1
|
Haseeb MA, Bernys AC, Dickert EE, Bickel SE. An RNAi screen to identify proteins required for cohesion rejuvenation during meiotic prophase in Drosophila oocytes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae123. [PMID: 38849129 PMCID: PMC11304968 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis requires the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion, initially established during premeiotic S phase. In human oocytes, DNA replication and cohesion establishment occur decades before chromosome segregation and deterioration of meiotic cohesion is one factor that leads to increased segregation errors as women age. Our previous work led us to propose that a cohesion rejuvenation program operates to establish new cohesive linkages during meiotic prophase in Drosophila oocytes and depends on the cohesin loader Nipped-B and the cohesion establishment factor Eco. In support of this model, we recently demonstrated that chromosome-associated cohesin turns over extensively during meiotic prophase and failure to load cohesin onto chromosomes after premeiotic S phase results in arm cohesion defects in Drosophila oocytes. To identify proteins required for prophase cohesion rejuvenation but not S phase establishment, we conducted a Gal4-UAS inducible RNAi screen that utilized two distinct germline drivers. Using this strategy, we identified 29 gene products for which hairpin expression during meiotic prophase, but not premeiotic S phase, significantly increased segregation errors. Prophase knockdown of Brahma or Pumilio, two positives with functional links to the cohesin loader, caused a significant elevation in the missegregation of recombinant homologs, a phenotype consistent with premature loss of arm cohesion. Moreover, fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that Brahma, Pumilio, and Nipped-B are required during meiotic prophase for the maintenance of arm cohesion. Our data support the model that Brahma and Pumilio regulate Nipped-B-dependent cohesin loading during rejuvenation. Future analyses will better define the mechanism(s) that govern meiotic cohesion rejuvenation and whether additional prophase-specific positives function in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Haseeb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Alana C Bernys
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 08544
| | - Erin E Dickert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27710
| | - Sharon E Bickel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olaya I, Burgess SM, Rog O. Formation and resolution of meiotic chromosome entanglements and interlocks. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262004. [PMID: 38985540 PMCID: PMC11267460 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between parental chromosomes during the formation of gametes can lead to entanglements, entrapments and interlocks between unrelated chromosomes. If unresolved, these topological constraints can lead to misregulation of exchanges between chromosomes and to chromosome mis-segregation. Interestingly, these configurations are largely resolved by the time parental chromosomes are aligned during pachytene. In this Review, we highlight the inevitability of topologically complex configurations and discuss possible mechanisms to resolve them. We focus on the dynamic nature of a conserved chromosomal interface - the synaptonemal complex - and the chromosome movements that accompany meiosis as potential mechanisms to resolve topological constraints. We highlight the advantages of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for understanding biophysical features of the chromosome axis and synaptonemal complex that could contribute to mechanisms underlying interlock resolution. In addition, we highlight advantages of using the zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a model to understand how entanglements and interlocks are avoided and resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Olaya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean M. Burgess
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ofer Rog
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Min Y, Liu Y, Watanabe Y. Phosphorylation of Rec8 cohesin complexes regulates mono-orientation of kinetochores in meiosis I. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302556. [PMID: 38448160 PMCID: PMC10917647 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In meiosis I, unlike in mitosis, sister kinetochores are captured by microtubules emanating from the same spindle pole (mono-orientation) and centromeric cohesion mediated by cohesin is protected in the following anaphase I. The conserved meiosis-specific kinetochore protein meikin (Moa1 in fission yeast) associates with polo-like kinase: Plo1 and regulates both mono-orientation and cohesion protection. Although the phosphorylation of Rec8-S450 by Plo1 associated with Moa1 plays a key role in cohesion protection, how Moa1-Plo1 regulates mono-orientation remains elusive. Here, we identify Plo1 phosphorylation sites in the cohesin subunits, Rec8 and Psm3. The non-phosphorylatable mutations at these sites showed specific defects in mono-orientation. These results enabled the genetic dissection of meikin functions at the centromeres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- https://ror.org/04mkzax54 School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- https://ror.org/04mkzax54 Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yu Min
- https://ror.org/04mkzax54 School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- https://ror.org/04mkzax54 Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- https://ror.org/04mkzax54 School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- https://ror.org/04mkzax54 Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- https://ror.org/04mkzax54 Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahman MS, Shindo Y, Oka K, Ikeda W, Suzuki M. Live Cell Monitoring of Separase Activity, a Key Enzymatic Reaction for Chromosome Segregation, with Chimeric FRET-Based Molecular Sensor upon Cell Cycle Progression. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:192. [PMID: 38667185 PMCID: PMC11048197 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Separase is a key cysteine protease in the separation of sister chromatids through the digestion of the cohesin ring that inhibits chromosome segregation as a trigger of the metaphase-anaphase transition in eukaryotes. Its activity is highly regulated by binding with securin and cyclinB-CDK1 complex. These bindings prevent the proteolytic activity of separase until the onset of anaphase. Chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy are frequently observed in malignancies. However, there are some difficulties in biochemical examinations due to the instability of separase in vitro and the fact that few spatiotemporal resolution approaches exist for monitoring live separase activity throughout mitotic processes. Here, we have developed FRET-based molecular sensors, including GFP variants, with separase-cleavable sequences as donors and covalently attached fluorescent dyes as acceptor molecules. These are applicable to conventional live cell imaging and flow cytometric analysis because of efficient live cell uptake. We investigated the performance of equivalent molecular sensors, either localized or not localized inside the nucleus under cell cycle control, using flow cytometry. Synchronized cell cycle progression rendered significant separase activity detections in both molecular sensors. We obtained consistent outcomes with localized molecular sensor introduction and cell cycle control by fluorescent microscopic observations. We thus established live cell separase activity monitoring systems that can be used specifically or statistically, which could lead to the elucidation of separase properties in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shazadur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (M.S.R.); (W.I.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Bioscience and informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.O.)
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.O.)
- School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Wataru Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (M.S.R.); (W.I.)
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (M.S.R.); (W.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mikhalchenko A, Gutierrez NM, Frana D, Safaei Z, Van Dyken C, Li Y, Ma H, Koski A, Liang D, Lee SG, Amato P, Mitalipov S. Induction of somatic cell haploidy by premature cell division. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk9001. [PMID: 38457500 PMCID: PMC10923512 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Canonical mitotic and meiotic cell divisions commence with replicated chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids. Here, we developed and explored a model of premature cell division, where nonreplicated, G0/G1-stage somatic cell nuclei are transplanted to the metaphase cytoplasm of mouse oocytes. Subsequent cell division generates daughter cells with reduced ploidy. Unexpectedly, genome sequencing analysis revealed proper segregation of homologous chromosomes, resulting in complete haploid genomes. We observed a high occurrence of somatic genome haploidization in nuclei from inbred genetic backgrounds but not in hybrids, emphasizing the importance of sequence homology between homologs. These findings suggest that premature cell division relies on mechanisms similar to meiosis I, where genome haploidization is facilitated by homologous chromosome interactions, recognition, and pairing. Unlike meiosis, no evidence of recombination between somatic cell homologs was detected. Our study offers an alternative in vitro gametogenesis approach by directly reprogramming diploid somatic cells into haploid oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Mikhalchenko
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nuria Marti Gutierrez
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Frana
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zahra Safaei
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Crystal Van Dyken
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amy Koski
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dan Liang
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022 Anhui, China
| | - Sang-Goo Lee
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Paula Amato
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mihalas BP, Pieper GH, Aboelenain M, Munro L, Srsen V, Currie CE, Kelly DA, Hartshorne GM, Telfer EE, McAinsh AD, Anderson RA, Marston AL. Age-dependent loss of cohesion protection in human oocytes. Curr Biol 2024; 34:117-131.e5. [PMID: 38134935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploid human eggs (oocytes) are a major cause of infertility, miscarriage, and chromosomal disorders. Such aneuploidies increase greatly as women age, with defective linkages between sister chromatids (cohesion) in meiosis as a common cause. We found that loss of a specific pool of the cohesin protector protein, shugoshin 2 (SGO2), may contribute to this phenomenon. Our data indicate that SGO2 preserves sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis by protecting a "cohesin bridge" between sister chromatids. In human oocytes, SGO2 localizes to both sub-centromere cups and the pericentromeric bridge, which spans the sister chromatid junction. SGO2 normally colocalizes with cohesin; however, in meiosis II oocytes from older women, SGO2 is frequently lost from the pericentromeric bridge and sister chromatid cohesion is weakened. MPS1 and BUB1 kinase activities maintain SGO2 at sub-centromeres and the pericentromeric bridge. Removal of SGO2 throughout meiosis I by MPS1 inhibition reduces cohesion protection, increasing the incidence of single chromatids at meiosis II. Therefore, SGO2 deficiency in human oocytes can exacerbate the effects of maternal age by rendering residual cohesin at pericentromeres vulnerable to loss in anaphase I. Our data show that impaired SGO2 localization weakens cohesion integrity and may contribute to the increased incidence of aneuploidy observed in human oocytes with advanced maternal age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina P Mihalas
