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Li H, Cai X, Yang X, Zhang X. An overview of PROTACs targeting MDM2 as a novel approach for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116506. [PMID: 38761584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
MDM2 genes amplification or altered expression is commonly observed in various cancers bearing wild-type TP53. Directly targeting the p53-binding pocket of MDM2 to activate the p53 pathway represents a promising therapeutic approach. Despite the development of numerous potent MDM2 inhibitors that have advanced into clinical trials, their utility is frequently hampered by drug resistance and hematologic toxicity such as neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The emergence of PROTAC technology has revolutionized drug discovery and development, with applications in both preclinical and clinical research. Harnessing the power of PROTAC molecules to achieve MDM2 targeted degradation and p53 reactivation holds significant promise for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize representative MDM2 PROTAC degraders and provide insights for researchers investigating MDM2 proteins and the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Li
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinhui Cai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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2
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Bareja C, Dwivedi K, Uboveja A, Mathur A, Kumar N, Saluja D. Identification and clinicopathological analysis of potential p73-regulated biomarkers in colorectal cancer via integrative bioinformatics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9894. [PMID: 38688978 PMCID: PMC11061124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to decipher crucial biomarkers regulated by p73 for the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) by employing a combination of integrative bioinformatics and expression profiling techniques. The transcriptome profile of HCT116 cell line p53- / - p73+ / + and p53- / - p73 knockdown was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). This was corroborated with three CRC tissue expression datasets available in Gene Expression Omnibus. Further analysis involved KEGG and Gene ontology to elucidate the functional roles of DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape to identify hub genes. Kaplan-Meier (KM) plots along with GEPIA and UALCAN database analysis provided the insights into the prognostic and diagnostic significance of these hub genes. Machine/deep learning algorithms were employed to perform TNM-stage classification. Transcriptome profiling revealed 1289 upregulated and 1897 downregulated genes. When intersected with employed CRC datasets, 284 DEGs were obtained. Comprehensive analysis using gene ontology and KEGG revealed enrichment of the DEGs in metabolic process, fatty acid biosynthesis, etc. The PPI network constructed using these 284 genes assisted in identifying 20 hub genes. Kaplan-Meier, GEPIA, and UALCAN analyses uncovered the clinicopathological relevance of these hub genes. Conclusively, the deep learning model achieved TNM-stage classification accuracy of 0.78 and 0.75 using 284 DEGs and 20 hub genes, respectively. The study represents a pioneer endeavor amalgamating transcriptomics, publicly available tissue datasets, and machine learning to unveil key CRC-associated genes. These genes are found relevant regarding the patients' prognosis and diagnosis. The unveiled biomarkers exhibit robustness in TNM-stage prediction, thereby laying the foundation for future clinical applications and therapeutic interventions in CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Bareja
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Kountay Dwivedi
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Apoorva Uboveja
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ankit Mathur
- Delhi School of Public Health, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Daman Saluja
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
- Delhi School of Public Health, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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3
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Sheikhlary S, Lopez DH, Moghimi S, Sun B. Recent Findings on Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: An Updated Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:503. [PMID: 38672519 PMCID: PMC11048403 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the global leading causes of death and various vaccines have been developed over the years against it, including cell-based, nucleic acid-based, and viral-based cancer vaccines. Although many vaccines have been effective in in vivo and clinical studies and some have been FDA-approved, there are major limitations to overcome: (1) developing one universal vaccine for a specific cancer is difficult, as tumors with different antigens are different for different individuals, (2) the tumor antigens may be similar to the body's own antigens, and (3) there is the possibility of cancer recurrence. Therefore, developing personalized cancer vaccines with the ability to distinguish between the tumor and the body's antigens is indispensable. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of cancer vaccines and highlights important factors necessary for developing efficient cancer vaccines. Moreover, the application of other technologies in cancer therapy is discussed. Finally, several insights and conclusions are presented, such as the possibility of using cold plasma and cancer stem cells in developing future cancer vaccines, to tackle the major limitations in the cancer vaccine developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikhlary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Humberto Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sophia Moghimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
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4
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Richmond BW, Marshall CB, Blackburn JB, Tufenkjian TS, Lehmann BD, Han W, Newcomb D, Gutor SS, Hunt RP, Michell DL, Vickers KC, Polosukhin VV, Blackwell TS, Pietenpol JA. Loss of p73 Expression Contributes to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:153-163. [PMID: 37931077 PMCID: PMC10806417 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202303-0503oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Multiciliated cell (MCC) loss and/or dysfunction is common in the small airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but it is unclear if this contributes to COPD lung pathology. Objectives: To determine if loss of p73 causes a COPD-like phenotype in mice and explore whether smoking or COPD impact p73 expression. Methods: p73floxE7-E9 mice were crossed with Shh-Cre mice to generate mice lacking MCCs in the airway epithelium. The resulting p73Δairway mice were analyzed using electron microscopy, flow cytometry, morphometry, forced oscillation technique, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Furthermore, the effects of cigarette smoke on p73 transcript and protein expression were examined using in vitro and in vivo models and in studies including airway epithelium from smokers and patients with COPD. Measurements and Main Results: Loss of functional p73 in the respiratory epithelium resulted in a near-complete absence of MCCs in p73Δairway mice. In adulthood, these mice spontaneously developed neutrophilic inflammation and emphysema-like lung remodeling and had progressive loss of secretory cells. Exposure of normal airway epithelium cells to cigarette smoke rapidly and durably suppressed p73 expression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, tumor protein 73 mRNA expression was reduced in the airways of current smokers (n = 82) compared with former smokers (n = 69), and p73-expressing MCCs were reduced in the small airways of patients with COPD (n = 11) compared with control subjects without COPD (n = 12). Conclusions: Loss of functional p73 in murine airway epithelium results in the absence of MCCs and promotes COPD-like lung pathology. In smokers and patients with COPD, loss of p73 may contribute to MCC loss or dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W. Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Clayton B. Marshall
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
- Department of Biochemistry, and
| | - Jessica B. Blackburn
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Tiffany S. Tufenkjian
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Brian D. Lehmann
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Han
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Dawn Newcomb
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sergey S. Gutor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Raphael P. Hunt
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Kasey C. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Vasiliy V. Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Jennifer A. Pietenpol
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
- Department of Biochemistry, and
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5
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Mazar J, Brooks JK, Peloquin M, Rosario R, Sutton E, Longo M, Drehner D, Westmoreland TJ. The Oncolytic Activity of Zika Viral Therapy in Human Neuroblastoma In Vivo Models Confers a Major Survival Advantage in a CD24-dependent Manner. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:65-80. [PMID: 38214542 PMCID: PMC10775766 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial tumor, accounting for 15% of all childhood cancer-related deaths. The long-term survival of patients with high-risk tumors is less than 40%, and MYCN amplification is one of the most common indicators of poor outcomes. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus associated with mild constitutional symptoms outside the fetal period. Our published data showed that high-risk and recurrent neuroblastoma cells are permissive to ZIKV infection, resulting in cell type-specific lysis. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of ZIKV as an oncolytic treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma using in vivo tumor models. Utilizing both MYCN-amplified and non-amplified models, we demonstrated that the application of ZIKV had a rapid tumoricidal effect. This led to a nearly total loss of the tumor mass without evidence of recurrence, offering a robust survival advantage to the host. Detection of the viral NS1 protein within the tumors confirmed that a permissive infection preceded tissue necrosis. Despite robust titers within the tumor, viral shedding to the host was poor and diminished rapidly, correlating with no detectable side effects to the murine host. Assessments from both primary pretreatment and recurrent posttreatment isolates confirmed that permissive sensitivity to ZIKV killing was dependent on the expression of CD24, which was highly expressed in neuroblastomas and conferred a proliferative advantage to tumor growth. Exploiting this viral sensitivity to CD24 offers the possibility of its use as a prognostic target for a broad population of expressing cancers, many of which have shown resistance to current clinical therapies. SIGNIFICANCE Sensitivity to the tumoricidal effect of ZIKV on high-risk neuroblastoma tumors is dependent on CD24 expression, offering a prognostic marker for this oncolytic therapy in an extensive array of CD24-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mazar
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, The University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | | | | | - Rosa Rosario
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
| | - Emma Sutton
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
| | - Matthew Longo
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, The University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Dennis Drehner
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
| | - Tamarah J. Westmoreland
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, The University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
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6
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Lima K, Carvalho MFL, Pereira-Martins DA, Nogueira FL, de Miranda LBL, do Nascimento MC, Cavaglieri RDC, Schuringa JJ, Machado-Neto JA, Rego EM. Pharmacological Inhibition of PIP4K2 Potentiates Venetoclax-Induced Apoptosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16899. [PMID: 38069220 PMCID: PMC10706459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase type 2 (PIP4K2) protein family members (PIP4K2A, PIP4K2B, and PIP4K2C) participate in the generation of PIP4,5P2, which acts as a secondary messenger in signal transduction, a substrate for metabolic processes, and has structural functions. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), high PIP4K2A and PIP4K2C levels are independent markers of a worse prognosis. Recently, our research group reported that THZ-P1-2 (PIP4K2 pan-inhibitor) exhibits anti-leukemic activity by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy in AML models. In the present study, we characterized the expression of PIP4K2 in the myeloid compartment of hematopoietic cells, as well as in AML cell lines and clinical samples with different genetic abnormalities. In ex vivo assays, PIP4K2 expression levels were related to sensitivity and resistance to several antileukemia drugs and highlighted the association between high PIP4K2A levels and resistance to venetoclax. The combination of THZ-P1-2 and venetoclax showed potentiating effects in reducing viability and inducing apoptosis in AML cells. A combined treatment differentially modulated multiple genes, including TAp73, BCL2, MCL1, and BCL2A1. In summary, our study identified the correlation between the expression of PIP4K2 and the response to antineoplastic agents in ex vivo assays in AML and exposed vulnerabilities that may be exploited in combined therapies, which could result in better therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Lima
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (K.L.); (D.A.P.-M.); (F.L.N.); (M.C.d.N.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (M.F.L.C.); (L.B.L.d.M.); (R.d.C.C.); (J.A.M.-N.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Lopes Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (M.F.L.C.); (L.B.L.d.M.); (R.d.C.C.); (J.A.M.-N.)
| | - Diego Antonio Pereira-Martins
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (K.L.); (D.A.P.-M.); (F.L.N.); (M.C.d.N.)
