1
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Turner JA, Fredrickson MA, D'Antonio M, Katsnelson E, MacBeth M, Van Gulick R, Chimed TS, McCarter M, D'Alessandro A, Robinson WA, Couts KL, Pelanda R, Klarquist J, Tobin RP, Torres RM. Lysophosphatidic acid modulates CD8 T cell immunosurveillance and metabolism to impair anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3214. [PMID: 37270644 PMCID: PMC10239450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid which increases in concentration locally and systemically across different cancer types. Yet, the exact mechanism(s) of how LPA affects CD8 T cell immunosurveillance during tumor progression remain unknown. We show LPA receptor (LPAR) signaling by CD8 T cells promotes tolerogenic states via metabolic reprogramming and potentiating exhaustive-like differentiation to modulate anti-tumor immunity. We found LPA levels predict response to immunotherapy and Lpar5 signaling promotes cellular states associated with exhausted phenotypes on CD8 T cells. Importantly, we show that Lpar5 regulates CD8 T cell respiration, proton leak, and reactive oxygen species. Together, our findings reveal that LPA serves as a lipid-regulated immune checkpoint by modulating metabolic efficiency through LPAR5 signaling on CD8 T cells. Our study offers key insights into the mechanisms governing adaptive anti-tumor immunity and demonstrates LPA could be exploited as a T cell directed therapy to improve dysfunctional anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Turner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Malia A Fredrickson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marc D'Antonio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Katsnelson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Morgan MacBeth
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert Van Gulick
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tugs-Saikhan Chimed
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin McCarter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William A Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kasey L Couts
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard P Tobin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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2
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Lei H, Li Z, Li T, Wu H, Yang J, Yang X, Yang Y, Jiang N, Zhai X. Novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as potent ATX allosteric inhibitors: Design, synthesis and promising in vivo anti-fibrotic efficacy in mice lung model. Bioorg Chem 2021; 120:105590. [PMID: 34998121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to develop novel allosteric autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors, hybrid strategy was utilized by assembling the benzyl carbamate fragment in PF-8380 onto the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine skeleton of GLPG-1690. The piperazine moiety in GLPG-1690 was replaced with phenyl ring to enhance the π-π interactions with adjacent residues. In the light of FS-3 based ATX enzymatic assay, further structure-guided optimizations were implemented by exploring the substituents within the carbamate aromatic moiety and examining the effect of the 2-ethyl. Eventually, 13c bearing 1,3-benzodioxole and 2-hydroxyethyl piperazine group was identified as a powerful ATX inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2.7 nM. Subsequently, 13c was forwarded into an in vivo bleomycin-induced mice lung fibrosis model. In histopathological and immunohistochemical assays, 13c could typically alleviate the severity of fibrosis tissues and effectively reduce the deposition of fibrotic biomarker α-SMA. At a dose of 60 mg/kg, 13c was observed equivalent or even better potency than GLPG-1690 with a significant inhibition of the in vivo ATX activity. Except for the fundamental H-bond and π-π interactions, an extra H-bond between the 1,3-benzodioxole (O atom) and Phe306 offered great rationale in constraining the binding conformation of 13c. Finally, binding free energy calculation was conducted to assist in the efficient identification of allosteric ATX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huinan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinlian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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3
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Structure guided design of potent indole-based ATX inhibitors bearing hydrazone moiety with tumor suppression effects. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Nojiri T, Kurano M, Araki O, Nakawatari K, Nishikawa M, Shimamoto S, Igarashi K, Kano K, Aoki J, Kihara S, Murakami M, Yatomi Y. Serum autotaxin levels are associated with Graves' disease. Endocr J 2019; 66:409-422. [PMID: 30814442 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' Disease is a representative autoimmune thyroid disease that presents with hyperthyroidism. Emerging evidence has shown the involvement of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its producing enzyme, autotaxin (ATX), in the pathogenesis of various diseases; among them, the involvement of the ATX/LPA axis in some immunological disturbances has been proposed. In this study, we investigated the association between serum ATX levels and Graves' disease. We measured the levels of serum total ATX and ATX isoforms (classical ATX and novel ATX) in patients with untreated Graves' disease, Graves' disease treated with anti-thyroid drugs, patients with subacute thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, Plummer's disease, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and patients who had undergone a total thyroidectomy, as well as normal subjects. The serum total ATX and ATX isoform levels were higher in the patients with Graves' disease, compared with the levels in the healthy subjects and the patients with subacute thyroiditis. Treatment with anti-thyroid drugs significantly decreased the serum ATX levels. The serum ATX levels and the changes in serum ATX levels during treatment were moderately or strongly correlated with the serum concentrations or the changes in thyroid hormones. However, the administration of T3 or T4 did not increase the expression or serum levels of ATX in 3T3L1 adipocytes or wild-type mice. In conclusion, the serum ATX levels were higher in subjects with Graves' disease, possibly because of a mechanism that does not involve hyperthyroidism. These results suggest the possible involvement of the ATX/LPA axis in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nojiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakawatari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Nishikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Yang L, Kraemer M, Fang XF, Angel PM, Drake RR, Morris AJ, Smyth SS. LPA receptor 4 deficiency attenuates experimental atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:972-980. [PMID: 30796085 PMCID: PMC6495174 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) selective receptor 4 (LPAR4) contributes to vascular development in mice and zebrafish. LPAR4 regulates endothelial permeability, lymphocyte migration, and hematopoiesis, which could contribute to atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of LPAR4 in experimental atherosclerosis elicited by adeno-associated virus expressing PCSK9 to lower LDL receptor levels. After 20 weeks on a Western diet, cholesterol levels and lipoprotein distribution were similar in WT male and Lpar4Y/- mice (P = 0.94). The atherosclerotic lesion area in the proximal aorta and arch was ∼25% smaller in Lpar4Y/- mice (P = 0.009), and less atherosclerosis was detected in Lpar4Y/- mice at any given plasma cholesterol. Neutral lipid accumulation in aortic root sections occupied ∼40% less area in Lpar4Y/- mice (P = 0.001), and CD68 expression was ∼25% lower (P = 0.045). No difference in α-smooth muscle actin staining was observed. Bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from Lpar4Y/- mice displayed significantly increased upregulation of the M2 marker Arg1 in response to LPA compared with WT cells. In aortic root sections from Lpar4Y/- mice, heightened M2 "repair" macrophage marker expression was detected by CD206 staining (P = 0.03). These results suggest that LPAR4 may regulate the recruitment of specific sets of macrophages or their phenotypic switching in a manner that could influence the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Maria Kraemer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Xianjun Frank Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0614
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511
| | - Susan S Smyth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511.
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6
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Brandon JA, Kraemer M, Vandra J, Halder S, Ubele M, Morris AJ, Smyth SS. Adipose-derived autotaxin regulates inflammation and steatosis associated with diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208099. [PMID: 30730895 PMCID: PMC6366870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that generates the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). We generated mice with global inducible post-natal inactivation or adipose-specific loss of the Enpp2 gene encoding ATX. The animals are phenotypically unremarkable and exhibit differences in adipocyte size and adipose tissue expression of inflammatory genes after high fat feeding without gross differences in fat distribution or body mass. Surprisingly, both models of Enpp2- deficiency exhibited marked protection from high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis. This phenotype was not associated with differences in dietary fat absorption but may be accounted for by differences in hepatic expression of genes involved in de novo synthesis of triglycerides. These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of ATX might be protective against hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Anthony Brandon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Maria Kraemer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Julia Vandra
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Suchismita Halder
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Margo Ubele
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Susan S. Smyth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Choi JH, Jeon H, Song JE, Oliveira JM, Reis RL, Khang G. Biofunctionalized Lysophosphatidic Acid/Silk Fibroin Film for Cornea Endothelial Cell Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8050290. [PMID: 29710848 PMCID: PMC5977304 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cornea endothelial cells (CEnCs) tissue engineering is a great challenge to repair diseased or damaged CEnCs and require an appropriate biomaterial to support cell proliferation and differentiation. Biomaterials for CEnCs tissue engineering require biocompatibility, tunable biodegradability, transparency, and suitable mechanical properties. Silk fibroin-based film (SF) is known to meet these factors, but construction of functionalized graft for bioengineering of cornea is still a challenge. Herein, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is used to maintain and increase the specific function of CEnCs. The LPA and SF composite film (LPA/SF) was fabricated in this study. Mechanical properties and in vitro studies were performed using a rabbit model to demonstrate the characters of LPA/SF. ATR-FTIR was characterized to identify chemical composition of the films. The morphological and physical properties were performed by SEM, AFM, transparency, and contact angle. Initial cell density and MTT were performed for adhesion and cell viability in the SF and LPA/SF film. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were performed to examine gene and protein expression. The results showed that films were designed appropriately for CEnCs delivery. Compared to pristine SF, LPA/SF showed higher biocompatibility, cell viability, and expression of CEnCs specific genes and proteins. These indicate that LPA/SF, a new biomaterial, offers potential benefits for CEnCs tissue engineering for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hee Choi
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea.
- Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology and Polymer BIN Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea.
| | - Hayan Jeon
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea.
- Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology and Polymer BIN Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea.
| | - Jeong Eun Song
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea.
- Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology and Polymer BIN Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea.
| | - Joaquim Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial de Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui Luis Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial de Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea.
- Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology and Polymer BIN Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea.
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8
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Murphy EJ. Ether lipids and their elusive function in the nervous system: a role for plasmalogens: An Editorial Highlight for 'Reduced muscle strength in ether lipid-deficient mice is accompanied by altered development and function of the neuromuscular junction' on page 569. J Neurochem 2017; 143:463-466. [PMID: 28944460 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this editorial, we highlight the recent work of Dorninger et al. that demonstrates a reduction in plasmalogens in the motor end plate is associated with a reduction in motor end plate function. This reduction in function is illuminated in reduced muscle function in these mice, corresponding with the reduction in acetylcholine release and in its receptor density observed in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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9
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:815-829. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1323331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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10
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Kurano M, Kano K, Dohi T, Matsumoto H, Igarashi K, Nishikawa M, Ohkawa R, Ikeda H, Miyauchi K, Daida H, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. Different origins of lysophospholipid mediators between coronary and peripheral arteries in acute coronary syndrome. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:433-442. [PMID: 28007846 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p071803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acids (LysoPAs) and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) are emerging lipid mediators proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this study, we attempted to elucidate how LysoPA and LysoPS become elevated in ACS using human blood samples collected simultaneously from culprit coronary arteries and peripheral arteries in ACS subjects. We found that: 1) the plasma LysoPA, LysoPS, and lysophosphatidylglycerol levels were not different, while the lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), lysophosphatidylinositol, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) levels were significantly lower in the culprit coronary arteries; 2) the serum autotaxin (ATX) level was lower and the serum phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PS-PLA1) level was higher in the culprit coronary arteries; 3) the LysoPE and ATX levels were significant explanatory factors for the mainly elevated species of LysoPA, except for 22:6 LysoPA, in the peripheral arteries, while the LysoPC and LysoPE levels, but not the ATX level, were explanatory factors in the culprit coronary arteries; and 4) 18:0 and 18:1 LysoPS were significantly correlated with PS-PLA1 only in the culprit coronary arteries. In conclusion, the origins of LysoPA and LysoPS might differ between culprit coronary arteries and peripheral arteries, and substrates for ATX, such as LysoPC and LysoPE, might be important for the generation of LysoPA in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST).,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masako Nishikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST).,Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST).,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan .,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST).,Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Yang B, Zhou Z, Li X, Niu J. The effect of lysophosphatidic acid on Toll-like receptor 4 expression and the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in THP-1 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 422:41-49. [PMID: 27619660 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are major receptors that mediate the innate immune and inflammatory responses, of which TLR4 has been found most closely related to human atherosclerosis. After ligands are polymerized and activated by TLR, the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways are activated, leading to promotion of NF-κB-regulated transcription of inflammatory factors, thus playing a role in the physiological and pathological processes in atherosclerosis. Oxidized lipoproteins or their components, oxidized lipids, have been confirmed as endogenous TLR receptors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an active component of low-density lipoprotein that induces vascular endothelial lesions. However, the mechanism of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling system involved in LPA-induced atherosclerosis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of LPA on TLR4 expression, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit, and changes in the cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in human THP-1 cells. LPA upregulated expression of the TLR4 mRNA and protein in THP-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, induced NF-κB p65 activation synchronously in THP-1 cells, and increased TNF-α secretion. After TLR4 was blocked using TLR4 monoclonal antibody, NF-κB p65 expression and TNF-α secretion were inhibited significantly. These data suggest that LPA can significantly upregulate TLR4 expression and promote NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in THP-1 cells; it is possible that the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway mediates the atherogenic effect of LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Hubei, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhibin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China.
| | - Xiaohao Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianping Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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12
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Jeong W, Seo H, Sung Y, Ka H, Song G, Kim J. Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) Receptor 3-Mediated LPA Signal Transduction Pathways: A Possible Relationship with Early Development of Peri-Implantation Porcine Conceptus. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:104. [PMID: 27030044 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.137174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid with a variety of fatty acyl groups that mediates diverse biological effects on various types of cells through specific G protein-coupled receptors. LPA appears to play a significant role in many reproductive processes, including luteolysis, implantation, and placentation. Our previous study in pigs demonstrated that LPA and the LPA receptor system are present at the maternal-conceptus interface and that LPA increases uterine endometrial expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) through LPA receptor 3 (LPAR3). However, the role of LPA in conceptuses during early pregnancy has not been determined. Therefore, this study examined the effects of LPA in cell proliferation, migration, and activation of the intracellular signaling pathway in porcine conceptuses by using an established porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cell line isolated from Day 12 conceptuses. All examined LPA species with various fatty acid lengths increased proliferation and migration of pTr cells as the dosage increased. Immunoblot analyses found that LPA activated intracellular signaling molecules, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 90 kDa (P90RSK), ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), and P38 in pTr cells. Furthermore, LPA increased expression of PTGS2 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU), and the LPA-induced increases in PTGS2 and PLAU expression were inhibited by LPAR3 siRNA. Collectively, these results showed that LPA promotes proliferation, migration, and differentiation of pTr cells by activating the ERK1/2-P90RSK-RPS6 and P38 pathways, indicating that the LPA-LPAR3 system may be involved in the development of trophoblast during early pregnancy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Jeong
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Seo
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Sung
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Ka
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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13
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Autotaxin, Pruritus and Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC). Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:795-800. [PMID: 27019050 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a 125-kD type II ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP2 or NPP2) originally discovered as an unknown "autocrine motility factor" in human melanoma cells. In addition to its pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase activities ATX has lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity, catalyzing the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX is the only ENPP family member with lysoPLD activity and it produces most of the LPA in circulation. In support of this, ATX heterozygous mice have 50% of normal LPA plasma levels. The ATX-LPA signaling axis plays an important role in both normal physiology and disease pathogenesis and recently has been linked to pruritus in chronic cholestatic liver diseases, including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Several lines of evidence have suggested that a circulating puritogen is responsible, but the identification of the molecule has yet to be definitively identified. In contrast, plasma ATX activity is strongly associated with pruritus in PBC, suggesting a targetable molecule for treatment. We review herein the biochemistry of ATX and the rationale for its role in pruritus.
