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Paes AS, Koga RDCR, Sales PF, Santos Almeida HK, Teixeira TACC, Carvalho JCT. Phytocompounds from Amazonian Plant Species against Acute Kidney Injury: Potential Nephroprotective Effects. Molecules 2023; 28:6411. [PMID: 37687240 PMCID: PMC10490259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several Amazonian plant species with potential pharmacological validation for the treatment of acute kidney injury, a condition in which the kidneys are unable to adequately filter the blood, resulting in the accumulation of toxins and waste in the body. Scientific production on plant compounds capable of preventing or attenuating acute kidney injury-caused by several factors, including ischemia, toxins, and inflammation-has shown promising results in animal models of acute kidney injury and some preliminary studies in humans. Despite the popular use of Amazonian plant species for kidney disorders, further pharmacological studies are needed to identify active compounds and subsequently conduct more complex preclinical trials. This article is a brief review of phytocompounds with potential nephroprotective effects against acute kidney injury (AKI). The classes of Amazonian plant compounds with significant biological activity most evident in the consulted literature were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. An expressive phytochemical and pharmacological relevance of the studied species was identified, although with insufficiently explored potential, mainly in the face of AKI, a clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Souza Paes
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
| | - Rosemary de Carvalho Rocha Koga
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
| | - Priscila Faimann Sales
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
| | - Hellen Karine Santos Almeida
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
- University Hospital, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Thiago Afonso Carvalho Celestino Teixeira
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
- University Hospital, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
- University Hospital, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
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Gonçalves J, Luís Â, Gallardo E, Duarte AP. A Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2573. [PMID: 37447135 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional therapies, resorting to the use of plants, have acquired a great demand over the years, both for economic reasons and the preference for natural treatments. Some studies suggest that ayahuasca may have beneficial properties in treating some physical and psychological imbalances. Thus, we carried out a systematic review of studies published up to December 2022, where these themes were addressed. The search was carried out in the PubMed database, and only studies written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Thus, 228 publications were identified, of which 66 were included in the present study. The reviewed studies suggest that ayahuasca may have beneficial effects on various physical and psychological conditions, namely in the treatment of depression, anxiety and various diseases of the neurobiological system, as well as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, demonstrating its therapeutic potential. The number of studies that address this issue has also been growing, demonstrating interest in the search for alternative treatments. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review where all the findings of therapeutic effects associated with the consumption of ayahuasca are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Luís
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Duarte
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
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Huang YH, Lee MT, Hsueh HY, Knutson DE, Cook J, Mihovilovic MD, Sieghart W, Chiou LC. Cerebellar α6GABA A Receptors as a Therapeutic Target for Essential Tremor: Proof-of-Concept Study with Ethanol and Pyrazoloquinolinones. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:399-418. [PMID: 36696034 PMCID: PMC10121996 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol has been shown to suppress essential tremor (ET) in patients at low-to-moderate doses, but its mechanism(s) of action remain unknown. One of the ET hypotheses attributes the ET tremorgenesis to the over-activated firing of inferior olivary neurons, causing synchronic rhythmic firings of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Purkinje cells, however, also receive excitatory inputs from granule cells where the α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α6GABAARs) are abundantly expressed. Since ethanol is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of α6GABAARs, such action may mediate its anti-tremor effect. Employing the harmaline-induced ET model in male ICR mice, we evaluated the possible anti-tremor effects of ethanol and α6GABAAR-selective pyrazoloquinolinone PAMs. The burrowing activity, an indicator of well-being in rodents, was measured concurrently. Ethanol significantly and dose-dependently attenuated action tremor at non-sedative doses (0.4-2.4 g/kg, i.p.). Propranolol and α6GABAAR-selective pyrazoloquinolinones also significantly suppressed tremor activity. Neither ethanol nor propranolol, but only pyrazoloquinolinones, restored burrowing activity in harmaline-treated mice. Importantly, intra-cerebellar micro-injection of furosemide (an α6GABAAR antagonist) had a trend of blocking the effect of pyrazoloquinolinone Compound 6 or ethanol on harmaline-induced tremor. In addition, the anti-tremor effects of Compound 6 and ethanol were synergistic. These results suggest that low doses of ethanol and α6GABAAR-selective PAMs can attenuate action tremor, at least partially by modulating cerebellar α6GABAARs. Thus, α6GABAARs are potential therapeutic targets for ET, and α6GABAAR-selective PAMs may be a potential mono- or add-on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsien Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Han-Yun Hsueh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | | | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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Perkins D, Ruffell SGD, Day K, Pinzon Rubiano D, Sarris J. Psychotherapeutic and neurobiological processes associated with ayahuasca: A proposed model and implications for therapeutic use. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:879221. [PMID: 36798604 PMCID: PMC9928213 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.879221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive Amazonian plant brew. It is usually made from the Banisteriopsis caapi vine (Spruce ex Griseb. Morton, Malpighiaceae), which contains three primary harmala alkaloids, along with the leaves of Psychotria viridis (Ruiz et Pavon, Rubiaceae) in which the potent psychedelic dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is found. DMT-harmaloid concoctions have gained popularity in recent years, due to growing anecdotal and scientific reports of therapeutic benefits associated with their consumption. Ayahuasca is now ingested in a variety of different settings across the globe, from traditional ethnobotanical to so called "neo-shamanic" ceremonies. Furthermore, related preparations involving alternative sources of DMT and harmala alkaloids are becoming increasingly common as knowledge of ayahuasca continues to spread internationally. This article reviews the existing literature and draws on original qualitative data from a large cross-sectional study of ayahuasca drinkers, to propose a model of psychotherapeutic processes associated with the consumption of ayahuasca. We assert that it is these processes, facilitated by a range of neurobiological effects, that lead to beneficial mental health and wellbeing outcomes. Our proposed model identifies five key psychotherapeutic processes or effects inherent to the ayahuasca experience; somatic effects; introspection and emotional processing; increased Self-connection; increased spiritual connection, and finally the gaining of insights and new perspectives. We note some important differences in these processes compared with other classic psychedelics as well as the implications of the model for the therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Improved understanding of the psychotherapeutic processes involved with the ayahuasca experience will better equip practitioners to work with this potentially transformative concoction and enable the optimization of therapeutic treatment models for potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Perkins
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,School of Social and Political Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Psychae Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Daniel Perkins,
| | - Simon G. D. Ruffell
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Psychae Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Onaya Science, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | | | - Jerome Sarris
- Psychae Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Analgesic and Antidepressant Activity of 8-Substituted Harmine Derivatives. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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A review: traditional herbs and remedies impacting pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:495-513. [PMID: 35258640 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to misbalance and loss of coordination. Current therapies are claimed only for symptomatic relief, on long-term use, which causes alteration in basal ganglia, and give rise to various adverse effects like dyskinesia and extra pyramidal side effects, which is reversed and proved to be attenuated with the help of various herbal approaches. Therefore, in order to attenuate the dopaminergic complications, focus of current research has been shifted from dopaminergic to non-dopaminergic strategies. Herbs and herbal remedies seems to be a better option to overcome the complications associated with current dopaminergic therapies. In recent years, various herbs and herbal remedies based on Ayurveda, traditional Chinese and Korean remedies, have become the target of various researches. These herbs and their bioactive compound are being extensively used to treat PD in India, China, Japan, and Korea. The major focus of this current review is to analyze preclinical studies with reference to various herbs, bioactive compounds, and traditional remedies for the management of Parkinson disorder, which will give an insight towards clinical trials.