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Gerard H Pieper
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Mansour Aboelenain
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Theriogenology department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Lucy Munro
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Vlastimil Srsen
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Cerys E Currie
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David A Kelly
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Geraldine M Hartshorne
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Evelyn E Telfer
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adele L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rojas J, Oz T, Jonak K, Lyzak O, Massaad V, Biriuk O, Zachariae W. Spo13/MEIKIN ensures a Two-Division meiosis by preventing the activation of APC/C Ama1 at meiosis I. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114288. [PMID: 37728253 PMCID: PMC10577557 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome haploidization at meiosis depends on two consecutive nuclear divisions, which are controlled by an oscillatory system consisting of Cdk1-cyclin B and the APC/C bound to the Cdc20 activator. How the oscillator generates exactly two divisions has been unclear. We have studied this question in yeast where exit from meiosis involves accumulation of the APC/C activator Ama1 at meiosis II. We show that inactivation of the meiosis I-specific protein Spo13/MEIKIN results in a single-division meiosis due to premature activation of APC/CAma1 . In the wild type, Spo13 bound to the polo-like kinase Cdc5 prevents Ama1 synthesis at meiosis I by stabilizing the translational repressor Rim4. In addition, Cdc5-Spo13 inhibits the activity of Ama1 by converting the B-type cyclin Clb1 from a substrate to an inhibitor of Ama1. Cdc20-dependent degradation of Spo13 at anaphase I unleashes a feedback loop that increases Ama1's synthesis and activity, leading to irreversible exit from meiosis at the second division. Thus, by repressing the exit machinery at meiosis I, Cdc5-Spo13 ensures that cells undergo two divisions to produce haploid gametes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Tugce Oz
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Oleksii Lyzak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Vinal Massaad
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Olha Biriuk
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Börner GV, Hochwagen A, MacQueen AJ. Meiosis in budding yeast. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad125. [PMID: 37616582 PMCID: PMC10550323 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell division program that is essential for sexual reproduction. The two meiotic divisions reduce chromosome number by half, typically generating haploid genomes that are packaged into gametes. To achieve this ploidy reduction, meiosis relies on highly unusual chromosomal processes including the pairing of homologous chromosomes, assembly of the synaptonemal complex, programmed formation of DNA breaks followed by their processing into crossovers, and the segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division. These processes are embedded in a carefully orchestrated cell differentiation program with multiple interdependencies between DNA metabolism, chromosome morphogenesis, and waves of gene expression that together ensure the correct number of chromosomes is delivered to the next generation. Studies in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have established essentially all fundamental paradigms of meiosis-specific chromosome metabolism and have uncovered components and molecular mechanisms that underlie these conserved processes. Here, we provide an overview of all stages of meiosis in this key model system and highlight how basic mechanisms of genome stability, chromosome architecture, and cell cycle control have been adapted to achieve the unique outcome of meiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Valentin Börner
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | | | - Amy J MacQueen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Castellano-Pozo M, Sioutas G, Barroso C, Prince JP, Lopez-Jimenez P, Davy J, Jaso-Tamame AL, Crawley O, Shao N, Page J, Martinez-Perez E. The kleisin subunit controls the function of C. elegans meiotic cohesins by determining the mode of DNA binding and differential regulation by SCC-2 and WAPL-1. eLife 2023; 12:e84138. [PMID: 37650378 PMCID: PMC10497282 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex plays essential roles in chromosome segregation, 3D genome organisation, and DNA damage repair through its ability to modify DNA topology. In higher eukaryotes, meiotic chromosome function, and therefore fertility, requires cohesin complexes containing meiosis-specific kleisin subunits: REC8 and RAD21L in mammals and REC-8 and COH-3/4 in Caenorhabditis elegans. How these complexes perform the multiple functions of cohesin during meiosis and whether this involves different modes of DNA binding or dynamic association with chromosomes is poorly understood. Combining time-resolved methods of protein removal with live imaging and exploiting the temporospatial organisation of the C. elegans germline, we show that REC-8 complexes provide sister chromatid cohesion (SCC) and DNA repair, while COH-3/4 complexes control higher-order chromosome structure. High-abundance COH-3/4 complexes associate dynamically with individual chromatids in a manner dependent on cohesin loading (SCC-2) and removal (WAPL-1) factors. In contrast, low-abundance REC-8 complexes associate stably with chromosomes, tethering sister chromatids from S-phase until the meiotic divisions. Our results reveal that kleisin identity determines the function of meiotic cohesin by controlling the mode and regulation of cohesin-DNA association, and are consistent with a model in which SCC and DNA looping are performed by variant cohesin complexes that coexist on chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Josh P Prince
- MRC London Institute of Medical SciencesLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Joseph Davy
- MRC London Institute of Medical SciencesLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Oliver Crawley
- MRC London Institute of Medical SciencesLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nan Shao
- MRC London Institute of Medical SciencesLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jesus Page
- Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Enrique Martinez-Perez
- MRC London Institute of Medical SciencesLondonUnited Kingdom
- Imperial College Faculty of MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu H, Cheng J, Zhuang X, Qi B, Li F, Zhang B. Genomic instability and eye diseases. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023; 3:103-111. [PMID: 37846358 PMCID: PMC10577848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic information is stored in the bases of double-stranded DNA. However, the integrity of DNA molecules is constantly threatened by various mutagenic agents, including pollutants, ultraviolet light (UV), and medications. To counteract these environmental damages, cells have established multiple mechanisms, such as producing molecules to identify and eliminate damaged DNA, as well as reconstruct the original DNA structures. Failure or insufficiency of these mechanisms can cause genetic instability. However, the role of genome stability in eye diseases is still under-researched, despite extensive study in cancer biology. Main text As the eye is directly exposed to the external environment, the genetic materials of ocular cells are constantly under threat. Some of the proteins essential for DNA damage repair, such as pRb, p53, and RAD21, are also key during the ocular disease development. In this review, we discuss five ocular diseases that are associated with genomic instability. Retinoblastoma and pterygium are linked to abnormal cell cycles. Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy and age-related macular degeneration are related to the accumulation of DNA damage caused by oxidative damage and UV. The mutation of the subunit of the cohesin complex during eye development is linked to sclerocornea. Conclusions Failure of DNA damage detection or repair leads to increased genomic instability. Deciphering the role of genomic instability in ocular diseases can lead to the development of new treatments and strategies, such as protecting vulnerable cells from risk factors or intensifying damage to unwanted cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhuang
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Benxiang Qi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
| | - Fenfen Li
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bining Zhang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gordon SG, Rog O. Building the synaptonemal complex: Molecular interactions between the axis and the central region. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010822. [PMID: 37471284 PMCID: PMC10359014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful delivery of genetic material to gametes requires tightly regulated interactions between the parental chromosomes. Central to this regulation is a conserved chromosomal interface called the synaptonemal complex (SC), which brings the parental chromosomes in close proximity along their length. While many of its components are known, the interfaces that mediate the assembly of the SC remain a mystery. Here, we survey findings from different model systems while focusing on insight gained in the nematode C. elegans. We synthesize our current understanding of the structure, dynamics, and biophysical properties of the SC and propose mechanisms for SC assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G. Gordon
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ofer Rog
