1
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Kulkarni A, Mohan V, Tang TT, Post L, Chan YC, Manning M, Thio N, Parker BL, Dawson MA, Rosenbluh J, Vissers JH, Harvey KF. Identification of resistance mechanisms to small-molecule inhibition of TEAD-regulated transcription. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00217-3. [PMID: 39103676 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway controls transcription by regulating nuclear abundance of YAP and TAZ, which activate transcription with the TEAD1-TEAD4 DNA-binding proteins. Recently, several small-molecule inhibitors of YAP and TEADs have been reported, with some entering clinical trials for different cancers with Hippo pathway deregulation, most notably, mesothelioma. Using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens we reveal that mutations in genes from the Hippo, MAPK, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways all modulate the response of mesothelioma cell lines to TEAD palmitoylation inhibitors. By exploring gene expression programs of mutant cells, we find that MAPK pathway hyperactivation confers resistance to TEAD inhibition by reinstating expression of a subset of YAP/TAZ target genes. Consistent with this, combined inhibition of TEAD and the MAPK kinase MEK, synergistically blocks proliferation of multiple mesothelioma and lung cancer cell lines and more potently reduces the growth of patient-derived lung cancer xenografts in vivo. Collectively, we reveal mechanisms by which cells can overcome small-molecule inhibition of TEAD palmitoylation and potential strategies to enhance the anti-tumor activity of emerging Hippo pathway targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Kulkarni
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Varshini Mohan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Tracy T Tang
- Vivace Therapeutics Inc., San Mateo, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Leonard Post
- Vivace Therapeutics Inc., San Mateo, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Yih-Chih Chan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Murray Manning
- Department of Biochemistry, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
- Functional Genomics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Niko Thio
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph Rosenbluh
- Department of Biochemistry, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
- Functional Genomics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph Ha Vissers
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.
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2
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Chan MCY, Fung KKF, Ng WF, Luk HM, Ku DTL, Liu APY. Case report: Treatment response of NF-1-associated bladder ganglioneuroma to trametinib. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1433073. [PMID: 39070150 PMCID: PMC11272527 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1433073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the clinical course of a 4-year-old girl with neurofibromatosis type 1-associated, unresectable, symptomatic urinary bladder ganglioneuroma. She was initially trialed on sirolimus without response and subsequently responded to MEK inhibitor trametinib, with improvement clinically and radiographically over 10 months. This report broadens the repertoire of therapeutic strategies for MEK inhibition in diseases related to the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus C. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin K. F. Fung
- Department of Radiology, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Fu Ng
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho-Ming Luk
- Clinical Genetics Service Unit, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dennis T. L. Ku
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony P. Y. Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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He Z, Khan S, Slaton A. Isolated Rectal Neurofibroma: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e63323. [PMID: 39070511 PMCID: PMC11283373 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromas are considered benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors containing Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and perineurial cells. They are commonly associated with familial disorders. Isolated colonic neurofibromas are very rare. In this report, we discuss a case of a patient who presented to the gastroenterology clinic with a week-long occurrence of abdominal pain and bleeding. She underwent a colonoscopy in which three sentinel polyps of benign appearance, ranging in size from 4 mm to 10 mm, were removed during the procedure. The pathology report indicated that the distal rectal polyp contained a submucosal neurofibroma with SOX10+, desmin-, CD117-, DOG1-, CD34+. While NF1-associated neurofibromas harbor the risk of malignant transformation into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), the malignancy potential for isolated colonic neurofibromas remains uncertain due to their rarity. The clinical significance of isolated colonic neurofibromas is yet to be defined; therefore, the optimal management strategy remains uncertain. Close monitoring is advocated to both exclude the possibility of neurofibromatosis and be vigilant about the risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexiang He
- Internal Medicine, Conway Regional Health System, Conway, USA
| | - Shuja Khan
- Internal Medicine, Conway Regional Health System, Conway, USA
| | - Arthur Slaton
- Internal Medicine, Conway Regional Health System, Conway, USA
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4
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Sahin IH, Saridogan T, Ayasun R, Syed MP, Gorantla V, Malhotra M, Thomas R, Rhee J, Zhang J, Hsu D, Singhi AD, Saeed A. Targeting KRAS Oncogene for Patients With Colorectal Cancer: A New Step Toward Precision Medicine. JCO Oncol Pract 2024:OP2300787. [PMID: 38739872 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are common driver oncogenes associated with the development of several solid tumors. KRAS oncogene has been considered a highly challenging target for drug development because of structural features, including the lack of deep groove on its catalytic unit. However, by leveraging cysteine residues, covalent KRAS inhibitors irreversibly trap KRAS G12C mutants in their inactive GDP-bound state. These agents have resulted in significant clinical responses among patients with KRAS G12C-mutant solid tumors, including patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Other allele-specific inhibitors of KRAS oncogene and panKRAS and panRAS inhibitors are also currently being investigated in clinical trials. This review article overviews recent clinical progress on KRAS G12C targeting for the management of patients with KRAS G12C-mutant CRC and provides an update on other RAS targeting approaches. We also discuss the unique biological features of RAS-mutant CRC, which require the combination of KRAS inhibitors and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy, and elaborate on resistance mechanisms and novel therapeutic avenues that may define future treatment paradigms of patients with RAS-mutant CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Halil Sahin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Ruveyda Ayasun
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Masood Pasha Syed
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Roby Thomas
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John Rhee
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Janie Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dennis Hsu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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5
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Miyagishima KJ, Qiao F, Stasheff SF, Nadal-Nicolás FM. Visual Deficits and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Bridging Science and Patient-Centered Care. Vision (Basel) 2024; 8:31. [PMID: 38804352 PMCID: PMC11130890 DOI: 10.3390/vision8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder primarily affecting children and adolescents characterized by multisystemic clinical manifestations. Mutations in neurofibromin, the protein encoded by the Nf1 tumor suppressor gene, result in dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway leading to uncontrolled cell growth and migration. Neurofibromin is highly expressed in several cell lineages including melanocytes, glial cells, neurons, and Schwann cells. Individuals with NF1 possess a genetic predisposition to central nervous system neoplasms, particularly gliomas affecting the visual pathway, known as optic pathway gliomas (OPGs). While OPGs are typically asymptomatic and benign, they can induce visual impairment in some patients. This review provides insight into the spectrum and visual outcomes of NF1, current diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions, and explores the influence of NF1-OPGS on visual abnormalities. We focus on recent advancements in preclinical animal models to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of NF1 pathology and therapies targeting NF1-OPGs. Overall, our review highlights the involvement of retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and degeneration in NF1 disease, and the need for further research to transform scientific laboratory discoveries to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoharu J. Miyagishima
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.J.M.); (F.Q.); (S.F.S.)
| | - Fengyu Qiao
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.J.M.); (F.Q.); (S.F.S.)
| | - Steven F. Stasheff
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.J.M.); (F.Q.); (S.F.S.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Gilbert Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Neurology Department, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Francisco M. Nadal-Nicolás
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.J.M.); (F.Q.); (S.F.S.)