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Patil SS, Jachak GR, Rama Krishna G, Argade N, Reddy DS. Total Synthesis of 12,13‐Dibenzyl‐Banistenoside B and Analogs. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhag S Patil
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR Organic Chemistry INDIA
| | - Gorakhnath R Jachak
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR Organic Chemistry INDIA
| | - Gamidi Rama Krishna
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR Organic Chemistry INDIA
| | - Narshinha Argade
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR Organic Chemistry INDIA
| | - D Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR IIIM: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Canal Road 180001 Jammu INDIA
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Santos BWL, Moreira DC, Borges TKDS, Caldas ED. Components of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant Used in the Preparation of the Psychoactive Ayahuasca, Induce Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:2500. [PMID: 35458698 PMCID: PMC9025580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Banisteriopsis caapi is used to prepare the psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, and both have therapeutic potential for the treatment of many central nervous system (CNS) conditions. This study aimed to isolate new bioactive compounds from B. caapi extract and evaluate their biological activity, and that of the known β-carboline components of the plant (harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine), in BV-2 microglial cells, the in vivo activation of which is implicated in the physiopathology of CNS disorders. B. caapi extract was fractionated using semipreparative liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and the exact masses ([M + H]+m/z) of the compounds in the 5 isolated fractions were determined by high-resolution LC-MS/MS: F1 (174.0918 and 233.1289), F2 (353.1722), F3 (304.3001), F4 (188.1081), and F5 (205.0785). Harmine (75.5-302 µM) significantly decreased cell viability after 2 h of treatment and increased the number of necrotic cells and production of reactive oxygen species at equal or lower concentrations after 24 h. F4 did not impact viability but was also cytotoxic after 24 h. Most treatments reduced proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and/or TNF), especially harmaline and F5 at 2.5 µM and higher concentrations, tetrahydroharmine (9.3 µM and higher), and F5 (10.7 µM and higher). The results suggest that the compounds found in B. caapi extract have anti-inflammatory potential that could be explored for the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Werneck Lopes Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Daniel Carneiro Moreira
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology (NuPMIA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (D.C.M.); (T.K.d.S.B.)
| | - Tatiana Karla dos Santos Borges
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology (NuPMIA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (D.C.M.); (T.K.d.S.B.)
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
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ALEXANDRE GERSOP, SIMÃO JORGELUIZS, TAVARES MARIAOLIVIAA, ZUFFO IZABELLAMARIANAS, PRADO STÉPHANIEV, PAIVA JOSEILSONADE, MUSTAPHA ABUBAKARN, OLIVEIRA ANSELMOEDE, KATO LUCILIA, SEVERINO VANESSAGISELEP. Dereplication by HPLC-ESI-MS and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from Banisteriopsis laevifolia (Malpighiaceae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sun CP, Yi J, Wei F, Lv X, Deng S, Zhang BJ, Zhao WY, Ma XC. UV-light-driven photooxidation of harmaline catalyzed by riboflavin: Product characterization and mechanisms. Fitoterapia 2021; 155:105054. [PMID: 34626737 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Carboline alkaloid harmaline (HA) is a candidate drug molecule that has been proven to have broad and significant biological activity. Herein, the effects of HA on the riboflavin (RF)-sensitized photooxidation under aerobic conditions were studied for the first time. The photooxidation reaction of HA catalyzed by RF is triggered by UV light at 365 nm and shows a time-dependent stepwise reaction process. Seven transformed products, including five undescribed compounds, oxoharmalines A-E (1-4 and 7), and two known compounds, N-(2-(6-Methoxy-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide (5) and harmine (6), were isolated and identified from the reaction system, following as the gradual oxidation mechanisms. The rare polymerization and dehydrogenation processes in radical-mediated photocatalytic reactions were involved in the process. The transformed products 2-7 exhibited significant neuroprotective activity in a model of H2O2-introduced injury in SH-SY5Y cells, which suggested that the products of the interaction between HA and vitamins may be beneficial to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sa Deng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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11
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Doskaliyev A, Seidakhmetova R, Tutai DS, Goldaeva K, Surov V, Adekenov S. Alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. and their Pharmacological Activity. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Peganum harmala L. contains 17 alkaloids of quinazoline and indole structure types. Of these, harmaline, harmine, harmalol and L-peganin (vazicin) are pharmacologically active. It was established that of the alkaloids contained in the seeds, 50-95% is dominated by harmaline, harmine is dominated in the roots (67-74% of the total of extractive substances), and in the aerial part, the main mass is peganin (up to 78% of the total of alkaloids). Beta-carboline alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. inhibit monoamine oxidase, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect.
This article is devoted to the results of studies of the neurotropic action of harmine hydrochloride, when compared with the activity of the reference drug “Amitriptyline”. It was shown that the use of harmine hydrochloride helps to reduce the level of anxiety in animals under conditions of experimental psychoemotional chronic stress with prolonged administration. In the study of acute and chronic toxicity, it was determined that harmine hydrochloride belongs to the category of moderately toxic substances (hazard class II). According to the results of molecular docking, the presence of strong bonds in harmine hydrochloride with the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, dopamine D2 receptor, as well as monoamine oxidase A and B was revealed, which indicates the implementation of the mechanism of neurotropic action of harmine hydrochloride at the level of synaptic neurotransmission of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin and others). It was also established that harmine hydrochloride eliminates haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats, reduces oligokinesia and rigidity in the Parkinson’s test, has antihypoxic activity in the hypobaric hypoxia test, and exhibits pronounced antidepressant activity in the Porsolt’s test. In the course of the study of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, it was revealed that with the administration of harmine hydrochloride, the quantitative content is quickly achieved and the concentration of the active substance in the blood significantly increases. The relative bioavailability of harmine hydrochloride is 112.7%.