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gong T, McNally FJ. Caenorhabditis elegans spermatocytes can segregate achiasmate homologous chromosomes apart at higher than random frequency during meiosis I. Genetics 2023; 223:iyad021. [PMID: 36792551 PMCID: PMC10319977 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation errors during meiosis are the leading cause of aneuploidy. Faithful chromosome segregation during meiosis in most eukaryotes requires a crossover which provides a physical attachment holding homologs together in a "bivalent." Crossovers are critical for homologs to be properly aligned and partitioned in the first meiotic division. Without a crossover, individual homologs (univalents) might segregate randomly, resulting in aneuploid progeny. However, Caenorhabditis elegans zim-2 mutants, which have crossover defects on chromosome V, have fewer dead embryos than that expected from random segregation. This deviation from random segregation is more pronounced in zim-2 males than that in females. We found three phenomena that can explain this apparent discrepancy. First, we detected crossovers on chromosome V in both zim-2(tm574) oocytes and spermatocytes, suggesting a redundant mechanism to make up for the ZIM-2 loss. Second, after accounting for the background crossover frequency, spermatocytes produced significantly more euploid gametes than what would be expected from random segregation. Lastly, trisomy of chromosome V is viable and fertile. Together, these three phenomena allow zim-2(tm574) mutants with reduced crossovers on chromosome V to have more viable progeny. Furthermore, live imaging of meiosis in spo-11(me44) oocytes and spermatocytes, which exhibit crossover failure on all 6 chromosomes, showed 12 univalents segregating apart in roughly equal masses in a homology-independent manner, supporting the existence of a mechanism that segregates any 2 chromosomes apart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Francis J McNally
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
MacKenzie A, Vicory V, Lacefield S. Meiotic cells escape prolonged spindle checkpoint activity through kinetochore silencing and slippage. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010707. [PMID: 37018287 PMCID: PMC10109492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent chromosome mis-segregation, a surveillance mechanism known as the spindle checkpoint delays the cell cycle if kinetochores are not attached to spindle microtubules, allowing the cell additional time to correct improper attachments. During spindle checkpoint activation, checkpoint proteins bind the unattached kinetochore and send a diffusible signal to inhibit the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Previous work has shown that mitotic cells with depolymerized microtubules can escape prolonged spindle checkpoint activation in a process called mitotic slippage. During slippage, spindle checkpoint proteins bind unattached kinetochores, but the cells cannot maintain the checkpoint arrest. We asked if meiotic cells had as robust of a spindle checkpoint response as mitotic cells and whether they also undergo slippage after prolonged spindle checkpoint activity. We performed a direct comparison between mitotic and meiotic budding yeast cells that signal the spindle checkpoint through two different assays. We find that the spindle checkpoint delay is shorter in meiosis I or meiosis II compared to mitosis, overcoming a checkpoint arrest approximately 150 minutes earlier in meiosis than in mitosis. In addition, cells in meiosis I escape spindle checkpoint signaling using two mechanisms, silencing the checkpoint at the kinetochore and through slippage. We propose that meiotic cells undertake developmentally-regulated mechanisms to prevent persistent spindle checkpoint activity to ensure the production of gametes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne MacKenzie
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Victoria Vicory
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Soni Lacefield
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Konecna M, Abbasi Sani S, Anger M. Separase and Roads to Disengage Sister Chromatids during Anaphase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054604. [PMID: 36902034 PMCID: PMC10003635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Receiving complete and undamaged genetic information is vital for the survival of daughter cells after chromosome segregation. The most critical steps in this process are accurate DNA replication during S phase and a faithful chromosome segregation during anaphase. Any errors in DNA replication or chromosome segregation have dire consequences, since cells arising after division might have either changed or incomplete genetic information. Accurate chromosome segregation during anaphase requires a protein complex called cohesin, which holds together sister chromatids. This complex unifies sister chromatids from their synthesis during S phase, until separation in anaphase. Upon entry into mitosis, the spindle apparatus is assembled, which eventually engages kinetochores of all chromosomes. Additionally, when kinetochores of sister chromatids assume amphitelic attachment to the spindle microtubules, cells are finally ready for the separation of sister chromatids. This is achieved by the enzymatic cleavage of cohesin subunits Scc1 or Rec8 by an enzyme called Separase. After cohesin cleavage, sister chromatids remain attached to the spindle apparatus and their poleward movement on the spindle is initiated. The removal of cohesion between sister chromatids is an irreversible step and therefore it must be synchronized with assembly of the spindle apparatus, since precocious separation of sister chromatids might lead into aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries concerning the regulation of Separase activity during the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Konecna
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soodabeh Abbasi Sani
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Anger
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
MacKenzie A, Vicory V, Lacefield S. Meiotic Cells Escape Prolonged Spindle Checkpoint Activity Through Premature Silencing and Slippage. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.02.522494. [PMID: 36711621 PMCID: PMC9881877 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.02.522494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To prevent chromosome mis-segregation, a surveillance mechanism known as the spindle checkpoint delays the cell cycle if kinetochores are not attached to spindle microtubules, allowing the cell additional time to correct improper attachments. During spindle checkpoint activation, checkpoint proteins bind the unattached kinetochore and send a diffusible signal to inhibit the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Previous work has shown that mitotic cells with depolymerized microtubules can escape prolonged spindle checkpoint activation in a process called mitotic slippage. During slippage, spindle checkpoint proteins bind unattached kinetochores, but the cells cannot maintain the checkpoint arrest. We asked if meiotic cells had as robust of a spindle checkpoint response as mitotic cells and whether they also undergo slippage after prolonged spindle checkpoint activity. We performed a direct comparison between mitotic and meiotic budding yeast cells that signal the spindle checkpoint due to a lack of either kinetochore-microtubule attachments or due to a loss of tension-bearing attachments. We find that the spindle checkpoint is not as robust in meiosis I or meiosis II compared to mitosis, overcoming a checkpoint arrest approximately 150 minutes earlier in meiosis. In addition, cells in meiosis I escape spindle checkpoint signaling using two mechanisms, silencing the checkpoint at the kinetochore and through slippage. We propose that meiotic cells undertake developmentally-regulated mechanisms to prevent persistent spindle checkpoint activity to ensure the production of gametes. AUTHOR SUMMARY Mitosis and meiosis are the two major types of cell divisions. Mitosis gives rise to genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis is a reductional division that gives rise to gametes. Cell cycle checkpoints are highly regulated surveillance mechanisms that prevent cell cycle progression when circumstances are unfavorable. The spindle checkpoint promotes faithful chromosome segregation to safeguard against aneuploidy, in which cells have too many or too few chromosomes. The spindle checkpoint is activated at the kinetochore and then diffuses to inhibit cell cycle progression. Although the checkpoint is active in both mitosis and meiosis, most studies involving checkpoint regulation have been performed in mitosis. By activating the spindle checkpoint in both mitosis and meiosis in budding yeast, we show that cells in meiosis elicit a less persistent checkpoint signal compared to cells in mitosis. Further, we show that cells use distinct mechanisms to escape the checkpoint in mitosis and meiosis I. While cells in mitosis and meiosis II undergo anaphase onset while retaining checkpoint proteins at the kinetochore, cells in meiosis I prematurely lose checkpoint protein localization at the kinetochore. If the mechanism to remove the checkpoint components from the kinetochore is disrupted, meiosis I cells can still escape checkpoint activity. Together, these results highlight that cell cycle checkpoints are differentially regulated during meiosis to avoid long delays and to allow gametogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne MacKenzie
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Victoria Vicory
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Soni Lacefield
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed to Soni Lacefield:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Homologous chromosomes are stably conjoined for Drosophila male meiosis I by SUM, a multimerized protein assembly with modules for DNA-binding and for separase-mediated dissociation co-opted from cohesin. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010547. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For meiosis I, homologous chromosomes must be paired into bivalents. Maintenance of homolog conjunction in bivalents until anaphase I depends on crossovers in canonical meiosis. However, instead of crossovers, an alternative system achieves homolog conjunction during the achiasmate male meiosis of Drosophila melanogaster. The proteins SNM, UNO and MNM are likely constituents of a physical linkage that conjoins homologs in D. melanogaster spermatocytes. Here, we report that SNM binds tightly to the C-terminal region of UNO. This interaction is homologous to that of the cohesin subunits stromalin/Scc3/STAG and α-kleisin, as revealed by sequence similarities, structure modeling and cross-link mass spectrometry. Importantly, purified SU_C, the heterodimeric complex of SNM and the C-terminal region of UNO, displayed DNA-binding in vitro. DNA-binding was severely impaired by mutational elimination of positively charged residues from the C-terminal helix of UNO. Phenotypic analyses in flies fully confirmed the physiological relevance of this basic helix for chromosome-binding and homolog conjunction during male meiosis. Beyond DNA, SU_C also bound MNM, one of many isoforms expressed from the complex mod(mdg4) locus. This binding of MNM to SU_C was mediated by the MNM-specific C-terminal region, while the purified N-terminal part common to all Mod(mdg4) isoforms multimerized into hexamers in vitro. Similarly, the UNO N-terminal domain formed tetramers in vitro. Thus, we suggest that multimerization confers to SUM, the assemblies composed of SNM, UNO and MNM, the capacity to conjoin homologous chromosomes stably by the resultant multivalent DNA-binding. Moreover, to permit homolog separation during anaphase I, SUM is dissociated by separase, since UNO, the α-kleisin-related protein, includes a separase cleavage site. In support of this proposal, we demonstrate that UNO cleavage by tobacco etch virus protease is sufficient to release homolog conjunction in vivo after mutational exchange of the separase cleavage site with that of the bio-orthogonal protease.
