1
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Chen X, Lu T, Zheng Y, Lin Z, Liu C, Yuan D, Yuan C. miR-155-5p promotes hepatic steatosis via PICALM-mediated autophagy in aging hepatocytes. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 120:105327. [PMID: 38237377 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis, a lipid disorder characterized by the accumulation of intrahepatic fat, is more prevalent in the elderly population. This study investigates the role of miR-155-5p in the autophagy dysregulation of aging hepatic steatosis. METHODS We established an aging mouse model in vivo and a hepatocellular senescence model induced by low serum and palmitic acid in vitro. The fluctuations of microRNAs were derived from RNA-seq data and confirmed by qPCR in 4- and 18-month-old mouse liver tissues. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining observed pathological changes. Markers of senescence, autophagy, and lipolysis genes were analyzed using Western blot and qPCR. Bioinformatics analysis predicted miR-155-5p's target gene PICALM, confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay and transfection of miR-155-5p mimic/inhibitor into senescent hepatocytes. RESULTS Senescent markers (p21, p16, and p-P53) and miR-155-5p were up-regulated in aging liver tissues and senescent hepatocytes. Bioinformatics analysis identified PICALM as a target gene of miR-155-5p, a finding further supported by dual luciferase reporter assays. Inhibition of miR-155-5p reduced expression of senescent marker genes (p16, p21, p-P53), improved autophagy (evidenced by increased LC3B-II and ATG5, and decreased P62), and enhanced lipolysis (indicated by increased ATGL and p-HSL) in senescent hepatocytes. Oil red O staining confirmed that miR-155-5p inhibition significantly reduced lipid accumulation in these cells. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a potential new therapeutic approach for age-related hepatic steatosis through the inhibition of miR-155-5p to enhance autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Key Laboratory of Hubei province in China, China Three Gorges University, School of Medicine, Yichang, 443002, China; College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, HuBei, 443002, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Key Laboratory of Hubei province in China, China Three Gorges University, School of Medicine, Yichang, 443002, China; College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, HuBei, 443002, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Key Laboratory of Hubei province in China, China Three Gorges University, School of Medicine, Yichang, 443002, China; College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, HuBei, 443002, China
| | - Zhiyong Lin
- Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Key Laboratory of Hubei province in China, China Three Gorges University, School of Medicine, Yichang, 443002, China; College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, HuBei, 443002, China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Key Laboratory of Hubei province in China, China Three Gorges University, School of Medicine, Yichang, 443002, China; College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, HuBei, 443002, China.
| | - Ding Yuan
- College of Medicine and Health Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, HuBei, 443002, China.
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, HuBei, 443002, China; Third Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, School of Medicine, Yichang, 443002, China.
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2
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Xiang X, Dong C, Zhou L, Liu J, Rabinowitz ZM, Zhang Y, Guo H, He F, Chen X, Wang Y, Cui L, Ma X. Novel PET Imaging Probe for Quantitative Detection of Senescence In Vivo. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5924-5934. [PMID: 38507820 PMCID: PMC11017977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Real-time detection of cellular senescence remains a clinical challenge. Here, we aimed to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probe targeting senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), the most widely used biomarker of cellular senescence, and investigate its performance for real-time in vivo quantitative detection of cellular senescence. A stable PET imaging agent [68Ga]Ga-BGal was obtained with a high labeling yield (90.0 ± 4.3%) and a radiochemical purity (>95%). [68Ga]Ga-BGal displayed high sensitivity and specificity for β-Gal both in vitro and in vivo. The reaction and uptake of the probe correlated with the β-Gal concentration and reaction time. In PET imaging, high β-Gal-expressing CT26.CL25 tumors and doxorubicin-treated HeLa tumors showed high signals from [68Ga]Ga-BGal, while a low signal was observed in CT26.WT and untreated HeLa tumors. In summary, we showcased successful PET imaging of senescence in preclinical models using probe [68Ga]Ga-BGal. This finding holds the potential for translating senescence imaging into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chuning Dong
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lianbo Zhou
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zachary M. Rabinowitz
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yuzhao Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Feng He
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xingdou Chen
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lina Cui
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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3
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Dar AA, Ortega Y, Aktas S, Wu K, Guha I, Porter N, Rosen S, DeVita RJ, Pan ZQ, Oliver PM. CRL4b Inhibition Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Progression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:982-991. [PMID: 38265261 PMCID: PMC11060073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, and its murine model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease of the CNS characterized by T cell influx and demyelination. Similar to other autoimmune diseases, therapies can alleviate symptoms but often come with side effects, necessitating the exploration of new treatments. We recently demonstrated that the Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 4b (CRL4b) aided in maintaining genome stability in proliferating T cells. In this study, we examined whether CRL4b was required for T cells to expand and drive EAE. Mice lacking Cul4b (Cullin 4b) in T cells had reduced EAE symptoms and decreased inflammation during the peak of the disease. Significantly fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were found in the CNS, particularly among the CD4+ T cell population producing IL-17A, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and TNF-α. Additionally, Cul4b-deficient CD4+ T cells cultured in vitro with their wild-type counterparts were less likely to expand and differentiate into IL-17A- or IFN-γ-producing effector cells. When wild-type CD4+ T cells were activated in vitro in the presence of the recently developed CRL4 inhibitor KH-4-43, they exhibited increased apoptosis and DNA damage. Treatment of mice with KH-4-43 following EAE induction resulted in stabilized clinical scores and significantly reduced numbers of T cells and innate immune cells in the CNS compared with control mice. Furthermore, KH-4-43 treatment resulted in elevated expression of p21 and cyclin E2 in T cells. These studies support that therapeutic inhibition of CRL4 and/or CRL4-related pathways could be used to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif A Dar
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Yohaniz Ortega
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Sera Aktas
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kenneth Wu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinani, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ipsita Guha
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Nadia Porter
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Siera Rosen
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Robert J DeVita
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Zhen-qiang Pan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinani, New York, NY 10029
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Lancien M, Lichterfeld M. Proliferation of HIV-1 reservoir cells: The delusion of infinite growth. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232321. [PMID: 38345557 PMCID: PMC10866147 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of HIV-1-infected cells contributes to viral persistence despite antiretroviral therapy. A new study by Kufera et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20231511) demonstrates that proliferative growth of cells infected with genome-intact HIV-1 is not limitless; rather, these cells seem to be at least partially refractory to TCR stimulation, restricting their ability to proliferate in response to antigenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lancien
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Khor YS, Wong PF. MicroRNAs-associated with FOXO3 in cellular senescence and other stress responses. Biogerontology 2024; 25:23-51. [PMID: 37646881 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
FOXO3 is a member of the FOXO transcription factor family and is known for regulating cellular survival in response to stress caused by various external and biological stimuli. FOXO3 decides cell fate by modulating cellular senescence, apoptosis and autophagy by transcriptional regulation of genes involved in DNA damage response and oxidative stress resistance. These cellular processes are tightly regulated physiologically, with FOXO3 acting as the hub that integrates signalling networks controlling them. The activity of FOXO3 is influenced by post-translational modifications, altering its subcellular localisation. In addition, FOXO3 can also be regulated directly or indirectly by microRNAs (miRNAs) or vice versa. This review discusses the involvement of various miRNAs in FOXO3-driven cellular responses such as senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, redox and inflammation defence. Given that these responses are linked and influence cell fate, a thorough understanding of the complex regulation by miRNAs would provide key information for developing therapeutic strategy and avoid unintended consequences caused by off-site targeting of FOXO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Khor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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6