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Dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC. Ayahuasca, an ancient substance with traditional and contemporary use in neuropsychiatry and neuroscience. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106300. [PMID: 31182391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a botanical hallucinogenic preparation traditionally used for ritual and therapeutic purposes by native populations of the Northwestern Amazon. In the last decades, ayahuasca use has spread to Europe, the United States, Asia, and Africa, and interest in the possible therapeutic uses of ayahuasca for treating anxiety and mood disorder and substance-use disorders has increased both among the general public and the scientific community. Indeed, preclinical, observational, and preliminary clinical studies have corroborated some of these findings. In the present article, we present an overview of these studies and highlight the current uses of ayahuasca in neuroscience, such as a tool in the investigation of the neural basis of introspection and other complex cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Guimarães Dos Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Jaime Eduardo Cecilio Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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13
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Parkinson's Disease Master Regulators on Substantia Nigra and Frontal Cortex and Their Use for Drug Repositioning. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1517-1534. [PMID: 33211252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases. Available evidences support the view of PD as a complex disease, being the outcome of interactions between genetic and environmental factors. In face of diagnosis and therapy challenges, and the elusive PD etiology, the use of alternative methodological approaches for the elucidation of the disease pathophysiological mechanisms and proposal of novel potential therapeutic interventions has become increasingly necessary. In the present study, we first reconstructed the transcriptional regulatory networks (TN), centered on transcription factors (TF), of two brain regions affected in PD, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the frontal cortex (FCtx). Then, we used case-control studies data from these regions to identify TFs working as master regulators (MR) of the disease, based on region-specific TNs. Twenty-nine regulatory units enriched with differentially expressed genes were identified for the SNc, and twenty for the FCtx, all of which were considered MR candidates for PD. Three consensus MR candidates were found for SNc and FCtx, namely ATF2, SLC30A9, and ZFP69B. In order to search for novel potential therapeutic interventions, we used these consensus MR candidate signatures as input to the Connectivity Map (CMap), a computational drug repositioning webtool. This analysis resulted in the identification of four drugs that reverse the expression pattern of all three MR consensus simultaneously, benperidol, harmaline, tubocurarine chloride, and vorinostat, thus suggested as novel potential PD therapeutic interventions.
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Lanaro R, Mello SM, da Cunha KF, Silveira G, Corrêa-Neto NF, Hyslop S, Cabrices OG, Costa JL, Linardi A. Kinetic profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carbolines in saliva and serum after oral administration of ayahuasca in a religious context. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:664-678. [PMID: 33119972 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a beverage obtained from Banisteriopsis caapi plus Psychotria viridis. B. caapi contains the β-carbolines harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine that are monoamine oxidase inhibitors and P. viridis contains N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) that is responsible for the visionary effects of the beverage. Ayahuasca use is becoming a global phenomenon, and the recreational use of DMT and similar alkaloids has also increased in recent years; such uncontrolled use can lead to severe intoxications. In this investigation, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to study the kinetics of alkaloids over a 24 h period in saliva and serum of 14 volunteers who consumed ayahuasca twice a month in a religious context. We compared the area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax ), time to reach Cmax (Tmax ), mean residence time (MRT), and half-life (t1/2 ), as well as the serum/saliva ratios of these parameters. DMT and β-carboline concentrations (Cmax ) and AUC were higher in saliva than in serum and the MRT was 1.5-3.0 times higher in serum. A generalized estimation equations (GEEs) model suggested that serum concentrations could be predicted by saliva concentrations, despite large individual variability in the saliva and serum alkaloid concentrations. The possibility of using saliva as a biological matrix to detect DMT, β-carbolines, and their derivatives is very interesting because it allows fast noninvasive sample collection and could be useful for detecting similar alkaloids used recreationally that have considerable potential for intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lanaro
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sueli Moreira Mello
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Francisco da Cunha
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silveira
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Oscar G Cabrices
- Global Technical Science - Forensics Testing, Sciex, 1201 Radio Road, Redwood City, CA, 94065, USA
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Linardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Biodiversity of β-Carboline Profile of Banisteriopsis caapi and Ayahuasca, a Plant and a Brew with Neuropharmacological Potential. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070870. [PMID: 32660098 PMCID: PMC7411993 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive infusion with a large pharmacological application normally prepared with Banisteriopsis caapi, which contains the monoamine oxidase inhibitors β-carbolines, and Psichotria virids, which contains the serotonin receptor agonist N,N dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical profile of B. caapi and of ayahuasca collected in various Brazilian regions. In total, 176 plant lianas, of which 159 B.caapi and 33 ayahuasca samples were analyzed. Dried liana samples were powdered, extracted with methanol, diluted, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Ayahuasca samples were diluted and analyzed. Mean concentrations in B. caapi were 4.79 mg/g harmine, 0.451 mg/g harmaline, and 2.18 mg/g tetrahydroharmine (THH), with a high variability among the samples (RSD from 78.9 to 170%). Native B. caapi samples showed significantly higher harmine concentrations than cultivated ones, and samples from the Federal District/Goiás had higher THH content than those collected in the State of Acre. The other Malpighiaceae samples did not contain β-carbolines, except for one D. pubipetala sample. Concentrations in ayahuasca samples ranged from 0.109 to 7.11 mg/mL harmine, 0.012 to 0.945 mg/mL harmaline, 0.09 to 3.05 mg/mL THH, and 0.10 to 3.12 mg/mL DMT. The analysis of paired ayahuasca/B. caapi confirmed that harmine is reduced to harmaline and to THH during the brew preparation. This is the largest study conducted with Malpighiaceae samples and showed a large variability in the main β-carbolines present in B. caapi. This biodiversity is a challenge for standardization of the material used in ethnopharmacological studies of B.caapi and ayahuasca.
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Katchborian-Neto A, Santos WT, Nicácio KJ, Corrêa JOA, Murgu M, Martins TMM, Gomes DA, Goes AM, Soares MG, Dias DF, Chagas-Paula DA, Paula ACC. Neuroprotective potential of Ayahuasca and untargeted metabolomics analyses: applicability to Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 255:112743. [PMID: 32171895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Ayahuasca is a tea produced through decoction of Amazonian plants. It has been used for centuries by indigenous people of South America. The beverage is considered to be an ethnomedicine, and it is traditionally used for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including neurological illness. Besides, some scientific evidence suggests it may be applicable to Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment. Thus, Ayahuasca deserves in depth studies to clarify its potential role in this disease. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to use an untargeted metabolomics approach to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of the Ayahuasca beverage, the extracts from its matrix plants (Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis), its fractions and its main alkaloids on the viability of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in an in vitro PD model. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cytotoxicity of Ayahuasca, crude extracts, and fractions of B. caapi and P. viridis, as well as neuroprotection promoted by these samples in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurodegeneration model, were evaluated by the MTT assay at two time-points: 48 h (T1) and 72 h (T2). The main alkaloids from Ayahuasca matrix plants, harmine (HRE) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), were also isolated and evaluated. An untargeted metabolomics approach was developed to explore the chemical composition of samples with neuroprotective activity. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Electrospray Ionisation and Time-of-Flight (UPLC-ESI-TOF) metabolome data was treated and further analysed using multivariate statistical analyses (MSA): principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The metabolites were dereplicated using the Dictionary of Natural Products and an in house database. The main alkaloids were also quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS The samples did not cause cytotoxicity in vitro and three of samples intensely increased cell viability at T1. The crude extracts, alkaloid fractions and HRE demonstrated remarkable neuroprotective effect at T2 while the hydroalcoholic fractions demonstrated this neuroprotective effect at T1 and T2. Several compounds from different classes, such as β-carbolines and monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) were revealed correlated with this property by MSA. Additionally, a total of 2419 compounds were detected in both ionisation modes. HRE showed potent neuroprotective action at 72 h, but it was not among the metabolites positively correlated with the most efficacious neuroprotective profile at either time (T1 and T2). Furthermore, DMT was statistically important to differentiate the dataset (VIP value > 1), although it did not exhibit sufficient neuroprotective activity by in vitro assay, neither a positive correlation with T1 and T2 neuroprotective profile, which corroborated the MSA results. CONCLUSION The lower doses of the active samples stimulated neuronal cell proliferation and/or displayed the most efficacious neuroprotection profile, namely by preventing neuronal damage and improving cell viability against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity. Intriguingly, the hydroalcoholic fractions exhibited enhanced neuroprotective effects when compared to other samples and isolated alkaloids. This finding corroborates the significance of a holistic approach. The results demonstrate that Ayahuasca and its base plants have potential applicability for PD treatment and to prevent its progression differently from current drugs to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Katchborian-Neto