- Department of Experimental Hematology, University of Groningen, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Frederico Lisboa Nogueira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (K.L.); (D.A.P.-M.); (F.L.N.); (M.C.d.N.)
| | - Lívia Bassani Lins de Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (M.F.L.C.); (L.B.L.d.M.); (R.d.C.C.); (J.A.M.-N.)
| | - Mariane Cristina do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (K.L.); (D.A.P.-M.); (F.L.N.); (M.C.d.N.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (M.F.L.C.); (L.B.L.d.M.); (R.d.C.C.); (J.A.M.-N.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Cavaglieri
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (M.F.L.C.); (L.B.L.d.M.); (R.d.C.C.); (J.A.M.-N.)
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, University of Groningen, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (M.F.L.C.); (L.B.L.d.M.); (R.d.C.C.); (J.A.M.-N.)
| | - Eduardo Magalhães Rego
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 13566-590, Brazil; (K.L.); (D.A.P.-M.); (F.L.N.); (M.C.d.N.)
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7
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Persson M, Andersson MK, Sahlin PE, Mitani Y, Brandwein-Weber MS, Frierson HF, Moskaluk C, Fonseca I, Ferrarotto R, Boecker W, Loening T, El-Naggar AK, Stenman G. Comprehensive molecular characterization of adenoid cystic carcinoma reveals tumor suppressors as novel drivers and prognostic biomarkers. J Pathol 2023; 261:256-268. [PMID: 37565350 DOI: 10.1002/path.6172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a MYB-driven head and neck malignancy with high rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis and poor long-term survival. New effective targeted therapies and clinically useful biomarkers for patient stratification are needed to improve ACC patient survival. Here, we present an integrated copy number and transcriptomic analysis of ACC to identify novel driver genes and prognostic biomarkers. A total of 598 ACCs were studied. Clinical follow-up was available from 366 patients, the largest cohort analyzed to date. Copy number losses of 1p36 (70/492; 14%) and of the tumor suppressor gene PARK2 (6q26) (85/343; 25%) were prognostic biomarkers; patients with concurrent losses (n = 20) had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) than those with one or no deletions (p < 0.0001). Deletion of 1p36 independently predicted short OS in multivariate analysis (p = 0.02). Two pro-apoptotic genes, TP73 and KIF1B, were identified as putative 1p36 tumor suppressor genes whose reduced expression was associated with poor survival and increased resistance to apoptosis. PARK2 expression was markedly reduced in tumors with 6q deletions, and PARK2 knockdown increased spherogenesis and decreased apoptosis, indicating that PARK2 is a tumor suppressor in ACC. Moreover, analysis of the global gene expression pattern in 30 ACCs revealed a transcriptomic signature associated with short OS, multiple copy number alterations including 1p36 deletions, and reduced expression of TP73. Taken together, the results indicate that TP73 and PARK2 are novel putative tumor suppressor genes and potential prognostic biomarkers in ACC. Our studies provide new important insights into the pathogenesis of ACC. The results have important implications for biomarker-driven stratification of patients in clinical trials. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Persson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias K Andersson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Sahlin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yoshitsugu Mitani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher Moskaluk
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Isabel Fonseca
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Francisco Gentil - Lisboa and Instituto de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Renata Ferrarotto
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Werner Boecker
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Gerhard-Seifert Reference Centre, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Göran Stenman
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Strubel A, Münick P, Hartmann O, Chaikuad A, Dreier B, Schaefer JV, Gebel J, Osterburg C, Tuppi M, Schäfer B, Buck V, Rosenfeldt M, Knapp S, Plückthun A, Diefenbacher ME, Dötsch V. DARPins detect the formation of hetero-tetramers of p63 and p73 in epithelial tissues and in squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:674. [PMID: 37828008 PMCID: PMC10570377 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The two p53 homologues p63 and p73 regulate transcriptional programs in epithelial tissues and several cell types in these tissues express both proteins. All members of the p53 family form tetramers in their active state through a dedicated oligomerization domain that structurally assembles as a dimer of dimers. The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 share a high sequence identity, but the p53 oligomerization domain is more divergent and it lacks a functionally important C-terminal helix present in the other two family members. Based on these structural differences, p53 does not hetero-oligomerize with p63 or p73. In contrast, p63 and p73 form hetero-oligomers of all possible stoichiometries, with the hetero-tetramer built from a p63 dimer and a p73 dimer being thermodynamically more stable than the two homo-tetramers. This predicts that in cells expressing both proteins a p632/p732 hetero-tetramer is formed. So far, the tools to investigate the biological function of this hetero-tetramer have been missing. Here we report the generation and characterization of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) that bind with high affinity and selectivity to the p632/p732 hetero-tetramer. Using these DARPins we were able to confirm experimentally the existence of this hetero-tetramer in epithelial mouse and human tissues and show that its level increases in squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strubel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Münick
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Hartmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Viktoria Buck
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Rosenfeldt
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus E Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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9
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Kong X, Yan W, Sun W, Zhang Y, Yang HJ, Chen M, Chen H, de Vere White RW, Zhang J, Chen X. Isoform-specific disruption of the TP73 gene reveals a critical role for TAp73γ in tumorigenesis via leptin. eLife 2023; 12:e82115. [PMID: 37650871 PMCID: PMC10471163 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TP73, a member of the p53 family, is expressed as TAp73 and ΔNp73 along with multiple C-terminal isoforms (α-η). ΔNp73 is primarily expressed in neuronal cells and necessary for neuronal development. Interestingly, while TAp73α is a tumor suppressor and predominantly expressed in normal cells, TAp73 is found to be frequently altered in human cancers, suggesting a role of TAp73 C-terminal isoforms in tumorigenesis. To test this, the TCGA SpliceSeq database was searched and showed that exon 11 (E11) exclusion occurs frequently in several human cancers. We also found that p73α to p73γ isoform switch resulting from E11 skipping occurs frequently in human prostate cancers and dog lymphomas. To determine whether p73α to p73γ isoform switch plays a role in tumorigenesis, CRISPR technology was used to generate multiple cancer cell lines and a mouse model in that Trp73 E11 is deleted. Surprisingly, we found that in E11-deificient cells, p73γ becomes the predominant isoform and exerts oncogenic activities by promoting cell proliferation and migration. In line with this, E11-deficient mice were more prone to obesity and B-cell lymphomas, indicating a unique role of p73γ in lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis. Additionally, we found that E11-deficient mice phenocopies Trp73-deficient mice with short lifespan, infertility, and chronic inflammation. Mechanistically, we showed that Leptin, a pleiotropic adipocytokine involved in energy metabolism and oncogenesis, was highly induced by p73γ,necessary for p73γ-mediated oncogenic activity, and associated with p73α to γ isoform switch in human prostate cancer and dog lymphoma. Finally, we showed that E11-knockout promoted, whereas knockdown of p73γ or Leptin suppressed, xenograft growth in mice. Our study indicates that the p73γ-Leptin pathway promotes tumorigenesis and alters lipid metabolism, which may be targeted for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmudong Kong
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Hee Jung Yang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Ralph W de Vere White
- Department of Urology Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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10
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Hur SK, Somerville TD, Wu XS, Maia-Silva D, Demerdash OE, Tuveson DA, Notta F, Vakoc CR. p73 activates transcriptional signatures of basal lineage identity and ciliogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.20.537667. [PMID: 37131797 PMCID: PMC10153254 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.20.537667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), tumor cells are known to acquire transcriptional and morphological properties of the basal (also known as squamous) epithelial lineage, which leads to more aggressive disease characteristics. Here, we show that a subset of basal-like PDAC tumors aberrantly express p73 (TA isoform), which is a known transcriptional activator of basal lineage identity, ciliogenesis, and tumor suppression in normal tissue development. Using gain- and loss- of function experiments, we show that p73 is necessary and sufficient to activate genes related to basal identity (e.g. KRT5), ciliogenesis (e.g. FOXJ1), and p53-like tumor suppression (e.g. CDKN1A) in human PDAC models. Owing to the paradoxical combination of oncogenic and tumor suppressive outputs of this transcription factor, we propose that PDAC cells express a low level of p73 that is optimal for promoting lineage plasticity without severe impairment of cell proliferation. Collectively, our study reinforces how PDAC cells exploit master regulators of the basal epithelial lineage during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella K. Hur
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, U.S.A
| | | | - Xiaoli S. Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, U.S.A
| | - Diogo Maia-Silva
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, U.S.A
| | | | - David A. Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, U.S.A