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6
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Atsoniou K, Giannopoulou E, Georganta EM, Skoulakis EMC. Drosophila Contributions towards Understanding Neurofibromatosis 1. Cells 2024; 13:721. [PMID: 38667335 PMCID: PMC11048932 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a multisymptomatic disorder with highly variable presentations, which include short stature, susceptibility to formation of the characteristic benign tumors known as neurofibromas, intense freckling and skin discoloration, and cognitive deficits, which characterize most children with the condition. Attention deficits and Autism Spectrum manifestations augment the compromised learning presented by most patients, leading to behavioral problems and school failure, while fragmented sleep contributes to chronic fatigue and poor quality of life. Neurofibromin (Nf1) is present ubiquitously during human development and postnatally in most neuronal, oligodendrocyte, and Schwann cells. Evidence largely from animal models including Drosophila suggests that the symptomatic variability may reflect distinct cell-type-specific functions of the protein, which emerge upon its loss, or mutations affecting the different functional domains of the protein. This review summarizes the contributions of Drosophila in modeling multiple NF1 manifestations, addressing hypotheses regarding the cell-type-specific functions of the protein and exploring the molecular pathways affected upon loss of the highly conserved fly homolog dNf1. Collectively, work in this model not only has efficiently and expediently modelled multiple aspects of the condition and increased understanding of its behavioral manifestations, but also has led to pharmaceutical strategies towards their amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Atsoniou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Giannopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Eirini-Maria Georganta
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Efthimios M. C. Skoulakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
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7
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Choi J, Shin JY, Kim TK, Kim K, Kim J, Jeon E, Park J, Han YD, Kim KA, Sim T, Kim HK, Kim HS. Site-specific mutagenesis screening in KRAS G12D mutant library to uncover resistance mechanisms to KRAS G12D inhibitors. Cancer Lett 2024; 591:216904. [PMID: 38642608 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
KRAS plays a crucial role in regulating cell survival and proliferation and is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancers. The novel KRASG12D inhibitor, MRTX1133, demonstrates promising antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. However, the development of acquired resistance in treated patients presents a considerable challenge to sustained therapeutic effectiveness. In response to this challenge, we conducted site-specific mutagenesis screening to identify potential secondary mutations that could induce resistance to MRTX1133. We screened a range of KRASG12D variants harboring potential secondary mutations, and 44 representative variants were selected for in-depth validation of the pooled screening outcomes. We identified eight variants (G12D with V9E, V9W, V9Q, G13P, T58Y, R68G, Y96W, and Q99L) that exhibited substantial resistance, with V9W showing notable resistance, and downstream signaling analyses and structural modeling were conducted. We observed that secondary mutations in KRASG12D can lead to acquired resistance to MRTX1133 and BI-2865, a novel pan-KRAS inhibitor, in human cancer cell lines. This evidence is critical for devising new strategies to counteract resistance mechanisms and, ultimately, enhance treatment outcomes in patients with KRASG12D-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesoo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyul K Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwook Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Jeon
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeong Park
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Theragen Bio Co., Ltd, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Dae Han
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Kwon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Yvone GM, Breunig JJ. Pediatric low-grade glioma models: advances and ongoing challenges. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1346949. [PMID: 38318325 PMCID: PMC10839015 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1346949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric low-grade gliomas represent the most common childhood brain tumor class. While often curable, some tumors fail to respond and even successful treatments can have life-long side effects. Many clinical trials are underway for pediatric low-grade gliomas. However, these trials are expensive and challenging to organize due to the heterogeneity of patients and subtypes. Advances in sequencing technologies are helping to mitigate this by revealing the molecular landscapes of mutations in pediatric low-grade glioma. Functionalizing these mutations in the form of preclinical models is the next step in both understanding the disease mechanisms as well as for testing therapeutics. However, such models are often more difficult to generate due to their less proliferative nature, and the heterogeneity of tumor microenvironments, cell(s)-of-origin, and genetic alterations. In this review, we discuss the molecular and genetic alterations and the various preclinical models generated for the different types of pediatric low-grade gliomas. We examined the different preclinical models for pediatric low-grade gliomas, summarizing the scientific advances made to the field and therapeutic implications. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of the various models. This review highlights the importance of preclinical models for pediatric low-grade gliomas while noting the challenges and future directions of these models to improve therapeutic outcomes of pediatric low-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda Metta Yvone
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joshua J. Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Neural Sciences in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Kuroda K, Kiya K, Matsuzaki S, Takamura H, Otani N, Tomita K, Kawai K, Fujiwara T, Nakai K, Onishi A, Katayama T, Kubo T. Altered actin dynamics is possibly implicated in the inhibition of mechanical stimulation-induced dermal fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:2012-2022. [PMID: 37724850 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids is strongly associated with mechanical stimulation, and myofibroblasts are known to play a major role in abnormal scar formation. Wounds in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) become inconspicuous and lack the tendency to form abnormal scars. We hypothesized that there would be a unique response to mechanical stimulation and subsequent scar formation in NF1. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of differentiation into myofibroblasts in NF1-derived fibroblasts and neurofibromin-depleted fibroblasts and examined actin dynamics, which is involved in fibroblast differentiation, with a focus on the pathway linking LIMK2/cofilin to actin dynamics. In normal fibroblasts, expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a marker of myofibroblasts, significantly increased after mechanical stimulation, whereas in NF1-derived and neurofibromin-depleted fibroblasts, α-SMA expression did not change. Phosphorylation of cofilin and subsequent actin polymerization did not increase in NF1-derived and neurofibromin-depleted fibroblasts after mechanical stimulation. Finally, in normal fibroblasts treated with Jasplakinolide, an actin stabilizer, α-SMA expression did not change after mechanical stimulation. Therefore, when neurofibromin was dysfunctional or depleted, subsequent actin polymerization did not occur in response to mechanical stimulation, which may have led to the unchanged expression of α-SMA. We believe this molecular pathway can be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of abnormal scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kuroda
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kiya
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Matsuzaki
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Science Technology, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironori Takamura
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Otani
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomita
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kawai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Nakai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ayako Onishi
- Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiichi Katayama
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tateki Kubo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Coulpier F, Pulh P, Oubrou L, Naudet J, Fertitta L, Gregoire JM, Bocquet A, Schmitt AM, Wolkenstein P, Radomska KJ, Topilko P. Topical delivery of mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor binimetinib prevents the development of cutaneous neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis type 1 mutant mice. Transl Res 2023; 261:16-27. [PMID: 37331503 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs) are a hallmark of patients with the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) genetic disorder. These benign nerve sheath tumors, which can amount to thousands, develop from puberty onward, often cause pain and are considered by patients to be the primary burden of the disease. Mutations of NF1, encoding a negative regulator of the RAS signaling pathway, in the Schwann cell (SCs) lineage are considered to be at the origin of cNFs. The mechanisms governing cNFs development are poorly understood, and therapeutics to reduce cNFs are missing, mainly due to the lack of appropriate animal models. To address this, we designed the Nf1-KO mouse model that develops cNFs. Using this model, we found that cNFs development is a singular event and goes through 3 successive stages: initiation, progression, and stabilization characterized by changes in the proliferative and MAPK activities of tumor SCs. We found that skin trauma accelerated the development of cNFs and further used this model to explore the efficacy of the MEK inhibitor binimetinib to cure these tumors. We showed that while topically delivered binimetinib has a selective and minor effect on mature cNFs, the same drug prevents their development over long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Coulpier
- Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Creteil, France
| | - Pernelle Pulh
- Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Creteil, France
| | - Layna Oubrou
- Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Creteil, France
| | - Julie Naudet
- Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Creteil, France
| | - Laura Fertitta
- Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Creteil, France; Dermatology Department, Centre de Référence des Neurofibromatoses, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Wolkenstein
- Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Creteil, France; Dermatology Department, Centre de Référence des Neurofibromatoses, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | | | - Piotr Topilko
- Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Creteil, France.
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11
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Zhang Y, Zeng J, Xu B. Phenotypic analysis with trans-recombination-based genetic mosaic models. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105265. [PMID: 37734556 PMCID: PMC10587715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosaicism refers to the presence of genetically distinct cell populations in an individual derived from a single zygote, which occurs during the process of development, aging, and genetic diseases. To date, a variety of genetically engineered mosaic analysis models have been established and widely used in studying gene function at exceptional cellular and spatiotemporal resolution, leading to many ground-breaking discoveries. Mosaic analysis with a repressible cellular marker and mosaic analysis with double markers are genetic mosaic analysis models based on trans-recombination. These models can generate sibling cells of distinct genotypes in the same animal and simultaneously label them with different colors. As a result, they offer a powerful approach for lineage tracing and studying the behavior of individual mutant cells in a wildtype environment, which is particularly useful for determining whether gene function is cell autonomous or nonautonomous. Here, we present a comprehensive review on the establishment and applications of mosaic analysis with a repressible cellular marker and mosaic analysis with double marker systems. Leveraging the capabilities of these mosaic models for phenotypic analysis will facilitate new discoveries on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhao Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Wang D, Wen X, Xu LL, Chen QX, Yan TX, Xiao HT, Xu XW. Nf1 in heart development: a potential causative gene for congenital heart disease: a narrative review. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:415-426. [PMID: 37519249 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most frequent congenital disorder, affecting a significant number of live births. Gaining insights into its genetic etiology could lead to a deeper understanding of this condition. Although the Nf1 gene has been identified as a potential causative gene, its role in congenital heart disease has not been thoroughly clarified. We searched and summarized evidence from cohort-based and experimental studies on the issue of Nf1 and heart development in congenital heart diseases from various databases. Available evidence demonstrates a correlation between Nf1 and congenital heart diseases, mainly pulmonary valvar stenosis. The mechanism underlying this correlation may involve dysregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The Nf1 gene affects the EMT process via multiple pathways, including directly regulating the expression of EMT-related transcription factors and indirectly regulating the EMT process by regulating the MAPK pathway. This narrative review provides a comprehensive account of the Nf1 involvement in heart development and congenital cardiovascular diseases in terms of epidemiology and potential mechanisms. RAS signaling may contribute to congenital heart disease independently or in cooperation with other signaling pathways. Efficient management of both NF1 and cardiovascular disease patients would benefit from further research into these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Xing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Xing Yan
- Central Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Xiao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Wen Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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13
