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Li XD, Lu Y, Luo CY, Xin WG, Kang X, Lin YC, Lin LB. Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis mediate intestinal microbiome and microbiota-derived metabolites regulating the growth and immunity of chicks. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109969. [PMID: 38211362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence confirms beneficial properties of probiotics in promoting growth and immunity of farmed chicken. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-microbiome interactions mediated by probiotics are not fully understood. In this study, the internal mechanisms of Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis-mediated host-microbiome interactions and to elucidate how it promotes host growth were investigated by additional supplementation with L. chiayiensis. We conducted experiments, including intestinal cytokines, digestive enzymes test, intestinal microbiome, metabolome and transcriptome analysis. The results showed that chickens fed L. chiayiensis exhibited higher body weight gain and digestive enzyme activity, and lower pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared to controls. Microbiota sequencing analysis showed that the gut microbiota structure was reshaped with L. chiayiensis supplementation. Specifically, Lactobacillus and Escherichia increased in abundance and Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Corynebacterium, Weissella and Gallicola decreased. In addition, the bacterial community diversity was significantly increased compared to controls. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that higher bile acids and N-acyl amides concentrations and lower carbohydrates concentrations in L. chiayiensis-fed chickens. Meanwhile, the expression of genes related to nutrient transport and absorption in the intestine was upregulated, which reflected the enhanced digestion and absorption of nutrients in chickens supplemented with L. chiayiensis. Moreover, supplementation of L. chiayiensis down-regulated genes involved in inflammation-related, mainly involved in NF-κB signaling pathway and MHC-II mediated antigen presentation process. Cumulatively, these findings highlight that host-microbiota crosstalk enhances the host growth phenotype in two ways: by enhancing bile acid metabolism and digestive enzyme activity, and reducing the occurrence of intestinal inflammation to promote nutrient absorption and maintain intestinal health. This provides a basis for the application of LAB as an alternative to antibiotics in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Dong Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei-Gang Xin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Cen Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Geesala R, Lin YM, Zhang K, Shi XZ. Targeting Mechano-Transcription Process as Therapeutic Intervention in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:809350. [PMID: 34992543 PMCID: PMC8724579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.809350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechano-transcription is a process whereby mechanical stress alters gene expression. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is composed of a series of hollow organs, often encountered by transient or persistent mechanical stress. Recent studies have revealed that persistent mechanical stress is present in obstructive, functional, and inflammatory disorders and alters gene transcription in these conditions. Mechano-transcription of inflammatory molecules, pain mediators, pro-fibrotic and growth factors has been shown to play a key role in the development of motility dysfunction, visceral hypersensitivity, inflammation, and fibrosis in the gut. In particular, mechanical stress-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and certain pro-inflammatory mediators in gut smooth muscle cells are responsible for motility dysfunction and inflammatory process. Mechano-transcription of pain mediators such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may lead to visceral hypersensitivity. Emerging evidence suggests that mechanical stress in the gut also leads to up-regulation of certain proliferative and pro-fibrotic mediators such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and osteopontin (OPN), which may contribute to fibrostenotic Crohn's disease. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiological significance of mechanical stress-induced expression of pro-inflammatory molecules, pain mediators, pro-fibrotic and growth factors in obstructive, inflammatory, and functional bowel disorders. We will also evaluate potential therapeutic targets of mechano-transcription process for the management of these disorders.
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Nepal N, Arthur S, Haynes J, Palaniappan B, Sundaram U. Mechanism of Na-K-ATPase Inhibition by PGE2 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040752. [PMID: 33805551 PMCID: PMC8066871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary means of intestinal absorption of nutrients by villus cells is via Na-dependent nutrient co-transporters located in the brush border membrane (BBM). These secondary active co-transport processes require a favorable transcellular Na gradient that is provided by Na-K-ATPase. In chronic enteritis, malabsorption of essential nutrients is partially due to inhibition of villus Na-K-ATPase activity mediated by specific immune inflammatory mediators that are known to be elevated in the inflamed mucosa. However, how Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a specific mediator of nutrient malabsorption in the villus BBM, may mediate the inhibition of Na-K-ATPase is not known. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of PGE2 on Na-K-ATPase in villus cells and define its mechanism of action. In vitro, in IEC-18 cells, PGE2 treatment significantly reduced Na-K-ATPase activity, accompanied by a significant increase in the intracellular levels of cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP). The treatment with cAMP analog 8-Bromo-cAMP mimicked the PGE2-mediated effect on Na-K-ATPase activity, while Rp-cAMP (PKA inhibitor) pretreatment reversed the same. The mechanism of inhibition of PGE2 was secondary to a transcriptional reduction in the Na-K-ATPase α1 and β1 subunit genes, which was reversed by the Rp-cAMP pretreatment. Thus, the PGE2-mediated activation of the PKA pathway mediates the transcriptional inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity in vitro.