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14
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Hsueh YJ, Chen HC, Wu SE, Wang TK, Chen JK, Ma DHK. Lysophosphatidic acid induces YAP-promoted proliferation of human corneal endothelial cells via PI3K and ROCK pathways. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15014. [PMID: 26029725 PMCID: PMC4445000 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The first two authors contributed equally to this work.Silence of p120-catenin has shown promise in inducing proliferation in human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs), but there is concern regarding off-target effects in potential clinical applications. We aimed to develop ex vivo expansion of HCECs using natural compounds, and we hypothesized that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can unlock the mitotic block in contact-inhibited HCECs via enhancing nuclear translocation of yes-associated protein (YAP). Firstly, we verified that exogenous YAP could induce cell proliferation in contact-inhibited HCEC monolayers and postconfluent B4G12 cells. In B4G12 cells, enhanced cyclin D1 expression, reduced p27KIP1/p21CIP1 levels, and the G1/S transition were detected upon transfection with YAP. Secondly, we confirmed that LPA induced nuclear expression of YAP and promoted cell proliferation. Moreover, PI3K and ROCK, but not ERK or p38, were required for LPA-induced YAP nuclear translocation. Finally, cells treated with LPA or transfected with YAP remained hexagonal in shape, in addition to unchanged expression of ZO-1, Na/K-ATPase, and smooth muscle actin (SMA), suggestive of a preserved phenotype, without endothelial–mesenchymal transition. Collectively, our findings indicate an innovative strategy for ex vivo cultivation of HCECs for transplantation and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Hsueh
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou, Taiwan ; Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou, Taiwan ; Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou, Taiwan ; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-En Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Kai Wang
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Kan Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - David Hui-Kang Ma
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou, Taiwan ; Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou, Taiwan ; Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
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15
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Mueller P, Ye S, Morris A, Smyth SS. Lysophospholipid mediators in the vasculature. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:190-194. [PMID: 25825155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mueller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, United States
| | - Shaojing Ye
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, United States
| | - Andrew Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Lexington, KY 40511, United States
| | - Susan S Smyth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Lexington, KY 40511, United States.
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16
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Kurano M, Suzuki A, Inoue A, Tokuhara Y, Kano K, Matsumoto H, Igarashi K, Ohkawa R, Nakamura K, Dohi T, Miyauchi K, Daida H, Tsukamoto K, Ikeda H, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. Possible Involvement of Minor Lysophospholipids in the Increase in Plasma Lysophosphatidic Acid in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:463-70. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Asuka Inoue
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Yasunori Tokuhara
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Koji Igarashi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Junken Aoki
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., A.S., H.I., Y.Y.); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) (M.K., H.I., J.A., Y.Y.) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) (A.I.), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan (A.I.,
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17
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Wang L, Sibrian-Vazquez M, Escobedo JO, Wang J, Moore RG, Strongin RM. Spiroguanidine rhodamines as fluorogenic probes for lysophosphatidic acid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1697-700. [PMID: 25516957 PMCID: PMC4320994 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08818b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct determination of total lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was accomplished using newly developed spiroguanidines derived from rhodamine B as universal fluorogenic probes. Optimum conditions for the quantitative analysis of total LPA were investigated. The linear range for the determination of total LPA is up to 5 μM with a limit of detection of 0.512 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. Tel: +1-503-725-9724
| | - Martha Sibrian-Vazquez
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. Tel: +1-503-725-9724
| | - Jorge O. Escobedo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. Tel: +1-503-725-9724
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. Tel: +1-503-725-9724
| | - Richard G. Moore
- Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA; Tel: +1-401-453-7520
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. Tel: +1-503-725-9724
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18
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Balood M, Zahednasab H, Siroos B, Mesbah-Namin SA, Torbati S, Harirchian MH. Elevated serum levels of lysophosphatidic acid in patients with multiple sclerosis. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:411-3. [PMID: 24530753 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies have shown that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is involved both in inflammation and T cell apoptosis evasion. The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of LPA in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Twenty MS patients along with 20age-sex matched healthy individuals were recruited for this investigation. By employment of ELISA method, we demonstrated that MS patients had higher levels of LPA in serum than control group (P=0.006). This study is the first report of LPA elevation in MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Balood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Zahednasab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahaaddin Siroos
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mesbah-Namin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Torbati
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Jin S. Role of p53 in Anticancer Drug Treatment- and Radiation-Induced Injury in Normal Small Intestine. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 9:1-8. [PMID: 23691447 PMCID: PMC3643648 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human gastrointestinal tract, the functional mucosa of the small intestine has the highest capacity for absorption of nutrients and rapid proliferation rates, making it vulnerable to chemoradiotherapy. Recent understanding of the protective role of p53-mediated cell cycle arrest in the small intestinal mucosa has led researchers to explore new avenues to mitigate mucosal injury during cancer treatment. A traditional p53 inhibitor and two other molecules that exhibit strong protective effects on normal small intestinal epithelium during anticancer drug treatment and radiation therapy are introduced in this work. The objective of this review was to update current knowledge regarding potential mechanisms and targets that inhibit the side effects induced by chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
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20
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive phospholipid. As many other biological active lipids, LPA is an autacoid: it is formed locally on demand, and it acts locally near its site of synthesis. LPA has a plethora of biological activities on blood cells (platelets, monocytes) and cells of the vessel wall (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages) that are all key players in atherosclerotic and atherothrombotic processes. The specific cellular actions of LPA are determined by its multifaceted molecular structures, the expression of multiple G-protein coupled LPA receptors at the cell surface and their diverse coupling to intracellular signalling pathways. Numerous studies have now shown that LPA has thrombogenic and atherogenic actions. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive, yet concise, thoughtful and critical review of this exciting research area and to pinpoint potential pharmacological targets for inhibiting thrombogenic and atherogenic activities of LPA. We hope that the review will serve to accelerate knowledge of basic and clinical science, and to foster drug development in the field of LPA and atherosclerotic/atherothrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schober
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Yu FSX, Yin J, Xu K, Huang J. Growth factors and corneal epithelial wound healing. Brain Res Bull 2009; 81:229-35. [PMID: 19733636 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we briefly review recent findings in the effects of growth factors including the EGF family, KGF, HGF, IGF, insulin, and TGF-beta on corneal epithelial wound healing. We discuss the essential role of EGFR in inter-receptor cross-talk in response to wounding in corneal epithelium and bring forward a concept of "alarmins" to the field of wound healing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shin X Yu
- Kresge Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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22
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Williams JR, Khandoga AL, Goyal P, Fells JI, Perygin DH, Siess W, Parrill AL, Tigyi G, Fujiwara Y. Unique ligand selectivity of the GPR92/LPA5 lysophosphatidate receptor indicates role in human platelet activation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17304-17319. [PMID: 19366702 PMCID: PMC2719366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a ligand for LPA(1-3) of the endothelial differentiation gene family G-protein-coupled receptors, and LPA(4-8) is related to the purinergic family G-protein-coupled receptor. Because the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of GPR92/LPA(5) is limited and whether LPA is its preferred endogenous ligand has been questioned in the literature, in this study we applied a combination of computational and experimental site-directed mutagenesis of LPA(5) residues predicted to interact with the headgroup of LPA. Four residues involved in ligand recognition in LPA(5) were identified as follows: R2.60N mutant abolished receptor activation, whereas H4.64E, R6.62A, and R7.32A greatly reduced receptor activation. We also investigated the SAR of LPA(5) using LPA analogs and other non-lysophospholipid ligands. SAR revealed that the rank order of agonists is alkyl glycerol phosphate > LPA > farnesyl phosphates >> N-arachidonoylglycine. These results confirm LPA(5) to be a bona fide lysophospholipid receptor. We also evaluated several compounds with previously established selectivity for the endothelial differentiation gene receptors and found several that are LPA(5) agonists. A pharmacophore model of LPA(5) binding requirements was developed for in silico screening, which identified two non-lipid LPA(5) antagonists. Because LPA(5) transcripts are abundant in human platelets, we tested its antagonists on platelet activation and found that these non-lipid LPA(5) antagonists inhibit platelet activation. The present results suggest that selective inhibition of LPA(5) may provide a basis for future anti-thrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica R Williams