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Qiang M, Dai Z. Biomarkers of UVB radiation-related senescent fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:933. [PMID: 38195709 PMCID: PMC10776766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is known to induce photoaging in the skin, necessitating the development of effective anti-photoaging strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of UV radiation. Understanding the biofunctional characteristics of diverse skin cell types and unraveling the molecular modifications implicated in the aging process are pivotal in comprehending the intricacies of photoaging in human skin. Such insights are essential for paving the way for innovative interventions to counteract the deleterious impact of UV radiation on the skin. The single-cell RNA sequencing data of UVB-irradiated and normal control mouse skin in GSE173385 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omniniub (GEO) database. First, cell types were identified using Seurat for normalization, dimensionality reduction and clustering. Next, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis were executed on these cell subpopulations. Using FindAllMarkers in the Seurat package to identify differential gene expression and Monocle2 cell trajectory analysis, we screened out hub genes related to the development trajectory of senescent fibroblasts during photoaging, and then combined it with 307 aging-related genes collected in the HAGR library, we finally identified two biomarkers. The efficiency of biomarkers in diagnosing UV radiation photoaging was also evaluated in the dataset. Concurrently, the immune infiltration of identified biomarkers under UV radiation has also been further explored. Moreover, we employed the Enrichr platform to conduct a comprehensive screening of drug molecules associated with the identified biomarkers. Our comprehensive analysis, employing Seurat for normalization, dimensionality reduction, and clustering, successfully identified ten distinct cell types within the samples. Then GO functional enrichment analysis showed that senescent fibroblasts are mainly involved in the regulation of immune effector processes such as cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, regulation of epithelial cell proliferation and intercellular adhesion. Afterwards, KEGG analysis determined the main biological pathways are: IL-17 signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. After differential gene expression and Monocle2 cell trajectory analysis, we matched the obtained hub genes with the aging-related genes collected in the HAGR library, and finally screened out two relevant biomarkers: Apoe and Gdf15 which are related to the development trajectory of senescent fibroblasts during photoaging. Meanwhile, the immune infiltration further implied that the expression of these two biomarkers was significantly correlated with immune cells. In addition, the Enrichr platform was used to screen the drug molecules related to these biomarkers. This strategic approach aimed to pinpoint effective molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of photoaging. Our investigation has effectively characterized biomarkers associated with fibroblast senescence during photoaging at the single-cell level, We have validated their correlation with cellular immune inflammation and identified potential drug targets through the utilization of the Enrichr platform. This foundational research establishes a robust basis for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting skin diseases resulting from photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Qiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Zijia Dai
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
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7
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Chevalier RL. Why is chronic kidney disease progressive? Evolutionary adaptations and maladaptations. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F595-F617. [PMID: 37675460 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00134.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in renal physiology, the global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to increase. The emergence of multicellular organisms gave rise to increasing complexity of life resulting in trade-offs reflecting ancestral adaptations to changing environments. Three evolutionary traits shape CKD over the lifespan: 1) variation in nephron number at birth, 2) progressive nephron loss with aging, and 3) adaptive kidney growth in response to decreased nephron number. Although providing plasticity in adaptation to changing environments, the cell cycle must function within constraints dictated by available energy. Prioritized allocation of energy available through the placenta can restrict fetal nephrogenesis, a risk factor for CKD. Moreover, nephron loss with aging is a consequence of cell senescence, a pathway accelerated by adaptive nephron hypertrophy that maintains metabolic homeostasis at the expense of increased vulnerability to stressors. Driven by reproductive fitness, natural selection operates in early life but diminishes thereafter, leading to an exponential increase in CKD with aging, a product of antagonistic pleiotropy. A deeper understanding of the evolutionary constraints on the cell cycle may lead to manipulation of the balance between progenitor cell renewal and differentiation, regulation of cell senescence, and modulation of the balance between cell proliferation and hypertrophy. Application of an evolutionary perspective may enhance understanding of adaptation and maladaptation by nephrons in the progression of CKD, leading to new therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Chevalier
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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8
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Sharma K, Sarkar J, Trisal A, Ghosh R, Dixit A, Singh AK. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to salvage cellular senescence for managing neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:309-337. [PMID: 37437982 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable phenomenon that causes a decline in bodily functions over time. One of the most important processes that play a role in aging is senescence. Senescence is characterized by accumulation of cells that are no longer functional but elude the apoptotic pathway. These cells secrete inflammatory molecules that comprise the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Several essential molecules such as p53, Rb, and p16INK4a regulate the senescence process. Mitochondrial regulation has been found to play an important role in senescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from mitochondria can affect cellular senescence by inducing the persistent DNA damage response, thus stabilizing the senescence. Evidently, senescence plays a major contributory role to the development of age-related neurological disorders. In this chapter, we discuss the role of senescence in the progression and onset of several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, we also discuss the efficacy of certain molecules like MitoQ, SkQ1, and Latrepirdine that could be proven therapeutics with respect to these disorders by regulating mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sharma
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Joyobrata Sarkar
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Anchal Trisal
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Rishika Ghosh
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Anubhuti Dixit
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
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9
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Sen P, Donahue G, Li C, Egervari G, Yang N, Lan Y, Robertson N, Shah PP, Kerkhoven E, Schultz DC, Adams PD, Berger SL. Spurious intragenic transcription is a feature of mammalian cellular senescence and tissue aging. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:402-417. [PMID: 37117791 PMCID: PMC10165726 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian aging is characterized by the progressive loss of tissue function and increased risk for disease. Accumulation of senescent cells in aging tissues partly contributes to this decline, and targeted depletion of senescent cells in vivo ameliorates many age-related phenotypes. The fundamental molecular mechanisms responsible for the decline of cellular health and fitness during senescence and aging are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether chromatin-mediated loss of transcriptional fidelity, known to contribute to fitness and survival in yeast and worms, also occurs during human cellular senescence and mouse aging. Our findings reveal aberrant transcription initiation inside genes during senescence and aging that co-occurs with changes in the chromatin landscape. Interventions that alter these spurious transcripts have profound consequences on cellular health, primarily affecting intracellular signal transduction pathways. We propose that age-related spurious transcription promotes a noisy transcriptome and degradation of coherent transcriptional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Greg Donahue
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine Li
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabor Egervari
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Na Yang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yemin Lan
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil Robertson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Parisha P Shah
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erik Kerkhoven
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David C Schultz
- High Throughput Screening Core, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter D Adams
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Fernandez-Del-Rio L, Benincá C, Villalobos F, Shu C, Stiles L, Liesa M, Divakaruni AS, Acin-Perez R, Shirihai OS. A novel approach to measure complex V ATP hydrolysis in frozen cell lysates and tissue homogenates. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201628. [PMID: 36918278 PMCID: PMC10019470 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial depolarization can initiate reversal activity of ATP synthase, depleting ATP by its hydrolysis. We have recently shown that increased ATP hydrolysis contributes to ATP depletion leading to a maladaptation in mitochondrial disorders, where maximal hydrolytic capacity per CV content is increasing. However, despite its importance, ATP hydrolysis is not a commonly studied parameter because of the limitations of the currently available methods. Methods that measure CV hydrolytic activity indirectly require the isolation of mitochondria and involve the introduction of detergents, preventing their utilization in clinical studies or any high-throughput analyses. Here, we describe a novel approach to assess maximal ATP hydrolytic capacity and maximal respiratory capacity in a single assay in cell lysates, PBMCs, and tissue homogenates that were previously frozen. The methodology described here has the potential to be used in clinical samples to determine adaptive and maladaptive adjustments of CV function in diseases, with the added benefit of being able to use frozen samples in a high-throughput manner and to explore ATP hydrolysis as a drug target for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Fernandez-Del-Rio
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frankie Villalobos
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Shu
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Establishment of a fetal cow (Bos Borus) skin fibroblasts cell line with immortalized characterization through human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) ectopic expression. J Virol Methods 2022; 309:114605. [PMID: 35961484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ectopic introduction of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is an effective way to establish an immortalized cell line. Here, hTERT was obtained by RT-PCR, and the eukaryotic expression plasmid and lentivirus shuttle plasmid of hTERT was successfully constructed by the homologous recombination method. The stable expression of hTERT in fetal cow skin fibroblasts (CSF) was established using the lentivirus package system. The hTERT-CSF proliferate and have immortalized characteristics. Meanwhile, the chromosome analysis identified that the number and structure of the hTERT-CSF genome maintain stable. The indirect immunofluorescence, western blot, and flow cytometry showed that the hTERT gene had been successfully integrated into the primary genome of bovine skin and stably expressed. The viral infection experiment first identifies the hTERT-CSF as a vulnerable cell model responding to the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Establishing hTERT-CSF provides an important cell model for basic and applied research, clinical application, and vaccine development. It provides an essential reference for the future's rapid establishment of other immortalized cell lines.