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Singh S, Arthur S, Sundaram U. Unique regulation of Na-glutamine cotransporter SN2/SNAT5 in rabbit intestinal crypt cells during chronic enteritis. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1443-1451. [PMID: 29271063 PMCID: PMC5824387 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The only Na‐nutrient cotransporter described in mammalian small intestinal crypt cells is SN2/SNAT5, which facilitates glutamine uptake. In a rabbit model of chronic intestinal inflammation, SN2 stimulation is secondary to an increase in affinity of the cotransporter for glutamine. However, the immune regulation of SN2 in the crypt cells during chronic intestinal inflammation is unknown. We sought to determine the mechanism of regulation of Na‐nutrient cotransporter SN2 by arachidonic acid metabolites in crypt cells. The small intestines of New Zealand white male rabbits were inflamed via inoculation with Eimeria magna oocytes. After 2‐week incubation, control and inflamed rabbits were subjected to intramuscular injections of arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK), piroxicam and MK886 for 48 hrs. After injections, the rabbits were euthanized and crypt cells from small intestines were harvested and used. Results: Treatment of rabbits with ATK prevented the release of AA and reversed stimulation of SN2. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) with piroxicam did not affect stimulation of SN2. However, inhibition of lipoxygenase (LOX) with MK886, thus reducing leukotriene formation during chronic enteritis, reversed the stimulation of SN2. Kinetic studies showed that the mechanism of restoration of SN2 by ATK or MK886 was secondary to the restoration of the affinity of the cotransporter for glutamine. For all treatment conditions, Western blot analysis revealed no change in SN2 protein levels. COX inhibition proved ineffective at reversing the stimulation of SN2. Thus, this study provides evidence that SN2 stimulation in crypt cells is mediated by the leukotriene pathway during chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudamani Singh
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Subha Arthur
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Uma Sundaram
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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Edmands WMB, Petrick L, Barupal DK, Scalbert A, Wilson MJ, Wickliffe JK, Rappaport SM. compMS2Miner: An Automatable Metabolite Identification, Visualization, and Data-Sharing R Package for High-Resolution LC-MS Data Sets. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3919-3928. [PMID: 28225587 PMCID: PMC6338221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing challenge of untargeted metabolomic profiling by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) is efficient transition from unknown mass spectral features to confident metabolite annotations. The compMS2Miner (Comprehensive MS2 Miner) package was developed in the R language to facilitate rapid, comprehensive feature annotation using a peak-picker-output and MS2 data files as inputs. The number of MS2 spectra that can be collected during a metabolomic profiling experiment far outweigh the amount of time required for pain-staking manual interpretation; therefore, a degree of software workflow autonomy is required for broad-scale metabolite annotation. CompMS2Miner integrates many useful tools in a single workflow for metabolite annotation and also provides a means to overview the MS2 data with a Web application GUI compMS2Explorer (Comprehensive MS2 Explorer) that also facilitates data-sharing and transparency. The automatable compMS2Miner workflow consists of the following steps: (i) matching unknown MS1 features to precursor MS2 scans, (ii) filtration of spectral noise (dynamic noise filter), (iii) generation of composite mass spectra by multiple similar spectrum signal summation and redundant/contaminant spectra removal, (iv) interpretation of possible fragment ion substructure using an internal database, (v) annotation of unknowns with chemical and spectral databases with prediction of mammalian biotransformation metabolites, wrapper functions for in silico fragmentation software, nearest neighbor chemical similarity scoring, random forest based retention time prediction, text-mining based false positive removal/true positive ranking, chemical taxonomic prediction and differential evolution based global annotation score optimization, and (vi) network graph visualizations, data curation, and sharing are made possible via the compMS2Explorer application. Metabolite identities and comments can also be recorded using an interactive table within compMS2Explorer. The utility of the package is illustrated with a data set of blood serum samples from 7 diet induced obese (DIO) and 7 nonobese (NO) C57BL/6J mice, which were also treated with an antibiotic (streptomycin) to knockdown the gut microbiota. The results of fully autonomous and objective usage of compMS2Miner are presented here. All automatically annotated spectra output by the workflow are provided in the Supporting Information and can alternatively be explored as publically available compMS2Explorer applications for both positive and negative modes ( https://wmbedmands.shinyapps.io/compMS2_mouseSera_POS and https://wmbedmands.shinyapps.io/compMS2_mouseSera_NEG ). The workflow provided rapid annotation of a diversity of endogenous and gut microbially derived metabolites affected by both diet and antibiotic treatment, which conformed to previously published reports. Composite spectra (n = 173) were autonomously matched to entries of the Massbank of North America (MoNA) spectral repository. These experimental and virtual (lipidBlast) spectra corresponded to 29 common endogenous compound classes (e.g., 51 lysophosphatidylcholines spectra) and were then used to calculate the ranking capability of 7 individual scoring metrics. It was found that an average of the 7 individual scoring metrics provided the most effective weighted average ranking ability of 3 for the MoNA matched spectra in spite of potential risk of false positive annotations emerging from automation. Minor structural differences such as relative carbon-carbon double bond positions were found in several cases to affect the correct rank of the MoNA annotated metabolite. The latest release and an example workflow is available in the package vignette ( https://github.com/WMBEdmands/compMS2Miner ) and a version of the published application is available on the shinyapps.io site ( https://wmbedmands.shinyapps.io/compMS2Example ).