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Pan M, Li X, Xu G, Tian X, Li Y, Fang W. Tripartite Motif Protein Family in Central Nervous System Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01337-5. [PMID: 36988770 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein superfamily is a group of E3 ubiquitin ligases characterized by the conserved RING domain, the B-box domain, and the coiled-coil domain (RBCC). It is widely involved in various physiological and pathological processes, such as intracellular signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, oncogenesis, and innate immune response. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are composed of encephalopathy and spinal cord diseases, which have a high disability and mortality rate. Patients are often unable to take care of themselves and their life quality can be seriously declined. Initially, the function research of TRIM proteins mainly focused on cancer. However, in recent years, accumulating attention is paid to the roles they play in CNS diseases. In this review, we integrate the reported roles of TRIM proteins in the pathological process of CNS diseases and related signaling pathways, hoping to provide theoretical bases for further research in treating CNS diseases targeting TRIM proteins. TRIM proteins participated in CNS diseases. TRIM protein family is characterized by a highly conserved RBCC domain, referring to the RING domain, the B-box domain, and the coiled-coil domain. Recent research has discovered the relations between TRIM proteins and various CNS diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Lu S, Chen Z, Liu Z, Liu Z. Unmasking the biological function and regulatory mechanism of NOC2L: a novel inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase. J Transl Med 2023; 21:31. [PMID: 36650543 PMCID: PMC9844006 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NOC2 like nucleolar associated transcriptional repressor (NOC2L) was recently identified as a novel inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase (INHAT). NOC2L is found to have two INHAT function domains and regulates histone acetylation in a histone deacetylases (HDAC) independent manner, which is distinct from other INHATs. In this review, we summarize the biological function of NOC2L in histone acetylation regulation, P53-mediated transcription, ribosome RNA processing, certain development events and carcinogenesis. We propose that NOC2L may be explored as a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Lu
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zhaoyu Chen
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- grid.414360.40000 0004 0605 7104Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035 China
| | - Zhentao Liu
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Medical Oncology and Radiation Sickness, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China
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13
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Alhaddad L, Chuprov-Netochin R, Pustovalova M, Osipov AN, Leonov S. Polyploid/Multinucleated Giant and Slow-Cycling Cancer Cell Enrichment in Response to X-ray Irradiation of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells Differing in Radioresistance and TP53/PTEN Status. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021228. [PMID: 36674747 PMCID: PMC9865596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance compromises the efficacy of radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most devastating and common brain tumor. The present study investigated the relationship between radiation tolerance and formation of polyploid/multinucleated giant (PGCC/MGCC) and quiescent/senescent slow-cycling cancer cells in human U-87, LN-229, and U-251 cell lines differing in TP53/PTEN status and radioresistance. We found significant enrichment in MGCC populations of U-87 and LN-229 cell lines, and generation of numerous small mononuclear (called Raju cells, or RJ cells) U-87-derived cells that eventually form cell colonies, in a process termed neosis, in response to X-ray irradiation (IR) at single acute therapeutic doses of 2-6 Gy. For the first time, single-cell high-content imaging and analysis of Ki-67- and EdU-coupled fluorescence demonstrated that the IR exposure dose-dependently augments two distinct GBM cell populations. Bifurcation of Ki-67 staining suggests fast-cycling and slow-cycling populations with a normal-sized nuclear area, and with an enlarged nuclear area, including one resembling the size of PGCC/MGCCs, that likely underlie the highest radioresistance and propensity for repopulation of U-87 cells. Proliferative activity and anchorage-independent survival of GBM cell lines seem to be related to neosis, low level of apoptosis, fraction of prematurely stress-induced senescent MGCCs, and the expression of p63 and p73, members of p53 family transcription factors, but not to the mutant p53. Collectively, our data support the importance of the TP53wt/PTENmut genotype for the maintenance of cycling radioresistant U-87 cells to produce a significant amount of senescent MGCCs as an IR stress-induced adaptation response to therapeutic irradiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Alhaddad
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Roman Chuprov-Netochin
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Margarita Pustovalova
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- State Research Center-Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreyan N. Osipov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- State Research Center-Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergey Leonov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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14
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Jafrin S, Aziz MA, Islam MS. Association between TP73 G4C14-A4T14 polymorphism and different cancer types: an updated meta-analysis of 55 case-control studies. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221133173. [PMID: 36314251 PMCID: PMC9623385 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221133173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The TP73 G4C14-A4T14 variant has been associated with elevated cancer risk, but the evidence is inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis to clarify the role of this variant in cancer development. METHODS Eligible literature was selected by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4. RESULTS A meta-analysis of 55 case-control studies showed that the G4C14-A4T14 variant was significantly associated with overall cancer development in five genetic models, including the allele model (AM), codominant model 1 (COD1), COD2, dominant model (DM), and over-dominant model (OD). Sub-group analysis based on ethnicity showed significantly higher risks in Africans in COD2 and RM and in Whites in AM, COD2, DM, and recessive model (RM). Cancer-specific subgroup analysis identified significant risks of gynecological (ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer), colorectal, oral, head and neck, and other cancers. Moreover, hospital-based controls revealed significant cancer risks in the AM, COD1, COD2, DM, and RM genetic models. Our findings were confirmed by trial sequential analysis. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis confirmed that TP73 G4C14-A4T14 significantly elevates the overall cancer risk, especially in White, African, and hospital-based populations, and specifically predisposes individuals to gynecological, colorectal, oral, and head and neck cancers.This meta-analysis was registered at INPLASY (registration number: INPLASY202210070).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jafrin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and
Technology University, Sonapur-3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh,Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department
of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur-3814, Noakhali,
Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and
Technology University, Sonapur-3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh,Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department
of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur-3814, Noakhali,
Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and
Technology University, Sonapur-3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh,Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department
of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur-3814, Noakhali,
Bangladesh,Mohammad Safiqul Islam, Department of
Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.
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15
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Targeting Glucose Metabolism Enzymes in Cancer Treatment: Current and Emerging Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194568. [PMID: 36230492 PMCID: PMC9559313 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reprogramming of glucose metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and can be targeted by therapeutic agents. Some metabolism regulators, such as ivosidenib and enasidenib, have been approved for cancer treatment. Currently, more advanced and effective glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs have been developed. Furthermore, some natural products have shown efficacy in killing tumor cells by regulating glucose metabolism, offering novel therapeutic opportunities in cancer. However, most of them have failed to be translated into clinical applications due to low selectivity, high toxicity, and side effects. Recent studies suggest that combining glucose metabolism modulators with chemotherapeutic drugs, immunotherapeutic drugs, and other conventional anticancer drugs may be a future direction for cancer treatment. Abstract Reprogramming of glucose metabolism provides sufficient energy and raw materials for the proliferation, metastasis, and immune escape of cancer cells, which is enabled by glucose metabolism-related enzymes that are abundantly expressed in a broad range of cancers. Therefore, targeting glucose metabolism enzymes has emerged as a promising strategy for anticancer drug development. Although several glucose metabolism modulators have been approved for cancer treatment in recent years, some limitations exist, such as a short half-life, poor solubility, and numerous adverse effects. With the rapid development of medicinal chemicals, more advanced and effective glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs have been developed. Additionally, several studies have found that some natural products can suppress cancer progression by regulating glucose metabolism enzymes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of glucose metabolism and present enzymes that could serve as therapeutic targets. In addition, we systematically review the existing drugs targeting glucose metabolism enzymes, including small-molecule modulators and natural products. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs are also discussed. In conclusion, combining glucose metabolism modulators with conventional anticancer drugs may be a promising cancer treatment strategy.