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Nanić L, Cedilak A, Vidaček NŠ, Gruber F, Huzak M, Bader M, Rubelj I. In Vivo Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing Using Cell Micro-Transplantation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091955. [PMID: 36145701 PMCID: PMC9501230 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues alters tissue homeostasis and affects wound healing. It is also considered to be the main contributing factor to aging. In addition to losing their ability to divide, senescent cells exert detrimental effects on surrounding tissues through their senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). They also affect stem cells and their niche, reducing their capacity to divide which increasingly reduces tissue regenerative capacity over time. The aim of our study was to restore aged skin by increasing the fraction of young cells in vivo using a young cell micro-transplantation technique on Fischer 344 rats. Employing the same technique, we also used wild-type skin fibroblasts and stem cells in order to heal Dominant Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bulosa (DDEB) wounds and skin blistering. Results: We demonstrate that implantation of young fibroblasts restores cell density, revitalizes cell proliferation in the dermis and epidermis, rejuvenates collagen I and III matrices, and boosts epidermal stem cell proliferation in rats with advancing age. We were also able to reduce blistering in DDEB rats by transplantation of skin stem cells but not skin fibroblasts. Conclusions: Our intervention proves that a local increase of young cells in the dermis changes tissue homeostasis well enough to revitalize the stem cell niche, ensuring overall skin restoration and rejuvenation as well as healing DDEB skin. Our method has great potential for clinical applications in skin aging, as well as for the treatment of various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Nanić
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Cedilak
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Škrobot Vidaček
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Miljenko Huzak
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ivica Rubelj
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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13
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Potential Role of Polyphenolic Flavonoids as Senotherapeutic Agents in Degenerative Diseases and Geroprotection. Pharmaceut Med 2022; 36:331-352. [PMID: 36100824 PMCID: PMC9470070 DOI: 10.1007/s40290-022-00444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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14
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Bertelli PM, Pedrini E, Hughes D, McDonnell S, Pathak V, Peixoto E, Guduric-Fuchs J, Stitt AW, Medina RJ. Long term high glucose exposure induces premature senescence in retinal endothelial cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:929118. [PMID: 36091370 PMCID: PMC9459081 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.929118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Features of cellular senescence have been described in diabetic retinal vasculature. The aim of this study was to investigate how the high glucose microenvironment impacts on the senescence program of retinal endothelial cells. Methods: Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells were cultured under control and high glucose conditions of 5 mM and 25 mM D-glucose, respectively. Isomeric l-glucose was used as the osmotic control. Cells were counted using CASY technology until they reached their Hayflick limit. Senescence-associated β-Galactosidase was used to identify senescent cells. Endothelial cell functionality was evaluated by the clonogenic, 3D tube formation, and barrier formation assays. Cell metabolism was characterized using the Seahorse Bioanalyzer. Gene expression analysis was performed by bulk RNA sequencing. Retinal tissues from db/db and db/+ mice were evaluated for the presence of senescent cells. Publicly available scRNA-sequencing data for retinas from Akimba and control mice was used for gene set enrichment analysis. Results: Long term exposure to 25 mM D-Glucose accelerated the establishment of cellular senescence in human retinal endothelial cells when compared to 5 mM D-glucose and osmotic controls. This was shown from 4 weeks, by a significant slower growth, higher percentages of cells positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase, an increase in cell size, and lower expression of pRb and HMGB2. These senescence features were associated with decreased clonogenic capacity, diminished tubulogenicity, and impaired barrier function. Long term high glucose-cultured cells exhibited diminished glycolysis, with lower protein expression of GLUT1, GLUT3, and PFKFB3. Transcriptomic analysis, after 4 weeks of culture, identified downregulation of ALDOC, PFKL, and TPI1, in cells cultured with 25 mM D-glucose when compared to controls. The retina from db/db mice showed a significant increase in acellular capillaries associated with a significant decrease in vascular density in the intermediate and deep retinal plexuses, when compared to db/+ mice. Senescent endothelial cells within the db/db retinal vasculature were identified by senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining. Analysis of single cell transcriptomics data for the Akimba mouse retina highlighted an enrichment of senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene signatures when compared to control mice. Conclusion: A diabetic-like microenvironment of 25 mM D-glucose was sufficient to accelerate the establishment of cellular senescence in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reinhold J. Medina
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Life Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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15
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Skin-Aging Pigmentation: Who Is the Real Enemy? Cells 2022; 11:cells11162541. [PMID: 36010618 PMCID: PMC9406699 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is induced and sustained by chronological aging and photoaging. Aging skin pigmentation such as mottled pigmentation (senile lentigo) and melasma are typical signs of photoaging. The skin, like other human organs, undergoes cellular senescence, and senescent cells in the skin increase with age. The crosstalk between melanocytes as pigmentary cells and other adjacent types of aged skin cells such as senescent fibroblasts play a role in skin-aging pigmentation. In this review, we provide an overview of cellular senescence during the skin-aging process. The discussion also includes cellular senescence related to skin-aging pigmentation and the therapeutic potential of regulating the senescence process.
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16
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Zhurenkov KE, Alexander-Sinkler EI, Gavrilyik IO, Yartseva NM, Aleksandrova SA, Mashel TV, Khorolskaya JI, Blinova MI, Kulikov AN, Churashov SV, Chernysh VF, Mikhailova NA. Labial Mucosa Stem Cells: Isolation, Characterization, and Their Potential for Corneal Epithelial Reconstruction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:16. [PMID: 35848889 PMCID: PMC9308017 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.8.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize labial mucosa stem cells (LMSCs) and to investigate their potential for corneal epithelial reconstruction in a rabbit model of total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). Methods Rabbit LMSCs (rLMSCs) and human (hLMSCs) LMSCs were derived from labial mucosa and characterized in terms of their proliferation activity by the evaluation of proliferation index (PI) and colony forming efficiency (CFE), cell senescence, and differentiation abilities. The expression of various limbus-specific, stem cell-specific, and epithelial markers was assessed via immunocytochemistry. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate mesenchymal and hematopoietic cell surface markers expression. Chromosomal stability of the derived cells was examined using the conventional GTG-banding technique. To assess the impact of LMSCs on corneal epithelial reconstruction, rLMSCs were seeded onto a decellularized human amniotic membrane (dHAM), thereafter their regeneration potential was examined in the rabbit model of total LSCD. Results Both rLMSCs and hLMSCs showed high proliferation and differentiation abilities, entered senescence at later passages, and expressed different stem cell-specific (ABCB5, ALDH3A1, ABCG2, and p63α), mesenchymal (vimentin), and epithelial (CK3/12, CK15) markers. Cell surface antigen expression was similar to other described mesenchymal stem cells. No clonal structural chromosome abnormalities (CSCAs) and the low percentage of non-clonal structural chromosome abnormalities (NSCAs) were observed. Transplantation of rLMSCs promoted corneal epithelial reconstruction and enhanced corneal transparency. Conclusions LMSCs have significant proliferation and differentiation abilities, display no detrimental chromosome aberrations, and demonstrate considerable potential for corneal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill E Zhurenkov
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Cytology and Histology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Natalia M Yartseva
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana V Mashel
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Miralda I Blinova
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Romanova N, Schmitz J, Strakeljahn M, Grünberger A, Bahnemann J, Noll T. Single-Cell Analysis of CHO Cells Reveals Clonal Heterogeneity in Hyperosmolality-Induced Stress Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111763. [PMID: 35681457 PMCID: PMC9179406 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmolality can occur during industrial fed-batch cultivation processes of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as highly concentrated feed and base solutions are added to replenish nutrients and regulate pH values. Some effects of hyperosmolality, such as increased cell size and growth inhibition, have been elucidated by previous research, but the impact of hyperosmolality and the specific effects of the added osmotic-active reagents have rarely been disentangled. In this study, CHO cells were exposed to four osmotic conditions between 300 mOsm/kg (physiologic condition) and 530 mOsm/kg (extreme hyperosmolality) caused by the addition of either high-glucose-supplemented industrial feed or mannitol as an osmotic control. We present novel single-cell cultivation data revealing heterogeneity in mass gain and cell division in response to these treatments. Exposure to extreme mannitol-induced hyperosmolality and to high-glucose-oversupplemented feed causes cell cycle termination, mtDNA damage, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, which hints at the onset of premature stress-induced senescence. Thus, this study shows that both mannitol-induced hyperosmolality (530 mOsm/kg) and glucose overfeeding induce severe negative effects on cell growth and mitochondrial activity; therefore, they need to be considered during process development for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Romanova
- Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.S.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-106-6324
| | - Julian Schmitz
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Marie Strakeljahn
- Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Alexander Grünberger
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Noll
- Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.S.); (T.N.)