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wanderleya T Santos
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karen J Nicácio
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José O A Corrêa
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Murgu
- Waters Corporation, Alameda Tocantins 125, 27th Floor, Alphaville, 06455-020, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís M M Martins
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dawidson A Gomes
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alfredo M Goes
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marisi G Soares
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle F Dias
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela A Chagas-Paula
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ana C C Paula
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Estrella-Parra EA, Almanza-Pérez JC, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ. Ayahuasca: Uses, Phytochemical and Biological Activities. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:251-265. [PMID: 31134518 PMCID: PMC6646606 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ayahuasca (caapi, yajé), is a psychoactive brew from the Amazon Basin region of South America traditionally considered a "master plant." It is prepared as a decoction from Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, which it is thought that it stimulates creative thinking and visual creativity. Native healers of the Orinoco and Amazon basins have used traditionally ayahuasca as a healing tool for multiple purposes, particularly to treat psychological disorders in the patients, with some beneficial effects experimentally and clinically validated. Recently, several syncretic religions, as the "União de Vegetal" (UDV) group in Brazil, have been spread around the world. The use of ayahuasca has been popularized by internet and smart-shops, bringing the psychoactive substance to new highs, emerging new "ayahuasqueros." Ayahuasca has alkaloids as β-carbolines and dimethyltryptamines, which inhibit the monoamine oxidase and active the 5-HT2A (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptor, respectively, resulting in hallucinations in the users. Ayahuasca induces a psychedelic change in the anteroposterior coupling of the electrophysiological brain oscillations in humans. Traditional ayahuasca beverage is generating pharmacological, commercial and spiritual interest among the scientific community, government people, and different populations worldwide. The goal of this article is to report about the uses, chemistry and biological activities of ayahuasca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Antonio Estrella-Parra
- Laboratorio de Farmacología. Dpto. Ciencias de la Salud. Div. C.B.S. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Mexico CDMX, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad UBIPRO, FES-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, 54090, Mexico CDMX, Mexico
| | - Julio Cesar Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología. Dpto. Ciencias de la Salud. Div. C.B.S. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Mexico CDMX, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Alarcón-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología. Dpto. Ciencias de la Salud. Div. C.B.S. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Mexico CDMX, Mexico.
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18
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Deng G, Liu W, Ma C, Rong X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wu C, Cao N, Ding W, Guan H, Cheng X, Wang C. In vivo and in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cholinesterase inhibitor deoxyvasicine from aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn in rats via UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:288-301. [PMID: 30872168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn are a Uighur traditional medicinal herb in China used to treat amnesia, bronchial asthma, and cough. Deoxyvasicine (DVAS), a potent cholinesterase inhibitor exhibiting anti-senile dementia activity, is one of the chief active ingredients in aerial parts of P. harmala and plays a key role in mediating the pharmacological effects of P. harmala. However, the metabolic profiling and in vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of DVAS still remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this present study was to investigate the metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of DVAS in rats by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS The metabolic profiling of DVAS was evaluated in vitro and in vivo by rat liver microsomes (RLMs) incubation and by rat bio-specimens, such as urine, feces, plasma, and bile, after the oral administration of 45 mg/kg DVAS. An efficient and sensitive UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine DVAS and its major four metabolites, namely, vasicine, deoxyvasicinone, vasicinone, and 1,2,3,9-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-3-β-D-glucuronide in rat plasma. For pharmacokinetic studies, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely, intravenous dosage group (2 mg/kg DVAS) and three oral dosage groups (5, 15, and 45 mg/kg DVAS). In addition, the activity of the components in plasma after intravenous administration of DVAS was evaluated by in vitro anti-butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) assays. RESULTS A total of 23 metabolites were found in RLMs, plasma, urine, feces, and bile by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. The metabolic pathway of DVAS in vivo and in vitro mainly involved hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, acetylation, methylation, glucuronidation, and O-sulphate conjugation, and the C-3 and C-9 sites were the main metabolic soft spots. All 23 metabolites were detected in the urine sample, and 13, 8, 22, and 6 metabolites were identified from rat feces, plasma, bile, and RLMs, respectively. The standard curves of DVAS and four metabolites in rat plasma showed good linearity in the concentration range of 0.82-524.00 ng/mL with acceptable selectivity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability. DVAS exhibited linear dose-proportional pharmacokinetics at doses of 5, 15, and 45 mg/kg after oral administration, and the average oral absolute bioavailability of DVAS was 47.46%. The in vitro anti-BChE assays implied that the inhibitive activities were mainly due to the different concentrations of prototype DVAS. CONCLUSIONS DVAS can be rapidly absorbed and excreted by blood, and it is also extensively metabolized in vivo, and the anti-BChE activity in blood is mainly attributed to DVAS. These findings can lay a foundation for new drug development for DVAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaojuan Rong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China; Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, South Xinhua Road 140, Urumqi 830004, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Youxu Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenzheng Ding
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Hamill J, Hallak J, Dursun SM, Baker G. Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:108-128. [PMID: 29366418 PMCID: PMC6343205 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180125095902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian decoction with psychoactive properties, is made from bark of the Banisteriopsis caapi vine (containing beta-carboline alkaloids) and leaves of the Psychotria viridis bush (supplying the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine, DMT). Originally used by indigenous shamans for the purposes of spirit communi-cation, magical experiences, healing, and religious rituals across several South American countries, ayahuasca has been in-corporated into folk medicine and spiritual healing, and several Brazilian churches use it routinely to foster a spiritual experi-ence. More recently, it is being used in Europe and North America, not only for religious or healing reasons, but also for rec-reation. Objective: To review ayahuasca’s behavioral effects, possible adverse effects, proposed mechanisms of action and potential clinical uses in mental illness. Method: We searched Medline, in English, using the terms ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, Banisteriopsis caapi, and Psy-chotria viridis and reviewed the relevant publications. Results: The following aspects of ayahuasca are summarized: Political and legal factors; acute and chronic psychological ef-fects; electrophysiological studies and imaging; physiological effects; safety and adverse effects; pharmacology; potential psychiatric uses. Conclusion: Many years of shamanic wisdom have indicated potential therapeutic uses for ayahuasca, and several present day studies suggest that it may be useful for treating various psychiatric disorders and addictions. The side effect profile ap-pears to be relatively mild, but more detailed studies need to be done. Several prominent researchers believe that government regulations with regard to ayahuasca should be relaxed so that it could be provided more readily to recognized, credible re-searchers to conduct comprehensive clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hamill
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaime Hallak
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences and Behavior and National Institute of Science and Technology (Translational Medicine), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Glen Baker