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Hu X, Li W, Zeng K, Xu Z, Li C, Kang Z, Li S, Huang X, Han P, Lin H, Hui AM, Tan Y, Diao L, Li B, Wang X, Wu Z, Lin X. Phase 1 dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and anti-tumor activity of FCN-159 in adults with neurofibromatosis type 1-related unresectable plexiform neurofibromas. BMC Med 2023; 21:230. [PMID: 37400844 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery is a common treatment strategy for patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-related plexiform neurofibroma (PN) and has limited efficacy. FCN-159 is a novel anti-tumorigenic drug via selective inhibition of MEK1/2. This study assesses the safety and efficacy of FCN-159 in patients with NF1-related PN. METHODS This is a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase I dose-escalation study. Patients with NF1-related PN that was non-resectable or unsuitable for surgery were enrolled; they received FCN-159 monotherapy daily in 28-day cycles. RESULTS Nineteen adults were enrolled in the study, 3 in 4 mg, 4 in 6 mg, 8 in 8 mg, and 4 in 12 mg. Among patients included in dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) analysis, DLTs (grade 3 folliculitis) were reported in 1 of 8 patients (16.7%) receiving 8 mg and 3 of 3 (100%) patients receiving 12 mg. The maximum tolerated dose was determined to be 8 mg. FCN-159-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were observed in 19 patients (100%); most of which were grade 1 or 2. Nine (47.4%) patients reported grade 3 study-drug-related TEAEs across all dose levels, including four experiencing paronychia and five experiencing folliculitis. Of the 16 patients analyzed, all (100%) had reduced tumor size and six (37.5%) achieved partial responses; the largest reduction in tumor size was 84.2%. The pharmacokinetic profile was approximately linear between 4 and 12 mg, and the half-life supported once daily dosing. CONCLUSIONS FCN-159 was well tolerated up to 8 mg daily with manageable adverse events and showed promising anti-tumorigenic activity in patients with NF1-related PN, warranting further investigation in this indication. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04954001. Registered 08 July 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Hu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, NanFang Hospital Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Changxing Li
- Department of Dermatology, NanFang Hospital Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhuang Kang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Fosun Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd, 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Pu Han
- Beijing Fosun Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd, 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- Beijing Fosun Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd, 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ai-Min Hui
- Fosun Pharma USA Inc., 91 Hartwell Ave Suite 305, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
- EnCureGen Pharma, 9 Yayingshi Road, Guangzhou, 510525, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Beijing Fosun Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd, 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lei Diao
- Beijing Fosun Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd, 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ben Li
- Beijing Fosun Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd, 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xingli Wang
- Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development Co., Ltd, 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 20033, China
| | - Zhuli Wu
- Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development Co., Ltd, 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 20033, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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14
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Auf der Maur P, Trefny MP, Baumann Z, Vulin M, Correia AL, Diepenbruck M, Kramer N, Volkmann K, Preca BT, Ramos P, Leroy C, Eichlisberger T, Buczak K, Zilli F, Okamoto R, Rad R, Jensen MR, Fritsch C, Zippelius A, Stadler MB, Bentires-Alj M. N-acetylcysteine overcomes NF1 loss-driven resistance to PI3Kα inhibition in breast cancer. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101002. [PMID: 37044095 PMCID: PMC10140479 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A genome-wide PiggyBac transposon-mediated screen and a resistance screen in a PIK3CAH1047R-mutated murine tumor model reveal NF1 loss in mammary tumors resistant to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α (PI3Kα)-selective inhibitor alpelisib. Depletion of NF1 in PIK3CAH1047R breast cancer cell lines and a patient-derived organoid model shows that NF1 loss reduces sensitivity to PI3Kα inhibition and correlates with enhanced glycolysis and lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Unexpectedly, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) sensitizes NF1 knockout cells to PI3Kα inhibition and reverts their glycolytic phenotype. Global phospho-proteomics indicates that combination with NAC enhances the inhibitory effect of alpelisib on mTOR signaling. In public datasets of human breast cancer, we find that NF1 is frequently mutated and that such mutations are enriched in metastases, an indication for which use of PI3Kα inhibitors has been approved. Our results raise the attractive possibility of combining PI3Kα inhibition with NAC supplementation, especially in patients with drug-resistant metastases associated with NF1 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priska Auf der Maur
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marcel P Trefny
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zora Baumann
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milica Vulin
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Luisa Correia
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maren Diepenbruck
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Kramer
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Volkmann
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan-Tiberius Preca
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Ramos
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Leroy
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Katarzyna Buczak
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federica Zilli
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ryoko Okamoto
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christine Fritsch
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Functional Assays Combined with Pre-mRNA-Splicing Analysis Improve Variant Classification and Diagnostics for Individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Legius Syndrome. Hum Mutat 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/9628049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Legius syndrome (LS) are caused by inactivating variants in NF1 and SPRED1. NF1 encodes neurofibromin (NF), a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for RAS that interacts with the SPRED1 product, Sprouty-related protein with an EVH (Ena/Vasp homology) domain 1 (SPRED1). Obtaining a clinical and molecular diagnosis of NF1 or LS can be challenging due to the phenotypic diversity, the size and complexity of the NF1 and SPRED1 loci, and uncertainty over the effects of some NF1 and SPRED1 variants on pre-mRNA splicing and/or protein expression and function. To improve NF1 and SPRED1 variant classification and establish pathogenicity for NF1 and SPRED1 variants identified in individuals with NF1 or LS, we analyzed patient RNA by RT-PCR and performed in vitro exon trap experiments and estimated NF and SPRED1 protein expression, RAS GAP activity, and interaction. We obtained evidence to support pathogenicity according to American College of Medical Genetics guidelines for 73/114 variants tested, demonstrating the utility of functional approaches for NF1 and SPRED1 variant classification and NF and LS diagnostics.
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16
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Xiao H, Wang G, Zhao M, Shuai W, Ouyang L, Sun Q. Ras superfamily GTPase activating proteins in cancer: Potential therapeutic targets? Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115104. [PMID: 36641861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To search more therapeutic strategies for Ras-mutant tumors, regulators of the Ras superfamily involved in the GTP/GDP (guanosine triphosphate/guanosine diphosphate) cycle have been well concerned for their anti-tumor potentials. GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) provide the catalytic group necessary for the hydrolysis of GTPs, which accelerate the switch by cycling between GTP-bound active and GDP-bound inactive forms. Inactivated GAPs lose their function in activating GTPase, leading to the continuous activation of downstream signaling pathways, uncontrolled cell proliferation, and eventually carcinogenesis. A growing number of evidence has shown the close link between GAPs and human tumors, and as a result, GAPs are believed as potential anti-tumor targets. The present review mainly summarizes the critically important role of GAPs in human tumors by introducing the classification, function and regulatory mechanism. Moreover, we comprehensively describe the relationship between dysregulated GAPs and the certain type of tumor. Finally, the current status, research progress, and clinical value of GAPs as therapeutic targets are also discussed, as well as the challenges and future direction in the cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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17
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Abstract
Undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas (SRCSs) of bone and soft tissue comprise a heterogeneous group of highly aggressive tumours associated with a poor prognosis, especially in metastatic disease. SRCS entities mainly occur in the third decade of life and can exhibit striking disparities regarding preferentially affected sex and tumour localization. SRCSs comprise new entities defined by specific genetic abnormalities, namely EWSR1-non-ETS fusions, CIC-rearrangements or BCOR genetic alterations, as well as EWSR1-ETS fusions in the prototypic SRCS Ewing sarcoma. These gene fusions mainly encode aberrant oncogenic transcription factors that massively rewire the transcriptome and epigenome of the as yet unknown cell or cells of origin. Additional mutations or copy number variants are rare at diagnosis and, depending on the tumour entity, may involve TP53, CDKN2A and others. Histologically, these lesions consist of small round cells expressing variable levels of CD99 and specific marker proteins, including cyclin B3, ETV4, WT1, NKX3-1 and aggrecan, depending on the entity. Besides locoregional treatment that should follow standard protocols for sarcoma management, (neo)adjuvant treatment is as yet ill-defined but generally follows that of Ewing sarcoma and is associated with adverse effects that might compromise quality of life. Emerging studies on the molecular mechanisms of SRCSs and the development of genetically engineered animal models hold promise for improvements in early detection, disease monitoring, treatment-related toxicity, overall survival and quality of life.
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18
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhu K, Li J, Guan Y, He X, Jin X, Bai G, Hu L. Clinical characteristics and in silico analysis of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia combined with neurofibromatosis type 1 caused by a novel NF1 mutation. Front Genet 2022; 13:991314. [PMID: 36246612 PMCID: PMC9553987 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.991314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is a rare congenital bone malformation, which has a strong relationship with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is an autosomal dominant disease leading to multisystem disorders. Here, we presented the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of one unique case of a five-generation Chinese family. The proband was CPT accompanied with NF1 due to NF1 mutation. The proband developed severe early-onset CPT combined with NF1 after birth. Appearance photos and X-ray images of the left limb of the proband showed significant bone malformation. Slit-lamp examination showed Lisch nodules in both eyes of the proband. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing confirmed the truncation variant of NF1 (c.871G>T, p. E291*). Sequence conservative and evolutionary conservation analysis indicated that the novel mutation (p.E291*) was highly conserved. The truncated mutation led to the loss of functional domains, including CSRD, GRD, TBD, SEC14-PH, CTD, and NLS. It may explain why the mutation led to a severe clinical feature. Our report expands the genotypic spectrum of NF1 mutations and the phenotypic spectrum of CPT combined with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuelin Guan
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu He
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuejing Jin
- Centre for Evidence-based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guannan Bai
- Department of Child Health Care, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guannan Bai, ; Lidan Hu,
| | - Lidan Hu
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guannan Bai, ; Lidan Hu,
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19
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Werner M, Lyu C, Stadlbauer B, Schrader I, Buchner A, Stepp H, Sroka R, Pohla H. The role of shikonin in improving 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy on glioblastoma stem cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102987. [PMID: 35760350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme remains a malignant neoplasia with a median survival of less than two years and without satisfactory therapeutic options. The so-called glioblastoma stem cells escape the established radio- and chemotherapies and lead to tumor recurrence in most cases. The alkaloid Shikonin with its various anti stem cell properties and the interstitial photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid seem to be promising new options in the therapy of glioblastoma. In this study, in vitro investigations were performed to observe the influence of Shikonin on viability, proliferation, induction of apoptosis and the capability of forming tumor spheres in U-87 MG and the primary glioblastoma cell line GB14. The combined effect with the chemotherapeutic temozolomide and photodynamic treatment on the mRNA expression of glioma specific stem cell markers and further examined intracellular protoporphyrin IX accumulation under Shikonin treatment was analyzed. Shikonin effectively inhibited the capability of forming tumor spheres and enhanced temozolomide effectiveness in the reduction of proliferation and in the induction of apoptosis. Additionally, Shikonin increased the mRNA expression of the tumor suppressing Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene and showed modulating effects on intracellular protoporphyrin IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Werner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany.