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Anna L Khandoga
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Pankaj Goyal
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - James I Fells
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Donna H Perygin
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Wolfgang Siess
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Abby L Parrill
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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23
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Ferry G, Moulharat N, Pradère JP, Desos P, Try A, Genton A, Giganti A, Beucher-Gaudin M, Lonchampt M, Bertrand M, Saulnier-Blache JS, Tucker GC, Cordi A, Boutin JA. S32826, a nanomolar inhibitor of autotaxin: discovery, synthesis and applications as a pharmacological tool. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:809-19. [PMID: 18755937 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.141911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin catalyzes the transformation of lyso-phosphatidylcholine in lyso-phosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is a phospholipid possessing a large panel of activity, in particular as a motility factor or as a growth signal, through its G-protein coupled seven transmembrane receptors. Indirect evidence strongly suggests that autotaxin is the main, if not the only source of circulating LPA. Because of its central role in pathologic conditions, such as oncology and diabetes/obesity, the biochemical properties of autotaxin has attracted a lot of attention, but confirmation of its role in pathology remains elusive. One way to validate and/or confirm its central role, is to find potent and selective inhibitors. A systematic screening of several thousand compounds using a colorimetric assay and taking advantage of the phosphodiesterase activity of autotaxin that requires the enzymatic site than for LPA generation, led to the discovery of a potent nanomolar inhibitor, [4-(tetradecanoylamino)benzyl]phosphonic acid (S32826). This compound was inhibitory toward the various autotaxin isoforms, using an assay measuring the [(14)C]lyso-phosphatidylcholine conversion into [(14)C]LPA. We also evaluated the activity of S32826 in cellular models of diabesity and oncology. Nevertheless, the poor in vivo stability and/or bioavailability of the compound did not permit to use it in animals. S32826 is the first reported inhibitor of autotaxin with an IC(50) in the nanomolar range that can be used to validate the role of autotaxin in various pathologies in cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ferry
- Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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Yin J, Yu FSX. ERK1/2 mediate wounding- and G-protein-coupled receptor ligands-induced EGFR activation via regulating ADAM17 and HB-EGF shedding. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:132-9. [PMID: 18658095 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that wounding of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) results in the release of G-protein-coupled receptor ligands such as ATP and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which in turn transactivate epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) through ectodomain shedding of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). In the present study, the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in regulating EGFR transactivation was investigated. METHODS SV40-immortalized HCECs were wounded or stimulated with ATP and LPA. EGFR and ADAM17 activation was analyzed by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis with phospho-tyrosine or phospho-serine antibodies, respectively. Phosphorylation of ERK and AKT was analyzed by Western blot analysis. HB-EGF shedding was assessed by measuring the release of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in a stably transfected human corneal epithelial (THCE) cell line expressing HB-EGF-AP. ADAM17 and ERK interaction was determined by coimmunoprecipitation. RESULTS Early, but not late, ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to wounding, LPA, and ATP was EGFR independent, but sensitive to the inhibitors of calcium influx, protein kinase C and Src kinase. Wounding-, LPA-, and ATP-induced HB-EGF shedding and EGFR activation were attenuated by the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126, as well as by ADAM10 and -17 inhibitors. ADAM17 was found to be physically associated with active ERK and phosphorylated at serine residues in an ERK-dependent manner in wounded cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that in addition to functioning as an EGFR downstream effector, ERK1/2 also mediates ADAM-dependent HB-EGF shedding and subsequent EGFR transactivation in response to a variety of stimuli, including wounding and GPCR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Gater DL, Seddon JM, Law RV. Formation of the liquid-ordered phase in fully hydrated mixtures of and. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:263-267. [PMID: 32907239 DOI: 10.1039/b710726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of cholesterol (Chol) in promoting lamellar phase formation in mixtures with 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Lyso-PPC) in excess water was investigated using multinuclear solid-state NMR and X-ray scattering. It was found that mixtures containing Chol and Lyso-PPC form a liquid-ordered (Lo) lamellar phase over a range of temperatures and concentrations, as previously observed in mixtures of Chol with various diacylphospholipids. The maximum quadrupolar splitting of the 2H-NMR powder patterns for samples containing per-deuterated Lyso-PPC were 40-50 kHz which is strongly indicative of an Lo phase. This evidence was supported by wide angle X-ray scattering data which showed a characteristic diffuse peak centred at 4.2 Å. The Lo phase coexists with an isotropic Lyso-PPC phase at Chol concentrations up to 70 mol% Chol, and with Chol crystals at Chol concentrations above this value. Below 70 mol% Chol, an increase in the concentration of Chol in the system caused a corresponding increase in the proportion of the Lo phase present compared with the amount of isotropic Lyso-PPC. The chemical-shift anisotropy (CSA) of the static 31P-NMR spectra of the Lo phase showed the symmetry of a lamellar phase, but the linewidth, Δσ, was much narrower than CSA powder patterns obtained for diacylphospholipids in similar conditions, being ∼20 ppm as opposed to ∼40 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Gater
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UKSW7 2AZ.
| | - John M Seddon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UKSW7 2AZ.
| | - Robert V Law
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UKSW7 2AZ.
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Moulharat N, Fould B, Giganti A, Boutin JA, Ferry G. Molecular pharmacology of adipocyte-secreted autotaxin. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 172:115-24. [PMID: 18282564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a type II ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme. It has been recently discovered that autotaxin also catalyses a lyso-phospholipase D activity. This enzyme probably provides most of the extracellular lyso-phosphatidic acid from lyso-phosphatidylcholine. There is almost no pharmacological tools available to study autotaxin. Indeed, all the reported inhibitors, thus far, are uneasy-to-use, lyso-phosphatidic acid derivatives. Initially, autotaxin was recognized as a phosphodiesterase (NPP2) [Bollen et al., Curr. Rev. Biochem. Biol. 35 (2000) 393-432], based on sequence similarity and enzymatic capability of autotaxin to catalyse ecto-nucleotidase activity. Phosphodiesterase forms a large family of enzymes characterized by a large number of chemically diverse inhibitors. None of them have been tested on autotaxin activity. For this reason, we screened those reported inhibitors, as well as a series of compounds, mostly kinase inhibitor-oriented, on autotaxin activity. Only two compounds of the various phosphodiesterase inhibitors (calmidazolium and vinpocetine) were potent enough to inhibit autotaxin catalytic activity. From the kinase inhibitor library, we found damnacanthal and hypericin, inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity in the 100-microM range, comparable to most of other available phospholipid-like inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Moulharat
- Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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27
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Giganti A, Rodriguez M, Fould B, Moulharat N, Cogé F, Chomarat P, Galizzi JP, Valet P, Saulnier-Blache JS, Boutin JA, Ferry G. Murine and human autotaxin alpha, beta, and gamma isoforms: gene organization, tissue distribution, and biochemical characterization. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7776-89. [PMID: 18175805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708705200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin is a type II ectonucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme. It has been recently discovered that it also has a lysophospholipase D activity. This enzyme probably provides most of the extracellular lysophosphatidic acid from lysophosphatidylcholine. The cloning and tissue distribution of the three isoforms (imaginatively called alpha, beta, and gamma) from human and mouse are reported in this study, as well as their tissue distribution by PCR in the human and mouse. The fate of the alpha isoform from human was also studied after purification and using mass spectrometry. Indeed, this particular isoform expresses the intron 12 in which a cleavage site is present, leading to a rapid catabolism of the isoform. For the human isoform gamma and the total autotaxin mRNA expression, quantitative PCR is presented in 21 tissues. The isoforms were expressed in two different hosts, insect cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, and were highly purified. The characteristics of the six purified isoforms (pH and temperature dependence, K(m) and V(max) values, and their dependence on metal ions) are presented in this study. Their sensitivity to a small molecule inhibitor, hypericin, is also shown. Finally, the specificity of the isoforms toward a large family of lysophosphatidylcholines is reported. This study is the first complete description of the reported autotaxin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Giganti
- Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Zhang H, Bialkowska A, Rusovici R, Chanchevalap S, Shim H, Katz JP, Yang VW, Chris Yun C. Lysophosphatidic acid facilitates proliferation of colon cancer cells via induction of Krüppel-like factor 5. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15541-9. [PMID: 17430902 PMCID: PMC2000347 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700702200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the multiple cellular effects mediated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), the effect on cell proliferation has extensively been investigated. A recent study showed that LPA-mediated proliferation of colon cancer cells requires activation of beta-catenin. However, the majority of colon cancer cells have deregulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. This prompted us to hypothesize the presence of additional pathway(s) activated by LPA resulting in an increase in the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcriptional factor highly expressed in the crypt compartment of the intestinal epithelium. In this work, we investigated a role of KLF5 in LPA-mediated proliferation. We show that LPA stimulated the expression levels of KLF5 mRNA and protein in colon cancer cells and this stimulation was mediated by LPA(2) and LPA(3). Silencing of KLF5 expression by small interfering RNA significantly attenuated LPA-mediated proliferation of SW480 and HCT116 cells. LPA-mediated KLF5 induction was partially blocked by inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and protein kinase C-delta. Moreover, we observed that LPA regulates KLF5 expression via eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2k). Inhibition of calmodulin or silencing of eEF2k blocked the stimulation in KLF5 expression. Knockdown of eEF2k specifically inhibited KLF5 induction by LPA but not by fetal bovine serum or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. These results identify KLF5 as a target of LPA-mediated signaling and suggest a role of KLF5 in promoting proliferation of intestinal epithelia in response to LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanchun Zhang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Agnieszka Bialkowska
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Raluca Rusovici
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sengthong Chanchevalap
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jonathan P. Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - C. Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Whitehead Bldg., Rm. 201, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322. Tel.: 404-712-2865; Fax: 404-727-5767; E-mail:
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Xu KP, Yin J, Yu FSX. Lysophosphatidic acid promoting corneal epithelial wound healing by transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:636-43. [PMID: 17251460 PMCID: PMC2665794 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the underlying mechanisms by which lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acts as a growth factor in stimulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) during corneal epithelial wound healing. METHODS Epithelial debridement wounds in cultured porcine corneas and scratch wounds in an epithelial monolayer of SV40-immortalized human corneal epithelial (THCE) cells were allowed to heal in the presence or absence of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor (tyrphostin AG1478), a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (GM6001), or a heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) antagonist (CRM197) with or without LPA. EGFR activation was analyzed by immunoprecipitation using EGFR antibodies and Western blotting with phosphotyrosine antibodies. Phosphorylation of ERK and AKT (a major substrate of PI3K) was analyzed by Western blotting with antibodies specific to the phosphorylated proteins. Wound- and LPA-induced shedding of HB-EGF was assessed by measuring the release of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in a stable THCE cell line that expressed HB-EGF with AP inserted in the heparin-binding site. RESULTS In organ and cell culture models, LPA enhanced corneal epithelial wound healing. LPA-stimulated and spontaneous wound closure was attenuated by AG1478, GM6001, or CRM197. Consistent with the effects on epithelial migration, these inhibitors, as well as the Src kinase inhibitor (PP2), retarded LPA-induced activation of EGFR and its downstream effectors ERK and AKT in THCE cells. Unlike exogenously added HB-EGF, LPA stimulated moderate EGFR phosphorylation; the level of phosphorylated EGFR was similar to that induced by wounding. However, LPA appeared to prolong wound-induced EGFR signaling. The release of HB-EGF assessed by AP activity increased significantly in response to wounding, LPA, or both, and the release of HB-EGF-AP induced by LPA was inhibited by PP2 and GM6001. CONCLUSIONS LPA accelerates corneal epithelial wound healing through its ability to induce autocrine HB-EGF signaling. Transactivation of EGFR by LPA represents a convergent signaling pathway accessible to stimuli such as growth factors and ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors in response to pathophysiological challenge in human corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Yanagida K, Ishii S, Hamano F, Noguchi K, Shimizu T. LPA4/p2y9/GPR23 mediates rho-dependent morphological changes in a rat neuronal cell line. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:5814-24. [PMID: 17172642 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610767200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent lipid mediator that evokes a variety of biological responses in many cell types via its specific G protein-coupled receptors. In particular, LPA affects cell morphology, cell survival, and cell cycle progression in neuronal cells. Recently, we identified p2y(9)/GPR23 as a novel fourth LPA receptor, LPA(4) (Noguchi, K., Ishii, S., and Shimizu, T. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 25600-25606). To assess the functions of LPA(4) in neuronal cells, we used rat neuroblastoma B103 cells that lack endogenous responses to LPA. In B103 cells stably expressing LPA(4), we observed G(q/11)-dependent calcium mobilization, but LPA did not affect adenylyl cyclase activity. In LPA(4) transfectants, LPA induced dramatic morphological changes, i.e. neurite retraction, cell aggregation, and cadherin-dependent cell adhesion, which involved Rho-mediated signaling pathways. Thus, our results demonstrated that LPA(4) as well as LPA(1) couple to G(q/11) and G(12/13), whereas LPA(4) differs from LPA(1) in that it does not couple to G(i/o). Through neurite retraction and cell aggregation, LPA(4) may play a role in neuronal development such as neurogenesis and neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Brault S, Gobeil F, Fortier A, Honoré JC, Joyal JS, Sapieha PS, Kooli A, Martin E, Hardy P, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Peri K, Lachapelle P, Varma D, Chemtob S. Lysophosphatidic acid induces endothelial cell death by modulating the redox environment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 292:R1174-83. [PMID: 17122328 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00619.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant stress plays a significant role in hypoxic-ischemic injury to the susceptible microvascular endothelial cells. During oxidant stress, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) concentrations increase. We explored whether LPA caused cytotoxicity to neuromicrovascular cells and the potential mechanisms thereof. LPA caused a dose-dependent death of porcine cerebral microvascular as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells; cell death appeared oncotic rather than apoptotic. LPA-induced cell death was mediated via LPA(1) receptor, because the specific LPA(1) receptor antagonist THG1603 fully abrogated LPA's effects. LPA decreased intracellular GSH levels and induced a p38 MAPK/JNK-dependent inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression. Pretreatment with the antioxidant GSH precursor N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), as well as with inhibitors of NOS [N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA); 1400W], significantly prevented LPA-induced endothelial cell death (in vitro) to comparable extents; as expected, p38 MAPK (SB203580) and JNK (SP-600125) inhibitors also diminished cell death. LPA did not increase indexes of oxidation (isoprostanes, hydroperoxides, and protein nitration) but did augment protein nitrosylation. Endothelial cytotoxicity by LPA in vitro was reproduced ex vivo in brain and in vivo in retina; THG1603, NAC, l-NNA, and combined SB-203580 and SP600125 prevented the microvascular rarefaction. Data implicate novel properties for LPA as a modulator of the cell redox environment, which partakes in endothelial cell death and ensued neuromicrovascular rarefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Brault
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Center, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1C5
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Meyer zu Heringdorf D, Jakobs KH. Lysophospholipid receptors: signalling, pharmacology and regulation by lysophospholipid metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1768:923-40. [PMID: 17078925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lysophospholipids, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), activate diverse groups of G-protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed and regulate decisive cellular functions. Receptors of the endothelial differentiation gene family are activated by S1P (S1P(1-5)) or LPA (LPA(1-3)); two more distantly related receptors are activated by LPA (LPA(4/5)); the GPR(3/6/12) receptors have a high constitutive activity but are further activated by S1P and/or SPC; and receptors of the OGR1 cluster (OGR1, GPR4, G2A, TDAG8) appear to be activated by SPC, LPC, psychosine and/or protons. G-protein-coupled lysophospholipid receptors regulate cellular Ca(2+) homoeostasis and the cytoskeleton, proliferation and survival, migration and adhesion. They have been implicated in development, regulation of the cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems, inflammation, arteriosclerosis and cancer. The availability of S1P and LPA at their G-protein-coupled receptors is regulated by enzymes that generate or metabolize these lysophospholipids, and localization plays an important role in this process. Besides FTY720, which is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase-2 and then acts on four of the five S1P receptors of the endothelial differentiation gene family, other compounds have been identified that interact with more ore less selectivity with lysophospholipid receptors.
