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Soussi G, Girdziusaite A, Jhanwar S, Palacio V, Notaro M, Sheth R, Zeller R, Zuniga A. TBX3 is essential for establishment of the posterior boundary of anterior genes and upregulation of posterior genes together with HAND2 during the onset of limb bud development. Development 2024; 151:dev202722. [PMID: 38828908 PMCID: PMC11190573 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
During limb bud formation, axis polarities are established as evidenced by the spatially restricted expression of key regulator genes. In particular, the mutually antagonistic interaction between the GLI3 repressor and HAND2 results in distinct and non-overlapping anterior-distal Gli3 and posterior Hand2 expression domains. This is a hallmark of the establishment of antero-posterior limb axis polarity, together with spatially restricted expression of homeodomain and other transcriptional regulators. Here, we show that TBX3 is required for establishment of the posterior expression boundary of anterior genes in mouse limb buds. ChIP-seq and differential gene expression analysis of wild-type and mutant limb buds identifies TBX3-specific and shared TBX3-HAND2 target genes. High sensitivity fluorescent whole-mount in situ hybridisation shows that the posterior expression boundaries of anterior genes are positioned by TBX3-mediated repression, which excludes anterior genes such as Gli3, Alx4, Hand1 and Irx3/5 from the posterior limb bud mesenchyme. This exclusion delineates the posterior mesenchymal territory competent to establish the Shh-expressing limb bud organiser. In turn, HAND2 is required for Shh activation and cooperates with TBX3 to upregulate shared posterior identity target genes in early limb buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Soussi
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ausra Girdziusaite
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shalu Jhanwar
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victorio Palacio
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Rushikesh Sheth
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Heikes KL, Goldstein B. Expression patterns of FGF and BMP pathway genes in the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577774. [PMID: 38352320 PMCID: PMC10862696 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A small number of conserved signaling pathways regulate development of most animals, yet we do not know where these pathways are deployed in most embryos. This includes tardigrades, a phylum with a unique body shape. We examined expression patterns of components of the BMP and FGF signaling pathways during embryonic segmentation and mesoderm development of the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. Among the patterns examined, we found that an FGF ligand gene is expressed in ectodermal segment posteriors and an FGF receptor gene is expressed in underlying endomesodermal pouches, suggesting possible FGF signaling between these developing germ layers. We found that a BMP ligand gene is expressed in lateral ectoderm and dorsolateral bands along segment posteriors, while the BMP antagonist Sog gene is expressed in lateral ectoderm and also in a subset of endomesodermal cells, suggesting a possible role of BMP signaling in dorsal-ventral patterning of lateral ectoderm. In combination with known roles of these pathways during development of common model systems, we developed hypotheses for how the BMP and FGF pathways might regulate embryo segmentation and mesoderm formation of the tardigrade H. exemplaris. These results identify the expression patterns of genes from two conserved signaling pathways for the first time in the tardigrade phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L. Heikes
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Tsutsumi R, Eiraku M. How might we build limbs in vitro informed by the modular aspects and tissue-dependency in limb development? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1135784. [PMID: 37283945 PMCID: PMC10241304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1135784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Building limb morphogenesis in vitro would substantially open up avenues for research and applications of appendage development. Recently, advances in stem cell engineering to differentiate desired cell types and produce multicellular structures in vitro have enabled the derivation of limb-like tissues from pluripotent stem cells. However, in vitro recapitulation of limb morphogenesis is yet to be achieved. To formulate a method of building limbs in vitro, it is critically important to understand developmental mechanisms, especially the modularity and the dependency of limb development on the external tissues, as those would help us to postulate what can be self-organized and what needs to be externally manipulated when reconstructing limb development in vitro. Although limbs are formed on the designated limb field on the flank of embryo in the normal developmental context, limbs can also be regenerated on the amputated stump in some animals and experimentally induced at ectopic locations, which highlights the modular aspects of limb morphogenesis. The forelimb-hindlimb identity and the dorsal-ventral, proximal-distal, and anterior-posterior axes are initially instructed by the body axis of the embryo, and maintained in the limb domain once established. In contrast, the aspects of dependency on the external tissues are especially underscored by the contribution of incoming tissues, such as muscles, blood vessels, and peripheral nerves, to developing limbs. Together, those developmental mechanisms explain how limb-like tissues could be derived from pluripotent stem cells. Prospectively, the higher complexity of limb morphologies is expected to be recapitulated by introducing the morphogen gradient and the incoming tissues in the culture environment. Those technological developments would dramatically enhance experimental accessibility and manipulability for elucidating the mechanisms of limb morphogenesis and interspecies differences. Furthermore, if human limb development can be modeled, drug development would be benefited by in vitro assessment of prenatal toxicity on congenital limb deficiencies. Ultimately, we might even create a future in which the lost appendage would be recovered by transplanting artificially grown human limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Tsutsumi
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Wang S, Shibata Y, Fu L, Tanizaki Y, Luu N, Bao L, Peng Z, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone receptor knockout prevents the loss of Xenopus tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:40. [PMID: 36823612 PMCID: PMC9948486 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body to full function. Studies in mammals have revealed that many organs lose regenerative ability soon after birth when thyroid hormone (T3) level is high. This suggests that T3 play an important role in organ regeneration. Intriguingly, plasma T3 level peaks during amphibian metamorphosis, which is very similar to postembryonic development in humans. In addition, many organs, such as heart and tail, also lose their regenerative ability during metamorphosis. These make frogs as a good model to address how the organs gradually lose their regenerative ability during development and what roles T3 may play in this. Early tail regeneration studies have been done mainly in the tetraploid Xenopus laevis (X. laevis), which is difficult for gene knockout studies. Here we use the highly related but diploid anuran X. tropicalis to investigate the role of T3 signaling in tail regeneration with gene knockout approaches. RESULTS We discovered that X. tropicalis tadpoles could regenerate their tail from premetamorphic stages up to the climax stage 59 then lose regenerative capacity as tail resorption begins, just like what observed for X. laevis. To test the hypothesis that T3-induced metamorphic program inhibits tail regeneration, we used TR double knockout (TRDKO) tadpoles lacking both TRα and TRβ, the only two receptor genes in vertebrates, for tail regeneration studies. Our results showed that TRs were not necessary for tail regeneration at all stages. However, unlike wild type tadpoles, TRDKO tadpoles retained regenerative capacity at the climax stages 60/61, likely in part by increasing apoptosis at the early regenerative period and enhancing subsequent cell proliferation. In addition, TRDKO animals had higher levels of amputation-induced expression of many genes implicated to be important for tail regeneration, compared to the non-regenerative wild type tadpoles at stage 61. Finally, the high level of apoptosis in the remaining uncut portion of the tail as wild type tadpoles undergo tail resorption after stage 61 appeared to also contribute to the loss of regenerative ability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings for the first time revealed an evolutionary conservation in the loss of tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax between X. laevis and X. tropicalis. Our studies with molecular and genetic approaches demonstrated that TR-mediated, T3-induced gene regulation program is responsible not only for tail resorption but also for the loss of tail regeneration capacity. Further studies by using the model should uncover how T3 modulates the regenerative outcome and offer potential new avenues for regenerative medicines toward human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhong Wang