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18
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Liu JK. Antiaging agents: safe interventions to slow aging and healthy life span extension. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:18. [PMID: 35534591 PMCID: PMC9086005 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human longevity has increased dramatically during the past century. More than 20% of the 9 billion population of the world will exceed the age of 60 in 2050. Since the last three decades, some interventions and many preclinical studies have been found to show slowing aging and increasing the healthy lifespan of organisms from yeast, flies, rodents to nonhuman primates. The interventions are classified into two groups: lifestyle modifications and pharmacological/genetic manipulations. Some genetic pathways have been characterized to have a specific role in controlling aging and lifespan. Thus, all genes in the pathways are potential antiaging targets. Currently, many antiaging compounds target the calorie-restriction mimetic, autophagy induction, and putative enhancement of cell regeneration, epigenetic modulation of gene activity such as inhibition of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases, are under development. It appears evident that the exploration of new targets for these antiaging agents based on biogerontological research provides an incredible opportunity for the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. The present review focus on the properties of slow aging and healthy life span extension of natural products from various biological resources, endogenous substances, drugs, and synthetic compounds, as well as the mechanisms of targets for antiaging evaluation. These bioactive compounds that could benefit healthy aging and the potential role of life span extension are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Budd RC, Scharer CD, Barrantes-Reynolds R, Legunn S, Fortner KA. T Cell Homeostatic Proliferation Promotes a Redox State That Drives Metabolic and Epigenetic Upregulation of Inflammatory Pathways in Lupus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:410-422. [PMID: 34328790 PMCID: PMC8982120 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Numerous abnormalities in T cells have been described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including lymphopenia, DNA demethylation, expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), increased cell death, enlarged mitochondria, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the appearance of unusual CD4-CD8- T cells. Our studies propose a model in which accelerated homeostatic proliferation of T cells promotes an epigenetic and metabolic program, leading to this cluster of abnormalities. Recent Advances: Growing knowledge of the innate immune disorders in SLE has included increased mitochondrial size and ROS production that induces oligomerization of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein and type I interferon production, as well as DNA demethylation, upregulation of inflammatory genes, and expression of certain ERVs in SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells. All these events are part of the cellular program that occurs during homeostatic proliferation of T cells. Evidence from a murine model of SLE as well as in human SLE reveals that increased T cell homeostatic proliferation may be a driving factor in these processes. Critical Issues: Despite extensive knowledge of the myriad autoantibodies in SLE and other immune abnormalities, a cogent model has been lacking to link the numerous and seemingly disparate immune aberrations. This may partly explain the general lack of new drugs specifically for SLE in over 50 years. A more coherent model of SLE would not only unify the variety of immune abnormalities is SLE but would also suggest new therapies. Future Directions: The model of augmented homeostatic proliferation leading to increased mitochondrial mass, ROS, DNA demethylation, and upregulation of inflammatory genes suggests strategic new targets for SLE, including antioxidants and certain inhibitors of metabolism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 410-422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph C Budd
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ramiro Barrantes-Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Scott Legunn
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Karen A Fortner
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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20
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Sahabi S, Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Zarghami N. A new insight into cell biological and biochemical changes through aging. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151841. [PMID: 34995929 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After several years of extensive research, the main cause of aging is yet elusive. There are some theories about aging, such as stem cell aging, senescent cells accumulation, and neuro-endocrine theories. None of them is able to explain all changes that happen in cells and body through aging. By finding out the main cause of aging, it will be much easier to control, prevent and even reverse the aging process. Our cells, regardless of their replicative capacity, get old through aging and they have almost the same epigenetic age. Different cell signaling pathways contribute to aging. The most important one is mTORC1 that becomes hyperactive in cells that undergo aging. Other significant changes with age are lysosome accumulation, impaired autophagy, and mitophagy. Immune system undergoes gradual changes through aging including a shift from lymphoid to myeloid lineage production as well as increased IL-6 and TNF-α which lead to age-related weight loss and meta-inflammation. Additionally, our endocrine system also experiences some changes that should be taken into consideration when looking for the main cause of aging in the human body. In this review, we planned to summarize some of the changes that happen in cells and the body through aging.
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21
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Kronenberg J, Schrödter K, Noll GA, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Känel P. The tobacco phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein NtFT4 simultaneously improves vitality, growth, and protein yield in human cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3770-3786. [PMID: 34110007 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceutical proteins in mammalian cells by transient expression or stable transformation requires robust and viable cells. Cell line engineering must therefore balance improved cell growth and viability with high productivity. We tested the ability of nonmammalian phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins to enhance cell proliferation in monolayers and suspension cultures. The tobacco protein NtFT4 improved the proliferation of multiple human cell lines. Viable cell density is usually impaired by efficient transfection, but we found that the number of HEK-293TNtFT4 cells at the peak of protein expression was twice that of standard HEK-293T cells, and the antibody yield increased by approximately one-third. Improved growth and viability were observed in different cell lines, in different culture media, and also after transient transfection, suggesting the beneficial trait is consistent and transferable. Additional modifications could boost the productivity of high-density HEK-293TNtFT4 cells even further as we showed for a fluorescent marker protein and recombinant antibody expressed in monolayer cultures. The HEK-293TNtFT4 cell line provides a new human model platform that increases cell proliferation, also achieving a fundamental improvement in recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kronenberg
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Schrödter
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
| | - Gundula A Noll
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philip Känel
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
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22
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Lagoumtzi SM, Chondrogianni N. Senolytics and senomorphics: Natural and synthetic therapeutics in the treatment of aging and chronic diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:169-190. [PMID: 33989756 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a heterogeneous process guided by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors, characterizing many types of somatic cells. It has been suggested as an aging hallmark that is believed to contribute to aging and chronic diseases. Senescent cells (SC) exhibit a specific senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), mainly characterized by the production of proinflammatory and matrix-degrading molecules. When SC accumulate, a chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation, known as inflammaging, is induced. In turn, this chronic immune system activation results in reduced SC clearance thus establishing a vicious circle that fuels inflammaging. SC accumulation represents a causal factor for various age-related pathologies. Targeting of several aging hallmarks has been suggested as a strategy to ameliorate healthspan and possibly lifespan. Consequently, SC and SASP are viewed as potential therapeutic targets either through the selective killing of SC or the selective SASP blockage, through natural or synthetic compounds. These compounds are members of a family of agents called senotherapeutics divided into senolytics and senomorphics. Few of them are already in clinical trials, possibly representing a future treatment of age-related pathologies including diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic steatosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and age-related macular degeneration. In this review, we present the already identified senolytics and senomorphics focusing on their redox-sensitive properties. We describe the studies that revealed their effects on cellular senescence and enabled their nomination as novel anti-aging agents. We refer to the senolytics that are already in clinical trials and we present various adverse effects exhibited by senotherapeutics so far. Finally, we discuss aspects of the senotherapeutics that need improvement and we suggest the design of future senotherapeutics to target specific redox-regulated signaling pathways implicated either in the regulation of SASP or in the elimination of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Lagoumtzi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 116 35, Athens, Greece; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., Egaleo, 12243, Athens, Greece.