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. B. Edmands
- Rappaport Lab, UC Berkeley, School of Public Health, GL81 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lauren Petrick
- Rappaport Lab, UC Berkeley, School of Public Health, GL81 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dinesh K. Barupal
- Metabolomics FiehnLab, NIH West-Coast Metabolomics Center (WCMC), University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616 United States
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Nutrition and Metabolism Section (NME), Biomarkers Group (BMA), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Mark J. Wilson
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 No. 8360, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112 United States
| | - Jeffrey K. Wickliffe
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100 No. 8360, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112 United States
| | - Stephen M. Rappaport
- Rappaport Lab, UC Berkeley, School of Public Health, GL81 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Fujii S, Suzuki K, Kawamoto A, Ishibashi F, Nakata T, Murano T, Ito G, Shimizu H, Mizutani T, Oshima S, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Araki A, Ohtsuka K, Okamoto R, Watanabe M. PGE 2 is a direct and robust mediator of anion/fluid secretion by human intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36795. [PMID: 27827428 PMCID: PMC5101536 DOI: 10.1038/srep36795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play an indispensable role in maintaining body fluid balance partly through their ability to regulate anion/fluid secretion. Yet in various inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases, over-secretion of anions results in symptoms such as severe diarrhoea. Endogenous mediators, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), regulate intestinal anion/fluid secretion, but their direct effect on purified human IECs has never been described in detail. Based on a previously described intestinal organoid swelling model, we established a 3D-scanner-assisted quantification method to evaluate the anion/fluid secretory response of cultured human IECs. Among various endogenous secretagogues, we found that PGE2 had the lowest EC50 value with regard to the induction of swelling of the jejunal and colonic organoids. This PGE2-mediated swelling response was dependent on environmental Cl- concentrations as well as on several channels and transporters as shown by a series of chemical inhibitor studies. The concomitant presence of various inflammatory cytokines with PGE2 failed to modulate the PGE2-mediated organoid swelling response. Therefore, the present study features PGE2 as a direct and robust mediator of anion/fluid secretion by IECs in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ishibashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Murano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tomohiro Mizutani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics in GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Araki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Lejeune M, Moreau F, Chadee K. Loss of EP2 receptor subtype in colonic cells compromise epithelial barrier integrity by altering claudin-4. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113270. [PMID: 25396731 PMCID: PMC4232557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a bioactive lipid mediator that exerts its biological function through interaction with four different subtypes of E-Prostanoid receptor namely EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4. It has been known that EP2 receptor is differentially over-expressed in the epithelia of inflamed human colonic mucosa. However, the significance of the differential expression in altering epithelial barrier function is not known. In this study, we used Caco-2 cells expressing EP2 receptor, either high (EP2S) or low (EP2A), as a model epithelia and determined the barrier function of these cell monolayers by measuring the trans epithelial resistance (TER). Basal TER of EP2A (but not EP2S) monolayer was significantly lower suggesting a loss of colonic epithelial barrier integrity. In comparison, the TER of wild type Caco-2 was decreased in response to an EP2 receptor specific antagonist (AH-6809) indicating an important role for EP2 receptor in the maintenance of epithelial barrier function. The decrease TER in EP2A monolayer corresponded with a significant loss of the tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-4 without affecting other major TJ proteins. Similarly, EP2 receptor antagonism/siRNA based silencing significantly decreased claudin-4 expression in EP2S cells. Surprisingly, alteration in claudin-4 was not transcriptionally regulated in EP2A cells but rather undergoes increased proteosomal degradation. Moreover, among the TER compromising cytokines examined (IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ) only IFN-γ was significantly up regulated in EP2A cells. However, IFN-γ did not significantly decreased claudin-4 expression in Caco-2 cells indicating no role for IFN-γ in degrading claudin-4. We conclude that differential down-regulation of EP2 receptor play a major role in compromising colonic epithelial barrier function by selectively increasing proteosomal degradation of claudin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lin YM, Sarna SK, Shi XZ. Prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of COX-2 inhibitor on motility dysfunction in bowel obstruction: roles of PGE₂ and EP receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G267-75. [PMID: 22038825 PMCID: PMC3341114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00326.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously that mechanical stretch in rat colonic obstruction induces cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in smooth muscle cells. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether in vivo treatment with COX-2 inhibitor has prophylactic and therapeutic effects on motility dysfunction in colon obstruction, and if so what are the underlying mechanisms. Partial colon obstruction was induced with a silicon band in the distal colon of 6-8-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats; obstruction was maintained for 3 days or 7 days. Daily administration of COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was started before or after the induction of obstruction to study its prophylactic and therapeutic effects, respectively. The smooth muscle contractility was significantly suppressed, and colonic transit rate was slower in colonic obstruction. Prophylactic treatment with NS-398 significantly prevented the impairments of colonic transit and smooth muscle contractility and attenuated fecal collection in the occluded colons. When NS-398 was administered therapeutically 3 days after the initiation of obstruction, the muscle contractility and colonic transit still improved on day 7. Obstruction led to marked increase of COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis. Exogenous PGE(2) decreased colonic smooth muscle contractility. All four PGE(2) E-prostanoid receptor types (EP1 to EP4) were detected in rat colonic muscularis externa. Treatments with EP1 and EP3 antagonists suppressed muscle contractility in control tissue but did not improve contractility in obstruction tissue. On the contrary, the EP2 and EP4 antagonists did not affect control tissue but significantly restored muscle contractility in obstruction. We concluded that our study shows that COX-2 inhibitor has prophylactic and therapeutic benefits for motility dysfunction in bowel obstruction. PGE(2) and its receptors EP2 and EP4 are involved in the motility dysfunction in obstruction, whereas EP1 and EP3 mediate PGE(2) regulation of colonic smooth muscle contractile function in normal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Min Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sushil K. Sarna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Xuan-Zheng Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Shi XZ, Lin YM, Powell DW, Sarna SK. Pathophysiology of motility dysfunction in bowel obstruction: role of stretch-induced COX-2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G99-G108. [PMID: 21051526 PMCID: PMC3025501 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00379.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In gastrointestinal conditions such as bowel obstruction, pseudo-obstruction, and idiopathic megacolon, the lumen of affected bowel segments is distended and its motility function impaired. Our hypothesis is that mechanical stretch of the distended segments alters gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which impairs motility function. Partial obstruction was induced with a silicon band in the distal colon of rats for up to 7 days, and wild-type and COX-2 gene-deficient mice for 4 days. Mechanical stretch was mimicked in vitro in colonic circular muscle strips and in primary culture of colonic circular smooth muscle cells (SMC) with a Flexercell system. The rat colonic circular muscle contractility was significantly decreased in the distended segment oral to obstruction, but not in the aboral segment. This change started as early as day 1 and persisted for at least 7 days after obstruction. The expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein increased dramatically also in the oral, but not aboral, segment. The upregulation of COX-2 expression started at 12 h and the effect persisted for 7 days. At 24 h after obstruction, the COX-2 mRNA level in the oral segment increased 26-fold compared with controls. This was not accompanied by any significant increase of myeloperoxidase or inflammatory cytokines. Immunohistochemical studies showed that COX-2 was selectively induced in the colonic SMC. In vitro stretch of colonic muscle strips or cultured SMC drastically induced COX-2 expression. Incubation of circular muscle strips from obstructed segment with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 restored the contractility. The impairment of muscle contractility in obstructed colon was attenuated in the COX-2 gene-deficient mice. In conclusion, mechanical stretch in obstruction induces marked expression of COX-2 in the colonic SMC, and stretch-induced COX-2 plays a critical role in the suppression of smooth muscle contractility in bowel obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Zheng Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0655, USA.
