-domain interacts with fibulin-1D and fibulin-2 in a ligand-specific manner, and this is attributed to the unique way estrogens reside within the steroid-binding site, and the ordering of an otherwise flexible loop structure covering the entrance of the steroid-binding pocket. This mechanism enables estradiol to enhance the sequestration of plasma SHBG by the stroma of some tissues through binding to these extra-cellular matrix-associated proteins. The human SHBG amino-terminal LG-domain also contains several cation-binding sites, and occupancy of a zinc-binding site influences its affinity for estradiol. The complete quaternary structure of SHBG remains unresolved but structural predictions suggest that the carboxy-terminal LG-domains extend laterally from the dimerized amino-terminal LG-domains. The carboxy-terminal LG-domain contains two N-glycosylation sites, but their biological significance remains obscure. Knowledge of the SHBG tertiary structure has helped develop computational techniques based on the use of a "bench-mark data set" of steroid ligands, and created novel drug discovery and toxicology risk assessment platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George V Avvakumov
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Willnow TE, Nykjaer A. Cellular uptake of steroid carrier proteins--mechanisms and implications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:93-102. [PMID: 19646505 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are believed to enter cells solely by free diffusion through the plasma membrane. However, recent studies suggest the existence of cellular uptake pathways for carrier-bound steroids. Similar to the clearance of cholesterol via lipoproteins, these pathways involve the recognition of carrier proteins by endocytic receptors on the surface of target cells, followed by internalization and cellular delivery of the bound sterols. Here, we discuss the emerging concept that steroid hormones can selectively enter steroidogenic tissues by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and we discuss the implications of these uptake pathways for steroid hormone metabolism and action in vivo.
Collapse
|
50
|
Pugeat M, Nader N, Hogeveen K, Raverot G, Déchaud H, Grenot C. Sex hormone-binding globulin gene expression in the liver: drugs and the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:53-9. [PMID: 19786070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the main transport binding protein for sex steroid hormones in plasma and regulates their accessibility to target cells. Plasma SHBG is secreted by the liver under the control of hormones and nutritional factors. In the human hepatoma cell line (HepG2), thyroid and estrogenic hormones, and a variety of drugs including the antioestrogen tamoxifen, the phytoestrogen, genistein and mitotane (Op'DDD) increase SHBG production and SHBG gene promoter activity. In contrast, monosaccharides (glucose or fructose) effectively decrease SHBG expression by inducing lipogenesis, which reduces hepatic HNF-4alpha levels, a transcription factor that play a critical role in controlling the SHBG promoter. Interestingly, diminishing hepatic lipogenesis and free fatty acid liver biosynthesis also appear to be associated with the positive effects of thyroid hormones and PPARgamma antagonists on SHBG expression. This mechanism provides a biological explanation for why SHBG is a sensitive biomarker of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, and why low plasma SHBG levels are a risk factor for developing hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes, especially in women. These important advances in our knowledge of the regulation of SHBG expression in the liver open new approaches for identifying and preventing metabolic disorder-associated diseases early in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Pugeat
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|