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 116 35, Athens, Greece.
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23
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Ho CY, Dreesen O. Faces of cellular senescence in skin aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198:111525. [PMID: 34166688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin is comprised of different cell types with different proliferative capacities. Skin aging occurs with chronological age and upon exposure to extrinsic factors such as photodamage. During aging, senescent cells accumulate in different compartments of the human skin, leading to impaired skin physiology. Diverse skin cell types may respond differently to senescence-inducing stimuli and it is not clear how this results in aging-associated skin phenotypes and pathologies. This review aims to examine and provide an overview of current evidence of cellular senescence in the skin. We will focus on cellular characteristics and behaviour of different skin cell types undergoing senescence in the epidermis and dermis, with a particular focus on the complex interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy and DNA damage pathways. We will also examine how the dermis and epidermis cope with the accumulation of DNA damage during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Yee Ho
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Oliver Dreesen
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore.
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24
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Nagai N, Kudo Y, Aki D, Nakagawa H, Taniguchi K. Immunomodulation by Inflammation during Liver and Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052238. [PMID: 33668122 PMCID: PMC7956754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is thought to promote tumorigenesis and metastasis by several mechanisms, such as affecting tumor cells directly, establishing a tumor-supporting microenvironment, enhancing tumor angiogenesis, and suppressing antitumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of how inflammation induces the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, such as increasing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immunosuppressive molecules, inducing immune checkpoint molecules and cytotoxic T-cell exhaustion, and accumulating regulatory T (Treg) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The suppression of antitumor immunity by inflammation is especially examined in the liver and colorectal cancer. In addition, chronic inflammation is induced during aging and causes age-related diseases, including cancer, by affecting immunity. Therefore, we also discuss the age-related diseases regulated by inflammation, especially in the liver and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nagai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (N.N.); (D.A.)
| | - Yotaro Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Daisuke Aki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (N.N.); (D.A.)
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (N.N.); (D.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5363-3483
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25
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The Jekyll and Hyde of Cellular Senescence in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020208. [PMID: 33494247 PMCID: PMC7909764 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of stable cell cycle arrest that can be triggered in response to various insults and is characterized by distinct morphological hallmarks, gene expression profiles, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Importantly, cellular senescence is a key component of normal physiology with tumor suppressive functions. In the last few decades, novel cancer treatment strategies exploiting pro-senescence therapies have attracted considerable interest. Recent insight, however, suggests that therapy-induced senescence (TIS) elicits cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous implications that potentially entail detrimental consequences, reflecting the Jekyll and Hyde nature of cancer cell senescence. In essence, the undesirable manifestations that generally culminate in inflammation, cancer stemness, senescence reversal, therapy resistance, and disease recurrence are dictated by the persistent accumulation of senescent cells and the SASP. Thus, mitigating these pro-tumorigenic effects by eliminating these cells or inhibiting their SASP production holds great promise for developing innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe the fundamental aspects and dynamics of cancer cell senescence and summarize the comprehensive research on the adverse outcomes of TIS. Furthermore, we underline the rationale and motivation of emerging senotherapeutic modalities surrounding the removal of senescent cells and the SASP to help maximize the overall efficacy of cancer therapies.
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Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Rodrigo-Torres D, Gadd VL, Forbes SJ. Cellular Senescence in Liver Disease and Regeneration. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:50-66. [PMID: 33764485 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible cell cycle arrest implemented by the cell as a result of stressful insults. Characterized by phenotypic alterations, including secretome changes and genomic instability, senescence is capable of exerting both detrimental and beneficial processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that cellular senescence plays a relevant role in the occurrence and development of liver disease, as a mechanism to contain damage and promote regeneration, but also characterizing the onset and correlating with the extent of damage. The evidence of senescent mechanisms acting on the cell populations of the liver will be described including the role of markers to detect cellular senescence. Overall, this review intends to summarize the role of senescence in liver homeostasis, injury, disease, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Gadd
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Deryabin PI, Shatrova AN, Borodkina AV. Apoptosis resistance of senescent cells is an intrinsic barrier for senolysis induced by cardiac glycosides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7757-7776. [PMID: 34714358 PMCID: PMC8629786 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeted elimination of senescent cells, senolysis, is one of the core trends in the anti-aging therapy. Cardiac glycosides were recently proved to be a broad-spectrum senolytics. Here we tested senolytic properties of cardiac glycosides towards human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Cardiac glycosides had no senolytic ability towards senescent hMSCs of various origins. Using biological and bioinformatic approaches we compared senescence development in 'cardiac glycosides-sensitive' A549 and '-insensitive' hMSCs. The absence of senolysis was found to be mediated by the effective potassium import and increased apoptosis resistance in senescent hMSCs. Weakening "antiapoptotic defense" predisposes hMSCs to senolysis. We revealed that apoptosis resistance, previously recognized as a common characteristic of senescence, in fact, is not a general feature of senescent cells. Moreover, only apoptosis-prone senescent cells are sensitive to cardiac glycosides-induced senolysis. Thus, we can speculate that the effectiveness of senolysis might depend on whether senescent cells indeed become apoptosis-resistant as compared to their proliferating counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I. Deryabin
- grid.418947.70000 0000 9629 3848Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence Group, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla N. Shatrova
- grid.418947.70000 0000 9629 3848Laboratory of Intracellular Membranes Dynamic, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V. Borodkina
- grid.418947.70000 0000 9629 3848Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence Group, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Aljobaily N, Viereckl MJ, Hydock DS, Aljobaily H, Wu TY, Busekrus R, Jones B, Alberson J, Han Y. Creatine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Liver Damage by Inhibiting Liver Fibrosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cellular Senescence. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010041. [PMID: 33374297 PMCID: PMC7824063 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Treatment with the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) may lead to toxicities that affect non-cancer cells including the liver. Supplementing the diet with creatine (Cr) has been suggested as a potential intervention to minimize DOX-induced side effects, but its effect in alleviating DOX-induced hepatoxicity is currently unknown. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of Cr supplementation on DOX-induced liver damage. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet supplemented with 2% Cr for four weeks, 4% Cr for one week followed by 2% Cr for three more weeks, or control diet for four weeks. Animals then received either a bolus i.p. injection of DOX (15 mg/kg) or saline as a placebo. Animals were then sacrificed five days-post injection and markers of hepatoxicity were analyzed using the liver-to-body weight ratio, aspartate transaminase (AST)-to- alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lipemia, and T-Bilirubin. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Picro-Sirius Red staining, and immunofluorescence staining for CD45, 8-OHdG, and β-galactosidase were performed to evaluate liver morphology, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence, respectively. The mRNA levels for biomarkers of liver fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence-related genes were measured in liver tissues. Chromosomal stability was evaluated using global DNA methylation ELISA. Results: The ALT/AST ratio and liver to body weight ratio tended to increase in the DOX group, and Cr supplementation tended to attenuate this increase. Furthermore, elevated levels of liver fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence were observed with DOX treatment, and Cr supplementation prior to DOX treatment ameliorated this hepatoxicity. Moreover, DOX treatment resulted in chromosomal instability (i.e., altered DNA methylation profile), and Cr supplementation showed a tendency to restore chromosomal stability with DOX treatment. Conclusion: The data suggest that Cr protected against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Aljobaily
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (N.A.); (M.J.V.); (J.A.)