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Baker DL, Fujiwara Y, Pigg KR, Tsukahara R, Kobayashi S, Murofushi H, Uchiyama A, Murakami-Murofushi K, Koh E, Bandle RW, Byun HS, Bittman R, Fan D, Murph M, Mills GB, Tigyi G. Carba analogs of cyclic phosphatidic acid are selective inhibitors of autotaxin and cancer cell invasion and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22786-93. [PMID: 16782709 PMCID: PMC3505596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512486200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX, nucleotide pyrophosphate/phosphodiesterase-2) is an autocrine motility factor initially characterized from A2058 melanoma cell-conditioned medium. ATX is known to contribute to cancer cell survival, growth, and invasion. Recently ATX was shown to be responsible for the lysophospholipase D activity that generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Production of LPA is sufficient to explain the effects of ATX on tumor cells. Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) is a naturally occurring analog of LPA in which the sn-2 hydroxy group forms a 5-membered ring with the sn-3 phosphate. Cellular responses to cPA generally oppose those of LPA despite activation of apparently overlapping receptor populations, suggesting that cPA also activates cellular targets distinct from LPA receptors. cPA has previously been shown to inhibit tumor cell invasion in vitro and cancer cell metastasis in vivo. However, the mechanism governing this effect remains unresolved. Here we show that 3-carba analogs of cPA lack significant agonist activity at LPA receptors yet are potent inhibitors of ATX activity, LPA production, and A2058 melanoma cell invasion in vitro and B16F10 melanoma cell metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Baker
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
- Department of Vascular Biology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
- Department of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Centers of Excellence, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
- The University of Tennessee Cancer Institute, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Kathryn R. Pigg
- Department of Vascular Biology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Ryoko Tsukahara
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Susumu Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromu Murofushi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Ayako Uchiyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | | | - Eunjin Koh
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Russell W. Bandle
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hoe-Sup Byun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367
| | - Dominic Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mandi Murph
- Department of Molecular Theraputics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Molecular Theraputics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
- The University of Tennessee Cancer Institute, Memphis, TN 38163
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Elmes SJR, Millns PJ, Smart D, Kendall DA, Chapman V. Evidence for biological effects of exogenous LPA on rat primary afferent and spinal cord neurons. Brain Res 2006; 1022:205-13. [PMID: 15353230 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing behavioural evidence that the phospholipid growth factor lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) modulates nociceptive responses in vivo. The present study investigated further the effects of LPA on peripheral nociceptive processing. Effects of intraplantar injection of LPA on ongoing and peripheral mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons were studied in vivo. In addition, LPA-evoked responses of adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were studied with calcium imaging. To determine whether LPA may also act at the level of the spinal cord, LPA receptor G-protein coupling in lumbar spinal cord sections was studied with in vitro autoradiography of guanylyl 5'-[g-[(35)S]thio]triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding. Intraplantar injection of LPA (5 microg/5 microl) significantly increased the duration (P<0.001) and frequency of spinal neuronal firing (P<0.01), compared to vehicle. Intraplantar injection of LPA (1 microg/5 microl) did not significantly alter innocuous and noxious mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons, but a higher dose of LPA (5 microg) significantly (P<0.05) attenuated mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons. Calcium imaging studies demonstrated that LPA (0.001-3 microM) increases intracellular calcium concentration in adult DRG neurons, suggesting that LPA can produce direct effects on. Incubation of spinal cord sections with LPA (1 microM) significantly (P<0.001) increased [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, suggesting that LPA may also have biological effects at this level. These data provide further evidence that exogenous LPA can modulate nociceptive processing and suggest that this may be mediated by a direct effect on primary afferent nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J R Elmes
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, E Floor, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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Yang M, Zhong WW, Srivastava N, Slavin A, Yang J, Hoey T, An S. G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors stimulate proliferation of colon cancer cells through the {beta}-catenin pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:6027-32. [PMID: 15837931 PMCID: PMC1087935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501535102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) LPA(1), LPA(2), or LPA(3) may play a role in the development of several types of cancers, including colorectal cancer. However, the specific receptor subtype(s) and their signal-transduction pathways responsible for LPA-induced cancer cell proliferation have not been fully elucidated. We show by specific RNA interference (RNAi) that LPA(2) and LPA(3) but not LPA(1) are targets for LPA-induced proliferation of HCT116 and LS174T colon cancer cells. We determined that LPA-induced colon cancer cell proliferation requires the beta-catenin signaling pathway, because knockdown of beta-catenin by RNAi abolished LPA-induced proliferation of HCT116 cells. Moreover, LPA activates the main signaling events in the beta-catenin pathway: phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), nuclear translocation of beta-catenin, transcriptional activation of T cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid-enhancer factor (Lef), and expression of target genes. Inhibition of conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) blocked the effects, suggesting its involvement in LPA-induced activation of the beta-catenin pathway. Thus, LPA(2) and LPA(3) signal the proliferation of colon cancer cells through cPKC-mediated activation of the beta-catenin pathway. These results link LPA and its GPCRs to cancer through a major oncogenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Biology, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Hirabayashi T, Murayama T, Shimizu T. Regulatory mechanism and physiological role of cytosolic phospholipase A2. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 27:1168-73. [PMID: 15305015 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha (cPLA2alpha) preferentially hydrolyzes phospholipids containing arachidonic acid and plays a key role in the biosynthesis of eicosanoids. This review discusses the essential features of cPLA2alpha regulation and addresses new insights into the functional properties of this enzyme. Full activation of the enzyme requires Ca2+ binding to an N-terminal C2 domain and phosphorylation on serine residues. Ca2+ binding induces translocation of cPLA2alpha from the cytosol to the perinuclear membranes. Serine phosphorylation is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and MAPK-interacting kinase Mnk1. Interaction with proteins and lipids, which include vimentin, annexins, NADPH oxidase, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and ceramide-1-phosphate, can also modulate the activity of cPLA2alpha. Recent evidence has established the physiological and pathological roles of cPLA2alpha using cPLA2alpha knockout mice. This enzyme has been implicated in fertility, striated muscle growth, renal concentration, postischemic brain injury, arthritis, inflammatory bone resorption, intestinal polyposis, pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Now novel three paralogs, cPLA2beta, cPLA2gamma, and cPLA2delta, have been identified in humans. cPLA2gamma is distinct from others in that it is farnesylated and lacks the C2 domain. Biological roles for these new enzymes have not yet been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are endogenous bioactive lipids that participate in the regulation of mammalian cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis. These processes are each critical for successful embryogenesis, raising the possibility that lysophospholipid signaling may contribute to normal animal development. In fact, recent studies in developmental model systems have established that S1P and LPA are necessary for diverse developmental programs including those required for morphogenesis of vertebrate reproductive, cardiovascular and central and peripheral nervous systems (PNS), as well as the establishment of maternal-fetal circulation and the immune system. Genetic, morphological, and biochemical characterization of developmental model systems offer powerful approaches to elucidating the molecular mechanisms of lysophospholipid signaling and its contributions to animal development and postnatal physiology. In this review, the routes of S1P and LPA metabolism and our current understanding of lysophospholipid-mediated signal transduction in mammalian cells will be summarized. The evidence implicating lysophospholipid signaling in the development of specific vertebrate systems will then be reviewed, with an emphasis on signals mediated through G protein-coupled receptors of the Edg family. Lastly, recent insights derived from the study of simple metazoan models and implications regarding lysophospholipid signaling in organisms in which Edg receptors are not conserved will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Saba
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609-1673, USA.