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16
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Rabow Z, Laubach K, Kong X, Shen T, Mohibi S, Zhang J, Fiehn O, Chen X. p73α1, an Isoform of the p73 Tumor Suppressor, Modulates Lipid Metabolism and Cancer Cell Growth via Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1. Cells 2022; 11:2516. [PMID: 36010592 PMCID: PMC9406568 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. p73, a p53 family member, regulates cellular processes and is expressed as multiple isoforms. However, the role of p73 in regulating lipid metabolism is not well-characterized. Previously, we found that loss of p73 exon 12 (E12) leads to an isoform switch from p73α to p73α1, the latter of which has strong tumor suppressive activity. In this study, comprehensive untargeted metabolomics was performed to determine whether p73α1 alters lipid metabolism in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. RNA-seq and molecular biology approaches were combined to identify lipid metabolism genes altered upon loss of E12 and identify a direct target of p73α1. We found that loss of E12 leads to decreased levels of phosphatidylcholines, and this was due to decreased expression of genes involved in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Additionally, we found that E12-knockout cells had increased levels of phosphatidylcholines containing saturated fatty acids (FAs) and decreased levels of phosphatidylcholines containing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). We then found that p73α1 inhibits cancer cell viability through direct transcriptional suppression of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD1), which converts saturated FAs to MUFAs. Finally, we showed that p73α1-mediated suppression of SCD1 leads to increased ratios of saturated FAs to MUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Rabow
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyra Laubach
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiangmudong Kong
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shakur Mohibi
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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17
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Role of p53 in Regulating Radiation Responses. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071099. [PMID: 35888186 PMCID: PMC9319710 DOI: 10.3390/life12071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
p53 is known as the guardian of the genome and plays various roles in DNA damage and cancer suppression. The p53 gene was found to express multiple p53 splice variants (isoforms) in a physiological, tissue-dependent manner. The various genes that up- and down-regulated p53 are involved in cell viability, senescence, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Moreover, p53 affects the radioadaptive response. Given that several studies have already been published on p53, this review presents its role in the response to gamma irradiation by interacting with MDM2, NF-κB, and miRNA, as well as in the inflammation processes, senescence, carcinogenesis, and radiation adaptive responses. Finally, the potential of p53 as a biomarker is discussed.
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18
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p53 Isoforms as Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133145. [PMID: 35804915 PMCID: PMC9264937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The well-known tumor suppressor protein p53 plays important roles in tumor prevention through transcriptional regulation of its target genes. Reactivation of p53 activity has been a potent strategy for cancer treatment. Accumulating evidences indicate that p53 isoforms truncated/modified in the N- or C-terminus can modulate the p53 pathway in a p53-dependent or p53-independent manner. It is thus imperative to characterize the roles of the p53 isoforms in cancer development. This review illustrates how p53 isoforms participate in tumor development and/or suppression. It also summarizes the knowledge about the p53 isoforms as promising cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Abstract This review aims to summarize the implications of the major isoforms of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in aggressive cancer development. The current knowledge of p53 isoforms, their involvement in cell-signaling pathways, and their interactions with other cellular proteins or factors suggests the existence of an intricate molecular network that regulates their oncogenic function. Moreover, existing literature about the involvement of the p53 isoforms in various cancers leads to the proposition of therapeutic solutions by altering the cellular levels of the p53 isoforms. This review thus summarizes how the major p53 isoforms Δ40p53α/β/γ, Δ133p53α/β/γ, and Δ160p53α/β/γ might have clinical relevance in the diagnosis and effective treatments of cancer.
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19
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P63 and P73 Activation in Cancers with p53 Mutation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071490. [PMID: 35884795 PMCID: PMC9313412 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the p53 family comprise p53, p63, and p73, and full-length isoforms of the p53 family have a tumor suppressor function. However, p53, but not p63 or p73, has a high mutation rate in cancers causing it to lose its tumor suppressor function. The top and second-most prevalent p53 mutations are missense and nonsense mutations, respectively. In this review, we discuss possible drug therapies for nonsense mutation and a missense mutation in p53. p63 and p73 activators may be able to replace mutant p53 and act as anti-cancer drugs. Herein, these p63 and p73 activators are summarized and how to improve these activator responses, particularly focusing on p53 gain-of-function mutants, is discussed.
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20
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Wang J, Chen X, Ge X, Wang Z, Mu W. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of P53 from high latitude fish Phoxinus lagowskii and its response to hypoxia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:631-644. [PMID: 35411444 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an intermediate link between multiple cellular stresses and cellular responses, p53, together with its upstream and downstream regulators and related genes, constitutes a complex network that regulates cellular stresses and cellular responses. However, no studies have investigated p53 in Phoxinus lagowskii, particularly the expression of p53 under different hypoxic conditions. In the present study, the cDNA of p53 from the Phoxinus lagowskii was cloned by the combination of homology cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The full-length cDNA of Pl-p53 was 1878 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 1116 bp encoding a polypeptide of 371 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 41.22 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.38. Quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR assays revealed that Pl-p53 was commonly expressed in all tissues examined, with highest expression in the heart. In addition, we investigated the expression of Pl-p53 in different tissues under different hypoxic conditions. In the short-term hypoxia group, Pl-p53 expression was down-regulated in both the brain and heart. The Pl-p53 expression was significantly elevated at 6 h in the muscle and liver, and was significantly up-regulated at 24 h in spleen. These results suggest that Pl-p53 plays different regulatory roles and provide a theoretical basis for the changes of p53 in fish facing hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Xinrui Ge
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Weijie Mu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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p73α1, a p73 C-terminal isoform, regulates tumor suppression and the inflammatory response via Notch1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123202119. [PMID: 35617425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123202119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance p73 is expressed as multiple C-terminal isoforms, but their expression and activity are largely unknown. Here, we identified p73α1 as a p73 C-terminal isoform that results from exon 12 (E12) exclusion. We showed that E12 deficiency in mice leads to systemic inflammation but not spontaneous tumors. We also showed that Notch1 is regulated by p73α1 and plays a critical role in p73-dependent tumor suppression and systemic inflammation.
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22
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Osterburg C, Dötsch V. Structural diversity of p63 and p73 isoforms. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:921-937. [PMID: 35314772 PMCID: PMC9091270 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 protein family is the most studied protein family of all. Sequence analysis and structure determination have revealed a high similarity of crucial domains between p53, p63 and p73. Functional studies, however, have shown a wide variety of different tasks in tumor suppression, quality control and development. Here we review the structure and organization of the individual domains of p63 and p73, the interaction of these domains in the context of full-length proteins and discuss the evolutionary origin of this protein family.
Facts
Distinct physiological roles/functions are performed by specific isoforms.
The non-divided transactivation domain of p63 has a constitutively high activity while the transactivation domains of p53/p73 are divided into two subdomains that are regulated by phosphorylation.
Mdm2 binds to all three family members but ubiquitinates only p53.
TAp63α forms an autoinhibited dimeric state while all other vertebrate p53 family isoforms are constitutively tetrameric.
The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 contain an additional helix that is necessary for stabilizing the tetrameric states. During evolution this helix got lost independently in different phylogenetic branches, while the DNA binding domain became destabilized and the transactivation domain split into two subdomains.
Open questions
Is the autoinhibitory mechanism of mammalian TAp63α conserved in p53 proteins of invertebrates that have the same function of genomic quality control in germ cells?
What is the physiological function of the p63/p73 SAM domains?
Do the short isoforms of p63 and p73 have physiological functions?
What are the roles of the N-terminal elongated TAp63 isoforms, TA* and GTA?
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23
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Pan H, Gu X, Wang X, Gao Z, Ding G, Zou C, Fan Y. Case–control study on TP73 rs1801173 C > T gene polymorphism and susceptibility to gastric cancer in a Chinese Han population. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 35073920 PMCID: PMC8785439 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study investigated the role of TP73 gene polymorphism, rs1801173on risk of gastric cancer.
Methods
We conducted a case-controlled study including 577 primary gastric cancer and 678 normal control cases. The target gene fragment was amplified using PCR using blood samples collected from patients. Allele analysis and genotyping were performed using snapshot method.
Results
The findings showed that the control group had consistent genotype frequency distribution and presented Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The results showed no significant differences in sex, drinking history and age distributions between subjects with the polymorphism and subjects in the control group. Smoking status was correlated with incidence of gastric cancer (P = 0.006). The rs1801173 locus of TP73 gene contained 3 genotypes including: TT, CT, and CT. Logistic regression analysis showed that distribution of recessive model and dominant model was comparable between the two groups before (P = 0.688; 0.937) or after (P = 0.703; 0.990) adjusting for confounders. The distribution frequency in case group was not significantly different relative to that of the control group (P = 0.763).
Conclusion
Smoking can independently influence the risk of gastric cancer. TP73 gene rs1801173 polymorphism was not significantly correlated with risk of gastric cancer.