| | - Michael J. Viereckl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (N.A.); (M.J.V.); (J.A.)
| | - David S. Hydock
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (D.S.H.); (R.B.); (B.J.)
| | | | - Tsung-Yen Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
| | - Raquel Busekrus
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (D.S.H.); (R.B.); (B.J.)
| | - Brandon Jones
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (D.S.H.); (R.B.); (B.J.)
| | - Jammie Alberson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (N.A.); (M.J.V.); (J.A.)
| | - Yuyan Han
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (N.A.); (M.J.V.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-351-2004
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NAD +/NADH redox alterations reconfigure metabolism and rejuvenate senescent human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Commun Biol 2020; 3:774. [PMID: 33319867 PMCID: PMC7738682 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) promote endogenous tissue regeneration and have become a promising candidate for cell therapy. However, in vitro culture expansion of hMSCs induces a rapid decline of stem cell properties through replicative senescence. Here, we characterize metabolic profiles of hMSCs during expansion. We show that alterations of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + /NADH) redox balance and activity of the Sirtuin (Sirt) family enzymes regulate cellular senescence of hMSCs. Treatment with NAD + precursor nicotinamide increases the intracellular NAD + level and re-balances the NAD + /NADH ratio, with enhanced Sirt-1 activity in hMSCs at high passage, partially restores mitochondrial fitness and rejuvenates senescent hMSCs. By contrast, human fibroblasts exhibit limited senescence as their cellular NAD + /NADH balance is comparatively stable during expansion. These results indicate a potential metabolic and redox connection to replicative senescence in adult stem cells and identify NAD + as a metabolic regulator that distinguishes stem cells from mature cells. This study also suggests potential strategies to maintain cellular homeostasis of hMSCs in clinical applications. Yuan et al. characterise metabolic profiles of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) during cell expansion in culture. They find that late passage hMSCs exhibit a NAD + /NADH redox cycle imbalance and that adding NAD + precursor nicotinamide restores mitochondrial fitness and cellular homeostasis in senescent hMSCs indicating a possible route to preserve hMSC homeostasis for therapeutic use.
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Weng B, Xu YL, Ying J, Yang HK, Su L, Yang YM, Chen M. A novel use for Levey-Jennings charts in prenatal molecular diagnosis. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:109. [PMID: 32736662 PMCID: PMC7395379 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study was to determine whether Levey-Jennings charts, which are widely used in clinical laboratories, can be used to create standardized internal quality controls (IQCs) for prenatal molecular diagnosis. Methods Aneuploid amniocyte lines with trisomy 13, 21, and 18, and 47,XXY were established by transfection with SV40LTag-pcDNA3.1(−)and combined at different ratios to generate aneuploidy chimeric quality-control cell mixtures A to H. These quality-control cells were then used to calculate the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \overline{\mathrm{X}} $$\end{document}X¯ ±3 SD values to develop standardized IQCs for methods used for the prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies such as FISH. Results Methods for constructing aneuploid amniocyte lines were developed and a set of quality-control cells (A-H) were prepared. The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \overline{\mathrm{X}} $$\end{document}X¯ ±3 SD values of these quality-control cells for trisomy 13 and 21 were 10.2 ± 1.7, 10.2 ± 3.4, and 10.2 ± 5.1, and 90.3 ± 2.3, 90.3 ± 4.6, and 90.3 ± 6.9, respectively. Based on the values and Levey-Jennings charts, a set of standardized IQCs for prenatal diagnosis such as FISH were established. Conclusions This method resolves the problems of a shortage of quality-control materials and a lack of quality-control charts in prenatal molecular diagnosis such as NIPT, NGS, aCGH/SNP, PCR, and FISH. Levey-Jennings chart-based IQCs for prenatal diagnosis such as FISH can be used to easily monitor whether IQC results are within acceptable limits, and then infer whether the diagnostic results for clinical samples are reliable. We expect that this standardized IQC will be useful for a wide range of molecular diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghuan Weng
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ya-Li Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Research, Shulan Hospital, Zhejiang University, 848 Dongxin Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Research, Shulan Hospital, Zhejiang University, 848 Dongxin Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao-Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Su
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Mei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
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Potter G, Smith AS, Vo NT, Muster J, Weston W, Bertero A, Maves L, Mack DL, Rostain A. A More Open Approach Is Needed to Develop Cell-Based Fish Technology: It Starts with Zebrafish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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The Emerging Role of Senescence in Ocular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2583601. [PMID: 32215170 PMCID: PMC7085400 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2583601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest in response to an array of cellular stresses. An important role for senescence has been shown for a number of pathophysiological conditions that include cardiovascular disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and diseases of the skin. However, whether senescence contributes to the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has not been studied in detail so far and the present review describes the recent research on this topic. We present an overview of the types of senescence, pathways of senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), the role of mitochondria, and their functional implications along with antisenescent therapies. As a central mechanism, senescent cells can impact the surrounding tissue microenvironment via the secretion of a pool of bioactive molecules, termed the SASP. An updated summary of a number of new members of the ever-growing SASP family is presented. Further, we introduce the significance of mechanisms by which mitochondria may participate in the development of cellular senescence. Emerging evidence shows that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of the effects of senescent cells on their microenvironment. Based on recent studies, there is reasonable evidence that senescence could be a modifiable factor, and hence, it may be possible to delay age-related diseases by modulating basic aging mechanisms using SASP inhibitors/senolytic drugs. Thus, antisenescent therapies in aging and age-related diseases appear to have a promising potential.
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In Vitro Aging of Human Skin Fibroblasts: Age-Dependent Changes in 4-Hydroxynonenal Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020150. [PMID: 32053996 PMCID: PMC7070748 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the increased production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species lead to cellular aging. One of the consequences is lipid peroxidation generating reactive aldehydic products, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) that modify proteins and form adducts with DNA bases. To prevent damage by HNE, it is metabolized. The primary metabolic products are the glutathione conjugate (GSH-HNE), the corresponding 4-hydroxynonenoic acid (HNA), and the alcohol 1,4-dihydroxynonene (DHN). Since HNE metabolism can potentially change during in vitro aging, cell cultures of primary human dermal fibroblasts from several donors were cultured until senescence. After different time points up to 30 min of incubation with 5 µM HNE, the extracellular medium was analyzed for metabolites via liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS). The metabolites appeared in the extracellular medium 5 min after incubation followed by a time-dependent increase. But, the formation of GSH-HNL and GSH-DHN decreased with increasing in vitro age. As a consequence, the HNE levels in the cells increase and there is more protein modification observed. Furthermore, after 3 h of incubation with 5 µM HNE, younger cells showed less proliferative capacity, while in older cells slight increase in the mitotic index was noticed.