Collapse
|
17
|
Boukaba A, Wu Q, Liu J, Chen C, Liang J, Li J, Strunnikov A. Mapping separase-mediated cleavage in situ. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac085. [PMID: 36415827 PMCID: PMC9673495 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Separase is a protease that performs critical functions in the maintenance of genetic homeostasis. Among them, the cleavage of the meiotic cohesin during meiosis is a key step in producing gametes in eukaryotes. However, the exact chromosomal localization of this proteolytic cleavage was not addressed due to the lack of experimental tools. To this end, we developed a method based on monoclonal antibodies capable of recognizing the predicted neo-epitopes produced by separase-mediated proteolysis in the RAD21 and REC8 cohesin subunits. To validate the epigenomic strategy of mapping cohesin proteolysis, anti-RAD21 neo-epitopes antibodies were used in ChIP-On-ChEPseq analysis of human cells undergoing mitotic anaphase. Second, a similar analysis applied for mapping of REC8 cleavage in germline cells in Macaque showed a correlation with a subset of alpha-satellites and other repeats, directly demonstrating that the site-specific mei-cohesin proteolysis hotspots are coincident but not identical with centromeres. The sequences for the corresponding immunoglobulin genes show a convergence of antibodies with close specificity. This approach could be potentially used to investigate cohesin ring opening events in other chromosomal locations, if applied to single cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhalim Boukaba
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Qiongfang Wu
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Jian Liu
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Jierong Liang
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Alexander V Strunnikov
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Identification of a novel substrate motif of yeast separase and deciphering the recognition specificity using AlphaFold2 and molecular dynamics simulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 620:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Chen J, Gao C, Luo M, Zheng C, Lin X, Ning Y, Ma L, He W, Xie D, Liu K, Hong K, Han C. MicroRNA-202 safeguards meiotic progression by preventing premature SEPARASE-mediated REC8 cleavage. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54298. [PMID: 35712867 PMCID: PMC9346496 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are believed to play important roles in mammalian spermatogenesis but the in vivo functions of single miRNAs in this highly complex developmental process remain unclear. Here, we report that miR-202, a member of the let-7 family, plays an important role in spermatogenesis by phenotypic evaluation of miR-202 knockout (KO) mice. Loss of miR-202 results in spermatocyte apoptosis and perturbation of the zygonema-to-pachynema transition. Multiple processes during meiosis prophase I including synapsis and crossover formation are disrupted, and inter-sister chromatid synapses are detected. Moreover, we demonstrate that Separase mRNA is a miR-202 direct target and provides evidence that miR-202 upregulates REC8 by repressing Separase expression. Therefore, we have identified miR-202 as a new regulating noncoding gene that acts on the established SEPARASE-REC8 axis in meiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Chenxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengcheng Luo
- Department of Tissue and EmbryologyHubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated DiseaseSchool of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chunwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiwen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Longfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kui Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility RegulationCenter of Assisted Reproduction and EmbryologyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kai Hong
- Department of UrologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Passer AR, Clancey SA, Shea T, David-Palma M, Averette AF, Boekhout T, Porcel BM, Nowrousian M, Cuomo CA, Sun S, Heitman J, Coelho MA. Obligate sexual reproduction of a homothallic fungus closely related to the Cryptococcus pathogenic species complex. eLife 2022; 11:e79114. [PMID: 35713948 PMCID: PMC9296135 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are enigmatic organisms that flourish in soil, on decaying plants, or during infection of animals or plants. Growing in myriad forms, from single-celled yeast to multicellular molds and mushrooms, fungi have also evolved a variety of strategies to reproduce. Normally, fungi reproduce in one of two ways: either they reproduce asexually, with one individual producing a new individual identical to itself, or they reproduce sexually, with two individuals of different 'mating types' contributing to produce a new individual. However, individuals of some species exhibit 'homothallism' or self-fertility: these individuals can produce reproductive cells that are universally compatible, and therefore can reproduce sexually with themselves or with any other cell in the population. Homothallism has evolved multiple times throughout the fungal kingdom, suggesting it confers advantage when population numbers are low or mates are hard to find. Yet some homothallic fungi been overlooked compared to heterothallic species, whose mating types have been well characterised. Understanding the genetic basis of homothallism and how it evolved in different species can provide insights into pathogenic species that cause fungal disease. With that in mind, Passer, Clancey et al. explored the genetic basis of homothallism in Cryptococcus depauperatus, a close relative of C. neoformans, a species that causes fungal infections in humans. A combination of genetic sequencing techniques and experiments were applied to analyse, compare, and manipulate C. depauperatus' genome to see how this species evolved self-fertility. Passer, Clancey et al. showed that C. depauperatus evolved the ability to reproduce sexually by itself via a unique evolutionary pathway. The result is a form of homothallism never reported in fungi before. C. depauperatus lost some of the genes that control mating in other species of fungi, and acquired genes from the opposing mating types of a heterothallic ancestor to become self-fertile. Passer, Clancey et al. also found that, unlike other Cryptococcus species that switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, C. depauperatus grows only as long, branching filaments called hyphae, a sexual form. The species reproduces sexually with itself throughout its life cycle and is unable to produce a yeast (asexual) form, in contrast to other closely related species. This work offers new insights into how different modes of sexual reproduction have evolved in fungi. It also provides another interesting case of how genome plasticity and evolutionary pressures can produce similar outcomes, homothallism, via different evolutionary paths. Lastly, assembling the complete genome of C. depauperatus will foster comparative studies between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Cryptococcus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ryan Passer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Shelly Applen Clancey
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Terrance Shea
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Márcia David-Palma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Anna Floyd Averette
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity InstituteUtrechtNetherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Betina M Porcel
- Génomique Métabolique, CNRS, University Evry, Université Paris-SaclayEvryFrance
| | - Minou Nowrousian
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare und Zelluläre Botanik, Ruhr-Universität BochumBochumGermany
| | | | - Sheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Marco A Coelho
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cheng J, Liu Y. Knockout of cyclin B1 in granulosa cells causes female subfertility. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1867-1878. [PMID: 35536551 PMCID: PMC9359391 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2074740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, cyclin B1 plays a pivotal role in mitotic and meiotic progression. It has been reported that infertility occurs after disruption of cyclin B1 (Ccnb1) in male germ cells and oocytes. However, it remains to be elucidated whether the specific disruption of Ccnb1 in granulosa cells influences the reproductive activity of female mice. Amhr2 is expressed in granulosa cells (GCs) of the ovary. Here, we mated Ccnb1Flox/Flox mice with a transgenic mouse strain expressing Amhr2-Cre to generate GC-specific Ccnb1 knockout mice. The results showed that Ccnb1 Flox/Flox, Amhr2-Cre (Ccnb1 cKO) mice were subfertile but had normal oocyte meiotic progress, spindle shape and protein levels of cohesin subunits REC8 and SMC3 on arm chromosomes during meiosis I. A further study found that 32.4% of oocytes from Ccnb1 cKO mice exhibited chromosome condensation and spindle disassembly after the first polar body extrusion and failed to undergo second meiosis, which was never found in oocytes from Ccnb1Flox/Flox mice. In addition, the percentages of 2-cell embryos, morulas, and blastocysts in the Ccnb1 mutant group were all dramatically decreased compared to those in the Ccnb1Flox/Flox group (39.2% vs. 86.8%, 26.0% vs. 85.0%, 19.1% vs. 85.8%, respectively). Therefore, GC-specific Ccnb1 deletion in mice could cause fewer and poor-quality blastocysts and subsequent subfertility, which plays an important role in understanding the function of cyclin B1 in reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Cheng
- School of Medicine, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xicheng, China
| | - Yixun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xicheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ishiguro KI. Sexually Dimorphic Properties in Meiotic Chromosome. Sex Dev 2022; 16:423-434. [PMID: 35130542 DOI: 10.1159/000520682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meiosis is a crucial process for germ cell development. It consists of 1 round of DNA replication followed by 2 rounds of chromosome segregation, producing haploid gametes from diploid cells. During meiotic prophase, chromosomes are organized into axis-loop structures, which underlie meiosis-specific events such as meiotic recombination and homolog synapsis. Meiosis-specific cohesin plays a pivotal role in establishing higher-order chromosome architecture and regulating chromosome dynamics. SUMMARY Notably, sexually dimorphic properties of chromosome architecture are prominent during meiotic prophase, despite the same axial proteins being conserved between male and female. The difference in chromosome structure between the sexes gives sexual differences in the regulation of meiotic recombination and crossover distribution. KEY MESSAGES This review mainly focuses on the sexual differences of meiosis from the viewpoint of chromosome structure in mammals, elucidating the differences in meiotic recombination and homolog synapsis between the sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Ichiro Ishiguro
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oz T, Mengoli V, Rojas J, Jonak K, Braun M, Zagoriy I, Zachariae W. The Spo13/Meikin pathway confines the onset of gamete differentiation to meiosis II in yeast. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109446. [PMID: 35023198 PMCID: PMC8844990 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction requires genome haploidization by the two divisions of meiosis and a differentiation program to generate gametes. Here, we have investigated how sporulation, the yeast equivalent of gamete differentiation, is coordinated with progression through meiosis. Spore differentiation is initiated at metaphase II when a membrane-nucleating structure, called the meiotic plaque, is assembled at the centrosome. While all components of this structure accumulate already at entry into meiosis I, they cannot assemble because centrosomes are occupied by Spc72, the receptor of the γ-tubulin complex. Spc72 is removed from centrosomes by a pathway that depends on the polo-like kinase Cdc5 and the meiosis-specific kinase Ime2, which is unleashed by the degradation of Spo13/Meikin upon activation of the anaphase-promoting complex at anaphase I. Meiotic plaques are finally assembled upon reactivation of Cdk1 at entry into metaphase II. This unblocking-activation mechanism ensures that only single-copy genomes are packaged into spores and might serve as a paradigm for the regulation of other meiosis II-specific processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Oz