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nga Luu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lingyu Bao
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoyi Peng
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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H’ng CH, Khaladkar A, Rosello-Diez A. Look who's TORking: mTOR-mediated integration of cell status and external signals during limb development and endochondral bone growth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1153473. [PMID: 37152288 PMCID: PMC10154674 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1153473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance of cell proliferation and size is key for the control of organ development and repair. Moreover, this balance has to be coordinated within tissues and between tissues to achieve robustness in the organ's pattern and size. The tetrapod limb has been used to study these topics during development and repair, and several conserved pathways have emerged. Among them, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, despite being active in several cell types and developmental stages, is one of the least understood in limb development, perhaps because of its multiple potential roles and interactions with other pathways. In the body of this review, we have collated and integrated what is known about the role of mTOR signaling in three aspects of tetrapod limb development: 1) limb outgrowth; 2) chondrocyte differentiation after mesenchymal condensation and 3) endochondral ossification-driven longitudinal bone growth. We conclude that, given its ability to interact with the most common signaling pathways, its presence in multiple cell types, and its ability to influence cell proliferation, size and differentiation, the mTOR pathway is a critical integrator of external stimuli and internal status, coordinating developmental transitions as complex as those taking place during limb development. This suggests that the study of the signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in limb patterning, morphogenesis and growth could benefit from probing the interaction of these pathways with mTOR components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Ho H’ng
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashwini Khaladkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Alberto Rosello-Diez
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alberto Rosello-Diez, ,
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Tursch A, Holstein TW. From injury to patterning—MAPKs and Wnt signaling in Hydra. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:381-417. [PMID: 36967201 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydra has a regenerative capacity that is not limited to individual organs but encompasses the entire body. Various global and integrative genome, transcriptome and proteome approaches have shown that many of the signaling pathways and transcription factors present in vertebrates are already present in Cnidaria, the sister group of Bilateria, and are also activated in regeneration. It is now possible to investigate one of the central questions of regeneration biology, i.e., how does the patterning system become activated by the injury signals that initiate regeneration. This review will present the current data obtained in Hydra and draw parallels with regeneration in Bilateria. Important findings of this global analysis are that the Wnt signaling pathway has a dual function in the regeneration process. In the early phase Wnt is activated generically and in a second phase of pattern formation it is activated in a position specific manner. Thus, Wnt signaling is part of the generic injury response, in which mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are initially activated via calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The MAPKs, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) are essential for Wnt activation in Hydra head and foot regenerates. Furthermore, the antagonism between the ERK signaling pathway and stress-induced MAPKs results in a balanced induction of apoptosis and mitosis. However, the early Wnt genes are activated by MAPK signaling rather than apoptosis. Early Wnt gene activity is differentially integrated with a stable, β-Catenin-based gradient along the primary body axis maintaining axial polarity and activating further Wnts in the regenerating head. Because MAPKs and Wnts are highly evolutionarily conserved, we hypothesize that this mechanism is also present in vertebrates but may be activated to different degrees at the level of early Wnt gene integration.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study collects what is known about the inheritance underpinnings of syndromic and non-syndromic polydactylies and highlights dactyly presentations with unknown genetic roots. This review summarizes the current information and genetics-enhanced understanding of polydactyly. BACKGROUND There is a frequency of 0.37 to 1.2 per 1000 live births for polydactyly, which is also known as hyperdactyly. It is characterized by the presence of extra fingers. Polydactyly is caused by a failure in limb development, specifically the patterning of the developing limb bud. The phenotypic and genetic variability of polydactyly makes its etiology difficult to understand. Pre-axial polydactyly, central polydactyly (axial), and postaxial polydactyly are all examples of non-syndromic polydactyly (ulnar). An autosomal dominant disorder with varying penetrance that is mostly passed down via limb development patterning abnormalities. METHOD A comprehensive search of MEDLINE/PubMed and other databases was followed by an evaluation of the relevant papers, with a particular focus on those published between 2000 and 2022. RESULTS Of 747 published article related to Polydactyly from MEDLINE/PubMed search, 43 were from the last 10 years and were the focus of this review. CONCLUSION Polydactyly is one of the most frequent congenital hand malformations. PAP is more common than PPD, whereas central polydactyly is very uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal K Bubshait
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Dalal K Bubshait, Consultant Paediatrician and Clinical Geneticist, Assistant Professor, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia (e-mail: )
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8
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Zimm R, Oberdick D, Gnetneva A, Schneider P, Cebra-Thomas J, Moustakas-Verho JE. Turing's turtles all the way down: A conserved role of EDAR in the carapacial ridge suggests a deep homology of prepatterns across ectodermal appendages. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1201-1213. [PMID: 36239299 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The scutes of the turtle shell are epidermal shields that begin their formation during the early stages of shell development. Like other skin appendages, turtle scutes are hypothesized to be patterned by reaction-diffusion systems. We have previously established ex vivo and in silico systems to study these mechanisms experimentally and have further shown that mathematical models can explain the dynamics of the induction of turtle scute primordia and the generation of final scute architecture. Using these foundations, we expand our current knowledge and test the roles of ectodysplasin and activin signaling in the development of turtle scutes. We find that these molecules play important roles in the prepatterning of scute primordia along the carapacial ridge and show that blocking Edar signaling may lead to a complete loss of marginal scute primordia. We show that it is possible to reproduce these observations using simple mathematical modeling, thereby suggesting a stabilizing role for ectodysplasin within the reaction-diffusion mechanisms. Finally, we argue that our findings further entrench turtle scutes within a class of developmental systems composed of hierarchically nested reaction-diffusion mechanisms, which is conserved across ectodermal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Zimm