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Iscan E, Karakülah G, Ekin U, Ozturk M, Uzuner H, Suner A. TAp73α is Upregulated in the Most Common Human Cancers. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Han Y, Yang Y, Huang S, Yao L, Wu L. The miR-34a/WNT7B modulates the sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to p53-mediated photodynamic therapy toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 591:54-61. [PMID: 34999254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides apparent survival benefits for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma patients. the insufficient sensitivity of cancer cell to PDT treatment limits the clinical application. In this study, according to the GEO datasets, WNT7B expression was decreased by PDT treatment in cholangiocarcinoma samples. In cholangiocarcinoma cells, PDT treatment inhibited Wnt signaling, suppressed cell viability, and enhanced cell apoptosis. Within cholangiocarcinoma cells, PDT treatment induced p53 and miR-34a-5p expression. Under PDT treatment, p53 knockdown downregulated miR-34a-5p expression, whereas the inhibition effect of p53 knockdown on miR-34a-5p could be partially attenuated by agomir-34a-5p. p53 knockdown enhanced cell viability and suppressed cell apoptosis, whereas miR-34a-5p overexpression exerted opposite effects; miR-34a-5p overexpression partially attenuated p53 knockdown effects on PDT-treated cholangiocarcinoma cells. miR-34a-5p directly targeted WNT7B and inhibited WNT7B expression. Under PDT treatment, WNT7B knockdown inhibited the Wnt signaling and cell viability, and promoted cell apoptosis, while miR-34a-5p suppression showed the opposite trends; WNT7B knockdown partially attenuated miR-34a-5p inhibition effects on PDT-treated cholangiocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, PDT treatment induces p53-induced miR-34a transactivation to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation; the miR-34a-5p/WNT7B axis and Wnt signaling are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshan Han
- Medical Experimental Innovation Center, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Sanqian Huang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Academician Expert Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lile Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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26
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Dual Role of p73 in Cancer Microenvironment and DNA Damage Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123516. [PMID: 34944027 PMCID: PMC8700694 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that regulate cancer progression is pivotal for the development of new therapies. Although p53 is mutated in half of human cancers, its family member p73 is not. At the same time, isoforms of p73 are often overexpressed in cancers and p73 can overtake many p53 functions to kill abnormal cells. According to the latest studies, while p73 represses epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis, it can also promote tumour growth by modulating crosstalk between cancer and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, M2 macrophage polarisation, Th2 T-cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. Thus, p73 likely plays a dual role as a tumor suppressor by regulating apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress or as an oncoprotein by promoting the immunosuppressive environment and immune cell differentiation.
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27
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Virus against virus: strategies for using adenovirus vectors in the treatment of HPV-induced cervical cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1981-1990. [PMID: 33633364 PMCID: PMC8633276 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are harmless, persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV is known to be the leading cause of cervical cancer. Following the infection of the epithelium and integration into the host genome, the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 disrupt cell cycle control by inducing p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) degradation. Despite the FDA approval of prophylactic vaccines, there are still issues with cervical cancer treatment; thus, many therapeutic approaches have been developed to date. Due to strong immunogenicity, a high capacity for packaging foreign DNA, safety, and the ability to infect a myriad of cells, adenoviruses have drawn attention of researchers. Adenovirus vectors have been used for different purposes, including as oncolytic agents to kill cancer cells, carrier for RNA interference to block oncoproteins expression, vaccines for eliciting immune responses, especially in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and gene therapy vehicles for restoring p53 and Rb function.
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28
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Rozenberg JM, Zvereva S, Dalina A, Blatov I, Zubarev I, Luppov D, Bessmertnyi A, Romanishin A, Alsoulaiman L, Kumeiko V, Kagansky A, Melino G, Ganini C, Barlev NA. The p53 family member p73 in the regulation of cell stress response. Biol Direct 2021; 16:23. [PMID: 34749806 PMCID: PMC8577020 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, cells become unrestrictedly proliferative thereby altering the tissue homeostasis and resulting in subsequent hyperplasia. This process is paralleled by resumption of cell cycle, aberrant DNA repair and blunting the apoptotic program in response to DNA damage. In most human cancers these processes are associated with malfunctioning of tumor suppressor p53. Intriguingly, in some cases two other members of the p53 family of proteins, transcription factors p63 and p73, can compensate for loss of p53. Although both p63 and p73 can bind the same DNA sequences as p53 and their transcriptionally active isoforms are able to regulate the expression of p53-dependent genes, the strongest overlap with p53 functions was detected for p73. Surprisingly, unlike p53, the p73 is rarely lost or mutated in cancers. On the contrary, its inactive isoforms are often overexpressed in cancer. In this review, we discuss several lines of evidence that cancer cells develop various mechanisms to repress p73-mediated cell death. Moreover, p73 isoforms may promote cancer growth by enhancing an anti-oxidative response, the Warburg effect and by repressing senescence. Thus, we speculate that the role of p73 in tumorigenesis can be ambivalent and hence, requires new therapeutic strategies that would specifically repress the oncogenic functions of p73, while keeping its tumor suppressive properties intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Rozenberg
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Zvereva
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Dalina
- The Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Blatov
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ilya Zubarev
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Daniil Luppov
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Romanishin
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.,School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Lamak Alsoulaiman
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolai A Barlev
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia. .,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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29
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MDM2, MDMX, and p73 regulate cell-cycle progression in the absence of wild-type p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102420118. [PMID: 34716260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102420118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein, known to be critically important in several processes including cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, is highly regulated by multiple mechanisms, most certifiably the Murine Double Minute 2-Murine Double Minute X (MDM2-MDMX) heterodimer. The role of MDM2-MDMX in cell-cycle regulation through inhibition of p53 has been well established. Here we report that in cells either lacking p53 or expressing certain tumor-derived mutant forms of p53, loss of endogenous MDM2 or MDMX, or inhibition of E3 ligase activity of the heterocomplex, causes cell-cycle arrest. This arrest is correlated with a reduction in E2F1, E2F3, and p73 levels. Remarkably, direct ablation of endogenous p73 produces a similar effect on the cell cycle and the expression of certain E2F family members at both protein and messenger RNA levels. These data suggest that MDM2 and MDMX, working at least in part as a heterocomplex, may play a p53-independent role in maintaining cell-cycle progression by promoting the activity of E2F family members as well as p73, making them a potential target of interest in cancers lacking wild-type p53.
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30
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Halasa M, Adamczuk K, Adamczuk G, Afshan S, Stepulak A, Cybulski M, Wawruszak A. Deacetylation of Transcription Factors in Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11810. [PMID: 34769241 PMCID: PMC8583941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible Nε-lysine acetylation/deacetylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTM) of histones and non-histone proteins that is regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). This epigenetic process is highly involved in carcinogenesis, affecting histone and non-histone proteins' properties and their biological functions. Some of the transcription factors, including tumor suppressors and oncoproteins, undergo this modification altering different cell signaling pathways. HDACs deacetylate their targets, which leads to either the upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, ultimately influencing tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance. Therefore, epigenetic modifications are of great clinical importance and may constitute a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment. This review is aimed to present the significance of HDACs in carcinogenesis through their influence on functions of transcription factors, and therefore regulation of different signaling pathways, cancer progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Halasa
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Witolda Chodźki 1 St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (K.A.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Kamila Adamczuk
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Witolda Chodźki 1 St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (K.A.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Grzegorz Adamczuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 8b St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Syeda Afshan
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Witolda Chodźki 1 St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (K.A.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Marek Cybulski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Witolda Chodźki 1 St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (K.A.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Anna Wawruszak
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Witolda Chodźki 1 St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (K.A.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
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31
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Nguyen D, Yang K, Chiao L, Deng Y, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Zeng SX, Lu H. Inhibition of tumor suppressor p73 by nerve growth factor receptor via chaperone-mediated autophagy. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:700-712. [PMID: 32285119 PMCID: PMC7749740 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressr p73 is a homolog of p53 and is capable of inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Here, we identify nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR, p75NTR, or CD271) as a novel negative p73 regulator. p73 activates NGFR transcription, which, in turn, promotes p73 degradation in a negative feedback loop. NGFR directly binds to p73 central DNA-binding domain and suppresses p73 transcriptional activity as well as p73-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Surprisingly, we uncover a previously unknown mechanism of NGFR-facilitated p73 degradation through the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) pathway. Collectively, our studies demonstrate a new oncogenic function for NGFR in inactivating p73 activity by promoting its degradation through the CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lucia Chiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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32
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Laubach K, Zhang J, Chen X. The p53 Family: A Role in Lipid and Iron Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715974. [PMID: 34395447 PMCID: PMC8358664 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 family of tumor suppressors, which includes p53, p63, and p73, has a critical role in many biological processes, such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation. In addition to tumor suppression, the p53 family proteins also participate in development, multiciliogenesis, and fertility, indicating these proteins have diverse roles. In this review, we strive to cover the relevant studies that demonstrate the roles of p53, p63, and p73 in lipid and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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33
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Tissue-specific expression of p73 and p63 isoforms in human tissues. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:745. [PMID: 34315849 PMCID: PMC8316356 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
p73 and p63 are members of the p53 family that exhibit overlapping and distinct functions in development and homeostasis. The evaluation of p73 and p63 isoform expression across human tissue can provide greater insight to the functional interactions between family members. We determined the mRNA isoform expression patterns of TP73 and TP63 across a panel of 36 human tissues and protein expression within the highest-expressing tissues. TP73 and TP63 expression significantly correlated across tissues. In tissues with concurrent mRNA expression, nuclear co-expression of both proteins was observed in a majority of cells. Using GTEx data, we quantified p73 and p63 isoform expression in human tissue and identified that the α-isoforms of TP73 and TP63 were the predominant isoform expressed in nearly all tissues. Further, we identified a previously unreported p73 mRNA product encoded by exons 4 to 14. In sum, these data provide the most comprehensive tissue-specific atlas of p73 and p63 protein and mRNA expression patterns in human and murine samples, indicating coordinate expression of these transcription factors in the majority of tissues in which they are expressed.