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Mello SM, Soubhia PC, Silveira G, Corrêa-Neto NF, Lanaro R, Costa JL, Linardi A. Effect of Ritualistic Consumption of Ayahuasca on Hepatic Function in Chronic Users. J Psychoactive Drugs 2018; 51:3-11. [PMID: 30582439 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2018.1557355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a beverage obtained from decoctions of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi plus the shrub Psychotria viridis. This beverage contains a combination of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, the main substance responsible for its visionary effect. The ritualistic use of ayahuasca is becoming a global phenomenon. Most members of ayahuasca churches consume this beverage throughout their life, and many reports have discussed the therapeutic potential of this beverage. Ayahuasca is consumed orally, and the liver, as the major organ for the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics absorbed from the alimentary tract, may be susceptible to injury by compounds present in the ayahuasca decoction. In this study, we evaluated biochemical parameters related to hepatic damage in the serum of 22 volunteers who consumed ayahuasca twice a month or more for at least one year. There was no significant alteration in the following parameters: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transferase. These findings indicate that chronic ayahuasca consumption in a religious context apparently does not affect hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli Moreira Mello
- a Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Paula Christiane Soubhia
- a Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silveira
- a Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Nelson Francisco Corrêa-Neto
- b Department of Physiological Sciences , Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Rafael Lanaro
- a Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - José Luiz Costa
- c Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Alessandra Linardi
- b Department of Physiological Sciences , Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
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Fisher R, Lincoln L, Jackson MJ, Abbate V, Jenner P, Hider R, Lees A, Rose S. The effect of Banisteriopsis caapi (B. caapi) on the motor deficits in the MPTP-treated common marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. Phytother Res 2018; 32:678-687. [PMID: 29368409 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Banisteriopsis caapi (B. caapi) contains harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, has monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity, and has reported antiparkinsonian activity in humans when imbibed as a tea; however, its effects are poorly documented. For this reason, motor function was assessed in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated common marmosets following administration of B. caapi extract (28.4-113.6 mg/kg; po), harmine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg; sc), and selegiline (10 mg/kg; sc), alone or with a submaximal dose of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA; 4-7 mg/kg). L-DOPA reversed motor disability, increased locomotor activity, and induced moderate dyskinesia. B. caapi did not increase locomotor activity or induce dyskinesia but at 56.8 and 113.6 mg/kg improved motor disability. The L-DOPA response was unaltered by co-administration of B. caapi. Harmine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) produced a mild improvement in motor disability without affecting locomotor activity or dyskinesia but had no effect on the L-DOPA-induced antiparkinsonian response. Selegiline (10 mg/kg) alone improved motor function to the same extent as L-DOPA, but with only mild dyskinesia, and did not alter the response to L-DOPA, although dyskinesia was reduced. The findings suggest that B. caapi alone has a mild antiparkinsonian effect but does not enhance the L-DOPA response or reduce dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Fisher
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
| | - Louise Lincoln
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
| | - Michael J Jackson
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
| | - Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
| | - Robert Hider
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
| | - Andrew Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College London, London, WC1N 1PG, UK
| | - Sarah Rose
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
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Bhattacharjee P, Ghosh T, Sarkar S, Pandya P, Bhadra K. Binding affinity and in vitro
cytotoxicity of harmaline targeting different motifs of nucleic acids: An ultimate drug designing approach. J Mol Recognit 2017; 31. [PMID: 29243872 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapas Ghosh
- Department of Zoology; University of Kalyani; Kalyani Nadia, West Bengal India
| | - Sarita Sarkar
- Department of Zoology; University of Kalyani; Kalyani Nadia, West Bengal India
| | - Prateek Pandya
- Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences; Amity University; Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kakali Bhadra
- Department of Zoology; University of Kalyani; Kalyani Nadia, West Bengal India
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Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Multifunctional Agents Targeting Free Radicals, Monoamine Oxidase B and Cholinesterase in Parkinson's Disease Model. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:498-510. [PMID: 28144826 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial pathologies, including progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme activity. There are currently only a few agents approved to ameliorate the symptoms of PD; however, no agent is able to reverse the progression of the disease. Due to the multifactorial pathologies, it is necessary to develop multifunctional agents that can affect more than one target involved in the disease pathology. We have designed and synthesized a series of new multifunctional anti-Parkinson's compounds which can protect cerebral granular neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) insult, scavenge free radicals, and inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO)/cholinesterase (ChE) activities. Among them, MT-20R exhibited the most potent MAO-B inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. We further investigated the neuroprotective effects of MT-20R using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model. In vivo, MT-20R alleviated MPTP-induced motor deficits, raised the striatal contents of dopamine and its metabolites, and restored the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the number of TH-positive DA neurons in the substantia nigra. Additionally, MT-20R enhanced the expression of Bcl-2, decreased the expression of Bax and Caspase 3, and activated the AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that MT-20R may be a novel therapeutic candidate for treatment of PD.
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Kawakubo T, Mori R, Shirotani K, Iwata N, Asai M. Neprilysin Is Suppressed by Dual-Specificity Tyrosine-Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A (DYRK1A) in Down-Syndrome-Derived Fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:327-333. [PMID: 28250274 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation is a triggering event leading to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological cascade. Almost all familial AD-linked gene mutations increase Aβ production and accelerate the onset of AD. The Swedish mutation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) affects β-secretase activity and increases Aβ production up to ca. 6-fold in cultured cells; the onset age is around 50. Down syndrome (DS) patients with chromosome 21 trisomy present AD-like pathologies at earlier ages (40s) compared with sporadic AD patients, because APP gene expression is 1.5-fold higher than that in healthy people, thus causing a 1.5-fold increase in Aβ production. However, when comparing the causal relationship of Aβ accumulation with the onset age between the above two populations, early DS pathogenesis does not appear to be accounted for by the increased Aβ production alone. In this study, we found that neprilysin, a major Aβ-degrading enzyme, was downregulated in DS patient-derived fibroblasts, compared with healthy people-derived fibroblasts. Treatment with harmine, an inhibitor of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), which is located in the DS critical region of chromosome 21, and gene knockdown of DYRK1A, upregulated neprilysin in fibroblasts. These results suggest that a decrease in the Aβ catabolic rate may be, at least in part, one of the causes for accelerated AD-like pathogenesis in DS patients if a similar event occurs in the brains, and that neprilysin activity may be regulated directly or indirectly by DYRK1A-mediated phosphorylation. DYRK1A inhibition may be a promising disease-modifying therapy for AD via neprilysin upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawakubo
- Department of Genome-based Drug Discovery, Graduation School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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dos Santos RG, Hallak JEC. Effects of the Naturalβ-Carboline Alkaloid Harmine, a Main Constituent of Ayahuasca, in Memory and in the Hippocampus: A Systematic Literature Review of Preclinical Studies. J Psychoactive Drugs 2016; 49:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2016.1260189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G. dos Santos
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Advisory Board, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research & Service, Barcelona, Spain
- National Institute of Science and Technology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaime E. C. Hallak