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Bajka BH, Clarke JM, Topping DL, Cobiac L, Abeywardena MY, Patten GS. Butyrylated starch increases large bowel butyrate levels and lowers colonic smooth muscle contractility in rats. Nutr Res 2010; 30:427-34. [PMID: 20650351 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, and butyrate are produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. Butyrate is important in the regulation of the colonocyte cell cycle and gut motility and may also reduce the risk of large bowel cancer. We have shown that dietary butyrylated starch can deliver butyrate to the large bowel in a sustained manner. We hypothesized that ingestion of butyrylated starch increases large bowel butyrate levels and decreases colonic contractility. Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) were fed AIN-93G-based diet containing a highly digestible low-amylose maize starch (LAMS) control or 5% or 10% butyrylated LAMS (LAMSB) for 10 days. We found that cecal but not colonic tissue weight as well as cecal and distal colonic digesta weights and fecal output were higher in LAMSB fed rats. Butyrylated LAMS lowered digesta pH throughout the large bowel. Cecal, proximal, and distal colonic butyrate pools and portal venous butyrate concentrations were higher in rats fed LAMSB. Electrically stimulated and receptor-dependent carbachol and prostaglandin E(2)-induced isotonic contractions were lower in isolated intact sections of proximal colon (P < .05) but not the terminal ileum after 10% LAMSB ingestion. These results demonstrated that elevation of butyrate levels in the large bowel of the rat correlated with reduction of contractile activity of the colonic musculature, which may assist in the reabsorption of water and minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs H Bajka
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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11
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Lejeune M, Leung P, Beck PL, Chadee K. Role of EP4 receptor and prostaglandin transporter in prostaglandin E2-induced alteration in colonic epithelial barrier integrity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1097-105. [PMID: 20813914 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00280.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a proinflammatory lipid mediator produced in excess in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PGE(2) couples to and signals via four different E-prostanoid (EP) receptors, namely EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. In this study, we determined a role for PGE(2) and EP4 receptors in altering colonic epithelial barrier integrity. In healthy colonic mucosa, EP4 receptors were localized on apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells at the tip of mucosal folds, whereas, in patients with IBD and in rats with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, they were diffusely overexpressed throughout the mucosa. Similarly, expression of EP4 receptor was polarized in T84 colonic epithelial monolayer and mimics the normal epithelium. Apical exposure of T84 monolayer with high levels of PGE(2) decreased barrier integrity, which was abrogated by an EP4 receptor antagonist. To reveal the mechanism of vectorial transport of basally produced PGE(2) toward apical EP4 receptors, we identified prostaglandin transporters (PGT) in human colonic epithelia. PGT were least expressed on epithelial cells at the colonic mucosal folds of control subjects but overexpressed in epithelial cells of patients with IBD or animals with DSS-induced colitis. T84 monolayer also expressed PGT, which increased twofold following stimulation with TNF-α. Importantly, in T84 monolayer stimulated with TNF-α, there was a corresponding increase in the uptake and vectorial transport of (3)H-PGE(2) to the apical surface. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of PGT significantly decreased vectorial transport of (3)H-PGE(2). These studies unravel a mechanism whereby EP4 receptor and PGT play a role in PGE(2)-induced alteration of epithelial barrier integrity in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Fornai M, Antonioli L, Colucci R, Bernardini N, Ghisu N, Tuccori M, De Giorgio R, Del Tacca M, Blandizzi C. Emerging role of cyclooxygenase isoforms in the control of gastrointestinal neuromuscular functions. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:62-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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The combined impact of plant-derived dietary ingredients and acute stress on the intestinal arachidonic acid cascade in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Br J Nutr 2009; 103:851-61. [PMID: 19943982 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509992467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the effect of substituting high levels of dietary fish oil (FO) and fishmeal (FM) for vegetable oil (VO) and plant protein (PP) on the intestinal arachidonic acid (AA) cascade in the carnivorous fish species Atlantic salmon. Four diets were fed to salmon over a period of 12 months, including a control FMFO diet, with varying replacements of plant-derived ingredients: 80 % PP and 35 % VO; 40 % PP and 70 % VO; 80 % PP and 70 %VO. Subsequently, fish were examined pre- (0 h) and post- (1 h) acute stress for blood parameters and intestinal bioactive lipidic mediators of inflammation (prostaglandins). Plasma cortisol responses were greatest in the FMFO group, while 80 % PP and 70 % VO fish exhibited increased plasma chloride concentrations. The n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio in intestinal glycerophospholipids from 70 % VO groups significantly decreased in both proximal and distal regions due to elevated levels of 18 : 2n-6 and the elongation/desaturation products 20 : 2n-6 and 20 : 3n-6. Increases in n-6 PUFA were not concomitant with increased AA, although the AA:EPA ratio did vary significantly. The 40 % PP and 70 % VO diet produced the highest intestinal AA:EPA ratio proximally, which coincided with a trend in elevated levels of PGF2alpha, PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1alpha in response to stress. PGE2 predominated over PGF2alpha and 6-keto-PGF1alpha (stable metabolite of PGI2) with comparable concentrations in both intestinal regions. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression was an order of magnitude higher in distal intestine, compared with proximal, and was significantly up-regulated following stress. Furthermore, the 80 % PP and 70 % VO diet significantly amplified proximal COX-2 induction post-stress. Results demonstrate that high replacements with plant-derived dietary ingredients can enhance COX-2 induction and synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids in the intestine of salmon in response to acute physiological stress.