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Valentina Mengoli
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marianne Braun
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Argüello-Miranda O, Marchand AJ, Kennedy T, Russo MAX, Noh J. Cell cycle-independent integration of stress signals by Xbp1 promotes Non-G1/G0 quiescence entry. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212720. [PMID: 34694336 PMCID: PMC8548912 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a nonproliferative state required for cell survival under stress and during development. In most quiescent cells, proliferation is stopped in a reversible state of low Cdk1 kinase activity; in many organisms, however, quiescent states with high-Cdk1 activity can also be established through still uncharacterized stress or developmental mechanisms. Here, we used a microfluidics approach coupled to phenotypic classification by machine learning to identify stress pathways associated with starvation-triggered high-Cdk1 quiescent states in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that low- and high-Cdk1 quiescent states shared a core of stress-associated processes, such as autophagy, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial up-regulation, but differed in the nuclear accumulation of the stress transcription factors Xbp1, Gln3, and Sfp1. The decision between low- or high-Cdk1 quiescence was controlled by cell cycle-independent accumulation of Xbp1, which acted as a time-delayed integrator of the duration of stress stimuli. Our results show how cell cycle-independent stress-activated factors promote cellular quiescence outside G1/G0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Argüello-Miranda
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ashley J Marchand
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Taylor Kennedy
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
| | - Marielle A X Russo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jungsik Noh
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kiyozumi D, Ikawa M. Proteolysis in Reproduction: Lessons From Gene-Modified Organism Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:876370. [PMID: 35600599 PMCID: PMC9114714 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.876370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological roles of proteolysis are not limited to degrading unnecessary proteins. Proteolysis plays pivotal roles in various biological processes through cleaving peptide bonds to activate and inactivate proteins including enzymes, transcription factors, and receptors. As a wide range of cellular processes is regulated by proteolysis, abnormalities or dysregulation of such proteolytic processes therefore often cause diseases. Recent genetic studies have clarified the inclusion of proteases and protease inhibitors in various reproductive processes such as development of gonads, generation and activation of gametes, and physical interaction between gametes in various species including yeast, animals, and plants. Such studies not only clarify proteolysis-related factors but the biological processes regulated by proteolysis for successful reproduction. Here the physiological roles of proteases and proteolysis in reproduction will be reviewed based on findings using gene-modified organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kiyozumi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cao L, Wang S, Zhao L, Qin Y, Wang H, Cheng Y. The Inactivation of Arabidopsis UBC22 Results in Abnormal Chromosome Segregation in Female Meiosis, but Not in Male Meiosis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112418. [PMID: 34834780 PMCID: PMC8625819 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is important for the regulation of meiosis in eukaryotes, including plants. However, little is known about the involvement of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in plant meiosis. Arabidopsis UBC22 is a unique E2 enzyme, able to catalyze the formation of ubiquitin dimers through lysine 11 (K11). Previous work has shown that ubc22 mutants are defective in megasporogenesis, with most ovules having no or abnormally functioning megaspores; furthermore, some mutant plants show distinct phenotypes in vegetative growth. In this study, we showed that chromosome segregation and callose deposition were abnormal in mutant female meiosis while male meiosis was not affected. The meiotic recombinase DMC1, required for homologous chromosome recombination, showed a dispersed distribution in mutant female meiocytes compared to the presence of strong foci in WT female meiocytes. Based on an analysis of F1 plants produced from crosses using a mutant as the female parent, about 24% of female mutant gametes had an abnormal content of DNA, resulting in frequent aneuploids among the mutant plants. These results show that UBC22 is critical for normal chromosome segregation in female meiosis but not for male meiosis, and they provide important leads for studying the role of UBC22 and K11-linked ubiquitination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.Q.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Lihua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Yan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ahuja JS, Harvey CS, Wheeler DL, Lichten M. Repeated strand invasion and extensive branch migration are hallmarks of meiotic recombination. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4258-4270.e4. [PMID: 34453891 PMCID: PMC8541907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently favored models for meiotic recombination posit that both noncrossover and crossover recombination are initiated by DNA double-strand breaks but form by different mechanisms: noncrossovers by synthesis-dependent strand annealing and crossovers by formation and resolution of double Holliday junctions centered around the break. This dual mechanism hypothesis predicts different hybrid DNA patterns in noncrossover and crossover recombinants. We show that these predictions are not upheld, by mapping with unprecedented resolution parental strand contributions to recombinants at a model locus. Instead, break repair in both noncrossovers and crossovers involves synthesis-dependent strand annealing, often with multiple rounds of strand invasion. Crossover-specific double Holliday junction formation occurs via processes involving branch migration as an integral feature, one that can be separated from repair of the break itself. These findings reveal meiotic recombination to be a highly dynamic process and prompt a new view of the relationship between crossover and noncrossover recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder S Ahuja
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine S Harvey
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David L Wheeler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Lichten
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou W, Li Z, Zhang J, Mou B, Zhou W. The OsIME4 gene identified as a key to meiosis initiation by RNA in situ hybridization. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:861-873. [PMID: 33884735 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of asexual seeds in plants holds great promise as a breeding system for one-line hybrid rice. Entry into meiosis is a key developmental decision in gametogenesis, especially in formation of asexual seeds in plants. Apomeiosis in MeMCs can be achieved by identifying and manipulating meiosis-specific genes. Using methods based on in situ hybridization and expression analysis, we identified OsIME4 (inducer of meiosis 4) sense and antisense transcripts involved in rice meiosis initiation, similar to initiation of meiosis in budding yeast. Our data suggest that the OsIME4 sense transcript, which encodes a putative mRNA N6-adenosine methyltransferase, keeps rice cells at mitosis stage through some form of epigenesis (DNA/RNA methylation), and the non-coding antisense transcript of OsIME4 converts the cell status from mitosis to meiosis by inhibiting expression (transcription and translation) of the sense transcript. We identified that the non-coding antisense transcript of OsIME4 converts archesporial cell status from mitosis to meiosis by inhibiting expression of the OsIME4 sense transcript in rice. Our results provide novel insights into meiosis initiation in rice and for engineering of apomixis in sexual crops by manipulating the OsIME4 sense and antisense transcripts, which has great promise for producing apomictic rice in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Zhou
- Crop Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China
| | - J Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - B Mou
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA-ARS), 1636 E. Alisal Street, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - W Zhou
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA-ARS), 1636 E. Alisal Street, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Beverley R, Snook ML, Brieño-Enríquez MA. Meiotic Cohesin and Variants Associated With Human Reproductive Aging and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710033. [PMID: 34409039 PMCID: PMC8365356 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful human reproduction relies on the well-orchestrated development of competent gametes through the process of meiosis. The loading of cohesin, a multi-protein complex, is a key event in the initiation of mammalian meiosis. Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion via cohesin rings is essential for ensuring homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair and future proper chromosome segregation. Cohesin proteins loaded during female fetal life are not replenished over time, and therefore are a potential etiology of age-related aneuploidy in oocytes resulting in decreased fecundity and increased infertility and miscarriage rates with advancing maternal age. Herein, we provide a brief overview of meiotic cohesin and summarize the human genetic studies which have identified genetic variants of cohesin proteins and the associated reproductive phenotypes including primary ovarian insufficiency, trisomy in offspring, and non-obstructive azoospermia. The association of cohesion defects with cancer predisposition and potential impact on aging are also described. Expansion of genetic testing within clinical medicine, with a focus on cohesin protein-related genes, may provide additional insight to previously unknown etiologies of disorders contributing to gamete exhaustion in females, and infertility and reproductive aging in both men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Beverley
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meredith L Snook
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Brieño-Enríquez
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maier NK, Ma J, Lampson MA, Cheeseman IM. Separase cleaves the kinetochore protein Meikin at the meiosis I/II transition. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2192-2206.e8. [PMID: 34331869 PMCID: PMC8355204 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To generate haploid gametes, germ cells undergo two consecutive meiotic divisions requiring key changes to the cell division machinery. Here, we demonstrate that the protease separase rewires key cell division processes at the meiosis I/II transition by cleaving the meiosis-specific protein Meikin. Separase proteolysis does not inactivate Meikin but instead alters its function to create a distinct activity state. Full-length Meikin and the C-terminal Meikin separase cleavage product both localize to kinetochores, bind to Plk1 kinase, and promote Rec8 cleavage, but our results reveal distinct roles for these proteins in controlling meiosis. Mutations that prevent Meikin cleavage or that conditionally inactivate Meikin at anaphase I result in defective meiosis II chromosome alignment in mouse oocytes. Finally, as oocytes exit meiosis, C-Meikin is eliminated by APC/C-mediated degradation prior to the first mitotic division. Thus, multiple regulatory events irreversibly modulate Meikin activity during successive meiotic divisions to rewire the cell division machinery at two distinct transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan K Maier