- Professor, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Researcher, National Institute of Science and Technology, Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Dos Santos RG, Balthazar FM, Bouso JC, Hallak JE. The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1230-1247. [PMID: 27287824 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116652578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In recent decades, the use of ayahuasca (AYA) - a β-carboline- and dimethyltryptamine-rich hallucinogenic botanical preparation traditionally used by Northwestern Amazonian tribes for ritual and therapeutic purposes - has spread from South America to Europe and the USA, raising concerns about its possible toxicity and hopes of its therapeutic potential. Thus, it is important to analyze the acute, subacute, and long-term effects of AYA to assess its safety and toxicity. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of human studies assessing AYA effects on psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging. METHODS Papers published until 16 December 2015 were included from PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases following a comprehensive search strategy and pre-determined set of criteria for article selection. RESULTS The review included 28 full-text articles. Acute AYA administration was well tolerated, increased introspection and positive mood, altered visual perceptions, activated frontal and paralimbic regions and decreased default mode network activity. It also improved planning and inhibitory control and impaired working memory, and showed antidepressive and antiaddictive potentials. Long-term AYA use was associated with increased cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex and cortical thinning of the posterior cingulate cortex, which was inversely correlated to age of onset, intensity of prior AYA use, and spirituality. Subacute and long-term AYA use was not associated with increased psychopathology or cognitive deficits, being associated with enhanced mood and cognition, increased spirituality, and reduced impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS Acute, subacute, and long-term AYA use seems to have low toxicity. Preliminary studies about potential therapeutic effects of AYA need replication due to their methodological limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Dos Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil .,International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fermanda M Balthazar
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José C Bouso
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Ec Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology - Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JAS, Riba J, Zuardi AW, Hallak JEC. Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2016; 6:193-213. [PMID: 27354908 PMCID: PMC4910400 DOI: 10.1177/2045125316638008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, pharmacological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders and for drug dependence show limited efficacy, leaving a large number of patients suffering severe and persistent symptoms. Preliminary studies in animals and humans suggest that ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may have antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive properties. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of clinical trials published from 1990 until 2015, assessing these therapeutic properties. Electronic searches were performed using the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Only clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Of these, 151 studies were identified, of which six met the established criteria. Reviewed studies suggest beneficial effects for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety and depression associated with life-threatening diseases, and tobacco and alcohol dependence. All drugs were well tolerated. In conclusion, ayahuasca, psilocybin and LSD may be useful pharmacological tools for the treatment of drug dependence, and anxiety and mood disorders, especially in treatment-resistant patients. These drugs may also be useful pharmacological tools to understand psychiatric disorders and to develop new therapeutic agents. However, all studies reviewed had small sample sizes, and half of them were open-label, proof-of-concept studies. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with more patients are needed to replicate these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G. dos Santos
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Terceiro Andar, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia L. Osório
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S. Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Brazil
| | - Jordi Riba
- Centre d’Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Human Experimental Neuropsy-chopharmacology, Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antônio W. Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Brazil
| | - Jaime E. C. Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Brazil
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Nunes AA, dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Sanches RF, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC. Effects of Ayahuasca and its Alkaloids on Drug Dependence: A Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Studies in Animals and Humans. J Psychoactive Drugs 2016; 48:195-205. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2016.1188225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sengupta T, Vinayagam J, Singh R, Jaisankar P, Mohanakumar KP. Plant-Derived Natural Products for Parkinson's Disease Therapy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 12:415-96. [PMID: 27651267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have made their own niche in the treatment of neurological diseases since time immemorial. Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has no cure and the treatment available currently is symptomatic. This chapter thoughtfully and objectively assesses the scientific basis that supports the increasing use of these plant-derived natural products for the treatment of this chronic and progressive disorder. Proper considerations are made on the chemical nature, sources, preclinical tests and their validity, and mechanisms of behavioural or biochemical recovery observed following treatment with various plants derived natural products relevant to PD therapy. The scientific basis underlying the neuroprotective effect of 6 Ayurvedic herbs/formulations, 12 Chinese medicinal herbs/formulations, 33 other plants, and 5 plant-derived molecules have been judiciously examined emphasizing behavioral, cellular, or biochemical aspects of neuroprotection observed in the cellular or animal models of the disease. The molecular mechanisms triggered by these natural products to promote cell survivability and to reduce the risk of cellular degeneration have also been brought to light in this study. The study helped to reveal certain limitations in the scenario: lack of preclinical studies in all cases barring two; heavy dependence on in vitro test systems; singular animal or cellular model to establish any therapeutic potential of drugs. This strongly warrants further studies so as to reproduce and confirm these reported effects. However, the current literature offers scientific credence to traditionally used plant-derived natural products for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sengupta
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - J Vinayagam
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - P Jaisankar
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - K P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India. .,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686009, Kerala, India.
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Djamshidian A, Bernschneider-Reif S, Poewe W, Lees AJ. Banisteriopsis caapi, a Forgotten Potential Therapy for Parkinson's Disease? Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 3:19-26. [PMID: 30713897 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Banisteriopsis caapi, a liana indigenous to the Amazon basin with metagnomigenic properties and possible anti-depressant effects is one of the natural sources of harmala alkaloids. A summary of early trials with extracts of Banisteriopsis caapi and Peganum harmala (from which harmine was first isolated) in the 1920s and 1930s on various forms of parkinsonism is given as well as a brief overview of the known pharmacological properties of harmine. Despite its earlier abandonment because of perceived weaker efficacy than solanaceous alkaloids like scopolamine and hyoscine we propose that harmine should be reconsidered as a potential rapidly acting anti-Parkinsonian agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies University of London London United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies University of London London United Kingdom
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Chiuccariello L, Cooke RG, Miler L, Levitan RD, Baker GB, Kish SJ, Kolla NJ, Rusjan PM, Houle S, Wilson AA, Meyer JH. Monoamine Oxidase-A Occupancy by Moclobemide and Phenelzine: Implications for the Development of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv078. [PMID: 26316187 PMCID: PMC4772270 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are being developed for major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's Disease. Newer MAOIs have minimal sensitivity to tyramine, but a key limitation for optimizing their development is that standards for in vivo monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) occupancy in humans are not well established. The objectives were to determine the dose-occupancy relationship of moclobemide and the occupancy of phenelzine at typical clinical dosing. METHODS Major depressive episode (MDE) subjects underwent [(11)C]harmine positron emission tomography scanning prior to and following 6 weeks of treatment with moclobemide or phenelzine. RESULTS Mean brain MAO-A occupancies were 74.23±8.32% for moclobemide at 300-600 mg daily (n = 11), 83.75±5.52% for moclobemide at 900-1200 mg daily (n = 9), and 86.82±6.89% for phenelzine at 45-60 mg daily (n = 4). The regional dose-occupancy relationship of moclobemide fit a hyperbolic function [F(x) = a(x/[b + x]); F(1,18) = 5.57 to 13.32, p = 0.002 to 0.03, mean 'a': 88.62±2.38%, mean 'b': 69.88±4.36 mg]. Multivariate analyses of variance showed significantly greater occupancy of phenelzine (45-60mg) and higher-dose moclobemide (900-1200 mg) compared to lower-dose moclobemide [300-600 mg; F(7,16) = 3.94, p = 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that for first-line MDE treatment, daily moclobemide doses of 300-600mg correspond to a MAO-A occupancy of 74%, whereas for treatment-resistant MDE, either phenelzine or higher doses of moclobemide correspond to a MAO-A occupancy of at least 84%. Therefore, novel MAO inhibitor development should aim for similar thresholds. The findings provide a rationale in treatment algorithm design to raise moclobemide doses to inhibit more MAO-A sites, but suggest switching from high-dose moclobemide to phenelzine is best justified by binding to additional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chiuccariello
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Robert G Cooke
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Laura Miler
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Robert D Levitan
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Glen B Baker
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Stephen J Kish
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Nathan J Kolla
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Sylvain Houle
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Alan A Wilson
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker).