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Danielle Oberdick
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Gnetneva
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Judith Cebra-Thomas
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania, USA
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Duan R, Hijazi H, Gulec EY, Eker HK, Costa SR, Sahin Y, Ocak Z, Isikay S, Ozalp O, Bozdogan S, Aslan H, Elcioglu N, Bertola DR, Gezdirici A, Du H, Fatih JM, Grochowski CM, Akay G, Jhangiani SN, Karaca E, Gu S, Coban-Akdemir Z, Posey JE, Bayram Y, Sutton VR, Carvalho CM, Pehlivan D, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR. Developmental genomics of limb malformations: Allelic series in association with gene dosage effects contribute to the clinical variability. HGG ADVANCES 2022; 3:100132. [PMID: 36035248 PMCID: PMC9403727 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity, reduced penetrance, and variable expressivity, the latter including asymmetric body axis plane presentations, have all been described in families with congenital limb malformations (CLMs). Interfamilial and intrafamilial heterogeneity highlight the complexity of the underlying genetic pathogenesis of these developmental anomalies. Family-based genomics by exome sequencing (ES) and rare variant analyses combined with whole-genome array-based comparative genomic hybridization were implemented to investigate 18 families with limb birth defects. Eleven of 18 (61%) families revealed explanatory variants, including 7 single-nucleotide variant alleles and 3 copy number variants (CNVs), at previously reported "disease trait associated loci": BHLHA9, GLI3, HOXD cluster, HOXD13, NPR2, and WNT10B. Breakpoint junction analyses for all three CNV alleles revealed mutational signatures consistent with microhomology-mediated break-induced replication, a mechanism facilitated by Alu/Alu-mediated rearrangement. Homozygous duplication of BHLHA9 was observed in one Turkish kindred and represents a novel contributory genetic mechanism to Gollop-Wolfgang Complex (MIM: 228250), where triplication of the locus has been reported in one family from Japan (i.e., 4n = 2n + 2n versus 4n = 3n + 1n allelic configurations). Genes acting on limb patterning are sensitive to a gene dosage effect and are often associated with an allelic series. We extend an allele-specific gene dosage model to potentially assist, in an adjuvant way, interpretations of interconnections among an allelic series, clinical severity, and reduced penetrance of the BHLHA9-related CLM spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Duan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hadia Hijazi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elif Yilmaz Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Silvia R. Costa
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Bioscience, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yavuz Sahin
- Medical Genetics, Genoks Genetics Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ocak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sedat Isikay
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ozge Ozalp
- Department of Medical Genetics, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sevcan Bozdogan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Aslan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nursel Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Eastern Mediterranean University Medical School, Magosa, 10 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Débora R. Bertola
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Bioscience, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics Unit, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haowei Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jawid M. Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Gulsen Akay
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Bioscience, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Medical Genetics, Genoks Genetics Center, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Eastern Mediterranean University Medical School, Magosa, 10 Mersin, Turkey
- Genetics Unit, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ender Karaca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yavuz Bayram
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - V. Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia M.B. Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Gene Regulation during Carapacial Ridge Development of Mauremys reevesii: The Development of Carapacial Ridge, Ribs and Scutes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091676. [PMID: 36140843 PMCID: PMC9498798 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique topological structure of a turtle shell, including the special ribs-scapula relationship, is an evolutionarily novelty of amniotes. The carapacial ridge is a key embryonic tissue for inducing turtle carapace morphologenesis. However, the gene expression profiles and molecular regulatory mechanisms that occur during carapacial ridge development, including the regulation mechanism of rib axis arrest, the development mechanism of the carapacial ridge, and the differentiation between soft-shell turtles and hard-shell turtles, are not fully understood. In this study, we obtained genome-wide gene expression profiles during the carapacial ridge development of Mauremys reevesii using RNA-sequencing by using carapacial ridge tissues from stage 14, 15 and 16 turtle embryos. In addition, a differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis and a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of three comparison groups were performed. Furthermore, a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was used to analyze the pathway enrichment of the differentially expressed genes of the three comparative groups. The result displayed that the Wnt signaling pathway was substantially enriched in the CrTK14 vs. the CrTK15 comparison group, while the Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the CrTK15 vs. the CrTK16 group. Moreover, the regulatory network of the Wnt signaling pathway showed that Wnt signaling pathways might interact with Fgfs, Bmps, and Shh to form a regulatory network to regulate the carapacial ridge development. Next, WGCNA was used to cluster and analyze the expression genes during the carapacial ridge development of M. reevesii and P. sinensis. Further, a KEGG functional enrichment analysis of the carapacial ridge correlation gene modules was performed. Interesting, these results indicated that the Wnt signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway were significantly enriched in the gene modules that were highly correlated with the stage 14 and stage 15 carapacial ridge samples of the two species. The Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii, however, the PI3K-Akt signaling and the TGF-β signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of P. sinensis. Furthermore, we found that those modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 14 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii and P. sinensis contained Wnts and Lef1. While the navajo white 3 module which was strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii contained Shh and Ptchs. The dark green module strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of P. sinensis which contained Col1a1, Col1a2, and Itga8. Consequently, this study systematically revealed the signaling pathways and genes that regulate the carapacial ridge development of M. reevesii and P. sinensis, which provides new insights for revealing the molecular mechanism that is underlying the turtle's body structure.
