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Martín-González E, Olmedo-Córdoba M, Flores P, Moreno-Montoya M. Differential Neurobiological Markers in Phenotype-stratified Rats Modeling High or Low Vulnerability to Compulsive Behavior: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1924-1933. [PMID: 36411566 PMCID: PMC10514532 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221121091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsivity is a key manifestation of inhibitory control deficit and a cardinal symptom in different neuropsychopathological disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, addiction, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), is an animal model to study compulsivity. In this procedure, rodents develop excessive and persistent drinking behavior under different food-reinforcement schedules, that are not related to homeostatic or regulatory requirements. However, there are important individual differences that support the role of high-drinker HD rats as a compulsive phenotype, characterized in different paradigms by inhibitory response deficit, cognitive inflexibility, and resistant to extinction behavior; with significant differences in response to pharmacological challenges, and relevant neurobiological alterations in comparison with the control group, the non-compulsive low drinker LD group on SIP. The purpose of this review is to collate and update the main findings on the neurobiological bases of compulsivity using the SIP model. Specifically, we reviewed preclinical studies on SIP, that have assessed the effects of serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic drugs; leading to the description of the neurobiological markers, such as the key role of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and glutamatergic signaling in a phenotype vulnerable to compulsivity as high drinker HD rats selected by SIP. The review of the main findings of HD rats on SIP helps in the characterization of the preclinical compulsive phenotype, disentangles the underlying neurobiological, and points toward genetic hallmarks concerning the vulnerability to compulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martín-González
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Manuela Olmedo-Córdoba
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Pilar Flores
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Margarita Moreno-Montoya
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
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Negative valence system as a relevant domain in compulsivity: review in a preclinical model of compulsivity. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:491-500. [PMID: 36377776 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive behavior is observed in different neuropsychiatric disorders such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), anxiety, phobia, schizophrenia and addiction. Compulsivity has been proposed as a transdiagnostic symptom, where the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) strategy could help to understand its neuropsychological basis for a better understanding, and development of therapeutic and preventive strategies. However, research on compulsivity has been focused on the cognitive control domain, and the contribution of an altered negative valence system has been less considered. In this review, we collate the main findings in an animal model of compulsivity, the high drinker (HD) rats selected by Schedule-Induced Polydipsia (SIP) regarding these two research domains. This preclinical model of compulsivity has shown a phenotype characterized by a lack of behavioral inhibition, impulsive decision-making and cognitive inflexibility. Moreover, the results in compulsive HD rats, suggests that there is also a relevant alteration in the emotional dimension, linked to the negative valence system domain, as for example by: the increased perseverative responses in a withdrawal condition, associated with the behavioral construct of frustrative non-reward; and an inhibition or extinction deficit in memory retrieval associated with an alteration in the behavioral response to sustained threat. However, the precise nature of the link between these shared altered domains, cognitive control and negative valence system, remains unknown. These results point towards relevant behavioral aspects of the compulsive phenotype that should be taken into account when studying the vulnerability to compulsivity that could help in the development of a better transdiagnostic assessment, preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Le TM, Wang W, Zhornitsky S, Dhingra I, Chen Y, Zhang S, Li CSR. The Neural Processes Interlinking Social Isolation, Social Support, and Problem Alcohol Use. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 24:333-343. [PMID: 33211853 PMCID: PMC8059487 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective feeling of social isolation, as can be measured by perceived burdensomeness (PB), is a major risk factor for alcohol misuse. Heightened PB is associated with elevated stress response and diminished cognitive control, both of which contribute to problem drinking. Here, we sought to identify the neural substrates underlying the relationship between PB and alcohol misuse. METHODS We employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected from 61 problem drinkers to characterize the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus and ventral striatum (VS) in relation to PB. We specifically examined whether the connectivities of the hypothalamus and VS were differentially influenced by PB to produce contrasting effects on alcohol use. Finally, we evaluated how individual differences in social support modulate the inter-relationships of social isolation, neural connectivity, and the severity of problem drinking. RESULTS Whole-brain multiple regressions show a positive relationship between PB and hypothalamic connectivity with the hippocampus and an inverse pattern for VS connectivity with the middle frontal gyrus. Difference in strength between the 2 connectivities predicted the severity of problem drinking, suggesting an imbalance involving elevated hypothalamic and diminished prefrontal cortical modulation in socially isolated problem drinkers. A path analysis further revealed that the lack of social support was associated with a bias toward low prefrontal connectivity, which in turn increased PB and facilitated problem drinking. CONCLUSIONS Altered hypothalamus and VS connectivity may underlie problem drinking induced by social isolation. The current findings also highlight the important role of social support as a potential protective factor against alcohol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang M Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Correspondence: Thang M. Le, PhD, Connecticut Mental Health Center, S105, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA ()