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34
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Maeso-Alonso L, López-Ferreras L, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 as a Tissue Architect. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716957. [PMID: 34368167 PMCID: PMC8343074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP73 gene belongs to the p53 family comprised by p53, p63, and p73. In response to physiological and pathological signals these transcription factors regulate multiple molecular pathways which merge in an ensemble of interconnected networks, in which the control of cell proliferation and cell death occupies a prominent position. However, the complex phenotype of the Trp73 deficient mice has revealed that the biological relevance of this gene does not exclusively rely on its growth suppression effects, but it is also intertwined with other fundamental roles governing different aspects of tissue physiology. p73 function is essential for the organization and homeostasis of different complex microenvironments, like the neurogenic niche, which supports the neural progenitor cells and the ependyma, the male and female reproductive organs, the respiratory epithelium or the vascular network. We propose that all these, apparently unrelated, developmental roles, have a common denominator: p73 function as a tissue architect. Tissue architecture is defined by the nature and the integrity of its cellular and extracellular compartments, and it is based on proper adhesive cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions as well as the establishment of cellular polarity. In this work, we will review the current understanding of p73 role as a neurogenic niche architect through the regulation of cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics and Planar Cell Polarity, and give a general overview of TAp73 as a hub modulator of these functions, whose alteration could impinge in many of the Trp73 -/- phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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35
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Russell KL, Downie JM, Gibson SB, Tsetsou S, Keefe MD, Duran JA, Figueroa KP, Bromberg MB, Murtaugh LC, Bonkowsky JL, Pulst SM, Jorde LB. Pathogenic Effect of TP73 Gene Variants in People With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurology 2021; 97:e225-e235. [PMID: 34135078 PMCID: PMC8302149 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel disease associated loci for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we used sequencing data and performed in vitro and in vivo experiments to demonstrate pathogenicity of mutations identified in TP73. METHODS We analyzed exome sequences of 87 patients with sporadic ALS and 324 controls, with confirmatory sequencing in independent ALS cohorts of >2,800 patients. For the top hit, TP73, a regulator of apoptosis and differentiation and a binding partner and homolog of the tumor suppressor gene TP53, we assayed mutation effects using in vitro and in vivo experiments. C2C12 myoblast differentiation assays, characterization of myotube appearance, and immunoprecipitation of p53-p73 complexes were performed in vitro. In vivo, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 targeting of zebrafish tp73 to assay motor neuron number and axon morphology. RESULTS Four heterozygous rare, nonsynonymous mutations in TP73 were identified in our sporadic ALS cohort. In independent ALS cohorts, we identified an additional 19 rare, deleterious variants in TP73. Patient TP73 mutations caused abnormal differentiation and increased apoptosis in the myoblast differentiation assay, with abnormal myotube appearance. Immunoprecipitation of mutant ΔN-p73 demonstrated that patient mutations hinder the ability of ΔN-p73 to bind p53. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of tp73 in zebrafish led to impaired motor neuron development and abnormal axonal morphology, concordant with ALS pathology. CONCLUSION Together, these results strongly suggest that variants in TP73 correlate with risk for ALS and indicate a role for apoptosis in ALS disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Russell
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Jonathan M Downie
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Summer B Gibson
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Spyridoula Tsetsou
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Matthew D Keefe
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jerry A Duran
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Karla P Figueroa
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Mark B Bromberg
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - L Charles Murtaugh
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lynn B Jorde
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (K.L.R., J.A.D., L.C.M., L.B.J.), Neurology (S.B.G., K.P.F., M.B.B., S.M.P.), and Pediatrics (M.D.K., J.L.B.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Medicine (J.M.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurosurgery (S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Brain and Spine Center (J.L.B.), Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
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Guo H, Wen Z, Yang S, Qi H. Association of p73 G4C14-A4T14 and p53 codon 72 polymorphism with cervical cancer in Chinese population. Indian J Cancer 2021; 59:33-38. [PMID: 34380847 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_538_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is known to be the fourth most common cancer among women globally. In various factors, genetic factors have been considered as one major risk factor for cervical cancer. The research of genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer can be greatly helpful in studying the complex mechanism. This study was conducted to identify whether polymorphic variants of p73 G4C14-A4T14 and tumor protein p53 (p53) codon 72, either independently or jointly, might be associated with the risk of cervical cancer. Methods The genotypes of p73 G4C14-A4T14 and p53 codon 72 polymorphisms of peripheral blood DNA from 190 cervical cancer patients and 210 controls were investigated using polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, respectively. Results The frequency of p73 G4C14-A4T14 AT/AT (P = 0.013) or p53 codon 72 GG (P = 0.026) genotype was associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer by comparing with the p73 G4C14-A4T14 GC/GC or p53 codon 72 CC genotype, respectively. In addition, the interaction between the p73 G4C14-A4T14 and p53 codon 72 polymorphisms increased the risk of cervical cancer in a multiply manner, with the odds ratio being 3.692 (95% confidence interval =2.106-6.473) for subjects carrying both p73 G4C14-A4T14 GC/AT+AT/AT and p53 codon 72 GG genotypes. Conclusion These results suggest that there is a statistical difference between p73 and p53 gene polymorphism and the risk of cervical cancer in Chinese women, and there is a potential gene-gene interaction in the incidence of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Zhang Wen
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518133, China
| | - Shaodi Yang
- School of Automation, central South University, changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
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p53/p73 Protein Network in Colorectal Cancer and Other Human Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122885. [PMID: 34207603 PMCID: PMC8227208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The p53 family of proteins comprises p53, p63, and p73, which share high structural and functional similarity. The two distinct promoters of each locus, the alternative splicing, and the alternative translation initiation sites enable the generation of numerous isoforms with different protein-interacting domains and distinct activities. The co-expressed p53/p73 isoforms have significant but distinct roles in carcinogenesis. Their activity is frequently impaired in human tumors including colorectal carcinoma due to dysregulated expression and a dominant-negative effect accomplished by some isoforms and p53 mutants. The interactions between isoforms are particularly important to understand the onset of tumor formation, progression, and therapeutic response. The understanding of the p53/p73 network can contribute to the development of new targeted therapies. Abstract The p53 tumor suppressor protein is crucial for cell growth control and the maintenance of genomic stability. Later discovered, p63 and p73 share structural and functional similarity with p53. To understand the p53 pathways more profoundly, all family members should be considered. Each family member possesses two promoters and alternative translation initiation sites, and they undergo alternative splicing, generating multiple isoforms. The resulting isoforms have important roles in carcinogenesis, while their expression is dysregulated in several human tumors including colorectal carcinoma, which makes them potential targets in cancer treatment. Their activities arise, at least in part, from the ability to form tetramers that bind to specific DNA sequences and activate the transcription of target genes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological activities and regulation of the p53/p73 isoforms, highlighting their role in colorectal tumorigenesis. The analysis of the expression patterns of the p53/p73 isoforms in human cancers provides an important step in the improvement of cancer therapy. Furthermore, the interactions among the p53 family members which could modulate normal functions of the canonical p53 in tumor tissue are described. Lastly, we emphasize the importance of clinical studies to assess the significance of combining the deregulation of different members of the p53 family to define the outcome of the disease.
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Kong X, Wang D, Sun W, Chen M, Chen J, Shi J, Zhang J, Chen X. Small Proline-Rich Protein 2A and 2D Are Regulated by the RBM38-p73 Axis and Associated with p73-Dependent Suppression of Chronic Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112829. [PMID: 34204113 PMCID: PMC8201237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small proline-rich protein 2A and 2D (SPRR2A and SPRR2D) are structure proteins of cornified cell envelopes and function as a protective barrier against diverse external insults. However, the role of SPRR2A/2D in chronic inflammation remains unclear. Here, we showed that SPRR2A/2D expression is controlled by a regulatory loop formed by RNA-binding protein RBM38 and tumor suppressor p73. We also found that RBM38-mediated expression of SPRR2A/2D was p73-dependent and that induction of SPRR2A/2D during keratinocyte differentiation was dependent on both p73 and Rbm38. Furthermore, We found that Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice exhibited weak expression of SPRR2A/2D in multiple tissues and were susceptible to systemic chronic inflammation. Together, our data reveal that SPRR2A/2D are novel targets of the RBM38-p73 loop and contribute to p73-dependent suppression of chronic inflammation. Abstract Small proline-rich protein 2A and 2D (SPRR2A and SPRR2D) provide barrier function in terminally differentiated stratified squamous epithelia through the epidermal differentiation complex. However, little is known how SPRR2A/2D expression is controlled and their role in chronic inflammation. Here, we showed that that SPRR2A/2D expression is controlled by a regulatory loop formed by RNA-binding protein RBM38 and tumor suppressor p73. Specifically, we found that SPRR2A/2D expression was induced by ectopic expression of RBM38 or p73 but suppressed by knockout of Rbm38 or p73. We also found that RBM38-mediated expression of SPRR2A/2D was p73-dependent and that induction of SPRR2A/2D during keratinocyte differentiation was dependent on both p73 and Rbm38. Additionally, we found that SPRR2A/2D expression was closely associated with p73 expression in normal and cancerous tissues. To determine the biological function of the RBM38-p73 loop potentially via SPRR2A/2D, we generated a cohort of wild-type, Rbm38−/−, Trp73+/−, and Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice. We found that Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice had a much shorter lifespan than that for Rbm38−/−—and to a lesser extent for Trp73+/− mice—but were less prone to spontaneous tumors than Trp73+/− or Rbm38−/− mice. We also found that Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice exhibited weak expression of SPRR2A/2D in multiple tissues and were susceptible to systemic chronic inflammation, suggesting that decreased SPRR2A/2D expression is likely responsible for chronic inflammation in Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice, leading to a shortened lifespan. Together, our data reveal that SPRR2A/2D are novel targets of the RBM38-p73 loop and contribute to p73-dependent suppression of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmudong Kong
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Dan Wang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.C.)