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Menozzi A, Pozzoli C, Poli E, Dacasto M, Giantin M, Lopparelli R, Passeri B, Zullian C, Gobbetti T, Bertini S. Effects of nonselective and selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on small intestinal motility in the horse. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Christerson U, Keita AV, Söderholm JD, Gustafson-Svärd C. Potential role of protease-activated receptor-2-stimulated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation: Implications for stricture formation in Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3:15-24. [PMID: 21172243 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Myofibroblast hyperplasia contributes to muscularis mucosae thickening and stricture formation in Crohn's disease (CD). Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) are known regulators of cell growth, but their significance in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation remain to be elucidated. The principle aims of the present study were to investigate if PAR-2 is expressed in the expanded muscularis mucosa in ileal CD specimens, if inflammatory cytokines may stimulate PAR-2 expression in intestinal myofibroblasts, and if PAR-2 and cPLA(2) may regulate intestinal myofibroblast growth. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of PAR-2 in ileal CD specimens. Studies on PAR-2 expression, PLA(2) activation and cell growth were performed in a human intestinal myofibroblast cell line, CCD-18Co. PAR-2 expression was investigated by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. PLA(2) activity was analyzed by quantification of released (14)C-arachidonic acid ((14)C-AA). Cell growth was examined by (3)H-thymidine incorporation and cell counting. RESULTS The thickened muscularis mucosae of the CD specimens showed strong PAR-2 expression. In cultured myofibroblasts, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) up-regulated PAR-2 mRNA and protein, and potentiated PAR-2-stimulated (14)C-AA release by two known PAR-2 activators, trypsin and SLIGRL-NH(2). The release of (14)C-AA was dependent on cPLA(2). Trypsin stimulated the proliferation of serum-starved cells, and inhibition of cPLA(2) reduced normal cell growth and abolished the growth-promoting effect of trypsin. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that PAR-2-mediated cPLA(2) activation might be of importance in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation. The results also point to the possibility that PAR-2 up-regulation by inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-α, may modulate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Christerson
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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16
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The effect of ageing with and without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on gastrointestinal microbiology and immunology. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:130-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711450888871x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Elderly individuals are more susceptible to gastrointestinal problems such as constipation than young adults. Furthermore, the common use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) among the elderly is known to further increase such gastrointestinal ailments. To describe the specific changes in elderly, intestinal microbes, their metabolites and immune markers were measured from faecal samples obtained from fifty-five elderly individuals (aged 68–88 years), using either NSAID or not, and fourteen young adults (aged 21–39 years). The faecal DM content increased with age but was significantly lower among the elderly NSAID users. The microbial metabolism was especially influenced by NSAID use and/or ageing, although fewer changes were observed in the composition of the microbial community, whilst the level of aerobes was increased in the elderly and the level ofClostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectalereduced in the elderly NSAID users as compared with young adults. An increase in the concentrations of some branched SCFA andl-lactate but a decrease in some major SCFA concentrations were observed. Evidently, the decreased defecation frequency in the elderly directed colonic fermentation toward an unfavourable microbial metabolism but this was partially offset by the use of NSAID. Irrespective of the use of NSAID, the elderly subjects had significantly lower concentrations of faecal PGE2than the young adults, reflecting possibly a reduced immune response. According to the present study more attention should be paid to the development of dietary products that seek to enhance bowel function, saccharolytic fermentation and immune stimulation in the elderly population.