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thomas C, Wetherall B, Levasseur MD, Harris RJ, Kerridge ST, Higgins JMG, Davies OR, Madgwick S. A prometaphase mechanism of securin destruction is essential for meiotic progression in mouse oocytes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4322. [PMID: 34262048 PMCID: PMC8280194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful cell division relies on the timely removal of key cell cycle proteins such as securin. Securin inhibits separase, which cleaves the cohesin rings holding chromosomes together. Securin must be depleted before anaphase to ensure chromosome segregation occurs with anaphase. Here we find that in meiosis I, mouse oocytes contain an excess of securin over separase. We reveal a mechanism that promotes excess securin destruction in prometaphase I. Importantly, this mechanism relies on two phenylalanine residues within the separase-interacting segment (SIS) of securin that are only exposed when securin is not bound to separase. We suggest that these residues facilitate the removal of non-separase-bound securin ahead of metaphase, as inhibiting this period of destruction by mutating both residues causes the majority of oocytes to arrest in meiosis I. We further propose that cellular securin levels exceed the amount an oocyte is capable of removing in metaphase alone, such that the prometaphase destruction mechanism identified here is essential for correct meiotic progression in mouse oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Thomas
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Wetherall
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark D Levasseur
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rebecca J Harris
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Scott T Kerridge
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jonathan M G Higgins
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Owen R Davies
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Suzanne Madgwick
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Blokhina YP, Frees MA, Nguyen A, Sharifi M, Chu DB, Bispo K, Olaya I, Draper BW, Burgess SM. Rad21l1 cohesin subunit is dispensable for spermatogenesis but not oogenesis in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009127. [PMID: 34138874 PMCID: PMC8291703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During meiosis I, ring-shaped cohesin complexes play important roles in aiding the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes. RAD21L is a meiosis-specific vertebrate cohesin that is required for spermatogenesis in mice but is dispensable for oogenesis in young animals. The role of this cohesin in other vertebrate models has not been explored. Here, we tested if the zebrafish homolog Rad21l1 is required for meiotic chromosome dynamics during spermatogenesis and oogenesis. We found that Rad21l1 localizes to unsynapsed chromosome axes. It is also found between the axes of the mature tripartite synaptonemal complex (SC) in both sexes. We knocked out rad21l1 and found that nearly all rad21l1-/- mutants develop as fertile males, suggesting that the mutation causes a defect in juvenile oogenesis, since insufficient oocyte production triggers female to male sex reversal in zebrafish. Sex reversal was partially suppressed by mutation of the checkpoint gene tp53, suggesting that the rad21l1 mutation activates Tp53-mediated apoptosis or arrest in females. This response, however, is not linked to a defect in repairing Spo11-induced double-strand breaks since deletion of spo11 does not suppress the sex reversal phenotype. Compared to tp53 single mutant controls, rad21l1-/- tp53-/- double mutant females produce poor quality eggs that often die or develop into malformed embryos. Overall, these results indicate that the absence of rad21l1-/- females is due to a checkpoint-mediated response and highlight a role for a meiotic-specific cohesin subunit in oogenesis but not spermatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yana P. Blokhina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Frees
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - An Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Masuda Sharifi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Chu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kristi Bispo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ivan Olaya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce W. Draper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Burgess
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Meiosis is a highly conserved and essential process in gametogenesis in sexually reproducing organisms. However, there are substantial sex-specific differences within individual species with respect to meiosis-related chromatin reorganization, recombination, and tolerance for meiotic defects. A wide range of murine models have been developed over the past two decades to study the complex regulatory processes governing mammalian meiosis. The present review article thus provides a comprehensive overview of the knockout mice that have been employed to study meiosis, with a particular focus on gene- and gametogenesis-related sexual dimorphism observed in these model animals. In so doing, we aim to provide a firm foundation for the future study of sex-specific differences in meiosis at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma W, Zhou J, Chen J, Carr AM, Watanabe Y. Meikin synergizes with shugoshin to protect cohesin Rec8 during meiosis I. Genes Dev 2021; 35:692-697. [PMID: 33888556 PMCID: PMC8091969 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348052.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The conserved meiosis-specific kinetochore regulator, meikin (Moa1 in fission yeast) plays a central role in establishing meiosis-specific kinetochore function. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show how Moa1 regulates centromeric cohesion protection, a function that has been previously attributed to shugoshin (Sgo1). Moa1 is known to associate with Plo1 kinase. We explore Plo1-dependent Rec8 phosphorylation and identify a key phosphorylation site required for cohesion protection. The phosphorylation of Rec8 by Moa1-Plo1 potentiates the activity of PP2A associated with Sgo1. This leads to dephosphorylation of Rec8 at another site, which thereby prevents cleavage of Rec8 by separase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Antony M Carr
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mengoli V, Jonak K, Lyzak O, Lamb M, Lister LM, Lodge C, Rojas J, Zagoriy I, Herbert M, Zachariae W. Deprotection of centromeric cohesin at meiosis II requires APC/C activity but not kinetochore tension. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106812. [PMID: 33644894 PMCID: PMC8013787 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome haploidization involves sequential loss of cohesin from chromosome arms and centromeres during two meiotic divisions. At centromeres, cohesin's Rec8 subunit is protected from separase cleavage at meiosis I and then deprotected to allow its cleavage at meiosis II. Protection of centromeric cohesin by shugoshin-PP2A seems evolutionarily conserved. However, deprotection has been proposed to rely on spindle forces separating the Rec8 protector from cohesin at metaphase II in mammalian oocytes and on APC/C-dependent destruction of the protector at anaphase II in yeast. Here, we have activated APC/C in the absence of sister kinetochore biorientation at meiosis II in yeast and mouse oocytes, and find that bipolar spindle forces are dispensable for sister centromere separation in both systems. Furthermore, we show that at least in yeast, protection of Rec8 by shugoshin and inhibition of separase by securin are both required for the stability of centromeric cohesin at metaphase II. Our data imply that related mechanisms preserve the integrity of dyad chromosomes during the short metaphase II of yeast and the prolonged metaphase II arrest of mammalian oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mengoli
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera ItalianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Oleksii Lyzak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Mahdi Lamb
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lisa M Lister
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chris Lodge
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
EMBL HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mary Herbert
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sandhu R, Sinha A, Montpetit B. The SR-protein Npl3 is an essential component of the meiotic splicing regulatory network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2552-2568. [PMID: 33577675 PMCID: PMC7969001 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The meiotic gene expression program in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves regulated splicing of meiosis-specific genes via multiple splicing activators (e.g. Mer1, Nam8, Tgs1). Here, we show that the SR protein Npl3 is required for meiotic splicing regulation and is essential for proper execution of the meiotic cell cycle. The loss of Npl3, though not required for viability in mitosis, caused intron retention in meiosis-specific transcripts, inefficient meiotic double strand break processing and an arrest of the meiotic cell cycle. The targets of Npl3 overlapped in some cases with other splicing regulators, while also having unique target transcripts that were not shared. In the absence of Npl3, splicing defects for three transcripts (MER2, HOP2 and SAE3) were rescued by conversion of non-consensus splice sites to the consensus sequence. Methylation of Npl3 was further found to be required for splicing Mer1-dependent transcripts, indicating transcript-specific mechanisms by which Npl3 supports splicing. Together these data identify an essential function for the budding yeast SR protein Npl3 in meiosis as part of the meiotic splicing regulatory network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Sandhu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aniketa Sinha
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ben Montpetit
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang P, Yang F, Ma Z, Zhang R. Chromosome Unipolar Division and Low Expression of Tws May Cause Parthenogenesis of Rice Water Weevil ( Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel). INSECTS 2021; 12:278. [PMID: 33805047 PMCID: PMC8064085 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rice water weevil (RWW) is divided into two types of population, triploid parthenogenesis and diploid bisexual reproduction. In this study, we explored the meiosis of triploid parthenogenesis RWW (Shangzhuang Town, Haidian District, Beijing, China) by marking the chromosomes and microtubules of parthenogenetic RWW oocytes via immunostaining. The immunostaining results show that there is a canonical meiotic spindle formed in the triploid parthenogenetic RWW oocytes, but chromosomes segregate at only one pole, which means that there is a chromosomal unipolar division during the oogenesis of the parthenogenetic RWW. Furthermore, we cloned the conserved sequences of parthenogenetic RWW REC8 and Tws, and designed primers based on the parthenogenetic RWW sequence to detect expression patterns by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Q-PCR results indicate that the expression of REC8 and Tws in ovarian tissue of bisexual Drosophila melanogaster is 0.98 and 10,000.00 times parthenogenetic RWW, respectively (p < 0.01). The results show that Tws had low expression in parthenogenetic RWW ovarian tissue, and REC8 was expressed normally. Our study suggests that the chromosomal unipolar division and deletion of Tws may cause parthenogenesis in RWW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.W.); (F.Y.); (Z.M.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.W.); (F.Y.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.W.); (F.Y.); (Z.M.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.W.); (F.Y.); (Z.M.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Song M, Zhai B, Yang X, Tan T, Wang Y, Yang X, Tan Y, Chu T, Cao Y, Song Y, Wang S, Zhang L. Interplay between Pds5 and Rec8 in regulating chromosome axis length and crossover frequency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabe7920. [PMID: 33712462 PMCID: PMC7954452 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe7920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic chromosomes have a loop/axis architecture, with axis length determining crossover frequency. Meiosis-specific Pds5 depletion mutants have shorter chromosome axes and lower homologous chromosome pairing and recombination frequency. However, it is poorly understood how Pds5 coordinately regulates these processes. In this study, we show that only ~20% of wild-type level of Pds5 is required for homolog pairing and that higher levels of Pds5 dosage-dependently regulate axis length and crossover frequency. Moderate changes in Pds5 protein levels do not explicitly impair the basic recombination process. Further investigations show that Pds5 does not regulate chromosome axes by altering Rec8 abundance. Conversely, Rec8 regulates chromosome axis length by modulating Pds5. These findings highlight the important role of Pds5 in regulating meiosis and its relationship with Rec8 to regulate chromosome axis length and crossover frequency with implications for evolutionary adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Song