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Zhou B, Wan Y, Chen R, Zhang C, Li X, Meng F, Glaser S, Wu N, Zhou T, Li S, Francis H, Alpini G, Zou P. The emerging role of cellular senescence in renal diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2087-2097. [PMID: 31916698 PMCID: PMC7011136 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence represents the state of irreversible cell cycle arrest during cell division. Cellular senescence not only plays a role in diverse biological events such as embryogenesis, tissue regeneration and repair, ageing and tumour occurrence prevention, but it is also involved in many cardiovascular, renal and liver diseases through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular senescence and its possible effects on a variety of renal diseases. We will also discuss the therapeutic approaches based on the regulation of senescent and SASP blockade, which is considered as a promising strategy for the management of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuesen Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Siwen Li
- Department of Physiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ping Zou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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35
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Metabolic flexibility in melanoma: A potential therapeutic target. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:187-207. [PMID: 31362075 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) represents one of the most metastasizing and drug resistant solid tumors. CM is characterized by a remarkable metabolic plasticity and an important connection between oncogenic activation and energetic metabolism. In fact, melanoma cells can use both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression. However, the CM energetic demand mainly depends on glycolysis, whose upregulation is strictly linked to constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK pathway affected by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. Furthermore, the impressive metabolic plasticity of melanoma allows the development of resistance mechanisms to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) and the adaptation to microenvironmental changes. The metabolic interaction between melanoma cells and tumor microenvironment affects the immune response and CM growth. In this review article, we describe the regulation of melanoma metabolic alterations and the metabolic interactions between cancer cells and microenvironment that influence melanoma progression and immune response. Finally, we summarize the hallmarks of melanoma therapies and we report BRAF/MEK pathway targeted therapy and mechanisms of metabolic resistance.
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Breuss JM, Atanasov AG, Uhrin P. Resveratrol and Its Effects on the Vascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1523. [PMID: 30934670 PMCID: PMC6479680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, the phenolic substance isolated initially from Veratrum grandiflorum and richly present in grapes, wine, peanuts, soy, and berries, has been attracting attention of scientists and medical doctors for many decades. Herein, we review its effects on the vascular system. Studies utilizing cell cultures and pre-clinical models showed that resveratrol alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, resveratrol suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, promotes autophagy, and has been investigated in the context of vascular senescence. Pre-clinical models unambiguously demonstrated numerous vasculoprotective effects of resveratrol. In clinical trials, resveratrol moderately diminished systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients, as well as blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus. Yet, open questions remain, as exemplified by a recent report which states that the intake of resveratrol might blunt certain positive effects of exercise in older persons, and further research addressing the framework for long-term use of resveratrol as a food supplement, will stay in demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Breuss
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Özer Ö, Hickson ID. Pathways for maintenance of telomeres and common fragile sites during DNA replication stress. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180018. [PMID: 29695617 PMCID: PMC5936717 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene activation during tumour development leads to changes in the DNA replication programme that enhance DNA replication stress. Certain regions of the human genome, such as common fragile sites and telomeres, are particularly sensitive to DNA replication stress due to their inherently ‘difficult-to-replicate’ nature. Indeed, it appears that these regions sometimes fail to complete DNA replication within the period of interphase when cells are exposed to DNA replication stress. Under these conditions, cells use a salvage pathway, termed ‘mitotic DNA repair synthesis (MiDAS)’, to complete DNA synthesis in the early stages of mitosis. If MiDAS fails, the ensuing mitotic errors threaten genome integrity and cell viability. Recent studies have provided an insight into how MiDAS helps cells to counteract DNA replication stress. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulation of MiDAS remain poorly defined. Here, we provide an overview of how DNA replication stress triggers MiDAS, with an emphasis on how common fragile sites and telomeres are maintained. Furthermore, we discuss how a better understanding of MiDAS might reveal novel strategies to target cancer cells that maintain viability in the face of chronic oncogene-induced DNA replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgün Özer
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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38
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Katwal P, Thomas M, Uprety T, Hildreth MB, Kaushik RS. Development and biochemical and immunological characterization of early passage and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cell lines from the ileum of a young calf. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:127-148. [PMID: 30600465 PMCID: PMC6368510 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a major site of interaction with pathogens. In bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immune responses against enteric pathogens. This study is aimed at establishing a stable bovine intestinal epithelial cell line that can be maintained by a continuous passage so that studies on innate immune responses against various enteric pathogens can be performed. The main goal was to establish pure cultures of primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells from the ileum and then characterize them biochemically and immunologically. Mixed epithelial and fibroblast bovine ileal intestinal cultures were first established from a 2-day old calf. Limiting dilution method was used to obtain a clone of epithelial cells which was characterized using immunocytochemistry (ICC). The selected clone BIEC-c4 was cytokeratin positive and expressed low levels of vimentin, confirming the epithelial cell phenotype. Early passage BIEC-c4 cells were transfected with either simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen or human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), or human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16E6/E7 genes to establish three immortalized BIEC cell lines. The expression of SV40, hTERT and HPV E6/E7 genes in immortalized BIECs was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence assays also confirmed the expression of SV40, hTERT and HPV E6 proteins. The immortalized BIECs were cytokeratin positive and all except HPV-BIECs expressed low levels of vimentin. A growth kinetics study indicated that there were no significant differences in the doubling time of immortalized BIECs as compared to early passage BIEC-c4 cells. All four BIEC types expressed TLR 1-10 genes, with TLR 3 and 4 showing higher expression across all cell types. These newly established early passage and immortalized BIEC cell lines should serve as a good model for studying infectivity, pathogenesis and innate immune responses against enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Katwal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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39
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Weng B, Ying J, Wang H, Zhu D, Li L. Construction of amniotic cell line with chromosomal abnormalities and its application in the quality control of chromosome karyotype analysis. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1530072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Binghuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Ying
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hanzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Danhu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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40
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Kumar N, Reddi S, Devi S, Mada SB, Kapila R, Kapila S. Nrf2 dependent antiaging effect of milk‐derived bioactive peptide in old fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9677-9691. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Animal Biochemistry Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India
| | - Srinu Reddi
- Animal Biochemistry Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India
| | - Savita Devi
- Animal Biochemistry Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India
| | - Sanusi Bello Mada
- Animal Biochemistry Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India
- Department of Biochemistry Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
| | - Rajeev Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India
| | - Suman Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India
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41
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Stahl EC, Haschak MJ, Popovic B, Brown BN. Macrophages in the Aging Liver and Age-Related Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2795. [PMID: 30555477 PMCID: PMC6284020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals aged 65 or older is projected to increase globally from 524 million in 2010 to nearly 1. 5 billion in 2050. Aged individuals are particularly at risk for developing chronic illness, while being less able to regenerate healthy tissue and tolerate whole organ transplantation procedures. In the liver, these age-related diseases include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Hepatic macrophages, a population comprised of both Kupffer cells and infiltrating monocyte derived macrophages, are implicated in several chronic liver diseases and also play important roles in the homeostatic functions of the liver. The effects of aging on hepatic macrophage population dynamics, polarization, and function are not well understood. Studies performed on macrophages derived from other aged sources, such as the bone marrow, peritoneal cavity, lungs, and brain, demonstrate general reductions in autophagy and phagocytosis, dysfunction in cytokine signaling, and altered morphology and distribution, likely mediated by epigenetic changes and mitochondrial defects, that may be applicable to hepatic macrophages. This review highlights recent findings in macrophage developmental biology and function, particularly in the liver, and discusses the role of macrophages in various age-related liver diseases. A better understanding of the biology of aging that influences hepatic macrophages and thus the progression of chronic liver disease will be crucial in order to develop new interventions and treatments for liver disease in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Stahl
- Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Martin J Haschak
- Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Branimir Popovic
- Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bryan N Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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42
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Marck A, Antero J, Berthelot G, Johnson S, Sedeaud A, Leroy A, Marc A, Spedding M, Di Meglio JM, Toussaint JF. Age-Related Upper Limits in Physical Performances. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 74:591-599. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Marck
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d’Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA, Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP) and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR, Université Paris Diderot and CNRS, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d’Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA, Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP) and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
| | - Geoffroy Berthelot
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d’Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA, Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP) and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
| | - Stacey Johnson
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d’Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA, Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP) and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
| | - Adrien Sedeaud
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d’Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA, Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP) and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
| | - Arthur Leroy
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d’Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA, Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP) and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
| | - Andy Marc
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d’Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA, Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP) and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
| | | | - Jean-Marc Di Meglio
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR, Université Paris Diderot and CNRS, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d’Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA, Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP) and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
- Centre d’Investigations en Médecine du Sport (CIMS), Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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43
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Wei J, Chen S, Guo W, Feng B, Yang S, Huang C, Chu J. Leukotriene D4 induces cellular senescence in osteoblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 58:154-159. [PMID: 29587204 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the development of osteoporosis, in which cellular senescence in osteoblasts plays a key role. Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), an important cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLT), is a powerful pro-inflammatory mediator formed from arachidonic acid. However, little information regarding the effects of LTD4 on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has been reported before. In the present study, we defined the physiological roles of LTD4 in cellular senescence in osteoblasts. Our results indicate that LTD4 treatment decreased the expression of SIRT1 in a dose-dependent manner in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Additionally, LTD4 significantly increased the expression of p53, p21 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). LTD4 was also found to elevate the activity of β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) but to prevent BrdU incorporation. Our results indicate that cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (cysLT1R) could be detected in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. However, cysLT2R was not expressed in these cells. Interestingly, we found that knockdown of cysLT1R or use of the selective cysLT1R antagonist montelukast abolished the LTD4-induced reduction in SIRT1 and increase in p53, p21, and PAI-1. Notably, knockdown of cysLT1R by transfection with cysLT1R siRNA or treatment with montelukast attenuated the LTD4-induced increase in SA-β-Gal activity. Our study shows for the first time that LTD4 has a significant impact on cellular senescence in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixiong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Bailin Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Shukai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengshuo Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Chu
- Department of Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China.