| | - Chen Lyu
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany
| | - Birgit Stadlbauer
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany; Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany
| | - Isabel Schrader
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany
| | - Alexander Buchner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany; Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany
| | - Herbert Stepp
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany; Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany
| | - Ronald Sroka
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany; Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany
| | - Heike Pohla
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany; Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, 82151 Planegg, Germany
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20
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Bang B, Eisfeldt J, Barbany G, Harila-Saari A, Heyman M, Zachariadis V, Taylan F, Nordgren A. A somatic UBA2 variant preceded ETV6-RUNX1 in the concordant BCP-ALL of monozygotic twins. Blood Adv 2022; 6:2275-2289. [PMID: 34982829 PMCID: PMC9006272 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis of leukemic clones in monozygotic twins with concordant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has proved a unique opportunity to gain insight into the molecular phylogenetics of leukemogenesis. Using whole-genome sequencing, we characterized constitutional and somatic single nucleotide variants/insertion-deletions (indels) and structural variants in a monozygotic twin pair with concordant ETV6-RUNX1+ B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL). In addition, digital PCR (dPCR) was applied to evaluate the presence of and quantify selected somatic variants at birth, diagnosis, and remission. A shared somatic complex rearrangement involving chromosomes 11, 12, and 21 with identical fusion sequences in leukemias of both twins offered direct proof of a common clonal origin. The ETV6-RUNX1 fusion detected at diagnosis was found to originate from this complex rearrangement. A shared somatic frameshift deletion in UBA2 was also identified in diagnostic samples. In addition, each leukemia independently acquired analogous deletions of 3 genes recurrently targeted in BCP-ALLs (ETV6, ATF7IP, and RAG1/RAG2), providing evidence of a convergent clonal evolution only explained by a strong concurrent selective pressure. Quantification of the UBA2 deletion by dPCR surprisingly indicated it persisted in remission. This, for the first time to our knowledge, provided evidence of a UBA2 variant preceding the well-established initiating event ETV6-RUNX1. Further, we suggest the UBA2 deletion exerted a leukemia predisposing effect and that its essential role in Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) attachment (SUMOylation), regulating nearly all physiological and pathological cellular processes such as DNA-repair by nonhomologous end joining, may hold a mechanistic explanation for the predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Bang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Eisfeldt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gisela Barbany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arja Harila-Saari
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Heyman
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Vasilios Zachariadis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Dietlein F, Wang AB, Fagre C, Tang A, Besselink NJM, Cuppen E, Li C, Sunyaev SR, Neal JT, Van Allen EM. Genome-wide analysis of somatic noncoding mutation patterns in cancer. Science 2022; 376:eabg5601. [PMID: 35389777 PMCID: PMC9092060 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We established a genome-wide compendium of somatic mutation events in 3949 whole cancer genomes representing 19 tumor types. Protein-coding events captured well-established drivers. Noncoding events near tissue-specific genes, such as ALB in the liver or KLK3 in the prostate, characterized localized passenger mutation patterns and may reflect tumor-cell-of-origin imprinting. Noncoding events in regulatory promoter and enhancer regions frequently involved cancer-relevant genes such as BCL6, FGFR2, RAD51B, SMC6, TERT, and XBP1 and represent possible drivers. Unlike most noncoding regulatory events, XBP1 mutations primarily accumulated outside the gene's promoter, and we validated their effect on gene expression using CRISPR-interference screening and luciferase reporter assays. Broadly, our study provides a blueprint for capturing mutation events across the entire genome to guide advances in biological discovery, therapies, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dietlein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Corresponding author. (E.M.V.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Alex B. Wang
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christian Fagre
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anran Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicolle J. M. Besselink
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.,Hartwig Medical Foundation, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shamil R. Sunyaev
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James T. Neal
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eliezer M. Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Corresponding author. (E.M.V.A.); (F.D.)
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22
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zMADM (zebrafish mosaic analysis with double markers) for single-cell gene knockout and dual-lineage tracing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2122529119. [PMID: 35197298 PMCID: PMC8892518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122529119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transparent body of the larval zebrafish makes it an excellent vertebrate model for studying both developmental and disease processes in real time. However, the difficulty of genetic manipulation of zebrafish has greatly hindered its full power in biological studies. To overcome these hurdles, we establish a genetic system called zebrafish mosaic analysis with double markers (zMADM). zMADM has three unique advantages: First, it can achieve conditional knockout of genes residing on the zMADM-bearing chromosome without the need to generate floxed alleles, which is highly challenging and time consuming in the zebrafish; second, it allows the fate mapping of two sibling lineages; and third, it enables cell autonomous phenotypic analysis at single-cell resolution with sibling wild-type cells as internal control. As a vertebrate model organism, zebrafish has many unique advantages in developmental studies, regenerative biology, and disease modeling. However, tissue-specific gene knockout in zebrafish is challenging due to technical difficulties in making floxed alleles. Even when successful, tissue-level knockout can affect too many cells, making it difficult to distinguish cell autonomous from noncell autonomous gene function. Here, we present a genetic system termed zebrafish mosaic analysis with double markers (zMADM). Through Cre/loxP-mediated interchromosomal mitotic recombination of two reciprocally chimeric fluorescent genes, zMADM generates sporadic (<0.5%), GFP+ mutant cells along with RFP+ sibling wild-type cells, enabling phenotypic analysis at single-cell resolution. Using wild-type zMADM, we traced two sibling cells (GFP+ and RFP+) in real time during a dynamic developmental process. Using nf1 mutant zMADM, we demonstrated an overproliferation phenotype of nf1 mutant cells in comparison to wild-type sibling cells in the same zebrafish. The readiness of zMADM to produce sporadic mutant cells without the need to generate floxed alleles should fundamentally improve the throughput of genetic analysis in zebrafish; the lineage-tracing capability combined with phenotypic analysis at the single-cell level should lead to deep insights into developmental and disease mechanisms. Therefore, we are confident that zMADM will enable groundbreaking discoveries once broadly distributed in the field.
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23
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Francis SS, Ostrom QT, Cote DJ, Smith TR, Claus E, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. The Epidemiology of Central Nervous System Tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:23-42. [PMID: 34801162 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current epidemiology of central nervous system tumors. Population-level basic epidemiology, nationally and internationally, and current understanding of germline genetic risk are discussed, with a focus on known and well-studied risk factors related to the etiology of central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Francis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Neuro and Molecular Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 1450 3rd Street, HD442, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 571 Research Drive, MSRB-1, Rm 442, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David J Cote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 N State Street, Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Timothy R Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neuroscience Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Claus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, Yale School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NCI Shady Grove, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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24
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Case series of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia unfulfilling neurofibromatosis type 1 diagnosis: 21% with somatic NF1 haploinsufficiency in the periosteum. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1371-1383. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Park GH, Lee SJ, Lee CG, Kim J, Park E, Jeong SY. Neurofibromin Deficiency Causes Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Upregulation through the Activation of Ras/ERK/SP1 Signaling Pathway in Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheet Tumor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13308. [PMID: 34948100 PMCID: PMC8706697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant human genetic disorder. The progression of benign plexiform neurofibromas to malignant peripheral nerve sheet tumors (MPNSTs) is a major cause of mortality in patients with NF1. Although elevated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MPNST, the cause of EGFR overexpression remains unclear. Here, we assessed EGFR expression levels in MPNST tissues of NF1 patients and NF1 patient-derived MPNST cells. We found that the expression of EGFR was upregulated in MPNST tissues and MPNST cells, while the expression of neurofibromin was significantly decreased. Manipulation of NF1 expression by NF1 siRNA treatment or NF1-GAP-related domain overexpression demonstrated that EGFR expression levels were closely and inversely correlated with neurofibromin levels. Notably, knockdown of the NF1 gene by siRNA treatment augmented the nuclear localization of phosphorylated SP1 (pSP1) and enhanced pSP1 binding to the EGFR gene promoter region. Our results suggest that neurofibromin deficiency in NF1-associated MPNSTs enhances the Ras/ERK/SP1 signaling pathway, which in turn may lead to the upregulation of EGFR expression. This study provides insight into the progression of benign tumors and novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of NF1-associated MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hoo Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (G.-H.P.); (S.-J.L.); (C.-G.L.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (G.-H.P.); (S.-J.L.); (C.-G.L.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Chang-Gun Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (G.-H.P.); (S.-J.L.); (C.-G.L.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (G.-H.P.); (S.-J.L.); (C.-G.L.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Eunkuk Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (G.-H.P.); (S.-J.L.); (C.-G.L.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Seon-Yong Jeong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (G.-H.P.); (S.-J.L.); (C.-G.L.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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26
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The cryo-EM structure of the human neurofibromin dimer reveals the molecular basis for neurofibromatosis type 1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:982-988. [PMID: 34887559 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromin (NF1) mutations cause neurofibromatosis type 1 and drive numerous cancers, including breast and brain tumors. NF1 inhibits cellular proliferation through its guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein (GAP) activity against rat sarcoma (RAS). In the present study, cryo-electron microscope studies reveal that the human ~640-kDa NF1 homodimer features a gigantic 30 × 10 nm array of α-helices that form a core lemniscate-shaped scaffold. Three-dimensional variability analysis captured the catalytic GAP-related domain and lipid-binding SEC-PH domains positioned against the core scaffold in a closed, autoinhibited conformation. We postulate that interaction with the plasma membrane may release the closed conformation to promote RAS inactivation. Our structural data further allow us to map the location of disease-associated NF1 variants and provide a long-sought-after structural explanation for the extreme susceptibility of the molecule to loss-of-function mutations. Collectively these findings present potential new routes for therapeutic modulation of the RAS pathway.