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Stanković D, Mehmeti E, Svorc L, Kalcher K. New electrochemical method for the determination of β-carboline alkaloids, harmalol and harmine, in human urine samples and in Banisteriopsis caapi. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mechanisms for alternative treatments in Parkinson's disease: acupuncture, tai chi, and other treatments. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:451. [PMID: 24760476 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
At least 40% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) use one or more forms of alternative therapy (AT) to complement standard treatments. This article reviews the commonest forms of AT for PD, including acupuncture, tai chi, yoga, mindfulness, massage, herbal medicine, and cannabis. We discuss the current evidence for the clinical efficacy of each AT and discuss potential mechanisms, including those suggested by animal and human studies. With a few notable exceptions, none of the treatments examined were investigated rigorously enough to draw definitive conclusions about efficacy or mechanism. Tai chi, acupuncture, Mucuna pruriens, cannabinoids, and music therapy have all been proposed to work through specific mechanisms, although current evidence is insufficient to support or refute these claims, with the possible exception of Mucuna pruriens (which contains levodopa). It is likely that most ATs predominantly treat PD patients through general mechanisms, including placebo effects, stress reduction, and improved mood and sleep, and AT may provide patients with a greater locus of control regarding their illness.
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Moloudizargari M, Mikaili P, Aghajanshakeri S, Asghari MH, Shayegh J. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala and its main alkaloids. Pharmacogn Rev 2014; 7:199-212. [PMID: 24347928 PMCID: PMC3841998 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.120524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild Syrian rue (Peganum harmala L. family Zygophyllaceae) is well-known in Iran and various parts of this plant including, its seeds, bark, and root have been used as folk medicine. Recent years of research has demonstrated different pharmacological and therapeutic effects of P. harmala and its active alkaloids, especially harmine and harmaline. Analytical studies on the chemical composition of the plant show that the most important constituents of this plant are beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmalol, harmaline, and harmine. Harmine is the most studied among these naturally occurring alkaloids. In addition to P. harmala (Syrian rue), these beta-carbolines are present in many other plants such as Banisteria caapi and are used for the treatment of different diseases. This article reviews the traditional uses and pharmacological effects of total extract and individual active alkaloids of P. harmala (Syrian rue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Moloudizargari
- Student of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Peyman Mikaili
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahin Aghajanshakeri
- Student of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Jalal Shayegh
- Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran
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Wen F, Cheng X, Liu W, Xuan M, Zhang L, Zhao X, Shan M, Li Y, Teng L, Wang Z, Wang C. Chemical fingerprint and simultaneous determination of alkaloids and flavonoids in aerial parts of genusPeganumindigenous to China based on HPLC-UV: application of analysis on secondary metabolites accumulation. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1763-73. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wen
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xuan
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical, College of Pharmacy; Xinjiang Medical University; 393 Xinyi Road, Urumqi 830011 Xinjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Shan
- Department of Pharmaceutical, College of Pharmacy; Xinjiang Medical University; 393 Xinyi Road, Urumqi 830011 Xinjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical, College of Pharmacy; Xinjiang Medical University; 393 Xinyi Road, Urumqi 830011 Xinjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Teng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical, College of Pharmacy; Xinjiang Medical University; 393 Xinyi Road, Urumqi 830011 Xinjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
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Loizaga-Velder A, Verres R. Therapeutic Effects of Ritual Ayahuasca Use in the Treatment of Substance Dependence—Qualitative Results. J Psychoactive Drugs 2014; 46:63-72. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.873157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Passos CDS, Simoes-Pires C, Henriques A, Cuendet M, Carrupt PA, Christen P. Alkaloids as Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidases and Their Role in the Central Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63430-6.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Beyreiss R, Geißler D, Ohla S, Nagl S, Posch TN, Belder D. Label-free fluorescence detection of aromatic compounds in chip electrophoresis applying two-photon excitation and time-correlated single-photon counting. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8150-7. [PMID: 23944704 DOI: 10.1021/ac4010937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce time-resolved fluorescence detection with two-photon excitation at 532 nm for label-free analyte determination in microchip electrophoresis. In the developed method, information about analyte fluorescence lifetimes is collected by time-correlated single-photon counting, improving reliable peak assignment in electrophoretic separations. The determined limits of detection for serotonin, propranolol, and tryptophan were 51, 37, and 280 nM, respectively, using microfluidic chips made of fused silica. Applying two-photon excitation microchip separations and label-free detection could also be performed in borosilicate glass chips demonstrating the potential for label-free fluorescence detection in non-UV-transparent devices. Microchip electrophoresis with two-photon excited fluorescence detection was then applied for analyses of active compounds in plant extracts. Harmala alkaloids present in methanolic plant extracts from Peganum harmala could be separated within seconds and detected with on-the-fly determination of fluorescence lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhild Beyreiss
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Natarajan S, Shunmugiah KP, Kasi PD. Plants traditionally used in age-related brain disorders (dementia): an ethanopharmacological survey. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:492-523. [PMID: 23336528 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.738423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Epidemiological studies have shown that despite mortality due to communicable diseases, poverty and human conflicts, the incidence of dementia increases in the developing world in tandem with the ageing population. Although some FDA approved drugs are available for the treatment of dementia, the outcomes are often unsatisfactory. In traditional practices of medicine, numerous plants have been used to treat cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other memory-related disorders. In western medicine most of the drugs used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders are derived from plant sources. OBJECTIVE This article reviews plants and their active constituents that have been used for their reputed cognitive-enhancing and antidementia effects. METHODS A literature survey in Science Direct, Pubmed, and Google Scholar was performed to gather information regarding drug discovery from plants sources for the treatment of congnitive disorders and dementia. RESULTS More than forty herbal remedies were identified with cholinesterase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant activities. Bioactive compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, terpenoids, and essential oils. About eleven herbal plants with multipotent activity against AD are discussed. CONCLUSION Literature surveys show that most of the research has been conducted on herbal remedies effect on cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Studies regarding the effect of herbal drugs on β-secretase inhibitory activity and antiaggregation property are lacking. This review provides leads for identifying potential new drugs from plant sources for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganthy Natarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Brierley DI, Davidson C. Harmine augments electrically evoked dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:98-108. [PMID: 23076833 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112463125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Harmine is a β-carboline alkaloid and major component of ayahuasca, a traditional South American psychoactive tea with anecdotal efficacy for treatment of cocaine dependence. Harmine is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and interacts in vitro with