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Yin Z, Watsky MA. Chloride channel activity in human lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 288:L1110-6. [PMID: 15681397 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00344.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta stimulates human lung fibroblasts (HLF) to differentiate into myofibroblasts. We characterized lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-activated Cl- channel current (I(Cl-LPA)) in cultured human lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and investigated the influence of I(Cl-LPA) on fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. We recorded I(Cl-LPA) using the amphotericin perforated-patch technique. We activated I(Cl-LPA) using LPA or sphingosine-1-phosphate. We determined phenotype by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry using an anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibody. RT-PCR was performed to determine which phospholipid growth factor receptors are present in HLF. We found that HLF cultured in TGF-beta (myofibroblasts) had significantly elevated alpha-SMA levels and I(Cl-LPA) current density compared with control fibroblasts. I(Cl-LPA) activation was blocked by DIDS, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), and the LPA receptor-specific antagonist dioctyl-glycerol pyrophosphate (1 microM). DIDS and NPPB, in a dose-dependent manner, significantly reduced alpha-SMA levels in HLF stimulated with TGF-beta. These results demonstrate the receptor-mediated activation of I(Cl-LPA) by LPA and sphingosine-1-phosphate in cultured human lung myofibroblasts, with only minimal I(Cl-LPA) activity in fibroblasts. This Cl- channel activity appears to play a critical role in the differentiation of human lung fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohong Yin
- Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Lloyd B, Tao Q, Lang S, Wylie C. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling controls cortical actin assembly and cytoarchitecture in Xenopus embryos. Development 2005; 132:805-16. [PMID: 15659484 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that control shape and rigidity of early embryos are not well understood, and yet are required for all embryonic processes to take place. In the Xenopus blastula, the cortical actin network in each blastomere is required for the maintenance of overall embryonic shape and rigidity. However, the mechanism whereby each cell assembles the appropriate pattern and number of actin filament bundles is not known. The existence of a similar network in each blastomere suggests two possibilities: cell-autonomous inheritance of instructions from the egg; or mutual intercellular signaling mediated by cell contact or diffusible signals. We show that intercellular signaling is required for the correct pattern of cortical actin assembly in Xenopus embryos, and that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors, corresponding to LPA1 and LPA2 in mammals, are both necessary and sufficient for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Lloyd
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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40
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Tou JS, Gill JS. Lysophosphatidic acid increases phosphatidic acid formation, phospholipase D activity and degranulation by human neutrophils. Cell Signal 2005; 17:77-82. [PMID: 15451027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
I-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate, a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), in serum is a biologically active lipid and has multiple functions depending on the cell types. Several studies have shown that LPA stimulates phospholipase D (PLD) activity in fibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in culture. PLD plays a central role in regulating neutrophil functions. One of the functions of the lipid product, phosphatidic acid (PA), of PLD action in neutrophils is to promote degranulation. In the present study, we examined the effect of LPA on PLD activity and degranulation by human neutrophils. The results show that exogenous LPA increased PA formation, PLD activity and degranulation by human neutrophils in a time and concentration dependent manner. These findings suggest that LPA released from activated platelets during blood clotting may participate in bacterial killing and wound healing process. On the other hand, augmented LPA production might be involved in inflammation, causing damage of the host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Sie Tou
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Xing Y, Ganji SH, Noh JW, Kamanna VS. Cell density-dependent expression of EDG family receptors and mesangial cell proliferation: role in lysophosphatidic acid-mediated cell growth. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 287:F1250-7. [PMID: 15292052 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00342.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a major member of the bioactive lysophospholipids in serum, possesses diverse physiological activities including cell proliferation. Recently, three endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) family receptors, including EDG-2 (LPA1), EDG-4 (LPA2), and EDG-7 (LPA3), have been identified as LPA receptors. The role of LPA and their receptors in mesangial cell physiology is not clearly understood. This study examined the expression profile of EDG receptors as a function of cell density and the participation of EDG receptors in human mesangial cell proliferation by LPA. We showed that mesangial cells express all three EDG family LPA receptors in a cell density-dependent manner. EDG-7 maximally expressed at sparse cell density and minimally expressed in dense cell population. The EDG-2 expression pattern was opposite to the EDG-7. No changes in EDG-4 expression as a function of cell density were noted. DNA synthetic rate was greater in sparse cell density compared with dense cell population and followed a similar pattern with EDG-7 expression. Comparative studies in sparse and dense cell density indicated that EDG-7 was positively associated, whereas EDG-2 was negatively associated with cell proliferation rate. LPA induced mesangial cell proliferation by 1.5- to 3.5-fold. Dioctanoylglycerol pyrophosphate, an antagonist for EDG-7, almost completely inhibited mesangial cell proliferation induced by LPA. We suggest that EDG-7 regulates LPA-mediated mesangial cell proliferation. Additionally, these data suggest that EDG-7 and EDG-2 LPA receptors play a diverse role as proliferative and antiproliferative, respectively, in mesangial cells. Regulation of EDG family receptors may be importantly linked to mesangial cell-proliferative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Xing
- Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 5901 East Seventh St., Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
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42
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Colombaioni L, Garcia-Gil M. Sphingolipid metabolites in neural signalling and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 46:328-55. [PMID: 15571774 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolites, such as ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and complex sphingolipids (gangliosides), are recognized as molecules capable of regulating a variety of cellular processes. The role of sphingolipid metabolites has been studied mainly in non-neuronal tissues. These studies have underscored their importance as signals transducers, involved in control of proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we will focus on studies performed over the last years in the nervous system, discussing the recent developments and the current perspectives in sphingolipid metabolism and functions.