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27
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Sanchez LD, Bui A, Klesse LJ. Targeted Therapies for the Neurofibromatoses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236032. [PMID: 34885143 PMCID: PMC8657309 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several years, management of the tumors associated with the neurofibromatoses has been recognized to often require approaches that are distinct from their spontaneous counterparts. Focus has shifted to therapy aimed at minimizing symptoms given the risks of persistent, multiple tumors and new tumor growth. In this review, we will highlight the translation of preclinical data to therapeutic trials for patients with neurofibromatosis, particularly neurofibromatosis type 1 and neurofibromatosis type 2. Successful inhibition of MEK for patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and progressive optic pathway gliomas or plexiform neurofibromas has been a significant advancement in patient care. Similar success for the malignant NF1 tumors, such as high-grade gliomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, has not yet been achieved; nor has significant progress been made for patients with either neurofibromatosis type 2 or schwannomatosis, although efforts are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
| | - Ashley Bui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
| | - Laura J. Klesse
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
- Correspondence:
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28
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Naschberger A, Baradaran R, Rupp B, Carroni M. The structure of neurofibromin isoform 2 reveals different functional states. Nature 2021; 599:315-319. [PMID: 34707296 PMCID: PMC8580823 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal dominant monogenetic disease neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) affects approximately one in 3,000 individuals and is caused by mutations in the NF1 tumour suppressor gene, leading to dysfunction in the protein neurofibromin (Nf1)1,2. As a GTPase-activating protein, a key function of Nf1 is repression of the Ras oncogene signalling cascade. We determined the human Nf1 dimer structure at an overall resolution of 3.3 Å. The cryo-electron microscopy structure reveals domain organization and structural details of the Nf1 exon 23a splicing3 isoform 2 in a closed, self-inhibited, Zn-stabilized state and an open state. In the closed conformation, HEAT/ARM core domains shield the GTPase-activating protein-related domain (GRD) so that Ras binding is sterically inhibited. In a distinctly different, open conformation of one protomer, a large-scale movement of the GRD occurs, which is necessary to access Ras, whereas Sec14-PH reorients to allow interaction with the cellular membrane4. Zn incubation of Nf1 leads to reduced Ras-GAP activity with both protomers in the self-inhibited, closed conformation stabilized by a Zn binding site between the N-HEAT/ARM domain and the GRD–Sec14-PH linker. The transition between closed, self-inhibited states of Nf1 and open states provides guidance for targeted studies deciphering the complex molecular mechanism behind the widespread neurofibromatosis syndrome and Nf1 dysfunction in carcinogenesis. Cryo-EM structure of Nf1 protein is reported, revealing closed and open conformations that regulate interaction with Ras oncogene, setting the stage for understanding the mechanistic action of Nf1 and how disease mutations lead to dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Naschberger
- SciLifeLab, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rozbeh Baradaran
- SciLifeLab, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Rupp
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. .,k.-k. Hofkristallamt, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Marta Carroni
- SciLifeLab, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.
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29
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Long A, Liu H, Liu J, Daniel M, Bedwell DM, Korf B, Kesterson RA, Wallis D. Analysis of patient-specific NF1 variants leads to functional insights for Ras signaling that can impact personalized medicine. Hum Mutat 2021; 43:30-41. [PMID: 34694046 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have created a panel of 29 NF1 variant complementary DNAs (cDNAs) representing missense variants, many with clinically relevant phenotypes, in-frame deletions, splice variants, and nonsense variants. We have determined the functional consequences of the variants, assessing their ability to produce mature neurofibromin and restore Ras signaling activity in NF1 null (-/-) cells. cDNAs demonstrate variant-specific differences in neurofibromin protein levels, suggesting that some variants lead to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene or protein instability or enhanced degradation. When expressed at high levels, some variant proteins are still able to repress Ras activity, indicating that the NF1 phenotype may be due to low protein abundance. In contrast, other variant proteins are incapable of repressing Ras activity, indicating that some do not functionally engage Ras and stimulate GTPase activity. We observed that effects on protein abundance and Ras activity can be mutually exclusive. These assays allow us to categorize variants by functional effects, may help to classify variants of unknown significance, and may have future implications for more directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Long
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Daniel
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David M Bedwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Bruce Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Deeann Wallis
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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30
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Rubinstein CD, McLean DT, Lehman BP, Meudt JJ, Schomberg DT, Krentz KJ, Reichert JL, Meyer MB, Adams M, Konsitzke CM, Shanmuganayagam D. Assessment of Mosaicism and Detection of Cryptic Alleles in CRISPR/Cas9-Engineered Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and TP53 Mutant Porcine Models Reveals Overlooked Challenges in Precision Modeling of Human Diseases. Front Genet 2021; 12:721045. [PMID: 34630515 PMCID: PMC8495252 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.721045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing in pigs has been made efficient, practical, and economically viable by the CRISPR/Cas9 platform, representing a promising new era in translational modeling of human disease for research and preclinical development of therapies and devices. Porcine embryo microinjection provides a universally available, efficient option over somatic-cell nuclear transfer, but requires that critical considerations be made in genotypic validation of the models that routinely go unaddressed. Accurate validation of genotypes is especially important when modeling genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) that exhibits complex genotype–phenotypic relationships. NF1, an autosomal dominant disorder, is particularly hard to model as it manifests very differently across patients, and even within families, with over 3,000 disease-associated mutations of the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene identified. The precise nature of the mutations plays a role in the complex phenotypic presentation of the disorder that includes benign and malignant peripheral and central nervous system tumors, a variety of motor deficits and debilitating cognitive impairments and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal disorders. NF1 can also often involve mutations in passenger genes such as TP53. In this manuscript, we describe the creation of three novel porcine models of NF1 and a model additionally harboring a mutation in TP53 by embryo microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9. We present the challenges encountered in validation of genotypes and the methodological strategies developed to counter the hurdles. We present simple options for quantifying level of mosaicism: a quantitative method (targeted amplicon sequencing) for small edits such as SNPs and indels and a semiquantitative method (competitive PCR) for large edits. Characterization of mosaicism allowed for strategic selection of founder pigs for rapid, economical expansion of genetically defined lines. We also present commonly observed unexpected DNA repair products (i.e., structural variants or cryptic alleles) that are refractory to PCR amplification and thus evade detection. We present the use of copy number variance assays to overcome hurdles in detecting cryptic alleles. The report provides a framework for genotypic validation of porcine models created by embryo microinjection and the expansion of lines in an efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalton T McLean
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brent P Lehman
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer J Meudt
- Biomedical and Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dominic T Schomberg
- Biomedical and Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kathy J Krentz
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jamie L Reichert
- Swine Research and Teaching Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark B Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marie Adams
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Charles M Konsitzke
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam
- Biomedical and Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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31
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Lebedev TD, Vagapova ER, Prassolov VS. The Different Impact of ERK Inhibition on Neuroblastoma, Astrocytoma, and Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell Differentiation. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:69-77. [PMID: 35127149 PMCID: PMC8807533 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant ERK activity can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation,
immortalization, and impaired cell differentiation. Impairment of normal cell
differentiation is one of the critical stages in malignant cell transformation.