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Shao J, Yang VW, Sheng H. Prostaglandin E2 and Krüppel-like transcription factors synergistically induce the expression of decay-accelerating factor in intestinal epithelial cells. Immunology 2008; 125:397-407. [PMID: 18435741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The decay-accelerating factor (DAF) prevents the intestinal mucosa from bystander killing by complement. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) induces the expression of DAF that may protect the tumour environment from complement attack. In the present study, we demonstrate synergistic actions of PGE(2) and two Krüppel-like factors (KLFs), which are zinc finger-containing transcription factors, in DAF regulation. Overexpression of KLF4 and KLF5 robustly induced transcriptional activity of the DAF promoter. In combination, PGE(2) and either KLF4 or KLF5 increased the expression of DAF in a synergistic fashion. Moreover, cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, KLF4/5 and DAF protein were coordinately expressed in normal intestinal mucosa as well as in intestinal neoplasm. In radiation-injured mouse intestine, COX-1 was rapidly induced and remained at relatively high levels. While KLF5 was quickly elevated after irradiation, KLF4 exhibited a delayed increase. Interestingly, levels of DAF increased gradually following the induction of COX-1 and KLFs. Mimicking the circumstances in vivo, coexpression of both COX and KLFs resulted in a synergistic or additive induction of DAF transcription in intestinal epithelial cells. Our data suggest that COX-derived PGE(2) may collaborate with KLF4/5 to regulate the activation of the complement system and exert diverse effects on the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Shao
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Shimizu T, Kitamura T, Suzuki M, Fujii T, Shoji H, Tanaka K, Igarashi J. Effects of alpha-linolenic acid on colonic secretion in rats with experimental colitis. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:129-34. [PMID: 17351801 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have specifically examined the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on intestinal water and ion secretion in ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) to mucosal secretion in intestines with UC and to evaluate the effect of dietary n-3 PUFAs on diarrhea in UC. METHODS We measured the short-circuit current (Isc), using the Ussing chamber method, and fatty acid composition in the colonic mucosa of rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. The DSS-treated rats were fed either a perilla oil-enriched diet (perilla group) or a soybean oil-enriched diet (soybean group); a control group did not undergo DSS administration. RESULTS The bradykinin-stimulated DeltaIsc in the soybean and perilla groups was significantly higher than that in the control group. The mucosal level of arachidonic acid in the perilla group was significantly lower than that in the soybean group. The mucosal levels of alpha-linolenic acid and EPA in the perilla group were significantly higher than those in the soybean group. The bradykinin-stimulated DeltaIsc was significantly suppressed after pretreatment with indomethacin in both the soybean and perilla groups, and was also significantly reduced in both groups after pretreatment with AA861. The suppression of bradykinin-stimulated DeltaIsc by the addition of AA861 was significantly higher in the perilla group than in the soybean group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid, in combination with a lipoxygenase inhibitor, could suppress the increase in Cl- secretion in patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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Grasa L, Arruebo MP, Plaza MA, Murillo MD. PGE(2) receptors and their intracellular mechanisms in rabbit small intestine. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 79:206-17. [PMID: 16647635 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of PGE(2) on longitudinal smooth muscle, the intracellular mechanisms involved, and the localization of EP receptors were investigated in rabbit small intestine. PGE(2) evoked contractions in small intestine that were reduced by tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium. 17-Phenyl trinor PGE(2), sulprostone, misoprostol and 16,16-dimethyl PGE(2) evoked contractions. Butaprost did not modify spontaneous motility. AH 6809 reduced PGE(2) and 17-phenyl trinor PGE(2)-induced contractions. Verapamil, Ca(2+) free medium, staurosporine, forskolin, theophylline, and rolipram diminished, while IP-20 and H-89 increased PGE(2)-induced contractions. Western blot analysis showed protein bands of 41kDa for EP(1), 71kDa for EP(2) and 62kDa for EP(3) receptors. EP(1), EP(2) and EP(3) receptors were detected in neurons of the myenteric and submucosal ganglia, but only EP(3) receptors were found in smooth muscle layers. This study did not detect EP(4) receptor. PGE(2)-induced contractions would be mediated through EP(1) and EP(3) receptors, and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, protein kinase C, and cAMP would be implicated in these responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Dinoprostone/analogs & derivatives
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/physiology
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grasa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Person
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA
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Shao J, Sheng GG, Mifflin RC, Powell DW, Sheng H. Roles of Myofibroblasts in Prostaglandin E2–Stimulated Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation and Angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2006; 66:846-55. [PMID: 16424017 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) are produced throughout the gastrointestinal tract and are critical mediators for a complex array of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in the intestine. Intestinal myofibroblasts, which express cyclooxygenase (COX) and generate PGE(2), play important roles in intestinal epithelial proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and neoplasia through secreting growth factors and cytokines. Here, we show that PGE(2) activated human intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (18Co) through Gs protein-coupled E-prostanoid receptors and the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway. 18Co cells and primary colonic myofibroblast isolates expressed a number of growth factors; several of them were dramatically regulated by PGE(2). An epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, amphiregulin (AR), which was not expressed by untreated cells, was strongly induced by PGE(2). Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was rapidly increased by PGE(2) exposure. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was elevated in PGE(2)-treated myofibroblasts at both mRNA and protein levels. Thus, PGE(2)-activated myofibroblasts promoted the proliferation and migration of intestinal epithelial cells, which were attenuated by neutralizing antibodies to AR and HGF, respectively. Moreover, in the presence of PGE(2), myofibroblasts strongly stimulated the migration and tubular formation of vascular endothelial cells. Neutralizing antibody to VEGFA inhibited the observed stimulation of migration. These results suggest that myofibroblast-generated growth factors are important mediators for PGE(2)-induced intestinal epithelial proliferation and angiogenesis, which play critical roles in intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Shao