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Binyuan Zhai
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong 250001, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong 250001, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Taicong Tan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong 250001, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yingjin Tan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Tingting Chu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanding Cao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yulong Song
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shunxin Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong 250001, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Liangran Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Biswas L, Tyc K, Yakoubi WE, Morgan K, Xing J, Schindler K. Meiosis interrupted: the genetics of female infertility via meiotic failure. Reproduction 2021; 161:R13-R35. [PMID: 33170803 PMCID: PMC7855740 DOI: 10.1530/rep-20-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic or 'unexplained' infertility represents as many as 30% of infertility cases worldwide. Conception, implantation, and term delivery of developmentally healthy infants require chromosomally normal (euploid) eggs and sperm. The crux of euploid egg production is error-free meiosis. Pathologic genetic variants dysregulate meiotic processes that occur during prophase I, meiotic resumption, chromosome segregation, and in cell cycle regulation. This dysregulation can result in chromosomally abnormal (aneuploid) eggs. In turn, egg aneuploidy leads to a broad range of clinical infertility phenotypes, including primary ovarian insufficiency and early menopause, egg fertilization failure and embryonic developmental arrest, or recurrent pregnancy loss. Therefore, maternal genetic variants are emerging as infertility biomarkers, which could allow informed reproductive decision-making. Here, we select and deeply examine human genetic variants that likely cause dysregulation of critical meiotic processes in 14 female infertility-associated genes: SYCP3, SYCE1, TRIP13, PSMC3IP, DMC1, MCM8, MCM9, STAG3, PATL2, TUBB8, CEP120, AURKB, AURKC, andWEE2. We discuss the function of each gene in meiosis, explore genotype-phenotype relationships, and delineate the frequencies of infertility-associated variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leelabati Biswas
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Katarzyna Tyc
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Warif El Yakoubi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Katie Morgan
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Karen Schindler
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tian H, Billings T, Petkov PM. EWSR1 affects PRDM9-dependent histone 3 methylation and provides a link between recombination hotspots and the chromosome axis protein REC8. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1-14. [PMID: 33175657 PMCID: PMC8098819 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-09-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination in most mammals requires recombination hotspot activation through the action of the histone 3 Lys-4 and Lys-36 methyltransferase PRDM9 to ensure successful double-strand-break initiation and repair. Here we show that EWSR1, a protein whose role in meiosis was not previously clarified in detail, binds to both PRDM9 and pREC8, a phosphorylated meiosis-specific cohesin, in male meiotic cells. We created a Ewsr1 conditional knockout mouse model to deplete EWSR1 before the onset of meiosis and found that absence of EWSR1 causes meiotic arrest with decreased histone trimethylation at meiotic hotspots, impaired DNA double-strand-break repair, and reduced crossover number. Our results demonstrate that EWSR1 is essential for promoting PRDM9-dependent histone methylation and normal meiotic progress, possibly by facilitating the linking between PRDM9-bound hotspots and the nascent chromosome axis through its component cohesin pREC8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Separase is a large cysteine protease in eukaryotes and has crucial roles in many cellular processes, especially chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis, apoptosis, DNA damage repair, centrosome disengagement and duplication, spindle stabilization and elongation. It dissolves the cohesion between sister chromatids by cleaving one of the subunits of the cohesin ring for chromosome segregation. The activity of separase is tightly controlled at many levels, through direct binding of inhibitory proteins as well as posttranslational modification. Dysregulation of separase activity is linked to cancer and genome instability, making it a target for drug discovery. One of the best-known inhibitors of separase is securin, which has been identified in yeast, plants, and animals. Securin forms a tight complex with separase and potently inhibits its catalytic activity. Recent structures of the separase-securin complex have revealed the molecular mechanism for the inhibitory activity of securin. A segment of securin is bound in the active site of separase, thereby blocking substrate binding. Securin itself is not cleaved by separase as its binding mode is not compatible with catalysis. Securin also has extensive interactions with separase outside the active site, consistent with its function as a chaperone to stabilize this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Weber J, Kabakci Z, Chaurasia S, Brunner E, Lehner CF. Chromosome separation during Drosophila male meiosis I requires separase-mediated cleavage of the homolog conjunction protein UNO. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008928. [PMID: 33001976 PMCID: PMC7529252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division requires prior pairing of homologous chromosomes into bivalents. During canonical meiosis, linkage between homologous chromosomes is maintained until late metaphase I by chiasmata resulting from meiotic recombination in combination with distal sister chromatid cohesion. Separase-mediated elimination of cohesin from chromosome arms at the end of metaphase I permits terminalization of chiasmata and homolog segregation to opposite spindle poles during anaphase I. Interestingly, separase is also required for bivalent splitting during meiosis I in Drosophila males, where homologs are conjoined by an alternative mechanism independent of meiotic recombination and cohesin. Here we report the identification of a novel alternative homolog conjunction protein encoded by the previously uncharacterized gene univalents only (uno). The univalents that are present in uno null mutants at the start of meiosis I, instead of normal bivalents, are segregated randomly. In wild type, UNO protein is detected in dots associated with bivalent chromosomes and most abundantly at the localized pairing site of the sex chromosomes. UNO is cleaved by separase. Expression of a mutant UNO version with a non-functional separase cleavage site restores homolog conjunction in a uno null background. However, separation of bivalents during meiosis I is completely abrogated by this non-cleavable UNO version. Therefore, we propose that homolog separation during Drosophila male meiosis I is triggered by separase-mediated cleavage of UNO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Weber
- Department of Molecular Life Science (DMLS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Kabakci
- Department of Molecular Life Science (DMLS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Soumya Chaurasia
- Department of Molecular Life Science (DMLS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Brunner
- Department of Molecular Life Science (DMLS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian F. Lehner
- Department of Molecular Life Science (DMLS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Swentowsky KW, Gent JI, Lowry EG, Schubert V, Ran X, Tseng KF, Harkess AE, Qiu W, Dawe RK. Distinct kinesin motors drive two types of maize neocentromeres. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1239-1251. [PMID: 32820038 PMCID: PMC7462060 DOI: 10.1101/gad.340679.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A maize chromosome variant called abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10) converts knobs on chromosome arms into neocentromeres, causing their preferential segregation to egg cells in a process known as meiotic drive. We previously demonstrated that the gene Kinesin driver (Kindr) on Ab10 encodes a kinesin-14 required to mobilize neocentromeres made up of the major tandem repeat knob180. Here we describe a second kinesin-14 gene, TR-1 kinesin (Trkin), that is required to mobilize neocentromeres made up of the minor tandem repeat TR-1. Trkin lies in a 4-Mb region of Ab10 that is not syntenic with any other region of the maize genome and shows extraordinary sequence divergence from Kindr and other kinesins in plants. Despite its unusual structure, Trkin encodes a functional minus end-directed kinesin that specifically colocalizes with TR-1 in meiosis, forming long drawn out neocentromeres. TRKIN contains a nuclear localization signal and localizes to knobs earlier in prophase than KINDR. The fact that TR-1 repeats often co-occur with knob180 repeats suggests that the current role of the TRKIN/TR-1 system is to facilitate the meiotic drive of the KINDR/knob180 system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Swentowsky
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jonathan I Gent
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Veit Schubert
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Xia Ran
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Kuo-Fu Tseng
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Alex E Harkess