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Mazar J, Gordon C, Naga V, Westmoreland TJ. The Killing of Human Neuroblastoma Cells by the Small Molecule JQ1 Occurs in a p53-Dependent Manner. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1613-1625. [PMID: 32329693 PMCID: PMC7527568 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200424123834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background MYCN amplification is a prognostic biomarker associated with poor prognosis of neuroblastoma in children. The overall survival of children with MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma has only marginally improved within the last 20 years. The Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal motif (BET) inhibitor, JQ1, has been shown to downregulate MYCN in neuroblastoma cells. Objective To determine if JQ1 downregulation of MYCN in neuroblastomas can offer a target- specific therapy for this, difficult to treat, pediatric cancer. Methods Since MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma accounts for as much as 40 to 50 percent of all high-risk cases, we compared the effect of JQ1 on both MYCN-amplified and non-MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines and investigated its mechanism of action. Results In this study, we show that JQ1 can specifically target MYCN for downregulation, though this effect is not specific to only MYCN-amplified cells. And although we can confirm that the loss of MYCN alone can induce apoptosis, the exogenous rescue of MYCN expression can abrogate much of this cytotoxicity. More fascinating, however, was the discovery that the JQ1-induced knockdown of MYCN, which led to the loss of the human double minute 2 homolog (HDM2) protein, also led to the accumulation of tumor protein 53 (also known as TP53 or p53), which ultimately induced apoptosis. Likewise, the knockdown of p53 also blunted the cytotoxic effects of JQ1. Conclusion These data suggest a mechanism of action for JQ1 cytotoxicity in neuroblastomas and offer a possible prognostic target for determining its efficacy as a therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mazar
- Nemours Children's Hospital, 13535 Nemours Parkway, Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Caleb Gordon
- Nemours Children's Hospital, 13535 Nemours Parkway, Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Varun Naga
- Nemours Children's Hospital, 13535 Nemours Parkway, Orlando, FL 32827, United States
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Du F, Wang X, Qin D, Zhu R, Kong W, Kong X, Min X. Association between p73 G4C14-to-A4T14 polymorphism and lung cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2021; 15:637-647. [PMID: 33484055 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the p73 G4C14-to-A4T14 polymorphism (hereafter, G4C14-to-A4T14) and lung cancer risk. METHODS The studies on the relationship between G4C14-A4T14 and lung cancer risk published as of November 5, 2018, were comprehensively searched in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese Wanfang database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China Biology Medicine (CBM). The last update was on May 24, 2019. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 12.0. RESULTS The association between G4C14-A4T14 and lung cancer risk was analyzed in nine studies. The findings indicate no association between G4C14-to-A4T14 and lung cancer risk (allele model: OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.73-1.11, I2 = 86.0%, P = .330; dominant model: OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.74-1.17, I2 = 82.6%, P = .551; recessive model: OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.50-1.13, I2 = 75.2%, P = .165; homozygote model: OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.47-1.17, I2 = 79.6%, P = .199; heterozygote model: OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.80-1.21, I2 = 75.8%, P = .879). The heterogeneity between subgroups by cancer types and genotyping method was significantly reduced. After the deletion of suspected duplicates, no association was found between G4C14-to-A4T14 and lung cancer susceptibility. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis confirms that G4C14-to-A4T14 is not significantly related to lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Du
- Radiology Intervention Department, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Radiology Intervention Department, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Qin
- Radiology Intervention Department, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Rongjun Zhu
- Radiology Intervention Department, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Weibo Kong
- Radiology Intervention Department, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangzhou Kong
- Radiology Intervention Department, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Xuhong Min
- Radiology Intervention Department, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
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Timmerman DM, Remmers TL, Hillenius S, Looijenga LHJ. Mechanisms of TP53 Pathway Inactivation in Embryonic and Somatic Cells-Relevance for Understanding (Germ Cell) Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105377. [PMID: 34065345 PMCID: PMC8161298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. The persistence of these signals causes either senescence or apoptosis. Over 50% of all solid tumors harbor mutations in TP53 that inactivate the pathway. The remaining cancers are suggested to harbor mutations in genes that regulate the P53 pathway such as its inhibitors Mouse Double Minute 2 and 4 (MDM2 and MDM4, respectively). Many reviews have already been dedicated to P53, MDM2, and MDM4, while this review additionally focuses on the other factors that can deregulate P53 signaling. We discuss that P14ARF (ARF) functions as a negative regulator of MDM2, explaining the frequent loss of ARF detected in cancers. The long non-coding RNA Antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) is encoded on the same locus as ARF, inhibiting ARF expression, thus contributing to the process of tumorigenesis. Mutations in tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins deregulate P53 signaling through their ubiquitin ligase activity. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) inactivate the P53 pathway through inhibition of translation. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) maintains an open chromatin structure at the TP53 locus, explaining its inactivation of CTCF during tumorigenesis. P21, a downstream effector of P53, has been found to be deregulated in different tumor types. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these factors that are known to deregulate the P53 pathway in both somatic and embryonic cells, as well as their malignant counterparts (i.e., somatic and germ cell tumors). It provides insights into which aspects still need to be unraveled to grasp their contribution to tumorigenesis, putatively leading to novel targets for effective cancer therapies.
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Yu X, Singh PK, Tabrejee S, Sinha S, Buck MJ. ΔNp63 is a pioneer factor that binds inaccessible chromatin and elicits chromatin remodeling. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:20. [PMID: 33865440 PMCID: PMC8053304 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-021-00394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ΔNp63 is a master transcriptional regulator playing critical roles in epidermal development and other cellular processes. Recent studies suggest that ΔNp63 functions as a pioneer factor that can target its binding sites within inaccessible chromatin and induce chromatin remodeling. METHODS In order to examine if ΔNp63 can bind to inaccessible chromatin and to determine if specific histone modifications are required for binding, we induced ΔNp63 expression in two p63-naïve cell lines. ΔNp63 binding was then examined by ChIP-seq and the chromatin at ΔNp63 targets sites was examined before and after binding. Further analysis with competitive nucleosome binding assays was used to determine how ΔNp63 directly interacts with nucleosomes. RESULTS Our results show that before ΔNp63 binding, targeted sites lack histone modifications, indicating ΔNp63's capability to bind at unmodified chromatin. Moreover, the majority of the sites that are bound by ectopic ΔNp63 expression exist in an inaccessible state. Once bound, ΔNp63 induces acetylation of the histone and the repositioning of nucleosomes at its binding sites. Further analysis with competitive nucleosome binding assays reveal that ΔNp63 can bind directly to nucleosome edges with significant binding inhibition occurring within 50 bp of the nucleosome dyad. CONCLUSION Overall, our results demonstrate that ΔNp63 is a pioneer factor that binds nucleosome edges at inaccessible and unmodified chromatin sites and induces histone acetylation and nucleosome repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Shamira Tabrejee
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Michael J Buck
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, USA.
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Omran Z, H. Dalhat M, Abdullah O, Kaleem M, Hosawi S, A Al-Abbasi F, Wu W, Choudhry H, Alhosin M. Targeting Post-Translational Modifications of the p73 Protein: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081916. [PMID: 33921128 PMCID: PMC8071514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p73 is a member of the p53 family and is expressed as different isoforms with opposing properties. The TAp73 isoforms act as tumor suppressors and have pro-apoptotic effects, whereas the ΔNp73 isoforms lack the N-terminus transactivation domain and behave as oncogenes. The TAp73 protein has a high degree of similarity with both p53 function and structure, and it induces the regulation of various genes involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis. Unlike those of the p53 gene, the mutations in the p73 gene are very rare in tumors. Cancer cells have developed several mechanisms to inhibit the activity and/or expression of p73, from the hypermethylation of its promoter to the modulation of the ratio between its pro- and anti-apoptotic isoforms. The p73 protein is also decorated by a panel of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitin proteasomal pathway modifications, and small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)ylation, that regulate its transcriptional activity, subcellular localization, and stability. These modifications orchestrate the multiple anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic functions of TAp73, thereby offering multiple promising candidates for targeted anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the different pathways implicated in the regulation of TAp73 at the post-translational level. This review also highlights the growing importance of targeting the post-translational modifications of TAp73 as a promising antitumor strategy, regardless of p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Omran
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (Z.O.); (O.A.)
| | - Mahmood H. Dalhat
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Omeima Abdullah
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (Z.O.); (O.A.)
| | - Mohammed Kaleem
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Salman Hosawi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Fahd A Al-Abbasi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Hani Choudhry
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Mahmoud Alhosin
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-65-9795-9354
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Melino G. Molecular Mechanisms and Function of the p53 Protein Family Member - p73. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1202-1209. [PMID: 33202205 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over 20 years after identification of p53 and its crucial function in cancer progression, two members of the same protein family were identified, namely p63 and p73. Since then, a body of information has been accumulated on each of these genes and their interrelations. Biological role of p73 has been elucidated thanks to four distinct knockout mice models: (i) with deletion of the entire TP73 gene, (ii) with deletion of exons encoding the full length TAp73 isoforms, (iii) with deletions of exons encoding the shorter DNp73 isoform, and (iv) with deletion of exons encoding C-terminal of the alpha isoform. This work, as well as expression studies in cancer and overwhelming body of molecular studies, allowed establishing major role of TP73 both in cancer and in neuro-development, as well as ciliogenesis, and metabolism. Here, we recapitulate the major milestones of this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy.