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Isha Dhingra
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Navarro SV, Alvarez R, Colomina MT, Sanchez-Santed F, Flores P, Moreno M. Behavioral Biomarkers of Schizophrenia in High Drinker Rats: A Potential Endophenotype of Compulsive Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:778-787. [PMID: 27872269 PMCID: PMC5472118 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychogenic polydipsia, which is compulsive, non-regulatory fluid consumption, is present in 6%-20% of chronic psychiatric patients and frequently associated with the schizophrenia diagnosis. In the present study, we investigated the relation between schizophrenia-like symptoms and biomarkers with a compulsive drinking behavior phenotype in rats. Rats that were selected for low drinking vs high drinking behavior following schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) were assessed in a latent inhibition (LI) paradigm using tone and electrical foot shock and in a spatial reversal learning task to evaluate behavioral inflexibility. We also analyzed the myelin basic protein in different brain areas of high drinker (HD) and low drinker (LD) rats. The HD rats, which were characterized by a compulsive drinking behavior on SIP, had a reduced level of LI effect and increased behavioral inflexibility in the spatial reversal learning task in comparison to the LD group. Moreover, HD rats showed less myelination in the center of the corpus callosum, striatum, and amygdala in comparison to LD rats. These findings strengthen the validity of HD rats that were selected by SIP as a possible phenotype of compulsive neuropsychiatric disorders, as evidenced by the existence of behaviors and biological markers that are related to schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, including a reduced LI effect, behavioral inflexibility and reduced brain myelination. Future studies could contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the compulsive phenotype of HD rats and its relation to vulnerability to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V. Navarro
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CEIA3), Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Alvarez
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CEIA3), Almería, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Colomina
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain;,Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fernando Sanchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CEIA3), Almería, Spain
| | - Pilar Flores
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CEIA3), Almería, Spain
| | - Margarita Moreno
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CEIA3), Almería, Spain
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Navarro SV, Gutiérrez-Ferre V, Flores P, Moreno M. Activation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors inhibits high compulsive drinking on schedule-induced polydipsia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:683-97. [PMID: 25155310 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is an established model for studying compulsive behaviour in rats. Serotoninergic drugs effectively reduce compulsive drinking on SIP, and high compulsive drinker rats selected by SIP have shown differences in serotoninergic brain activity. However, the specific serotoninergic receptors that modulate compulsive SIP remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated the functional role of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A or C (5-HT2A/C) receptors in compulsive SIP behaviour. METHODS Rats were selected for low (LD) versus high drinking (HD) behaviour on SIP. The effects of the systemic administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine, serotonin 5-HT2A/C receptor agonist DOI hydrochloride ((±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine), serotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin and M100907 were assessed on SIP. Subsequently, the effects of DOI were tested after the pre-administration of SB242084, ketanserin and M100907 on SIP. RESULTS Citalopram and DOI reduced compulsive drinking in HD compared with LD rats on SIP. In contrast, SB242084 increased compulsive drinking in HD compared with LD rats on SIP. Atomoxetine, ketanserin and M100907 had no effect on SIP. The reduction in water intake produced by DOI was blocked by ketanserin and M100907, but not by SB242084 administration, in HD rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the contribution of serotoninergic 5-HT2A/C receptors compared with noradrenergic mechanisms on SIP and reveal the "therapeutic" activation of serotonin 5-HT2A in the inhibition of the compulsive drinking behaviour in HD rats. Thus, it may represent a potentially new marker of vulnerability and provides additional insight for potential treatments on compulsive behaviours in neuropsychiatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Victoria Navarro
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Schedule-induced polydipsia as a model of compulsive behavior: neuropharmacological and neuroendocrine bases. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:647-59. [PMID: 22113447 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), characterized by the development of excessive drinking under intermittent food-reinforcement schedules, has been proposed as a successful model for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and alcohol abuse. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to review the main findings and current thinking regarding the use of SIP for compulsivity assessment and evaluate its contribution to improving our knowledge of the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying the excessive behavior manifested in SIP relevant to compulsive behavior disorders. METHODS The literature reviews SIP procedure and surveys main findings about its neurobehavioral basis and pharmacology relevant to its possible status as a model for compulsive disorders. Specifically, we reviewed effects of antipsychotics and serotoninergic drugs used in the treatment of OCD and schizophrenia. We also considered individual differences in SIP and its relevance as a possible compulsivity endophenotype. CONCLUSIONS SIP represents an animal model of non-regulatory and excessive drinking that may be valid for studying the psychopharmacology of the compulsive phenotype and modeling different psychopathologies from compulsivity spectrum disorders.