In this study, we investigated a relationship between ERK tyrosine kinase
activity and the main differentiation features (changes in cell morphology and
expression of genes encoding differentiation markers and growth factor
receptors) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, U-251 astrocytoma, and TE-671
rhabdomyosarcoma cells. ERK activity was assessed using a reporter system that
enabled live measurements of ERK activity in single cells. We demonstrated that
suppression of ERK activity by selective ERK inhibitors, in contrast to a
commonly used differentiation inducer, retinoic acid, leads to significant
changes in TE-671 cell morphology and expression of the myogenic
differentiation marker genes PROM1, MYOG, and PAX7. There was a relationship
between ERK activity and morphological changes at an individual cell level. In
this case, SH-SY5Y cell differentiation induced by retinoic acid was
ERK-independent. We showed that ERK inhibition increases the sensitivity of
TE-671 cells to the EGF, IGF-1, and NGF growth factors, presumably by reducing
basal ERK activity, and to the BDNF growth factor, by increasing expression of
the TrkB receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Lebedev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - E. R. Vagapova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - V. S. Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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32
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Machado Almeida P, Lago Solis B, Stickley L, Feidler A, Nagoshi E. Neurofibromin 1 in mushroom body neurons mediates circadian wake drive through activating cAMP-PKA signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5758. [PMID: 34599173 PMCID: PMC8486785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various behavioral and cognitive states exhibit circadian variations in animals across phyla including Drosophila melanogaster, in which only ~0.1% of the brain's neurons contain circadian clocks. Clock neurons transmit the timing information to a plethora of non-clock neurons via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we address the molecular underpinning of this phenomenon by profiling circadian gene expression in non-clock neurons that constitute the mushroom body, the center of associative learning and sleep regulation. We show that circadian clocks drive rhythmic expression of hundreds of genes in mushroom body neurons, including the Neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) tumor suppressor gene and Pka-C1. Circadian clocks also drive calcium rhythms in mushroom body neurons via NF1-cAMP/PKA-C1 signaling, eliciting higher mushroom body activity during the day than at night, thereby promoting daytime wakefulness. These findings reveal the pervasive, non-cell-autonomous circadian regulation of gene expression in the brain and its role in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Machado Almeida
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Blanca Lago Solis
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Luca Stickley
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Alexis Feidler
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Present Address: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
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Identification of a germline CSPG4 variation in a family with neurofibromatosis type 1-like phenotype. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:765. [PMID: 34344877 PMCID: PMC8333038 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), an autosomal dominant and multisystem disorder, is generally considered to be caused by NF1 inactivation. However, there are also numerous studies showing that Neurofibromatosis type 1-like phenotype can be caused by the abnormalities in the other genes. Through targeted parallel sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, de novo genomic sequencing, and RNA isoform sequencing, we identified a germline V2097M variation in CSPG4 gene probably increased susceptibility to a NF1-like phenotype family. Besides, a series of in vitro functional studies revealed that this variant promoted cell proliferation by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway via hindering ectodomain cleavage of CSPG4. Our data demonstrate that a germline variation in the CSPG4 gene might be a high risk to cause NF1-like phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mutations in the CSPG4 gene in human diseases.
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Song Y, Kwon B, Al-Abdulwahhab AH, Nam YK, Ahn Y, Jeong SY, Seo EJ, Lee JK, Suh DC. Rare Neurovascular Diseases in Korea: Classification and Related Genetic Variants. Korean J Radiol 2021; 22:1379-1396. [PMID: 34047503 PMCID: PMC8316781 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2020.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare neurovascular diseases (RNVDs) have not been well-recognized in Korea. They involve the central nervous system and greatly affect the patients' lives. However, these diseases are difficult to diagnose and treat due to their rarity and incurability. We established a list of RNVDs by referring to the previous literature and databases worldwide to better understand the diseases and their current management status. We categorized 68 RNVDs based on their pathophysiology and clinical manifestations and estimated the prevalence of each disease in Korea. Recent advances in genetic, molecular, and developmental research have enabled further understanding of these RNVDs. Herein, we review each disease, while considering its classification based on updated pathologic mechanisms, and discuss the management status of RNVD in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsun Song
- Division of Neurointervention Clinic, Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boseong Kwon
- Division of Neurointervention Clinic, Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Abdulrahman Hamed Al-Abdulwahhab
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar City, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yeo Kyoung Nam
- Division of Neurointervention Clinic, Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yura Ahn
- Division of Neurointervention Clinic, Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeong Jeong
- Division of Neurointervention Clinic, Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Keuk Lee
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Chul Suh
- Division of Neurointervention Clinic, Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Botero V, Stanhope BA, Brown EB, Grenci EC, Boto T, Park SJ, King LB, Murphy KR, Colodner KJ, Walker JA, Keene AC, Ja WW, Tomchik SM. Neurofibromin regulates metabolic rate via neuronal mechanisms in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4285. [PMID: 34257279 PMCID: PMC8277851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a chronic multisystemic genetic disorder that results from loss of function in the neurofibromin protein. Neurofibromin may regulate metabolism, though the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we show that neurofibromin regulates metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila via a discrete neuronal circuit. Loss of neurofibromin increases metabolic rate via a Ras GAP-related domain-dependent mechanism, increases feeding homeostatically, and alters lipid stores and turnover kinetics. The increase in metabolic rate is independent of locomotor activity, and maps to a sparse subset of neurons. Stimulating these neurons increases metabolic rate, linking their dynamic activity state to metabolism over short time scales. Our results indicate that neurofibromin regulates metabolic rate via neuronal mechanisms, suggest that cellular and systemic metabolic alterations may represent a pathophysiological mechanism in neurofibromatosis type 1, and provide a platform for investigating the cellular role of neurofibromin in metabolic homeostasis. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in neurofibromin and associated with disruptions in physiology and behavior. Here the authors show that neurofibromin regulates metabolic homeostasis via a discrete brain circuit in a Drosophila model of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Botero
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Bethany A Stanhope
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Eliza C Grenci
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Tamara Boto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Scarlet J Park
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Lanikea B King
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Keith R Murphy
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth J Colodner
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - James A Walker
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - William W Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Seth M Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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36
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Blattner-Johnson M, Jones DTW, Pfaff E. Precision medicine in pediatric solid cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 84:214-227. [PMID: 34116162 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite huge advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric cancers over the past several decades, it remains one of the leading causes of death during childhood in developed countries. The development of new targeted treatments for these diseases has been hampered by two major factors. First, the extremely heterogeneous nature of the types of tumors encountered in this age group, and their fundamental differences from common adult carcinomas, has made it hard to truly get a handle on the complexities of the underlying biology driving tumor growth. Second, a reluctance of the pharmaceutical industry to develop products or trials for this population due to the relatively small size of the 'market', and a too-easy mechanism of obtaining waivers for pediatric development of adult oncology drugs based on disease type rather than mechanism of action, led to significant difficulties in getting access to new drugs. Thankfully, the field has now started to change, both scientifically and from a regulatory perspective, in order to address some of these challenges. In this review, we will examine some of the recent insights into molecular features which make pediatric tumors so unique and how these might represent therapeutic targets; highlight ongoing international initiatives for providing comprehensive, personalized genomic profiling of childhood tumors in a clinically-relevant timeframe, and look briefly at where the field of pediatric precision oncology may be heading in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Blattner-Johnson
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Elke Pfaff
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Florou C, Aissopou E, Chalkiadaki E, Andreanos K, Koutsandrea C, Papaconstantinou D, Georgalas I. Corneal endothelial cells and central corneal thickness in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:1522-1526. [PMID: 34011734 PMCID: PMC8302278 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1967_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological properties of corneal endothelial cells and central corneal thickness (CCT) in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and to compare them with age-matched healthy controls. Methods: Nineteen NF1 patients and 38 healthy individuals were recruited. All participants underwent complete ophthalmological examination as well as noncontact specular microscopy to measure endothelial cell density (ECD), average cell area (AVG), coefficient of variation of cell area (CV), the percentage of hexagonal cells, and CCT. Eyes with previous ocular trauma, inflammation or surgery, and preexisting corneal and ocular surface diseases were excluded. Results: NF1 patients had higher ECD compared to healthy controls of the same age (2764.2 ± 270.4 versus 2570.4 ± 449.2 cells/mm, respectively), although at a borderline level (P = 0.051). Patients with NF1 presented significantly lower CV and AVG when compared to controls (32.9 ± 4.6 versus 37.8 ± 9.5%, P = 0.011 and 364.9 ± 34.4 versus 406.0 ± 107.4 µm, P = 0.038, respectively). The NF1 group had significantly higher hexagonality in comparison with controls (55.7 ± 6.5 versus 50.5 ± 9.9%, P = 0.025). CCT was similar between the two groups (P = 0.955). Conclusion: Our results show that corneal endothelium has more favorable morphological characteristics in NF1 patients compared to healthy individuals of the same age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Florou
- First Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Evaggelia Aissopou
- Ophthalmologist in Private Office, Papadiamantopoulou 186, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Chalkiadaki
- First Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Chrysanthi Koutsandrea
- First Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papaconstantinou
- First Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Georgalas
- First Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
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Neurofibromin Deficiency and Extracellular Matrix Cooperate to Increase Transforming Potential through FAK-Dependent Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102329. [PMID: 34066061 PMCID: PMC8150846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a genetic disease that predisposes to tumors of the nervous system, primarily the neurofibroma. Plexiform neurofibromas (Pnfs) are of the greatest concern because of location, size, and frequent progression to malignancy. Although research is making great progress, the lack of in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving neoplastic progression results in the absence of prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. We document that cell–cell cooperativity and the dynamics of the extracellular matrix play important roles in the growth and transformation of Pnf cells, directly through the cooperation of RAS and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. In turn, we found that treatment of Pnf cells with both MEK and FAK inhibitors is effective in abolishing the transforming ability of these cells. Abstract Plexiform neurofibromas (Pnfs) are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors that are major features of the human genetic syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Pnfs are derived from Schwann cells (SCs) undergoing loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the NF1 locus in an NF1+/− milieu and thus are variably lacking in the key Ras-controlling protein, neurofibromin (Nfn). As these SCs are embedded in a dense desmoplastic milieu of stromal cells and abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM), cell–cell cooperativity (CCC) and the molecular microenvironment play essential roles in Pnf progression towards a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). The complexity of Pnf biology makes treatment challenging. The only approved drug, the MEK inhibitor Selumetinib, displays a variable and partial therapeutic response. Here, we explored ECM contributions to the growth of cells lacking Nfn. In a 3D in vitro culture, NF1 loss sensitizes cells to signals from a Pnf-mimicking ECM through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) hyperactivation. This hyperactivation correlated with phosphorylation of the downstream effectors, Src, ERK, and AKT, and with colony formation. Expression of the GAP-related domain of Nfn only partially decreased activation of this signaling pathway and only slowed down 3D colony growth of cells lacking Nfn. However, combinatorial treatment with both the FAK inhibitor Defactinib (VS-6063) and Selumetinib (AZD6244) fully suppressed colony growth. These observations pave the way for a new combined therapeutic strategy simultaneously interfering with both intracellular signals and the interplay between the various tumor cells and the ECM.