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11
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Yanagi N, Kato S, Fukazawa T, Kubo T. Cellular responses in the FGF10-mediated improvement of hindlimb regenerative capacity in Xenopus laevis revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:266-278. [PMID: 35642106 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis tadpoles possess regenerative capacity in their hindlimb buds at early developmental stages (stages ~52-54); they can regenerate complete hindlimbs with digits after limb bud amputation. However, they gradually lose their regenerative capacity as metamorphosis proceeds. Tadpoles in late developmental stages regenerate fewer digits (stage ~56), or only form cartilaginous spike without digits or joints (stage ~58 or later) after amputation. Previous studies have shown that administration of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) in late-stage (stage 56) tadpole hindlimb buds after amputation can improve their regenerative capacity, which means that the cells responding to FGF10 signaling play an important role in limb bud regeneration. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of hindlimb buds that were amputated and administered FGF10 by implanting FGF10-soaked beads at a late stage (stage 56), and explored cell clusters exhibiting a differential gene expression pattern compared with that in controls treated with phosphate-buffered saline. The scRNA-seq data showed expansion of fgf8-expressing cells in the cluster of the apical epidermal cap of FGF10-treated hindlimb buds, which was reported previously, indicating that the administration of FGF10 was successful. On analysis, in addition to the epidermal cluster, a subset of myeloid cells and a newly identified cluster of steap4-expressing cells showed remarkable differences in their gene expression profiles between the FGF10- or phosphate-buffered saline-treatment conditions, suggesting a possible role of these clusters in improving the regenerative capacity of hindlimbs via FGF10 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodoka Yanagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumika Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Fukazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kubo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Glotzer GL, Tardivo P, Tanaka EM. Canonical Wnt signaling and the regulation of divergent mesenchymal Fgf8 expression in axolotl limb development and regeneration. eLife 2022; 11:e79762. [PMID: 35587651 PMCID: PMC9154742 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of fibroblast growth factors (Fgf) ligands in a specialized epithelial compartment, the Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER), is a conserved feature of limb development across vertebrate species. In vertebrates, Fgf 4, 8, 9, and 17 are all expressed in the AER. An exception to this paradigm is the salamander (axolotl) developing and regenerating limb, where key Fgf ligands are expressed in the mesenchyme. The mesenchymal expression of Amex.Fgf8 in axolotl has been suggested to be critical for regeneration. To date, there is little knowledge regarding what controls Amex.Fgf8 expression in the axolotl limb mesenchyme. A large body of mouse and chick studies have defined a set of transcription factors and canonical Wnt signaling as the main regulators of epidermal Fgf8 expression in these organisms. In this study, we address the hypothesis that alterations to one or more of these components during evolution has resulted in mesenchymal Amex.Fgf8 expression in the axolotl. To sensitively quantify gene expression with spatial precision, we combined optical clearing of whole-mount axolotl limb tissue with single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization and a semiautomated quantification pipeline. Several candidate upstream components were found expressed in the axolotl ectoderm, indicating that they are not direct regulators of Amex.Fgf8 expression. We found that Amex.Wnt3a is expressed in axolotl limb epidermis, similar to chicken and mouse. However, unlike in amniotes, Wnt target genes are activated preferentially in limb mesenchyme rather than in epidermis. Inhibition and activation of Wnt signaling results in downregulation and upregulation of mesenchymal Amex.Fgf8 expression, respectively. These results implicate a shift in tissue responsiveness to canonical Wnt signaling from epidermis to mesenchyme as one step contributing to the unique mesenchymal Amex.Fgf8 expression seen in the axolotl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo L Glotzer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus- Vienna-Biocenter 1ViennaAustria
| | - Pietro Tardivo
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus- Vienna-Biocenter 1ViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus- Vienna-Biocenter 1ViennaAustria
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13
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Dufour W, Alawbathani S, Jourdain AS, Asif M, Baujat G, Becker C, Budde B, Gallacher L, Georgomanolis T, Ghoumid J, Höhne W, Lyonnet S, Ba-Saddik IA, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Motameny S, Noegel AA, Pais L, Vanlerberghe C, Wagle P, White SM, Willems M, Nürnberg P, Escande F, Petit F, Hussain MS. Monoallelic and biallelic variants in LEF1 are associated with a new syndrome combining ectodermal dysplasia and limb malformations caused by altered WNT signaling. Genet Med 2022; 24:1708-1721. [PMID: 35583550 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE LEF1 encodes a transcription factor acting downstream of the WNT-β-catenin signaling pathway. It was recently suspected as a candidate for ectodermal dysplasia in 2 individuals carrying 4q35 microdeletions. We report on 12 individuals harboring LEF1 variants. METHODS High-throughput sequencing was employed to delineate the genetic underpinnings of the disease. Cellular consequences were characterized by immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, pulldown assays, and/or RNA sequencing. RESULTS Monoallelic variants in LEF1 were detected in 11 affected individuals from 4 unrelated families, and a biallelic variant was detected in an affected individual from a consanguineous family. The phenotypic spectrum includes various limb malformations, such as radial ray defects, polydactyly or split hand/foot, and ectodermal dysplasia. Depending on the type and location of LEF1 variants, the inheritance of this novel Mendelian condition can be either autosomal dominant or recessive. Our functional data indicate that 2 molecular mechanisms are at play: haploinsufficiency or loss of DNA binding are responsible for a mild to moderate phenotype, whereas loss of β-catenin binding caused by biallelic variants is associated with a severe phenotype. Transcriptomic studies reveal an alteration of WNT signaling. CONCLUSION Our findings establish mono- and biallelic variants in LEF1 as a cause for a novel syndrome comprising limb malformations and ectodermal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dufour
- University of Lille, EA7364 RADEME, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Clinique de génétique Guy Fontaine, Lille, France
| | - Salem Alawbathani
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Jourdain
- University of Lille, EA7364 RADEME, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Institut de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Lille, France
| | - Maria Asif
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service de génétique, CHU Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christian Becker
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Budde
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lyndon Gallacher
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theodoros Georgomanolis
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jamal Ghoumid
- University of Lille, EA7364 RADEME, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Clinique de génétique Guy Fontaine, Lille, France
| | - Wolfgang Höhne
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service de génétique, CHU Paris, Paris, France
| | - Iman Ali Ba-Saddik
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier-Hanu
- University of Lille, EA7364 RADEME, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Clinique de génétique Guy Fontaine, Lille, France
| | - Susanne Motameny
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lynn Pais
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Clémence Vanlerberghe
- University of Lille, EA7364 RADEME, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Clinique de génétique Guy Fontaine, Lille, France
| | - Prerana Wagle
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Service de génétique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabienne Escande
- University of Lille, EA7364 RADEME, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Institut de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Lille, France
| | - Florence Petit
- University of Lille, EA7364 RADEME, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Clinique de génétique Guy Fontaine, Lille, France.