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Poor inhibitory control and neurochemical differences in high compulsive drinker rats selected by schedule-induced polydipsia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:661-72. [PMID: 22113449 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), characterized by the development of excessive drinking under intermittent food reinforcement schedules, has been proposed as a model for obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and drug abuse. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to investigate if individual differences in SIP reflect psychopathological behavioural traits related to lack of inhibitory control and reactivity to novelty, and if these differences have neurochemical correlates. METHODS Outbred Wistar rats were selected for being either high (HD) or low (LD) drinkers according to their SIP behaviour. We tested locomotor reactivity to a novel environment and inhibitory control on the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), under baseline vs. extinction conditions and following challenge with D: -amphetamine (saline, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg). Post-mortem analyses of the monoaminergic levels in different brain regions were also analysed. RESULTS Compared to LD animals, HD rats exhibiting SIP acquisition showed no differences in spontaneous locomotor reactivity to novelty. On the 5-CSRTT, HD rats showed a greater increase in perseverative responses under extinction, a trend towards elevated premature responses on baseline, and a significantly greater elevation of premature responses to D: -amphetamine 0.5 mg/kg. The HD animals also exhibited increased serotonin activity in the amygdala, and correlational analyses between the rate of drinking on SIP and monoamine levels also revealed altered dopaminergic mesolimbic function. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that HD rats selected by SIP exhibit compulsive and impulsive behaviour based on measures of performance on the five-choice serial reaction time task and associated with changes in monoaminergic systems in limbic-striatal circuitry.
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Pellón R, Ruíz A, Moreno M, Claro F, Ambrosio E, Flores P. Individual differences in schedule-induced polydipsia: Neuroanatomical dopamine divergences. Behav Brain Res 2011; 217:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Stratford TR, Wirtshafter D. Opposite effects on the ingestion of ethanol and sucrose solutions after injections of muscimol into the nucleus accumbens shell. Behav Brain Res 2010; 216:514-8. [PMID: 20804790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Injection of the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol into the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) elicits robust feeding in satiated rats, but has no effect on water intake. The current study was designed to examine whether intra-AcbSh muscimol injections influence the intake of ethanol solutions in rats trained to drink using a limited access paradigm. We confirmed that bilateral injections of muscimol (100 ng) into the AcbSh produce large increases in the intake of sucrose solutions and of the chow maintenance diet but found in two independent experiments that these injections potently reduce the intake of a 10% ethanol solution. Furthermore, intra-AcbSh muscimol significantly increased intake of an ethanol-sucrose mixture. These results demonstrate that activating GABA(A) receptors in the vicinity of the AcbSh can have opposite effects on the intake of different caloric substances and are consistent with the possibility that GABAergic circuits in the AcbSh may play a role in mediating voluntary ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Stratford
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology (m/c 285), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA.