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Zhang T, Jia C, Dong Z, Li C, Lu W. A novel mutation in NF1 gene of patient with Neurofibromatosis type 1: A case report and functional study. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1643. [PMID: 33764694 PMCID: PMC8172195 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 is an autosomal dominant inherited disease and caused by NF1 gene mutation. Its clinical manifestations include multiple cafe´-au lait (CAL) spots, skinfold freckling, neurofibroma, bone dysplasia, learning disabilities, and an increased risk of malignancy. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we reported a Chinese patient bearing with a novel NF1 mutation (c.2064delGGATGCAGCGG/p.Gly672AsnfsTer24) and complaining mainly about bone phenotype. Functional studies found that this novel mutation caused the damage of NF1 mRNA and protein levels, and lost the inhibition on Ras/Erk signaling. CONCLUSION A novel mutation in NF1 gene was identified and in vitro functional studies were performed, which provided a potential molecular mechanism to explain the bone maldevelopment of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of PediatricsRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Caiwei Jia
- Cancer CenterShanghai Tenth People’s HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiya Dong
- Department of PediatricsRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chuanyin Li
- Cancer CenterShanghai Tenth People’s HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of PediatricsRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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40
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Kobar K, Collett K, Prykhozhij SV, Berman JN. Zebrafish Cancer Predisposition Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660069. [PMID: 33987182 PMCID: PMC8112447 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer predisposition syndromes are rare, typically monogenic disorders that result from germline mutations that increase the likelihood of developing cancer. Although these disorders are individually rare, resulting cancers collectively represent 5-10% of all malignancies. In addition to a greater incidence of cancer, affected individuals have an earlier tumor onset and are frequently subjected to long-term multi-modal cancer screening protocols for earlier detection and initiation of treatment. In vivo models are needed to better understand tumor-driving mechanisms, tailor patient screening approaches and develop targeted therapies to improve patient care and disease prognosis. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a robust model for cancer research due to its high fecundity, time- and cost-efficient genetic manipulation and real-time high-resolution imaging. Tumors developing in zebrafish cancer models are histologically and molecularly similar to their human counterparts, confirming the validity of these models. The zebrafish platform supports both large-scale random mutagenesis screens to identify potential candidate/modifier genes and recently optimized genome editing strategies. These techniques have greatly increased our ability to investigate the impact of certain mutations and how these lesions impact tumorigenesis and disease phenotype. These unique characteristics position the zebrafish as a powerful in vivo tool to model cancer predisposition syndromes and as such, several have already been created, including those recapitulating Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, RASopathies, inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, and several other pathogenic mutations in cancer predisposition genes. In addition, the zebrafish platform supports medium- to high-throughput preclinical drug screening to identify compounds that may represent novel treatment paradigms or even prevent cancer evolution. This review will highlight and synthesize the findings from zebrafish cancer predisposition models created to date. We will discuss emerging trends in how these zebrafish cancer models can improve our understanding of the genetic mechanisms driving cancer predisposition and their potential to discover therapeutic and/or preventative compounds that change the natural history of disease for these vulnerable children, youth and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kobar
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Keon Collett
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jason N. Berman
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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41
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Russo C, Russo C, Cascone D, Mazio F, Santoro C, Covelli EM, Cinalli G. Non-Oncological Neuroradiological Manifestations in NF1 and Their Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081831. [PMID: 33921292 PMCID: PMC8070534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Central nervous system involvement (CNS) is a common finding in Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Beside tumor-related manifestations, NF1 is also characterized by a wide spectrum of CNS alterations with variable impacts on functioning and life quality. Here, we propose an overview of non-oncological neuroradiological findings in NF1, with an insight on pathophysiological and embryological clues for a better understanding of the development of these specific alterations. Abstract Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), the most frequent phakomatosis and one of the most common inherited tumor predisposition syndromes, is characterized by several manifestations that pervasively involve central and peripheral nervous system structures. The disorder is due to mutations in the NF1 gene, which encodes for the ubiquitous tumor suppressor protein neurofibromin; neurofibromin is highly expressed in neural crest derived tissues, where it plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and structural organization. This review article aims to provide an overview on NF1 non-neoplastic manifestations of neuroradiological interest, involving both the central nervous system and spine. We also briefly review the most recent MRI functional findings in NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Russo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-333-7050711
| | - Carmela Russo
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (F.M.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Daniele Cascone
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (F.M.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Federica Mazio
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (F.M.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Claudia Santoro
- Neurofibromatosis Referral Center, Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental and Physical Health, and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Maria Covelli
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy; (C.R.); (D.C.); (F.M.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Cinalli
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy;
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Kishtagari A, Levine RL. The Role of Somatic Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Pathogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a034975. [PMID: 32398288 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by attenuation of lineage differentiation trajectories that results in impaired hematopoiesis and enhanced self-renewal. To date, sequencing studies have provided a rich landscape of information on the somatic mutations that contribute to AML pathogenesis. These studies show that most AML genomes harbor relatively fewer mutations, which are acquired in a stepwise manner. Our understanding of the genetic basis of leukemogenesis informs a broader understanding of what initiates and maintains the AML clone and informs the development of prognostic models and mechanism-based therapeutic strategies. Here, we explore the current knowledge of genetic and epigenetic aberrations in AML pathogenesis and how recent studies are expanding our knowledge of leukemogenesis and using this to accelerate therapeutic development for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kishtagari
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Molecular Cancer Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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de Paula A, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Fragiotta S, Di Pippo M, Scuderi G. Current concepts on ocular vascular abnormalities in the phakomatoses. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 36:549-560. [PMID: 33755531 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1900284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis, Von Hippel Lindau disease, and tuberous sclerosis complex are classified under the term phakomatoses. They are characterized by ocular vascular abnormalities such as vascular tortuosity, corkscrew retinal vessel configuration, moyamoya-like aspect, microaneurysms, hemangioblastomas, and focal sheathing of retinal arteries, possibly due to abnormal formation, migration, and differentiation of neural crest cells. These alterations can be the first sign or the hallmark of disease and can be related to vasoproliferative tumors. PURPOSE Novel imaging technologies in ophthalmology, such as near-infrared reflectances and spectral domain optical coherence tomography, have improved our knowledge in the diagnosis of these pathologies. Previously undetected macular vascular alterations have been reported in phakomatoses using optical coherence tomography angiography. This review will summarize the ophthalmic vascular abnormalities and novel imaging methods in the phakomatoses. CONCLUSION Active research is being led into the ophthalmic management of these conditions and their complications, and owing to elevated vascular endothelial growth factor production from hemangioblastoma, hamartoma, and retinal vascular proliferative tumors, increasing interest in this line of therapy has been conducted although research is still ongoing in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro de Paula
- NESMOS Department, Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh
- NESMOS Department, Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Fragiotta
- NESMOS Department, Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Di Pippo
- NESMOS Department, Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Scuderi
- NESMOS Department, Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Mukhopadhyay S, Vander Heiden MG, McCormick F. The Metabolic Landscape of RAS-Driven Cancers from biology to therapy. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:271-283. [PMID: 33870211 PMCID: PMC8045781 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how the RAS protein family, and in particular mutant KRAS promote metabolic dysregulation in cancer cells has advanced significantly over the last decade. In this Review, we discuss the metabolic reprogramming mediated by oncogenic RAS in cancer, and elucidating the underlying mechanisms could translate to novel therapeutic opportunities to target metabolic vulnerabilities in RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mukhopadhyay
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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45
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MEKK2 mediates aberrant ERK activation in neurofibromatosis type I. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5704. [PMID: 33177525 PMCID: PMC7658220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is characterized by prominent skeletal manifestations caused by NF1 loss. While inhibitors of the ERK activating kinases MEK1/2 are promising as a means to treat NF1, the broad blockade of the ERK pathway produced by this strategy is potentially associated with therapy limiting toxicities. Here, we have sought targets offering a more narrow inhibition of ERK activation downstream of NF1 loss in the skeleton, finding that MEKK2 is a novel component of a noncanonical ERK pathway in osteoblasts that mediates aberrant ERK activation after NF1 loss. Accordingly, despite mice with conditional deletion of Nf1 in mature osteoblasts (Nf1fl/fl;Dmp1-Cre) and Mekk2−/− each displaying skeletal defects, Nf1fl/fl;Mekk2−/−;Dmp1-Cre mice show an amelioration of NF1-associated phenotypes. We also provide proof-of-principle that FDA-approved inhibitors with activity against MEKK2 can ameliorate NF1 skeletal pathology. Thus, MEKK2 functions as a MAP3K in the ERK pathway in osteoblasts, offering a potential new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NF1. Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is characterized by prominent skeletal abnormalities mediated in part by aberrant ERK pathway activation due to NF1 loss-of-function. Here, the authors report the MEKK2 is a key mediator of this aberrant ERK activation and that MEKK2 inhibitors, including ponatinib, ameliorate skeletal defects in a mouse model of NF1.