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Reims A, Redfors S, Sjövall H, Strandvik B. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are secretagogues in atrophic coeliac and in normal duodenal mucosa of children. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:160-8. [PMID: 15764146 DOI: 10.1080/00365520410009564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation and diarrhoea is complex and involves the arachidonic acid cascade. Prostaglandins induce chloride secretion in healthy subjects and in patients with coeliac disease. Leukotrienes (LTs) are also known inflammatory mediators which have been shown to stimulate ion secretion in ileum and colon of rats and rabbits. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of leukotrienes C(4) (LTC(4)) and D(4) (LTD(4)) in normal and atrophic intestinal mucosa in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS Routine paediatric intestinal biopsies were obtained from 109 children. Sixty-seven control biopsies and 42 biopsies from children with different stages of coeliac disease were mounted in a modified Ussing chamber. Potential difference (Pd) was measured continuously and tissue resistance (R(t)) and the generated current (I(m)) were calculated. RESULTS In morphologically normal mucosa of duodenum, LTC(4) and LTD(4) increased Pd and I(m) in a dose-dependent manner. The increase was more pronounced in the distal than in the proximal part, similar to the response to prostaglandin E(2). The induced current was chloride-mediated, since replacement of Cl(-) with SO(4)(2-) in the bathing solution eliminated the response to the LTs. The LTC(4)-induced secretion was significantly decreased in atrophic mucosa, but the response was partially restored after preincubation with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that LTC(4) and LTD(4) are secretagogues in the duodenal mucosa from healthy children by inducing a net chloride secretion. Restoration of the response in coeliac disease by cyclooxygenase inhibition suggests interactions between the different pathways of the arachidonic cascade in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Reims
- Department of Paediatrics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Hull MA, Ko SC, Hawcroft G. Prostaglandin EP receptors: Targets for treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer? Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1031.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The importance of the prostaglandin (PG) synthesis pathway, particularly the rate-limiting enzymatic step catalyzed by cyclooxygenase, to colorectal carcinogenesis and development of novel anticolorectal cancer therapy is well established. The predominant PG species in benign and malignant colorectal tumors is PGE2. PGE2 acts via four EP receptors termed EP1 to EP4. Recently, EP receptors have been identified as potential targets for treatment and/or prevention of colorectal cancer. This review summarizes existing knowledge of the expression and function of the EP receptor subtypes in human and rodent intestine during tumorigenic progression and describes the current literature on targeting EP receptor signaling during intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Hull
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley C.W. Ko
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Hawcroft
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Lahti AM, Cassuto J, Yregård L, Lindblom L, Sinclair R, Tarnow P. Effect of α-trinositol on secretion induced by Escherichia coli
ST-toxin in rat jejunum. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2003; 179:373-9. [PMID: 14656375 DOI: 10.1046/j.0001-6772.2003.01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM d-myo-inositol-1,2,6-trisphosphate (alpha-trinositol, PP56), is a synthetic isomer of the intracellular second messenger, d-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphospahate. The pharmacological actions of alpha-trinositol include potent anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of the secretion induced by cholera toxin and obstructive ileus. In the present study, we investigated whether alpha-trinositol was able to influence the secretion induced by heat-stable ST-toxin from Escherichia coli in the rat jejunum. METHODS A midline abdominal incision was performed in anaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats and a 6-7 cm long jejunal segment was isolated with intact vascular supply and placed in a chamber suspended from a force displacement transducer connected to a Grass(R) polygraph. Intestinal net fluid transport was continuously monitored gravimetrically. Crystalline ST-toxin (120 mouse units) was introduced into the intestinal lumen and left there for the rest of the experiment. When a stable secretion was observed, alpha-trinositol (60 mg kg-1 h-1) or saline were infused during 2 h, followed by a 2-h control period. RESULTS alpha-Trinositol induced a significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of ST-toxin secretion within 30 min, lasting until 2 h after infusion had stopped. The agent also moderately increased (P < 0.05) net fluid absorption in normal jejunum. Mean arterial pressure (P < 0.001) and heart rate (P < 0.001) were reduced by alpha-trinositol. CONCLUSION The inhibition by alpha-trinositol of ST-toxin induced intestinal secretion is primarily secondary to inhibition of secretory mechanisms and only to lesser extent due to increased absorption. The detailed mechanisms of action have not been clarified but may involve suppression of inflammation possibly by means of cellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Lahti
- Institution of Surgical Specialties, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
The intestinal barrier function of GI tract is very important in the body except for the function of digestion and absorption. The functional status of gut barrier basically reflects the stress severity when body suffers from trauma and various stimulations. Many harmful factors such as drugs, illnesses, trauma and burns can damage the gut barrier, which can lead to the barrier dysfunction and bacterial/endotoxin translocation. The paper discusses and reviews the concepts, anatomy, pathophysiology of gut barrier and its clinical relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-An Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Affilitated Hospital of Medical School, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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Korolkiewicz RP, Ujda M, Dabkowski J, Ruczyński J, Rekowski P, Petrusewicz J. Differential salutary effects of nonselective and selective COX-2 inhibitors in postoperative ileus in rats. J Surg Res 2003; 109:161-9. [PMID: 12643859 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(02)00095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative ileus (PI) is a common surgical complication, the treatment of which consists of supportive measures. AIM The effects of several cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and their interaction with L-arginine/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway were tested in a rat PI model. METHODS Intestinal transit was measured as Evans blue migration after skin incision, laparotomy, or laparotomy followed by evisceration and gut handling. RESULTS In contrast to a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) blocker, L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine hydrochloride (L-NIL), N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) reversed the additional inhibitory effects of gut manipulation after laparotomy on the gastrointestinal transit (GI) in a dose-dependent, L-arginine-sensitive manner. Laparotomy and manipulations of small intestine increased blood plasma nitrites and nitrates level (NOx), an effect preventable by L-NAME. Indomethacin, resveratrol (selective COX-1 blocker), and COX-2 antagonists, nimesulide, NS-398, DuP-697, and L-752860, attenuated the additional inhibitory effects of gut manipulation following laparotomy in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, only nimesulide, NS-398, DuP-697, and L-752860 partly, but significantly, reversed the effects of laparotomy on the intestinal transit. Administration of L-NAME subsequent to COX inhibitors abolished the salutary effects of the latter, implying that at least the synthesis of either NO or prostanoids must remain unaffected to enable a return of GI transit during the postoperative period. CONCLUSION In addition to NO synthesized by constitutive NOS (cNOS), prostaglandins produced by both COX-1 and COX-2 participate in the pathogenesis of PI, albeit in different pathological mechanisms. Thus laparotomy stimulated COX-2 activity, whereas gut manipulation led to an excessive cNOS activity and prostaglandin synthesis by COX-1.