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Vendruscolo LF, Gueye AB, Vendruscolo JCM, Clemens KJ, Mormède P, Darnaudéry M, Cador M. Reduced alcohol drinking in adult rats exposed to sucrose during adolescence. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:388-94. [PMID: 20600175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intake of sweet-alcoholic drinks during adolescence is believed to favor alcohol abuse and dependence in adulthood. This study examined the influence of early exposure to ethanol with or without sucrose on the consumption of sweet or alcoholic solutions in adulthood. Adolescent rats (from post-natal day 30-46) were given continuous free access to tap water and either 5% sucrose, 5% ethanol or mixed 5% sucrose-5% ethanol. The control group was given access to water only. Upon reaching adulthood (post-natal day 60), rats were tested for saccharin (sweet), quinine (bitter) and ethanol consumption using a two-bottle free-choice paradigm. The results indicated that pre-exposure to ethanol did not alter the intake of sweet or ethanol solutions in adulthood. However, rats exposed to sucrose during adolescence showed a decreased consumption of both sweet and ethanol solutions. Because alcohol has a sweet taste component, an additional group of rats, pre-exposed to either 5% sucrose or water during adolescence, was tested for intravenous ethanol self-administration (preventing oral sensory stimulation) and in a new model of simultaneous access to oral saccharin and intravenous ethanol that results in higher total ethanol intake. Relative to controls, sucrose-exposed rats showed reduced operant self-administration of saccharin, yet no differences were found for intravenous ethanol self-administration. Altogether, these findings indicate that sucrose exposure during adolescence persistently affected the perception of sweet taste reward and thereby alcohol's acceptance in adulthood.
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Toalston JE, Oster SM, Kuc KA, Pommer TJ, Murphy JM, Lumeng L, Bell RL, McBride WJ, Rodd ZA. Effects of alcohol and saccharin deprivations on concurrent ethanol and saccharin operant self-administration by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol 2008; 42:277-84. [PMID: 18400451 PMCID: PMC4280856 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of sweet solutions has been associated with a reduction in withdrawal symptoms and alcohol craving in humans. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of ethanol and saccharin (SACC) deprivations on operant oral self-administration. Alcohol-preferring (P) rats were allowed to lever press concurrently self-administer ethanol (15% vol/vol) and SACC (0.0125% g/vol) for 8 weeks. Rats were then maintained on daily operant access (nondeprived), deprived of both fluids (2 weeks), deprived of SACC and given 2 ml of ethanol daily, or deprived of ethanol and given 2 ml of SACC daily. All groups were then given 2 weeks of daily operant access to ethanol and SACC, followed by an identical second deprivation period. P rats responded more for ethanol than SACC. All deprived groups increased responding on the ethanol lever, but not on the SACC lever. Daily consumption of 2 ml ethanol decreased the duration of the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). Home cage access to 2 ml of SACC also decreased the ADE but to a lesser extent than access to ethanol. A second deprivation period further increased and prolonged the expression of an ADE. These results show ethanol is a more salient reinforcer than SACC. With concurrent access to ethanol and SACC, P rats do not display a saccharin deprivation effect. Depriving P rats of both ethanol and SACC had the most pronounced effect on the magnitude and duration of the ADE, suggesting that there may be some interactions between ethanol and SACC in their CNS reinforcing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E. Toalston
- Department of Psychology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Scott M. Oster
- Department of Psychology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kelly A. Kuc
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Tylene J. Pommer
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - James M. Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Psychology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Lawrence Lumeng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Richard L. Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - William J. McBride
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Zachary A. Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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López-Grancha M, Lopez-Crespo G, Sanchez-Amate MC, Flores P. Individual differences in schedule-induced polydipsia and the role of gabaergic and dopaminergic systems. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 197:487-98. [PMID: 18322677 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-1059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The research of individual differences has opened new possibilities for better exploring the neurobiological basis of vulnerability to psychopathological disorders. OBJECTIVE We extended this approach by using schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP). METHODS Outbred male Wistar rats were characterized as either high (HD) or low (LD) drinker according to their behavior in SIP. Subsequently, their performance in the elevated plus maze (EPM) was studied for possible differences in anxiety-like behaviors. Finally, the effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), diazepam, d-amphetamine, and cocaine on individual differences in SIP were investigated. RESULTS HD rats acquired SIP faster and reached higher asymptotic levels than LD. Nose pokes, however, were greater in LD. In the EPM, there were no differences between HD and LD animals. Gabaergic drug effects on SIP did not differ between HD and LD rats. Compared to saline, PTZ reduced and diazepam increased water SIP drinking. On the other hand, amphetamine dose-dependently reduced SIP in HD, whereas the highest dose was required to reduce SIP in LD. HD rats also showed reductions in SIP drinking after cocaine administration. However, the effects of these drugs on nose pokes did not differ between HD and LD. CONCLUSION These data provide novel evidence that individual differences in SIP are not predictive of behavioral reactivity in animal models of anxiety and suggest an important role for the dopaminergic system in such individual differences. These findings point to SIP as a useful animal model for investigating the neurobiological basis of vulnerability to several psychopathologies in which the dopaminergic system is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Grancha
- Departmento de Neurociencia y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, Almería, Spain
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Cardona D, López-Grancha M, López-Crespo G, Nieto-Escamez F, Sánchez-Santed F, Flores P. Vulnerability of long-term neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: effect on schedule-induced polydipsia and a delay discounting task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 189:47-57. [PMID: 17016712 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a common organophosphate (OP) insecticide that has been widely used in extensive agriculture as a pesticide. The primary mechanism of acute toxic action of OPs is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, targets other than AChE have been proposed to contribute to the acute lethal action and side effects of short- or long-term exposure to these compounds. Bekkedal et al. (Sci Total Environ 274:119-123;2001) showed that chronic administration of the OP trimethylolpropane phosphate (TMPP) reduces the number of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) sessions necessary to induce asymptotic drinking level. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present work, rats were injected with 250 mg/kg CPF and 6 months later, its effect on schedule-induced polydipsia was evaluated. In addition, after stable levels of SIP, a pharmacological study was carried out to determine the implication of other systems in the long-term effects of OPs. Finally, these animals were evaluated in a delay discounting task, as a measure of impulsivity. RESULTS Results indicate that the CPF group gives more licks to obtain the same amount of water than control rats (VHC). Moreover, the administration of diazepam produces an increased water intake in the CPF without any observable effect in VHC rats. Data of the delay discounting task show that CPF rats prefer an immediate reward and show a major impulsive choice. DISCUSSION Taken together, our data confirm and extend the long-term behavioral effects of subcutaneous administration of CPF and point to a role for other systems that, besides AChE inhibition, contribute to the long-term neurotoxicity of CPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cardona
- Departamento de Neurociencia y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, Almería, 04120, Spain.
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Escher T, Call SB, Blaha CD, Mittleman G. Behavioral effects of aminoadamantane class NMDA receptor antagonists on schedule-induced alcohol and self-administration of water in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 187:424-34. [PMID: 16835770 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aminoadamantanes represent a class of NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists that reduce alcohol consumption and may prevent alcohol-induced neuronal adaptations and side effects. OBJECTIVE Behavioral specificity of memantine and amantadine on alcohol drinking in a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) task was investigated in mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were food-deprived and divided into four groups: 5% alcohol SIP, water SIP, 1 h limited access regulatory water drinking, and a control group to determine if either drug altered ethanol drinking. Behavioral specificity of memantine (5, 10, and 25 mg/kg, ip) and amantadine (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg, ip) was determined by comparing alterations in alcohol or water consumption in SIP and regulatory water drinking. Drug effects on SIP drinking-specific measures (grams per kilogram consumption) were also compared to nondrinking measures (locomotion, head-entries for food, and lick efficiency). RESULTS Compared to saline, memantine reduced alcohol SIP drinking (10 and 25 mg/kg). Memantine increased locomotion during alcohol SIP (25 mg/kg) and during water SIP (5 and 25 mg/kg). In contrast, amantadine reduced both alcohol SIP (40 mg/kg) and water SIP (40 and 60 mg/kg). Both drugs reduced regulatory water consumption over the entire dose range tested. Blood alcohol concentrations indicated consumption of physiologically meaningful amounts of alcohol during SIP, and that changes in alcohol metabolism did not account for drug-induced reductions in alcohol drinking. CONCLUSIONS In addition to reducing alcohol drinking, both drugs had other behavioral effects that included reductions in regulatory drinking. These results suggest that the therapeutic utility of these drugs for ameliorating human alcohol addiction remains questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobie Escher