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Evaluating the Influence of a G-Quadruplex Prone Sequence on the Transactivation Potential by Wild-Type and/or Mutant P53 Family Proteins through a Yeast-Based Functional Assay. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020277. [PMID: 33672023 PMCID: PMC7919268 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P53, P63, and P73 proteins belong to the P53 family of transcription factors, sharing a common gene organization that, from the P1 and P2 promoters, produces two groups of mRNAs encoding proteins with different N-terminal regions; moreover, alternative splicing events at C-terminus further contribute to the generation of multiple isoforms. P53 family proteins can influence a plethora of cellular pathways mainly through the direct binding to specific DNA sequences known as response elements (REs), and the transactivation of the corresponding target genes. However, the transcriptional activation by P53 family members can be regulated at multiple levels, including the DNA topology at responsive promoters. Here, by using a yeast-based functional assay, we evaluated the influence that a G-quadruplex (G4) prone sequence adjacent to the p53 RE derived from the apoptotic PUMA target gene can exert on the transactivation potential of full-length and N-terminal truncated P53 family α isoforms (wild-type and mutant). Our results show that the presence of a G4 prone sequence upstream or downstream of the P53 RE leads to significant changes in the relative activity of P53 family proteins, emphasizing the potential role of structural DNA features as modifiers of P53 family functions at target promoter sites.
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Iscan E, Ekin U, Yildiz G, Oz O, Keles U, Suner A, Cakan-Akdogan G, Ozhan G, Nekulova M, Vojtesek B, Uzuner H, Karakülah G, Alotaibi H, Ozturk M. TAp73β Can Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma Dedifferentiation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040783. [PMID: 33668566 PMCID: PMC7918882 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly complex and heterogeneous type of cancer. Hepatocyte dedifferentiation is one of the important steps in the development of HCC. However, its molecular mechanisms are not well known. In this study, we report that transcriptionally active TAp73 isoforms are overexpressed in HCC. We also show that TAp73β suppresses the expression of the hepatocyte markers including CYP3A4, AFP, ALB, HNF4α, while increasing the expression of several cholangiocyte markers in HCC cell lines. In conclusion, this report reveals a pro-oncogenic role for TAp73β in liver cancer. Abstract Hepatocyte dedifferentiation is a major source of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its mechanisms are unknown. We explored the p73 expression in HCC tumors and studied the effects of transcriptionally active p73β (TAp73β) in HCC cells. Expression profiles of p73 and patient clinical data were collected from the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) data portal and the TSVdb database, respectively. Global gene expression profiles were determined by pan-genomic 54K microarrays. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis method was used to identify TAp73β-regulated gene sets. The effects of TAp73 isoforms were analyzed in monolayer cell culture, 3D-cell culture and xenograft models in zebrafish using western blot, flow cytometry, fluorescence imaging, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and morphological examination. TAp73 isoforms were significantly upregulated in HCC, and high p73 expression correlated with poor patient survival. The induced expression of TAp73β caused landscape expression changes in genes involved in growth signaling, cell cycle, stress response, immunity, metabolism and development. Hep3B cells overexpressing TAp73β had lost hepatocyte lineage biomarkers including ALB, CYP3A4, AFP, HNF4α. In contrast, TAp73β upregulated genes promoting cholangiocyte lineage such as YAP, JAG1 and ZO-1, accompanied with an increase in metastatic ability. Our findings suggest that TAp73β may promote malignant dedifferentiation of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Iscan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Umut Ekin
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Yildiz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61000, Turkey;
| | - Ozden Oz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
- Izmir Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Umur Keles
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Aslı Suner
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35000, Turkey;
| | - Gulcin Cakan-Akdogan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Marta Nekulova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (B.V.)
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (B.V.)
| | - Hamdiye Uzuner
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Hani Alotaibi
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozturk
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Nasiri S, Azhari V, Bidari-Zerehpoosh F, Asadi-Kani Z, Talebi A. The diagnostic value of p63, p16, and p53 immunohistochemistry in distinguishing seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis, and Bowen's disease. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14817. [PMID: 33497503 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Seborrheic keratosis (SK), actinic keratosis (AK), and Bowen's disease (BD) are squamoproliferative disorders of the skin. Histologically, they may mimic each other and therefore, they might be misinterpreted, especially in small samples. The aim of this study is to clarify the expression of p63, p16, and p53 proteins in SK, AK, and BD and evaluate the efficacy of these markers in order to distinguish between the aforementioned lesions. A total of 46 cases were collected (15 SK, 16 AK, and 15 BD) and stained for p63, p16, and p53. The stain intensity and the cell distribution labeling were scored and then analyzed by SPSS software. All cases of BD which became positive for p53 revealed basal keratinocytes sparing. Instead, all or nearly all basal keratinocytes in AK cases were positive for this marker. These were also seen in p16 staining results and they were between AK and BD (P = .024). Our study demonstrates p16 and p53 are useful markers in separating AK and BD according to basal keratinocytes involvement and sparing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Nasiri
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahidehsadat Azhari
- Department of Pathology, Loghman Hakim General Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Bidari-Zerehpoosh
- Department of Pathology, Loghman Hakim General Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadi-Kani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Talebi
- Biostatistician of Colorectal Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Isoform-Specific Roles of Mutant p63 in Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030536. [PMID: 33572532 PMCID: PMC7866788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein p63 belongs to the family of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mouse models have, however, shown that it is not a classical tumor suppressor but instead involved in developmental processes. Mutations in the p63 gene cause several developmental defects in human patients characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia due to p63’s role as a master regulator of epidermal development. In addition, p63 plays a key role as a quality control factor in oocytes and p63 mutations can result either in compromised genetic quality control or premature cell death of all oocytes. Abstract The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the DNA binding domain cause Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia while mutations in in the C-terminal domain of the α-isoform cause Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility, severe, long-lasting skin erosions, and cleft lip/palate. The molecular disease mechanisms of these syndromes have recently become elucidated and have enhanced our understanding of the role of p63 in epidermal development. Here we review the molecular cause and functional consequences of these p63-mutations for skin development and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations for female fertility.
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Billant O, Friocourt G, Roux P, Voisset C. p53, A Victim of the Prion Fashion. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E269. [PMID: 33450819 PMCID: PMC7828285 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified in the late 1970s as an oncogene, a driving force leading to tumor development, p53 turned out to be a key tumor suppressor gene. Now p53 is considered a master gene regulating the transcription of over 3000 target genes and controlling a remarkable number of cellular functions. The elevated prevalence of p53 mutations in human cancers has led to a recurring questioning about the roles of mutant p53 proteins and their functional consequences. Both mutants and isoforms of p53 have been attributed dominant-negative and gain of function properties among which is the ability to form amyloid aggregates and behave in a prion-like manner. This report challenges the ongoing "prion p53" hypothesis by reviewing evidence of p53 behavior in light of our current knowledge regarding amyloid proteins, prionoids and prions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaëlle Friocourt
- Inserm, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France;
| | - Pierre Roux
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR5234, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Cécile Voisset
- Inserm, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France;
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Toden S, Zumwalt TJ, Goel A. Non-coding RNAs and potential therapeutic targeting in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188491. [PMID: 33316377 PMCID: PMC7856203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have begun to clarify the physiological and pathological roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in various diseases, including cancer. Among these, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been the most studied and have emerged as key players that are involved in the regulation of important growth regulatory pathways in cancer pathogenesis. The ability of a single ncRNA to modulate the expression of multiple downstream gene targets and associated pathways, have provided a rationale to pursue them for therapeutic drug development in cancer. In this context, early data from pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that synthetic miRNA-based therapeutic molecules, along with various protective coating approaches, has allowed for their efficient delivery and anti-tumor activity. In fact, some of the miRNA-based cancer therapeutic strategies have shown promising results even in early-phase human clinical trials. While the enthusiasm for ncRNA-based cancer therapeutics continue to evolve, the field is still in the midst of unraveling a more precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms and specific downstream therapeutic targets of other lesser studied ncRNAs such as the long-non-coding RNAs, transfer RNAs, circular RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and piwi-interacting RNAs. This review article provides the current state of knowledge and the evolving principles for ncRNA-based therapeutic approaches in cancer, and specifically highlights the importance of data to date and the approaches that are being developed to overcome the challenges associated with their delivery and mitigating the off-target effects in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy J Zumwalt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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