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Patten GS, Bird AR, Topping DL, Abeywardena MY. Dietary fish oil alters the sensitivity of guinea pig ileum to electrically driven contractions and 8-iso-PGE2. Nutr Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(02)00458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ballabeni V, Barocelli E, Bertoni S, Impicciatore M. Alterations of intestinal motor responsiveness in a model of mild mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Life Sci 2002; 71:2025-35. [PMID: 12175896 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the changes in intestinal motor responsiveness after mild mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion in anaesthetized rats. Motor responsiveness to pharmacological/electrical stimulation was studied in isolated ileum excised from sham-operated rats or animals which underwent occlusion of superior mesenteric artery (1 h) plus interruption of collateral blood flow and reperfusion for 0, 24, 72 h. Only 24 h reperfusion resulted in a significant suppression in acetylcholine induced contractile response and in indomethacin induced relaxation. In the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blockade a greater relaxant response to field stimulation (trains 10 s every min, 120 mA, 1 ms and 10 Hz) was unmasked in all groups except 24 h reperfused rats. Such effect was sensitive to N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NOS unselective inhibitor) and the proteolytic enzyme alpha-chymotrypsin but resistant to aminoguanidine (iNOS selective inhibitor). In conclusion, in this rat model, intestinal mild ischemia/24 h reperfusion induces reversible changes in enteric motility attributable to a decrease in eicosanoids, nitric oxide and neuropeptides availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigilio Ballabeni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Biologiche e Chimiche Applicate, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Patten GS, Abeywardena MY, McMurchie EJ, Jahangiri A. Dietary fish oil increases acetylcholine- and eicosanoid-induced contractility of isolated rat ileum. J Nutr 2002; 132:2506-13. [PMID: 12221201 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.9.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been reported to exhibit health benefits and healing properties for the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on the in vitro contractility of gut tissue. Rats (9 wk old) were fed synthetic diets supplemented with 170 g/kg Sunola oil (SO; 850 g/kg as oleic acid [18:1(n-9)]) or with 100 g/kg of the SO replaced by saturated animal fat (SF) or fish oil (FO) for 4 wk. In the colon, there was no difference in the sensitivity (50% effective concentration) or the maximal contraction among the three dietary groups induced by acetylcholine or 8-iso-prostaglandin (PG)E(2) with the rat colon being relatively insensitive to the thromboxane mimetic U-46619. However, in the ileum, the FO group had greater maximal contractions induced by acetylcholine and 8-iso-PGE(2) compared with the SO and SF groups (P < 0.05), and greater maximal contractions induced by PGE(2), PGF(2alpha) and U-46619 compared with the SF group (P < 0.05). FO feeding increased the incorporation of (n-3) PUFA (eicosapentaenoic [20:5(n-3)], docosapentaenoic [22:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoic acids [22:6(n-3) primarily at the expense of (n-6) PUFA (linoleic [18:2(n-6)] and arachidonic acids [20:4(n-6)]) in the ileum and colon phospholipid fatty acids (P < 0.05). The FO group had a lower cecal digesta pH (P < 0.001) and a greater butyrate concentration than the SF group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that dietary (n-3) PUFA may modulate the contractility of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen S Patten
- CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Peleg II, Wilcox CM. The role of eicosanoids, cyclooxygenases, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal tumorigenesis and chemoprevention. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34:117-25. [PMID: 11782603 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-200202000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence from studies on experimental cancer in rodents, interventional studies in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, and some, but not all, epidemiologic investigations, that suggests a chemopreventive effect of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against colorectal cancer. In addition, the mechanisms by which these agents modulate tumorigenesis are being elucidated in laboratory experiments. Currently available NSAIDs are unlikely to have an acceptable benefit-to-risk ratio for long-term use in an asymptomatic population. Once the discrete chemopreventive mechanisms are established and the genetic background and risk factor profile of individuals who will benefit from chemoprevention are clarified, a low-dose combination of NSAIDs with different targets may optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity. At present, however, colectomy is still the treatment of choice for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, and early screening and regular surveillance colonoscopies are the choices for those at risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. In the average-risk individual, endoscopic screening and surveillance will remain the core of efforts to prevent sporadic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika I Peleg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Harbige LS, Fisher BA. Dietary fatty acid modulation of mucosally-induced tolerogenic immune responses. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60:449-56. [PMID: 12069397 DOI: 10.1079/pns2001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunological unresponsiveness or hyporesponsiveness (tolerance) can be induced by feeding protein antigens to naive animals. Using a classical oral ovalbumin gut-induced tolerance protocol in BALB/c mice we investigated the effects of dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on high-and low-dose oral tolerance (and in non-tolerised animals, i.e. effects of antigen challenge alone) in relation to lymphoproliferative, cytokine and antibody responses. Fish oil rich in long-chain n-3 fatty acids decreased both T-helper (Th) 1- and Th2-like responses. In contrast, borage (Borago officinalis) oil rich in n-6 PUFA, of which gamma-linolenic acid is rapidly metabolised to longer-chain n-6 PUFA, increased Thl-like responses and decreased Th2-like responses, and possibly enhanced suppressor cell or Th3-like activity. These findings are in general agreement with other studies on the effects of long chain n-3 PUFA on immune system functions, and characterise important differences between long-chain n-3 and n-6 PUFA, defining more precisely and broadly the immunological regulatory mechanisms involved. They are also discussed in relation to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Harbige
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
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