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44
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Maskell DL, Kennedy AI, Hodgson JA, Smart KA. Impact of Carbohydrate Composition of Media on Lager Yeast Replicative Lifespan. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-59-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn L. Maskell
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Alan I. Kennedy
- Scottish Courage Brewing Limited, Technical Centre, Edinburgh, EH8 8DD, UK
| | - Jeff A. Hodgson
- Scottish Courage Brewing Limited, Technical Centre, Edinburgh, EH8 8DD, UK
| | - Katherine A. Smart
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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45
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Role of Polyamines in Asthma Pathophysiology. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6010004. [PMID: 29316647 PMCID: PMC5872161 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease of airways, where the interactions of immune and structural cells result in disease outcomes with airway remodeling and airway hyper-responsiveness. Polyamines, which are small-sized, natural super-cations, interact with negatively charged intracellular macromolecules, and altered levels of polyamines and their interactions have been associated with different pathological conditions including asthma. Elevated levels of polyamines have been reported in the circulation of asthmatic patients as well as in the lungs of a murine model of asthma. In various studies, polyamines were found to potentiate the pathogenic potential of inflammatory cells, such as mast cells and granulocytes (eosinophils and neutrophils), by either inducing the release of their pro-inflammatory mediators or prolonging their life span. Additionally, polyamines were crucial in the differentiation and alternative activation of macrophages, which play an important role in asthma pathology. Importantly, polyamines cause airway smooth muscle contraction and thus airway hyper-responsiveness, which is the key feature in asthma pathophysiology. High levels of polyamines in asthma and their active cellular and macromolecular interactions indicate the importance of the polyamine pathway in asthma pathogenesis; therefore, modulation of polyamine levels could be a suitable approach in acute and severe asthma management. This review summarizes the possible roles of polyamines in different pathophysiological features of asthma.
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46
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Marck A, Antero J, Berthelot G, Saulière G, Jancovici JM, Masson-Delmotte V, Boeuf G, Spedding M, Le Bourg É, Toussaint JF. Are We Reaching the Limits of Homo sapiens? Front Physiol 2017; 8:812. [PMID: 29123486 PMCID: PMC5662890 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Echoing scientific and industrial progress, the Twentieth century was an unprecedented period of improvement for human capabilities and performances, with a significant increase in lifespan, adult height, and maximal physiological performance. Analyses of historical data show a major slow down occurring in the most recent years. This triggered large and passionate debates in the academic scene within multiple disciplines; as such an observation could be interpreted as our upper biological limits. Such a new phase of human history may be related to structural and functional limits determined by long term evolutionary constraints, and the interaction between complex systems and their environment. In this interdisciplinary approach, we call into question the validity of subsequent forecasts and projections through innovative and related biomarkers such as sport, lifespan, and height indicators. We set a theoretical framework based on biological and environmental relevance rather than using a typical single-variable forecasting approach. As demonstrated within the article, these new views will have major social, economical, and political implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Marck
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Berthelot
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Group Adaptation and Prospective, High Council of Public Health, Paris, France.,Research Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Studies, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Saulière
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Masson-Delmotte
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CEA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Boeuf
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | - Éric Le Bourg
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Group Adaptation and Prospective, High Council of Public Health, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigations en Médecine du Sport (CIMS), Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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47
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Peng C, Hu W, Weng X, Tong R, Cheng S, Ding C, Xiao H, Lv Z, Xie H, Zhou L, Wu J, Zheng S. Over Expression of Long Non-Coding RNA PANDA Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Senescence Associated Inflammatory Factor IL8. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28646235 PMCID: PMC5482898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that long non-coding RNA PANDA was disregulated in varieties types of tumor, but its expression level and biological role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains contradictory. We detected PANDA expression in two independent cohorts (48 HCC patients following liver transplantation and 84 HCC patients following liver resection), and found that PANDA was down-regulated in HCC. Thereafter we explored its function in cancer biology by inversing its low expression. Surprisingly, overexpression of PANDA promoted HCC proliferation and carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PANDA repressed transcriptional activity of senescence associated inflammatory factor IL8, which leaded to inhibition of cellular senescence. Therefore, our research help to better understand the complex role of PANDA in HCC, and suggest more thoughtful strategies should be applied before it can be treated as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Peng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wendi Hu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Weng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongliang Tong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaobing Cheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaofeng Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Lv
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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48
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Melanocytic nevi and melanoma: unraveling a complex relationship. Oncogene 2017; 36:5771-5792. [PMID: 28604751 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 33% of melanomas are derived directly from benign, melanocytic nevi. Despite this, the vast majority of melanocytic nevi, which typically form as a result of BRAFV600E-activating mutations, will never progress to melanoma. Herein, we synthesize basic scientific insights and data from mouse models with common observations from clinical practice to comprehensively review melanocytic nevus biology. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which growth arrest is established after BRAFV600E mutation. Means by which growth arrest can be overcome and how melanocytic nevi relate to melanoma are also considered. Finally, we present a new conceptual paradigm for understanding the growth arrest of melanocytic nevi in vivo termed stable clonal expansion. This review builds upon the canonical hypothesis of oncogene-induced senescence in growth arrest and tumor suppression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
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Aravinthan AD, Alexander GJM. Senescence in chronic liver disease: Is the future in aging? J Hepatol 2016; 65:825-834. [PMID: 27245432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a fundamental, complex mechanism with an important protective role present from embryogenesis to late life across all species. It limits the proliferative potential of damaged cells thus protecting against malignant change, but at the expense of substantial alterations to the microenvironment and tissue homeostasis, driving inflammation, fibrosis and paradoxically, malignant disease if the process is sustained. Cellular senescence has attracted considerable recent interest with recognition of pathways linking aging, malignancy and insulin resistance and the current focus on therapeutic interventions to extend health-span. There are major implications for hepatology in the field of fibrosis and cancer, where cellular senescence of hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, stellate cells and immune cells has been implicated in chronic liver disease progression. This review focuses on cellular senescence in chronic liver disease and explores therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysious D Aravinthan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Graeme J M Alexander
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, The Royal Free Trust, London, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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