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Lovely AM, Duerr TJ, Qiu Q, Galvan S, Voss SR, Monaghan JR. Wnt Signaling Coordinates the Expression of Limb Patterning Genes During Axolotl Forelimb Development and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:814250. [PMID: 35531102 PMCID: PMC9068880 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.814250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After amputation, axolotl salamanders can regenerate their limbs, but the degree to which limb regeneration recapitulates limb development remains unclear. One limitation in answering this question is our lack of knowledge about salamander limb development. Here, we address this question by studying expression patterns of genes important for limb patterning during axolotl salamander limb development and regeneration. We focus on the Wnt signaling pathway because it regulates multiple functions during tetrapod limb development, including limb bud initiation, outgrowth, patterning, and skeletal differentiation. We use fluorescence in situ hybridization to show the expression of Wnt ligands, Wnt receptors, and limb patterning genes in developing and regenerating limbs. Inhibition of Wnt ligand secretion permanently blocks limb bud outgrowth when treated early in limb development. Inhibiting Wnt signaling during limb outgrowth decreases the expression of critical signaling genes, including Fgf10, Fgf8, and Shh, leading to the reduced outgrowth of the limb. Patterns of gene expression are similar between developing and regenerating limbs. Inhibition of Wnt signaling during regeneration impacted patterning gene expression similarly. Overall, our findings suggest that limb development and regeneration utilize Wnt signaling similarly. It also provides new insights into the interaction of Wnt signaling with other signaling pathways during salamander limb development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J. Duerr
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qingchao Qiu
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - S. Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James R. Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute for Chemical Imaging of Living Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Li P, Lan W, Li J, Zhang Y, Xiong Q, Ye J, Wu C, Xiao H. Identification and Functional Evaluation of a Novel TBX4 Mutation Underlies Small Patella Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042075. [PMID: 35216193 PMCID: PMC8875086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Small patella syndrome (SPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in TBX4 gene which encodes a transcription factor of FGF10. However, how TBX4 mutations result in SPS is poorly understood. Here, a novel TBX4 mutation c.1241C>T (p.P414L) was identified in a SPS family and series of studies were performed to evaluate the influences of TBX4 mutations (including c.1241C>T and two known mutations c.256G>C and c.743G>T). Results showed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with stable overexpression of either TBX4 wild-type (TBX4wt) or mutants (TBX4mt) were successfully generated. Immunofluorescence study revealed that both the overexpressed TBX4 wild-type and mutants were evenly expressed in the nucleus suggesting that these mutations do not alter the translocation of TBX4 into the nucleus. Interestingly, MSCs overexpression of TBX4mt exhibited reduced differentiation activities and decreased FGF10 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) study demonstrated that TBX4 mutants still could bind to the promoter of FGF10. However, dual luciferase reporter assay clarified that the binding efficiencies of TBX4 mutants to FGF10 promoter were reduced. Taken together, MSCs were firstly used to study the function of TBX4 mutations in this study and the results indicate that the reduced binding efficiencies of TBX4 mutants (TBX4mt) to the promoter of FGF10 result in the abnormal biological processes which provide important information for the pathogenesis of SPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (H.X.)
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16
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Díaz-Hernández ME, Galván-Hernández CI, Marín-Llera JC, Camargo-Sosa K, Bustamante M, Wischin S, Chimal-Monroy J. Activation of the WNT-BMP-FGF Regulatory Network Induces the Onset of Cell Death in Anterior Mesodermal Cells to Establish the ANZ. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703836. [PMID: 34820367 PMCID: PMC8606791 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal control of programmed cell death (PCD) plays a significant role in sculpting the limb. In the early avian limb bud, the anterior necrotic zone (ANZ) and the posterior necrotic zone are two cell death regions associated with digit number reduction. In this study, we evaluated the first events triggered by the FGF, BMP, and WNT signaling interactions to initiate cell death in the anterior margin of the limb to establish the ANZ. This study demonstrates that in a period of two to 8 h after the inhibition of WNT or FGF signaling or the activation of BMP signaling, cell death was induced in the anterior margin of the limb concomitantly with the regulation of Dkk, Fgf8, and Bmp4 expression. Comparing the gene expression profile between the ANZ and the undifferentiated zone at 22HH and 25HH and between the ANZ of 22HH and 25HH stages correlates with functional programs controlled by the regulatory network FGF, BMP, and WNT signaling in the anterior margin of the limb. This work provides novel insights to recognize a negative feedback loop between FGF8, BMP4, and DKK to control the onset of cell death in the anterior margin of the limb to the establishment of the ANZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Elena Díaz-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Claudio Iván Galván-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Karen Camargo-Sosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Marcia Bustamante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Sabina Wischin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
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17
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Aztekin C. Tissues and Cell Types of Appendage Regeneration: A Detailed Look at the Wound Epidermis and Its Specialized Forms. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771040. [PMID: 34887777 PMCID: PMC8649801 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic implementation of human limb regeneration is a daring aim. Studying species that can regrow their lost appendages provides clues on how such a feat can be achieved in mammals. One of the unique features of regeneration-competent species lies in their ability to seal the amputation plane with a scar-free wound epithelium. Subsequently, this wound epithelium advances and becomes a specialized wound epidermis (WE) which is hypothesized to be the essential component of regenerative success. Recently, the WE and specialized WE terminologies have been used interchangeably. However, these tissues were historically separated, and contemporary limb regeneration studies have provided critical new information which allows us to distinguish them. Here, I will summarize tissue-level observations and recently identified cell types of WE and their specialized forms in different regeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Royle SR, Tabin CJ, Young JJ. Limb positioning and initiation: An evolutionary context of pattern and formation. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1264-1279. [PMID: 33522040 PMCID: PMC10623539 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Before limbs or fins, can be patterned and grow they must be initiated. Initiation of the limb first involves designating a portion of lateral plate mesoderm along the flank as the site of the future limb. Following specification, a myriad of cellular and molecular events interact to generate a bud that will grow and form the limb. The past three decades has provided a wealth of understanding on how those events generate the limb bud and how variations in them result in different limb forms. Comparatively, much less attention has been given to the earliest steps of limb formation and what impacts altering the position and initiation of the limb have had on evolution. Here, we first review the processes and pathways involved in these two phases of limb initiation, as determined from amniote model systems. We then broaden our scope to examine how variation in the limb initiation module has contributed to biological diversity in amniotes. Finally, we review what is known about limb initiation in fish and amphibians, and consider what mechanisms are conserved across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Royle