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - R Kelly Dawe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Holton RA, Harris AM, Mukerji B, Singh T, Dia F, Berkowitz KM. CHTF18 ensures the quantity and quality of the ovarian reserve†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:24-35. [PMID: 32219340 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number and quality of oocytes, as well as the decline in both of these parameters with age, determines reproductive potential in women. However, the underlying mechanisms of this diminution are incompletely understood. Previously, we identified novel roles for CHTF18 (Chromosome Transmission Fidelity Factor 18), a component of the conserved Replication Factor C-like complex, in male fertility and gametogenesis. Currently, we reveal crucial roles for CHTF18 in female meiosis and oocyte development. Chtf18-/- female mice are subfertile and have fewer offspring beginning at 6 months of age. Consistent with age-dependent subfertility, Chtf18-/- ovaries contain fewer follicles at all stages of folliculogenesis than wild type ovaries, but the decreases are more significant at 3 and 6 months of age. By 6 months of age, both primordial and growing ovarian follicle pools are markedly reduced to near depletion. Chromosomal synapsis in Chtf18-/- oocytes is complete, but meiotic recombination is impaired resulting in persistent DNA double-strand breaks, fewer crossovers, and early homolog disjunction during meiosis I. Consistent with poor oocyte quality, the majority of Chtf18-/- oocytes fail to progress to metaphase II following meiotic resumption and a significant percentage of those that do progress are aneuploid. Collectively, our findings indicate critical functions for CHTF18 in ensuring both the quantity and quality of the mammalian oocyte pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tanu Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Ferdusy Dia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Karen M Berkowitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mittal P, Ghule K, Trakroo D, Prajapati HK, Ghosh SK. Meiosis-Specific Functions of Kinesin Motors in Cohesin Removal and Maintenance of Chromosome Integrity in Budding Yeast. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00386-19. [PMID: 31964755 PMCID: PMC7108822 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00386-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin motors provide the molecular forces at the kinetochore-microtubule interface and along the spindle to control chromosome segregation. During meiosis with two rounds of microtubule assembly-disassembly, the roles of motor proteins remain unexplored. We observed that in contrast to mitosis, Cin8 and Kip3 together are indispensable for meiosis. While examining meiosis in cin8Δ kip3Δ cells, we detected chromosome breakage in the meiosis II cells. The double mutant exhibits a delay in cohesin removal during anaphase I. Consequently, some cells fail to undergo meiosis II and form dyads, while some, as they progress through meiosis II, cause a defect in chromosome integrity. We believe that in the latter cells, an imbalance of spindle-mediated force and the simultaneous persistence of cohesin on chromosomes cause their breakage. We provide evidence that tension generated by Cin8 and Kip3 through microtubule cross-linking is essential for signaling efficient cohesin removal and the maintenance of chromosome integrity during meiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mittal
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Komal Ghule
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepika Trakroo
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Prajapati
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Santanu K Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hsieh YYP, Makrantoni V, Robertson D, Marston AL, Murray AW. Evolutionary repair: Changes in multiple functional modules allow meiotic cohesin to support mitosis. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000635. [PMID: 32155147 PMCID: PMC7138332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of proteins often changes during evolution, but we do not know how cells adapt when a protein is asked to participate in a different biological function. We forced the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to use the meiosis-specific kleisin, recombination 8 (Rec8), during the mitotic cell cycle, instead of its paralog, Scc1. This perturbation impairs sister chromosome linkage, advances the timing of genome replication, and reduces reproductive fitness by 45%. We evolved 15 parallel populations for 1,750 generations, substantially increasing their fitness, and analyzed the genotypes and phenotypes of the evolved cells. Only one population contained a mutation in Rec8, but many populations had mutations in the transcriptional mediator complex, cohesin-related genes, and cell cycle regulators that induce S phase. These mutations improve sister chromosome cohesion and delay genome replication in Rec8-expressing cells. We conclude that changes in known and novel partners allow cells to use an existing protein to participate in new biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Phoebe Hsieh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vasso Makrantoni
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Robertson
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adèle L. Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Murray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sherwin D, Wang Y. The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246182. [PMID: 31817904 PMCID: PMC6940769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential to maintain genome integrity in all eukaryotic cells, and chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy and therefore represents a hallmark of many cancers. Accurate segregation requires sister kinetochores to attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, known as bipolar attachment or biorientation. Recent studies have uncovered several mechanisms critical to chromosome bipolar attachment. First, a mechanism exists to ensure that the conformation of sister centromeres is biased toward bipolar attachment. Second, the phosphorylation of some kinetochore proteins destabilizes kinetochore attachment to facilitate error correction, but a protein phosphatase reverses this phosphorylation. Moreover, the activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint is regulated by kinases and phosphatases at the kinetochore, and this checkpoint prevents anaphase entry in response to faulty kinetochore attachment. The fine-tuned kinase/phosphatase balance at kinetochores is crucial for faithful chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. Here, we discuss the function and regulation of protein phosphatases in the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment with a focus on the model organism budding yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-850-644-0402; Fax: +1-850-644-5781
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Palmer N, Talib SZA, Kaldis P. Diverse roles for CDK-associated activity during spermatogenesis. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2925-2949. [PMID: 31566717 PMCID: PMC6900092 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in complex with their activating cyclin partners is to promote mitotic division in somatic cells. This canonical cell cycle-associated activity is also crucial for fertility as it allows the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells within the reproductive organs to generate meiotically competent cells. Intriguingly, several CDKs exhibit meiosis-specific functions and are essential for the completion of the two reductional meiotic divisions required to generate haploid gametes. These meiosis-specific functions are mediated by both known CDK/cyclin complexes and meiosis-specific CDK-regulators and are important for a variety of processes during meiotic prophase. The majority of meiotic defects observed upon deletion of these proteins occur during the extended prophase I of the first meiotic division. Importantly a lack of redundancy is seen within the meiotic arrest phenotypes described for many of these proteins, suggesting intricate layers of cell cycle control are required for normal meiotic progression. Using the process of male germ cell development (spermatogenesis) as a reference, this review seeks to highlight the diverse roles of selected CDKs their activators, and their regulators during gametogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Palmer
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Zakiah A Talib
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gruhn JR, Zielinska AP, Shukla V, Blanshard R, Capalbo A, Cimadomo D, Nikiforov D, Chan ACH, Newnham LJ, Vogel I, Scarica C, Krapchev M, Taylor D, Kristensen SG, Cheng J, Ernst E, Bjørn AMB, Colmorn LB, Blayney M, Elder K, Liss J, Hartshorne G, Grøndahl ML, Rienzi L, Ubaldi F, McCoy R, Lukaszuk K, Andersen CY, Schuh M, Hoffmann ER. Chromosome errors in human eggs shape natural fertility over reproductive life span. Science 2019; 365:1466-1469. [PMID: 31604276 PMCID: PMC7212007 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome errors, or aneuploidy, affect an exceptionally high number of human conceptions, causing pregnancy loss and congenital disorders. Here, we have followed chromosome segregation in human oocytes from females aged 9 to 43 years and report that aneuploidy follows a U-curve. Specific segregation error types show different age dependencies, providing a quantitative explanation for the U-curve. Whole-chromosome nondisjunction events are preferentially associated with increased aneuploidy in young girls, whereas centromeric and more extensive cohesion loss limit fertility as women age. Our findings suggest that chromosomal errors originating in oocytes determine the curve of natural fertility in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Gruhn
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agata P Zielinska
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Meiosis, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vallari Shukla
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Blanshard
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Illumina Inc., Fulbourn, UK
| | | | - Danilo Cimadomo
- G.en.e.r.a., Centers for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, via de notaris 2b, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Dmitry Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Università degli studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrew Chi-Ho Chan
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise J Newnham
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Ivan Vogel
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catello Scarica
- DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Krapchev
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Deborah Taylor
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and Centre for Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Coventry, UK
| | - Stine Gry Kristensen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Junping Cheng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Ernst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Aarhus, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Bay Bjørn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Aarhus, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Berdiin Colmorn
- The Fertility Clinic, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | | | | | - Joanna Liss
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Geraldine Hartshorne
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and Centre for Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Coventry, UK
| | - Marie Louise Grøndahl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Denmark
| | - Laura Rienzi
- G.en.e.r.a., Centers for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, via de notaris 2b, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Ubaldi
- G.en.e.r.a., Centers for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, via de notaris 2b, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Rajiv McCoy
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krzysztof Lukaszuk
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melina Schuh
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Meiosis, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva R Hoffmann
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
A 'parameiosis' drives depolyploidization and homologous recombination in Candida albicans. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4388. [PMID: 31558727 PMCID: PMC6763455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a conserved tenet of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, yet this program is seemingly absent from many extant species. In the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, mating of diploid cells generates tetraploid products that return to the diploid state via a non-meiotic process of depolyploidization known as concerted chromosome loss (CCL). Here, we report that recombination rates are more than three orders of magnitude higher during CCL than during normal mitotic growth. Furthermore, two conserved ‘meiosis-specific’ factors play central roles in CCL as SPO11 mediates DNA double-strand break formation while both SPO11 and REC8 regulate chromosome stability and promote inter-homolog recombination. Unexpectedly, SPO11 also promotes DNA repair and recombination during normal mitotic divisions. These results indicate that C. albicans CCL represents a ‘parameiosis’ that blurs the conventional boundaries between mitosis and meiosis. They also reveal parallels with depolyploidization in mammalian cells and provide potential insights into the evolution of meiosis. Mating of Candida albicans produces tetraploid products that return to the diploid state via a non-meiotic process known as concerted chromosome loss (CCL). Here, Anderson et al. show high recombination rates during CCL and identify factors that are essential for chromosome stability and recombination during CCL.
Collapse
|