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Natural Products Attenuating Biosynthesis, Processing, and Activity of Ras Oncoproteins: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111535. [PMID: 33182807 PMCID: PMC7698260 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS genes encode signaling proteins, which, in mammalian cells, act as molecular switches regulating critical cellular processes as proliferation, growth, differentiation, survival, motility, and metabolism in response to specific stimuli. Deregulation of Ras functions has a high impact on human health: gain-of-function point mutations in RAS genes are found in some developmental disorders and thirty percent of all human cancers, including the deadliest. For this reason, the pathogenic Ras variants represent important clinical targets against which to develop novel, effective, and possibly selective pharmacological inhibitors. Natural products represent a virtually unlimited resource of structurally different compounds from which one could draw on for this purpose, given the improvements in isolation and screening of active molecules from complex sources. After a summary of Ras proteins molecular and regulatory features and Ras-dependent pathways relevant for drug development, we point out the most promising inhibitory approaches, the known druggable sites of wild-type and oncogenic Ras mutants, and describe the known natural compounds capable of attenuating Ras signaling. Finally, we highlight critical issues and perspectives for the future selection of potential Ras inhibitors from natural sources.
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Modeling tumors of the peripheral nervous system associated with Neurofibromatosis type 1: Reprogramming plexiform neurofibroma cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102068. [PMID: 33160273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexiform neurofibromas (pNFs) are benign tumors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that can progress towards a deadly soft tissue sarcoma termed malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). pNFs appear during development in the context of the genetic disease Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) due to the complete loss of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene in a cell of the neural crest (NC) - Schwann cell (SC) axis of differentiation. NF1(-/-) cells from pNFs can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that exhibit an increased proliferation rate and maintain full iPSC properties. Efficient protocols for iPSC differentiation towards NC and SC exist and thus NC cells can be efficiently obtained from NF1(-/-) iPSCs and further differentiated towards SCs. In this review, we will focus on the iPSC modeling of pNFs, including the reprogramming of primary pNF-derived cells, the properties of pNF-derived iPSCs, the capacity to differentiate towards the NC-SC lineage, and how well iPSC-derived NF1(-/-) SC spheroids recapitulate pNF-derived primary SCs. The potential uses of NF1(-/-) iPSCs in pNF modeling and a future outlook are discussed.
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Gkiala A, Palioura S. Conjunctival Melanoma: Update on Genetics, Epigenetics and Targeted Molecular and Immune-Based Therapies. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:3137-3152. [PMID: 33116365 PMCID: PMC7553763 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s271569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To present the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of conjunctival melanoma (CM) and review the existing literature on targeted molecular inhibitors as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors for the management of locally advanced and metastatic disease. Methods A comprehensive review of the literature was performed using the keywords "conjunctival melanoma", "immune checkpoint inhibitors", "BRAF inhibitors", "MEK inhibitors", "CTLA4 inhibitors", "PD1 inhibitors", "c-KIT mutations", "BRAF mutations", "NRAS mutations", "dabrafenib", "trametinib", "vemurafenib", "ipilimumab", "pembrolizumab", and "nivolumab". A total of 250 articles were reviewed and 120 were included in this report. Results Mutations of mediators in the MAP kinase pathway, such as RAS, BRAF, MEK and ERK, and mutations of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway play a major role in the pathogenesis of conjunctival melanoma. In addition, alterations of c-KIT, NF1, TERT, chemokine receptors as well as chromosomal copy number alterations and micro RNAs are thought to have a causative association with CM development. Targeted molecular inhibitors, such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors, are currently being implemented in the therapy of BRAF-mutated CM. Furthermore, immune checkpoint PD-1 and CTLA4 inhibitors with favorable clinical outcomes in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma have increased recurrence-free survival and reduced metastatic spread in CM cases. Conclusion The complex molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of CM can be targeted both by molecular inhibitors of oncogenic pathways as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors in order to halt progression of the disease and increase survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gkiala
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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49
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Saeidi S, Kim SJ, Han HJ, Kim SH, Zheng J, Lee HB, Han W, Noh DY, Na HK, Surh YJ. H-Ras induces Nrf2-Pin1 interaction: Implications for breast cancer progression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 402:115121. [PMID: 32621833 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of H-Ras is often associated with tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) is a unique enzyme that interacts with phosphorylated serine or threonine of a target protein and isomerizes the adjacent proline residue. Pin1 is prevalently overexpressed in human cancers, and its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of cellular redox homeostasis. The sustained activation/accumulation of Nrf2 has been observed in many different types of human malignancies, conferring an advantage for growth and survival of cancer cells. The activated form of H-Ras (GTP-H-Ras) is highly overexpressed in human breast cancer tissues. In our present study, silencing of H-Ras decreased the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and abrogated the interaction between Pin1 and Nrf2 in these cells. Pin1 knockdown blocked the accumulation of Nrf2, thereby suppressing proliferation and clonogenicity of MCF10A-Ras human mammary epithelial cells. We found that Pin1 binds to Nrf2 which stabilizes this transcription factor by hampering proteasomal degradation. In conclusion, H-Ras activation in cooperation with the Pin1-Nrf2 complex represents a novel mechanism underlying breast cancer progression and constitutive activation of Nrf2 and can be exploited as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Saeidi
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine, Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jun Han
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jie Zheng
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Byoel Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine, Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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50
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Oppel F, Ki DH, Zimmerman MW, Ross KN, Tao T, Shi H, He S, Aster JC, Look AT. suz12 inactivation in p53- and nf1-deficient zebrafish accelerates the onset of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and expands the spectrum of tumor types. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm.042341. [PMID: 32651197 PMCID: PMC7473648 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an epigenetic regulator of gene expression that possesses histone methyltransferase activity. PRC2 trimethylates lysine 27 of histone H3 proteins (H3K27me3) as a chromatin modification associated with repressed transcription of genes frequently involved in cell proliferation or self-renewal. Loss-of-function mutations in the PRC2 core subunit SUZ12 have been identified in a variety of tumors, including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). To determine the consequences of SUZ12 loss in the pathogenesis of MPNST and other cancers, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to disrupt the open reading frame of each of two orthologous suz12 genes in zebrafish: suz12a and suz12b. We generated these knockout alleles in the germline of our previously described p53 (also known as tp53)- and nf1-deficient zebrafish model of MPNSTs. Loss of suz12 significantly accelerated the onset and increased the penetrance of MPNSTs compared to that in control zebrafish. Moreover, in suz12-deficient zebrafish, we detected additional types of tumors besides MPNSTs, including leukemia with histological characteristics of lymphoid malignancies, soft tissue sarcoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which were not detected in p53/nf1-deficient control fish, and are also contained in the human spectrum of SUZ12-deficient malignancies identified in the AACR Genie database. The suz12-knockout tumors displayed reduced or abolished H3K27me3 epigenetic marks and upregulation of gene sets reported to be targeted by PRC2. Thus, these zebrafish lines with inactivation of suz12 in combination with loss of p53/nf1 provide a model of human MPNSTs and multiple other tumor types, which will be useful for mechanistic studies of molecular pathogenesis and targeted therapy with small molecule inhibitors. Summary: In p53- and nf1-deficient zebrafish, onset of MPNSTs, as well as diverse other tumors, is accelerated by loss of the suz12 tumor suppressor, accompanied by global reduction in H3K27me3 marks and increased Ras-Mapk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Oppel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dong H Ki
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark W Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth N Ross
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ting Tao
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuning He
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jon C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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