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Escher T, Mittleman G. Schedule-induced alcohol drinking: non-selective effects of acamprosate and naltrexone. Addict Biol 2006; 11:55-63. [PMID: 16759337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acamprosate and naltrexone are therapeutically effective drugs that promote abstinence and prevent drinking relapse among alcohol-dependent patients, and dose-dependently decrease alcohol self-administration in animals. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the behavioral specificity of acamprosate and naltrexone treatment in mice on alcohol drinking elicited in a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) task. Food-deprived male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were divided into three groups assigned to a 5% alcohol SIP, water SIP, or a 1-hour limited access regulatory water drinking task. Injections (intraperitoneal) of acute (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and chronic (2 x 100 mg/kg, 10 days) acamprosate, or naltrexone (0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg) were administered. Behavioral drug specificity was determined by comparing alterations in alcohol or water consumption in SIP with alterations in limited access drinking. Additionally, drug effects on drinking-specific measures (g/kg consumption and lick efficiency) were compared with those of non-drinking measures (head entries for food and locomotor activity) during SIP. In comparison with saline injections, acute acamprosate (400 mg/kg) reduced both alcohol and water drinking in both SIP and the regulatory drinking conditions, but had no significant effects on non-drinking measures. Chronic administration of acamprosate reduced both alcohol and water drinking during SIP, but did not significantly affect regulatory drinking or non-drinking measures. Naltrexone (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg) reduced alcohol and water drinking in both paradigms, and at the highest dose, significantly reduced head entries for food. These results indicate that acamprosate (acute and chronic) and naltrexone are relatively non-selective in their effects on alcohol self-administration in this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobie Escher
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, CA 92037, USA.
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Sukhotina IA, Malyshkin AA, Markou A, Bespalov AY. Lack of depression-like effects of saccharin deprivation in rats: forced swim test, differential reinforcement of low rates and intracranial self-stimulation procedures. Behav Neurosci 2004; 117:970-7. [PMID: 14570547 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In humans and laboratory animals, drug withdrawal often is associated with depression-like behaviors. In the present study, rats had unlimited free-choice access to water and a saccharin-containing solution before being subjected to repeated episodes of saccharin deprivation. Saccharin deprivation (1) reduced immobility time in the forced swim test, (2) increased reinforcement rate in rats trained to lever-press under the differential reinforcement of a low-rate (72-sec) schedule of food reinforcement, and (3) lowered intracranial self-stimulation thresholds in a discrete-trial current titration procedure. Taken together, these findings suggest that deprivation from a nondrug reinforcer, saccharin, is not associated with depression-like behaviors. In contrast, saccharin-deprived rats demonstrated improved performance in the behavioral paradigms used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Sukhotina
- Institute of Pharmacology, Lab of Behavioral Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, St Petersburg 197089, Russia
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Abstract
In previous studies we identified a lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) sensitive to ethanol, < 5.0 mM, when the perifornical region of the area is perfused with different concentrations of ethanol. Some of these perifornical neurons contain angiotensin (Ang) and project directly to the dentate gyrus where angiotensin is released and inhibits LTP in medial perforant path-dentate granule cell synapses. The AT1 subtype receptor is involved because pretreatment with losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents Ang II, diazepam, and ethanol impairment of LTP as well as their effects on behavior. There is a possibility that these effects were not specific to the LHA; but might be attributable to direct effects of ethanol on postsynaptic granule cells due to diffusion of the ethanol in the extracellular space or by the circulatory system. The purpose of the present study was to determine a dose effect of ethanol on LTP in these same synapses when the dentate gyrus was perfused with several different concentrations of ethanol under the same conditions in urethane anesthetized rats. Ethanol was administered directly into the dentate gyrus by means of a fine stainless steel cannula attached approximately 1.0 mm from the tip of the glass capillary recording electrode. Results show that the threshold for ethanol in the dentate is higher by a factor of ten, > 30 mM and < 50 mM; and that at higher doses ethanol can have a direct effect on the LHA; and possibly toxic due to increasing ethanol in the blood circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wayner
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 N. Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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