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John J Young
- Department of Biology, Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Tomizawa RR, Tabin CJ, Atsuta Y. In ovo electroporation of chicken limb bud ectoderm: Electroporation to chick limb ectoderm. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1628-1638. [PMID: 33899315 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering how ectodermal tissues form, and how they maintain their integrity, is crucial for understanding epidermal development and pathogenesis. However, lack of simple and rapid gene manipulation techniques limits genetic studies to elucidate mechanisms underlying these events. RESULTS Here we describe an easy method for electroporation of chick limb bud ectoderm enabling gene manipulation during ectoderm development and wound healing. Taking advantage of a small parafilm well that constrains DNA plasmids locally and the fact that the limb ectoderm arises from a defined site, we target the limb ectoderm forming region by in ovo electroporation. This approach results in focal and efficient transgenesis of the limb ectodermal cells. Further, using a previously described Msx2 promoter, gene manipulation can be specifically targeted to the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a signaling center regulating limb development. Using the electroporation technique to deliver a fluorescent marker into the embryonic limb ectoderm, we show its utility in performing time-lapse imaging during wound healing. This analysis revealed previously unrecognized dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and lamellipodia formation at the edges of the wound. We find that the lamellipodia formation requires activity of Rac1 GTPase, suggesting its necessity for wound closure. CONCLUSION Our method is simple and easy. Thus, it would permit high throughput tests for gene function during limb ectodermal development and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuji Atsuta
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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He J, Yan J, Wang J, Zhao L, Xin Q, Zeng Y, Sun Y, Zhang H, Bai Z, Li Z, Ni Y, Gong Y, Li Y, He H, Bian Z, Lan Y, Ma C, Bian L, Zhu H, Liu B, Yue R. Dissecting human embryonic skeletal stem cell ontogeny by single-cell transcriptomic and functional analyses. Cell Res 2021; 31:742-757. [PMID: 33473154 PMCID: PMC8249634 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skeletal stem cells (SSCs) have been discovered in fetal and adult long bones. However, the spatiotemporal ontogeny of human embryonic SSCs during early skeletogenesis remains elusive. Here we map the transcriptional landscape of human limb buds and embryonic long bones at single-cell resolution to address this fundamental question. We found remarkable heterogeneity within human limb bud mesenchyme and epithelium, and aligned them along the proximal–distal and anterior–posterior axes using known marker genes. Osteo-chondrogenic progenitors first appeared in the core limb bud mesenchyme, which give rise to multiple populations of stem/progenitor cells in embryonic long bones undergoing endochondral ossification. Importantly, a perichondrial embryonic skeletal stem/progenitor cell (eSSPC) subset was identified, which could self-renew and generate the osteochondral lineage cells, but not adipocytes or hematopoietic stroma. eSSPCs are marked by the adhesion molecule CADM1 and highly enriched with FOXP1/2 transcriptional network. Interestingly, neural crest-derived cells with similar phenotypic markers and transcriptional networks were also found in the sagittal suture of human embryonic calvaria. Taken together, this study revealed the cellular heterogeneity and lineage hierarchy during human embryonic skeletogenesis, and identified distinct skeletal stem/progenitor cells that orchestrate endochondral and intramembranous ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liangyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Qian Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuxi Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Transfusion, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhijie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yanli Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yandong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yunqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Han He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhilei Bian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510530, China
| | - Chunyu Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lihong Bian
- Department of Gynecology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Heng Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Rui Yue
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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21
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Newton AH, Smith CA. Regulation of vertebrate forelimb development and wing reduction in the flightless emu. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1248-1263. [PMID: 33368781 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate limb is a dynamic structure which has evolved into many diverse forms to facilitate complex behavioral adaptations. The principle molecular and cellular processes that underlie development of the vertebrate limb are well characterized. However, how these processes are altered to drive differential limb development between vertebrates is less well understood. Several vertebrate models are being utilized to determine the developmental basis of differential limb morphogenesis, though these typically focus on later patterning of the established limb bud and may not represent the complete developmental trajectory. Particularly, heterochronic limb development can occur prior to limb outgrowth and patterning but receives little attention. This review summarizes the genetic regulation of vertebrate forelimb diversity, with particular focus on wing reduction in the flightless emu as a model for examining limb heterochrony. These studies highlight that wing reduction is complex, with heterochronic cellular and genetic events influencing the major stages of limb development. Together, these studies provide a broader picture of how different limb morphologies may be established during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel H Newton
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig A Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Degan M, Dalla Valle L, Alibardi L. Gene expression in regenerating and scarring tails of lizard evidences three main key genes (wnt2b, egfl6, and arhgap28) activated during the regulated process of tail regeneration. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:3-17. [PMID: 32852660 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the expression of key genes orchestrating tail regeneration in lizard under normal and scarring conditions after cauterization. At 1-day post-cauterization (1 dpc), the injured blastema contains degenerating epithelial and mesenchymal cells, numerous mast cells, and immune cells. At 3 and 7 dpc, a stratified wound epidermis is forming while fibrocytes give rise to a scarring connective tissue. Oncogenes such as wnt2b, egfl6, wnt6, and mycn and the tumor suppressor arhgap28 are much more expressed than other oncogenes (hmga2, rhov, fgf8, fgfr4, tert, shh) and tumor suppressors (apcdd1, p63, rb, fat2, bcl11b) in the normal blastema and at 7 dpc. Blastemas at 3 dpc feature the lowest upregulation of most genes, likely derived from damage after cauterization. Immunomodulator genes nfatc4 and lef1 are more expressed at 7 dpc than in normal blastema and 3 dpc suggesting the induction of immune response favoring scarring. Balanced over-expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and immune modulator genes determines regulation of cell proliferation (anti-oncogenic), of movement (anti-metastatic), and immunosuppression in the normal blastema. Significant higher expression of oncogenes wnt2b and egfl6 in normal blastema and higher expression of the tumor suppressor arhgap28 in the 7 dpc blastema indicate that they are among the key/master genes that determine the regulated regeneration of the tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Degan
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Via Semi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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23