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Deng W, Poppleton H, Yasuda S, Makarova N, Shinozuka Y, Wang DA, Johnson LR, Patel TB, Tigyi G. Optimal lysophosphatidic acid-induced DNA synthesis and cell migration but not survival require intact autophosphorylation sites of the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:47871-80. [PMID: 15364923 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405443200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-elicited transphosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases has been implicated in mediating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation, which is necessary for LPA-induced cell proliferation, migration, and survival. B82L cells lack epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) but express LPA(1-3), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), ErbB2, and insulin-like growth factor receptor transcripts, yet LPA caused no detectable transphosphorylation of these receptor tyrosine kinases. LPA equally protected B82L cells, or transfectants expressing EGFR, the kinase dead EGFR(K721A), EGFR(Y5F) receptor mutant, which lacks five autophosphorylation sites, or EGFR(Y845F), which lacks the Src phosphorylation site from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. In contrast, LPA-elicited DNA synthesis and migration were augmented in cells expressing EGFR, EGFR(K721A), or EGFR(Y845F), but not EGFR(Y5F), although the PDGF responses were indistinguishable. LPA-induced transphosphorylation of the EGFR, ErbB2, or PDGF receptor was not required for its antiapoptotic effect. EGFR with or without intrinsic kinase activity or without the Src-phosphorylation site augmented, but was not required for, LPA-elicited cell proliferation or migration. In B82L cells, augmentation of these two LPA responses required intact autophosphorylation sites because among the four EGFR mutants, only cells expressing the EGFR(Y5F) mutant showed no enhancement. In EGFR(Y5F)-expressing cells, LPA failed to elicit tyrosine phosphorylation of Src homologous and collagen protein (SHC) and caused only a modest increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation similar to that in wild-type B82L cells. The present data pinpoint the lack of importance of the intrinsic kinase activity in contrast to the importance of autophosphorylation sites of the EGFR for SHC phosphorylation in the enhancement of select ERK1/2-dependent LPA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Deng
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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44
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Gala S, Williamson P. E2F1 promotes cytokine mediated cell survival via a mechanism that is separable from its cell cycle regulatory effects. Immunol Invest 2004; 33:173-91. [PMID: 15195696 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120034233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are important regulators of lymphocyte proliferation and survival during immune responses. The retinoblastoma pathway constitutes an important intracellular network that forms the basis of cell cycle regulation and cellular proliferation in all mammalian cells. Transcription factors of the E2F family form a central component of this pathway, and represent important targets for activation by mitogenic cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2). We have previously described a model for study of the E2F1 transcription factor by stable overexpression in the cytokine-dependent lymphoid progenitor cell line BaF-B03. In this model of IL-2 receptor signalling, E2F1 overexpressing BaF-B03 cells exhibit cytokine-independent cellular proliferation and survival, thereby supporting the concept that E2F activation is a critical step in the genesis of clonal expansion of antigen-primed lymphocytes. Here, we provide evidence linking E2FI to a serum-dependent cell survival pathway that is separable from its cell cycle regulatory effects. Our data show that the serum glycerophospholipid lysophosphatidic acid is capable of mediating this survival effect via a mechanism that is sensitive to chemical inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. IL-2 mediated cell survival, but not cell cycle progression, is dependent upon this serum-dependent cell survival pathway. The findings presented here provide an insight into how mitogenic cytokines such as IL-2 regulate the apparently separate processes of lymphocyte proliferation and survival via recruitment of the retinoblastoma pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Gala
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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45
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Sakamoto S, Yokoyama M, Zhang X, Prakash K, Nagao K, Hatanaka T, Getzenberg RH, Kakehi Y. Increased expression of CYR61, an extracellular matrix signaling protein, in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and its regulation by lysophosphatidic acid. Endocrinology 2004; 145:2929-40. [PMID: 14988385 PMCID: PMC3477642 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous lipid growth factor that is thought to play important roles in cell proliferation and antiapoptosis and therefore may have roles in the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). CYR61 (CCN1), on the other hand, is a growth factor-inducible immediate early gene that functions in cell proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix synthesis. Here we show the close relationship between LPA-induced expression of CYR61 and prostate enlargement. CYR61 mRNA and protein were dramatically up-regulated by 18:1 LPA (oleoyl-LPA) within 1 and 2 h, respectively, in both stromal and epithelial prostatic cells. G protein-coupled receptors, i.e. Edg-2, Edg-4, and Edg-7, for LPA were also expressed in both stromal and epithelial prostatic cells. Furthermore, on DNA microarray analysis for normal and BPH patients, CYR61 was found to be related to the development and progression of BPH, regardless of symptoms. Although CYR61 mRNA was synthesized in hyperplastic epithelial cells, in many cases of BPH, CYR61 protein was detected in both the epithelial and stromal regions of BPH patient tissues. The functional contribution of CYR61 to prostatic cell growth was demonstrated by recombinant CYR61 protein and anti-CYR61 neutralizing antibodies, which inhibited CYR61-dependent cell spreading and significantly diminished cell proliferation, respectively. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that LPAs induce the expression of CYR61 by activating G proteincoupled receptors and that CYR61 acts as a secreted autocrine and/or paracrine mediator in stromal and epithelial hyperplasia, demonstrating the potential importance of this signaling mechanism in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, JT Inc., 13-2, Fukuura 1-chome, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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47
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Le Stunff H, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Generation and metabolism of bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphate. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92:882-99. [PMID: 15258913 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysosphingophospholipid that has been implicated in the regulation of vital biological processes. Abundant evidence indicates that S1P acts as both an intracellular messenger and an extracellular ligand for a family of five specific G protein-coupled S1P receptors (S1PRs). Cellular levels of S1P are tightly regulated in a spatio-temporal manner through its synthesis catalyzed by sphingosine kinases (SphKs) and degradation by S1P lyase (SPL) and specific S1P phosphohydrolases. Over the past decade, the identification and cloning of genes encoding S1P metabolizing enzymes has increased rapidly. Overexpression and deletion of these enzymes has provided important insights into the intracellular and the "inside-out" functions of S1P. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of S1P metabolizing enzymes, their enzymatic properties, and their roles in the control of cellular functions by S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Le Stunff
- Laboratoire d'Activation Cellulaire et Transduction des Signaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 8619, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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48
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Meyer Zu Heringdorf D. Lysophospholipid receptor-dependent and -independent calcium signaling. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92:937-48. [PMID: 15258917 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cellular Ca(2+) concentrations form a ubiquitous signal regulating numerous processes such as fertilization, differentiation, proliferation, contraction, and secretion. The Ca(2+) signal, highly organized in space and time, is generated by the cellular Ca(2+) signaling toolkit. Lysophospholipids, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), or lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) use this toolkit in a specific manner to initiate their cellular responses. Acting as agonists at G protein-coupled receptors, S1P, SPC, and LPA increase the intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by using the classical, phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent pathway as well as PLC-independent pathways such as sphingosine kinase (SphK)/S1P. The S1P(1) receptor, via protein kinase C, inhibits the [Ca(2+)](i) transients caused by other receptors. Both S1P and SPC also act intracellularly to regulate [Ca(2+)](i). Intracellular S1P mobilizes Ca(2+) in intact cells independently of G protein-coupled S1P receptors, and Ca(2+) signaling by many agonists requires SphK-mediated S1P production. As shown for the FcepsilonRI receptor, PLC and SphK may contribute specific components to the overall [Ca(2+)](i) transient. Of the many open questions, identification of the intracellular S1P target site(s) appears to be of particular importance.
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Abstract
Successful sequencing of the human genome has opened a new era in the life sciences and has greatly accelerated biomedical research. Among various research endeavors benefiting from established genomic information, one of the most fruitful areas is the research on orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Many intercellular mediators, including peptides, lipids, and other small molecules, have found their GPCRs in the plasma membrane, e.g., relaxin and tyramine. In the past 14 months, more than one dozen papers have been published reporting the finding of intercellular lipid mediators acting on rhodopsin family GPCRs. This review focuses primarily on intercellular lipid mediators and their recently discovered GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, San 30, Chang-Jun-dong, Keum-Jung-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Smyth SS, Sciorra VA, Sigal YJ, Pamuklar Z, Wang Z, Xu Y, Prestwich GD, Morris AJ. Lipid phosphate phosphatases regulate lysophosphatidic acid production and signaling in platelets: studies using chemical inhibitors of lipid phosphate phosphatase activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:43214-23. [PMID: 12909631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood platelets play an essential role in ischemic heart disease and stroke contributing to acute thrombotic events by release of potent inflammatory agents within the vasculature. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator produced by platelets and found in the blood and atherosclerotic plaques. LPA receptors on platelets, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells regulate growth, differentiation, survival, motility, and contractile activity. Definition of the opposing pathways of synthesis and degradation that control extracellular LPA levels is critical to understanding how LPA bioactivity is regulated. We show that intact platelets and platelet membranes actively dephosphorylate LPA and identify the major enzyme responsible as lipid phosphate phosphatase 1 (LPP1). Localization of LPP1 to the platelet surface is increased by exposure to LPA. A novel receptor-inactive sn-3-substituted difluoromethylenephosphonate analog of phosphatidic acid that is a potent competitive inhibitor of LPP1 activity potentiates platelet aggregation and shape change responses to LPA and amplifies LPA production by agonist-stimulated platelets. Our results identify LPP1 as a pivotal regulator of LPA signaling in the cardiovascular system. These findings are consistent with genetic and cell biological evidence implicating LPPs as negative regulators of lysophospholipid signaling and suggest that the mechanisms involve both attenuation of lysophospholipid actions at cell surface receptors and opposition of lysophospholipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Smyth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0668, USA
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