several pharmacological targets which modulate dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. In vivo studies have demonstrated dopaminergic effects of harmine, attributed to monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) activity, however none have directly demonstrated a pharmacological mechanism. This study investigated the acute effects, and pharmacological mechanism(s), of harmine on electrically evoked DA efflux parameters in the nucleus accumbens both in the absence and presence of cocaine. Fast cyclic voltammetry in rat brain slices was used to measure electrically evoked DA efflux in accumbens core and shell. Harmine (300 nM) significantly augmented DA efflux (148±8% of baseline) in the accumbens shell. Cocaine augmented efflux in shell additive to harmine (260±35%). Harmine had no effect on efflux in the accumbens core or on reuptake in either sub-region. The effect of harmine in the shell was attenuated by the 5-HT(2A/2C) antagonist ketanserin. The MAOI moclobemide (10 µM) had no effect on DA efflux. These data suggest that harmine augments DA efflux via a novel, shell-specific, presynaptic 5-HT(2A) receptor-dependent mechanism, independent of MAOI activity. A DA-releasing 'agonist therapy' mechanism may thus contribute to the putative therapeutic efficacy of ayahuasca for cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Brierley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of London, UK
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Brierley DI, Davidson C. Developments in harmine pharmacology--implications for ayahuasca use and drug-dependence treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:263-72. [PMID: 22691716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic botanical mixture originating in the Amazon area where it is used ritually, but is now being taken globally. The 2 main constituents of ayahuasca are N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a hallucinogen, and harmine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) which attenuates the breakdown of DMT, which would otherwise be broken down very quickly after oral consumption. Recent developments in ayahuasca use include the sale of these compounds on the internet and the substitution of related botanical (anahuasca) or synthetic (pharmahuasca) compounds to achieve the same desired hallucinogenic effects. One intriguing result of ayahuasca use appears to be improved mental health and a reduction in recidivism to alternate (alcohol, cocaine) drug use. In this review we discuss the pharmacology of ayahuasca, with a focus on harmine, and suggest pharmacological mechanisms for the putative reduction in recidivism to alcohol and cocaine misuse. These pharmacological mechanisms include MAOI, effects at 5-HT(2A) and imidazoline receptors and inhibition of dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) and the dopamine transporter. We also speculate on the therapeutic potential of harmine in other CNS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Brierley
- Pharmacology & Cell Physiology, Division of Biomedical Science, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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Posch TN, Martin N, Pütz M, Huhn C. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: a versatile, straightforward tool for the analysis of alkaloids from psychoactive plant extracts. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1557-66. [PMID: 22736357 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study we show that a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (NACE-MS) method carefully optimized by a design of experiment can be applied to a very large number of alkaloids in different plant extracts. It is possible to characterize the pattern of the psychoactive alkaloids in several plant samples and preparations thereof, each presenting different challenges in their analysis. The method is shown to be able to separate structurally closely related substances, diastereomers and further isobaric compounds, to separate members of different alkaloid classes within one run and to tolerate significant matrix load. A comparison with methods presented in the literature reveals that a near-generic NACE-MS method for the fast profiling of alkaloids in forensically relevant plant samples has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Division of Analytical Chemistry, Jülich, Germany
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Handforth A. Harmaline tremor: underlying mechanisms in a potential animal model of essential tremor. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 2. [PMID: 23440018 PMCID: PMC3572699 DOI: 10.7916/d8td9w2p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmaline and harmine are tremorigenic β-carbolines that, on administration to experimental animals, induce an acute postural and kinetic tremor of axial and truncal musculature. This drug-induced action tremor has been proposed as a model of essential tremor. Here we review what is known about harmaline tremor. METHODS Using the terms harmaline and harmine on PubMed, we searched for papers describing the effects of these β-carbolines on mammalian tissue, animals, or humans. RESULTS Investigations over four decades have shown that harmaline induces rhythmic burst-firing activity in the medial and dorsal accessory inferior olivary nuclei that is transmitted via climbing fibers to Purkinje cells and to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then to brainstem and spinal cord motoneurons. The critical structures required for tremor expression are the inferior olive, climbing fibers, and the deep cerebellar nuclei; Purkinje cells are not required. Enhanced synaptic norepinephrine or blockade of ionic glutamate receptors suppresses tremor, whereas enhanced synaptic serotonin exacerbates tremor. Benzodiazepines and muscimol suppress tremor. Alcohol suppresses harmaline tremor but exacerbates harmaline-associated neural damage. Recent investigations on the mechanism of harmaline tremor have focused on the T-type calcium channel. DISCUSSION Like essential tremor, harmaline tremor involves the cerebellum, and classic medications for essential tremor have been found to suppress harmaline tremor, leading to utilization of the harmaline model for preclinical testing of antitremor drugs. Limitations are that the model is acute, unlike essential tremor, and only approximately half of the drugs reported to suppress harmaline tremor are subsequently found to suppress tremor in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Handforth
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Metabolic pathways of the psychotropic-carboline alkaloids, harmaline and harmine, by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Food Chem 2012; 134:1096-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lamchouri F, Toufik H, Elmalki Z, Bouzzine SM, Ait Malek H, Hamidi M, Bouachrine M. Quantitative structure–activity relationship of antitumor and neurotoxic β-carbolines alkaloids: nine harmine derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zheng XY, Zhang L, Cheng XM, Zhang ZJ, Wang CH, Wang ZT. Identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from seeds of plants of genusPeganumby thin-layer chromatography-bioautography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.24.2011.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhao T, Wang ZT, Branford-White CJ, Xu H, Wang CH. Classification and differentiation of the genus Peganum indigenous to China based on chloroplast trnL-F and psbA-trnH sequences and seed coat morphology. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:940-7. [PMID: 21972911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Peganum (Zygophyllaceae) consists of six species and one subspecies; three of which are distributed in China, P. harmala Linn, P. nigellastrum Bunge and P. multisectum (Maxim.) Bobr. A probable new or intermediate species, Peganum sp., has been suggested in the wild in northwest China. Traditional classification in genus Peganum has focused on hairs on the plant surface. In this study, seed coat characteristics of Peganum species were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy, demonstrating clear differences in morphology between species. In addition, DNA sequence data from two sequences (chloroplast: trnL-F, psbA-trnH) were used to differentiate Peganum sp. and study polygenetic relationships. Diversity in DNA sequences among Peganum species was found, with inter-specific sequence divergence ranging from 0.6% to 5.6% in psbA-trnH, and 0.0% to 1.8% in trnL-F. The variations within species were low: from 0.0% to 0.4% in psbA-trnH and 0.0% to 0.4% in trnL-F. Therefore, Peganum species can now be easily identified as separate entities based on variations in DNA sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from the combined data set for the two gene fragments, and the results indicate that Peganum sp. is monophyletic and sister to P. harmala and P. nigellastrum, while P. multisectum is also monophyletic. DNA data further confirmed that P. multisectum is an independent species and that a new species, Peganum sp., exists within the genus Peganum growing wild in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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