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Sleight VA, Gillis JA. Embryonic origin and serial homology of gill arches and paired fins in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. eLife 2020; 9:60635. [PMID: 33198887 PMCID: PMC7671686 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired fins are a defining feature of the jawed vertebrate body plan, but their evolutionary origin remains unresolved. Gegenbaur proposed that paired fins evolved as gill arch serial homologues, but this hypothesis is now widely discounted, owing largely to the presumed distinct embryonic origins of these structures from mesoderm and neural crest, respectively. Here, we use cell lineage tracing to test the embryonic origin of the pharyngeal and paired fin skeleton in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea). We find that while the jaw and hyoid arch skeleton derive from neural crest, and the pectoral fin skeleton from mesoderm, the gill arches are of dual origin, receiving contributions from both germ layers. We propose that gill arches and paired fins are serially homologous as derivatives of a continuous, dual-origin mesenchyme with common skeletogenic competence, and that this serial homology accounts for their parallel anatomical organization and shared responses to axial patterning signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Sleight
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United Kingdom
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United Kingdom
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24
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Lin GH, Zhang L. Apical ectodermal ridge regulates three principal axes of the developing limb. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:757-766. [PMID: 33043642 PMCID: PMC7606201 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding limb development not only gives insights into the outgrowth and differentiation of the limb, but also has clinical relevance. Limb development begins with two paired limb buds (forelimb and hindlimb buds), which are initially undifferentiated mesenchymal cells tipped with a thickening of the ectoderm, termed the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). As a transitional embryonic structure, the AER undergoes four stages and contributes to multiple axes of limb development through the coordination of signalling centres, feedback loops, and other cell activities by secretory signalling and the activation of gene expression. Within the scope of proximodistal patterning, it is understood that while fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) function sequentially over time as primary components of the AER signalling process, there is still no consensus on models that would explain proximodistal patterning itself. In anteroposterior patterning, the AER has a dual-direction regulation by which it promotes the sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene expression in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) for proliferation, and inhibits Shh expression in the anterior mesenchyme. In dorsoventral patterning, the AER activates Engrailed-1 (En1) expression, and thus represses Wnt family member 7a (Wnt7a) expression in the ventral ectoderm by the expression of Fgfs, Sp6/8, and bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) genes. The AER also plays a vital role in shaping the individual digits, since levels of Fgf4/8 and Bmps expressed in the AER affect digit patterning by controlling apoptosis. In summary, the knowledge of crosstalk within AER among the three main axes is essential to understand limb growth and pattern formation, as the development of its areas proceeds simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-hao Lin
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Sports Health Promotion, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Sports Health Promotion, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
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25
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Abstract
The vertebrate limb continues to serve as an influential model of growth, morphogenesis and pattern formation. With this Review, we aim to give an up-to-date picture of how a population of undifferentiated cells develops into the complex pattern of the limb. Focussing largely on mouse and chick studies, we concentrate on the positioning of the limbs, the formation of the limb bud, the establishment of the principal limb axes, the specification of pattern, the integration of pattern formation with growth and the determination of digit number. We also discuss the important, but little understood, topic of how gene expression is interpreted into morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin McQueen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matthew Towers
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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26
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Thorup AS, Dell'Accio F, Eldridge SE. Lessons from joint development for cartilage repair in the clinic. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:360-376. [PMID: 32738003 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 250 years ago, William Hunter stated that when cartilage is destroyed it never recovers. In the last 20 years, the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to joint formation and the knowledge that some of these mechanisms are reactivated in the homeostatic responses of cartilage to injury has offered an unprecedented therapeutic opportunity to achieve cartilage regeneration. Very large investments in ambitious clinical trials are finally revealing that, although we do not have perfect medicines yet, disease modification is a feasible possibility for human osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Thorup
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne E Eldridge
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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27
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Leng S, Pignatti E, Khetani RS, Shah MS, Xu S, Miao J, Taketo MM, Beuschlein F, Barrett PQ, Carlone DL, Breault DT. β-Catenin and FGFR2 regulate postnatal rosette-based adrenocortical morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1680. [PMID: 32245949 PMCID: PMC7125176 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosettes are widely used in epithelial morphogenesis during embryonic development and organogenesis. However, their role in postnatal development and adult tissue maintenance remains largely unknown. Here, we show zona glomerulosa cells in the adult adrenal cortex organize into rosettes through adherens junction-mediated constriction, and that rosette formation underlies the maturation of adrenal glomerular structure postnatally. Using genetic mouse models, we show loss of β-catenin results in disrupted adherens junctions, reduced rosette number, and dysmorphic glomeruli, whereas β-catenin stabilization leads to increased adherens junction abundance, more rosettes, and glomerular expansion. Furthermore, we uncover numerous known regulators of epithelial morphogenesis enriched in β-catenin-stabilized adrenals. Among these genes, we show Fgfr2 is required for adrenal rosette formation by regulating adherens junction abundance and aggregation. Together, our data provide an example of rosette-mediated postnatal tissue morphogenesis and a framework for studying the role of rosettes in adult zona glomerulosa tissue maintenance and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Leng
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Emanuele Pignatti
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Radhika S Khetani
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Manasvi S Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Simiao Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ji Miao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8506, Japan
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paula Q Barrett
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22947, USA
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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28
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Feneck E, Logan M. The Role of Retinoic Acid in Establishing the Early Limb Bud. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020312. [PMID: 32079177 PMCID: PMC7072211 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) was one of the first molecules in the modern era of experimental embryology to be shown capable of generating profound effects on limb development. In this review, we focus on the earliest events of limb development and specifically on the role of RA in establishing the domain of cells that will go on to form the limb itself. Although there is some consensus on the role of RA during the earliest stages of limb formation, some controversy remains on the mechanism of RA action and the requirement for RA signaling in forming the hindlimb buds.
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29
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Moriyama Y, Pratiwi HM, Ueda S, Tanaka M. Localization of β-Catenin and Islet in the Pelvic Fin Field in Zebrafish. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:365-371. [PMID: 33319959 DOI: 10.2108/zs180185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish, pelvic fin buds appear at 3 weeks post fertilization (wpf) during the larval to juvenile transition (metamorphosis), but their fate is already determined during embryogenesis. Thus, presumptive pelvic fin cells appear to memorize their positional information for three weeks, but no factors expressed in the pelvic fin field from the embryonic to the metamorphic stages have been identified. In mice, Islet1 is proposed to promote nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in the hindlimb field, which leads to the initiation of hindlimb bud outgrowth through activation of the Wnt/βcatenin pathway. Here, we examined the distribution of β-catenin and islet proteins in the pelvic fin field of zebrafish from the embryonic to the metamorphic stages. We found that transcripts of islet2a, but not islet1, are detected in the posterior lateral plate mesoderm, including the presumptive pelvic fin field, at the embryonic stage as well as in the pelvic fin bud at the metamorphic stage. Immunolocalization revealed that β-catenin and islet proteins, which are synthesized during the embryonic stage, remain in the cytoplasm of the presumptive pelvic fin cells during the larval stage, and are then translocated into the nuclei of the pelvic fin bud at the metamorphic stage. We propose that cytoplasmic localization of these proteins in the presumptive pelvic fin cells that remained during the larval stage may underlie the mechanism by which pelvic fin cells memorize their positional information from the embryonic stage to the metamorphic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Moriyama
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hilda Mardiana Pratiwi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shogo Ueda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan,
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30
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Leerberg DM, Hopton RE, Draper BW. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors Function Redundantly During Zebrafish Embryonic Development. Genetics 2019; 212:1301-1319. [PMID: 31175226 PMCID: PMC6707458 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling regulates many processes during development. In most cases, one tissue layer secretes an Fgf ligand that binds and activates an Fgf receptor (Fgfr) expressed by a neighboring tissue. Although studies have identified the roles of specific Fgf ligands during development, less is known about the requirements for the receptors. We have generated null mutations in each of the five fgfr genes in zebrafish. Considering the diverse requirements for Fgf signaling throughout development, and that null mutations in the mouse Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 genes are embryonic lethal, it was surprising that all zebrafish homozygous mutants are viable and fertile, with no discernable embryonic defect. Instead, we find that multiple receptors are involved in coordinating most Fgf-dependent developmental processes. For example, mutations in the ligand fgf8a cause loss of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, whereas, in the fgfr mutants, this phenotype is seen only in embryos that are triple mutant for fgfr1a;fgfr1b;fgfr2, but not in any single or double mutant combinations. We show that this apparent fgfr redundancy is also seen during the development of several other tissues, including posterior mesoderm, pectoral fins, viscerocranium, and neurocranium. These data are an essential step toward defining the specific Fgfrs that function with particular Fgf ligands to regulate important developmental processes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena M Leerberg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Rachel E Hopton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Bruce W Draper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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31
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Primary myogenesis in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) limb bud. Dev Genes Evol 2019; 229:147-159. [PMID: 31214772 PMCID: PMC6867991 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-019-00635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our studies conducted on reptilian limb muscle development revealed, for the first time, early forelimb muscle differentiation at the morphological and molecular level. Sand lizard skeletal muscle differentiation in the early forelimb bud was investigated by light, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy as well as western blot. The early forelimb bud, filled with mesenchymal cells, is surrounded by monolayer epithelium cells. The immunocytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Pax3- and Lbx-positive cells in the vicinity of the ventro-lateral lip (VLL) of the dermomyotome, suggesting that VLL is the source of limb muscle progenitor cells. Furthermore, Pax3- and Lbx-positive cells were observed in the dorsal and ventral myogenic pools of the forelimb bud. Skeletal muscle development in the early limb bud is asynchronous, which is manifested by the presence of myogenic cells in different stages of differentiation: multinucleated myotubes with well-developed contractile apparatus, myoblasts, and mitotically active premyoblasts. The western blot analysis revealed the presence of MyoD and Myf5 proteins in all investigated developmental stages. The MyoD western blot analysis showed two bands corresponding to monomeric (mMyoD) and dimeric (dMyoD) fractions. Two separate bands were also detected in the case of Myf5. The observed bands were related to non-phosphorylated (Myf5) and phosphorylated (pMyf5) fractions of Myf5. Our investigations on sand lizard forelimb myogenesis showed that the pattern of muscle differentiation in the early forelimb bud shares many features with rodents and chicks.
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32
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Ueda S, Cordeiro IR, Moriyama Y, Nishimori C, Kai KI, Yu R, Nakato R, Shirahige K, Tanaka M. Cux2 refines the forelimb field by controlling expression of Raldh2 and Hox genes. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.040584. [PMID: 30651234 PMCID: PMC6398465 DOI: 10.1242/bio.040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, two pairs of buds that give rise to the fore- and hindlimbs form at discrete positions along the rostral-caudal axis of the body. The mechanism responsible for the positioning of the limb buds is still largely unknown. Here we show a novel function for Cut homeobox transcription factor 2 (Cux2), the ortholog of Drosophila cut, in refining the forelimb field during chick development. Cux2 is expressed in the forelimb field before the emergence of the limb buds. Knocking down the expression of Cux2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in a caudal shift of the forelimb bud, whereas misexpression of Cux2 or the constitutively active Cux2-VP16 caused a rostral shift of the forelimb bud or reduction of the forelimb field along the anterior-posterior axis. Further functional analyses revealed that expression of Hoxb genes and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Raldh2), which are involved in limb positioning, are directly activated by Cux2 in the lateral plate mesoderm. Our data suggest that Cux2 in the lateral plate mesoderm refines the forelimb field via regulation of Raldh2 and Hoxb genes in chicken embryos. Summary: Cux2 in the lateral plate mesoderm refines the forelimb field via regulation of Raldh2 and Hoxb genes in chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ueda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuuta Moriyama
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nishimori
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Kai
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Reiko Yu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Nakato
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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Jin L, Wu J, Bellusci S, Zhang JS. Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 and Vertebrate Limb Development. Front Genet 2019; 9:705. [PMID: 30687387 PMCID: PMC6338048 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early limb development requires fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)-mediated coordination between growth and patterning to ensure the proper formation of a functional organ. The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a domain of thickened epithelium located at the distal edge of the limb bud that coordinates outgrowth along the proximodistal axis. Considerable amount of work has been done to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying induction, maintenance and regression of the AER. Fgf10, a paracrine Fgf that elicits its biological responses by activating the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b), is crucial for governing proximal distal outgrowth as well as patterning and acts upstream of the known AER marker Fgf8. A transgenic mouse line allowing doxycycline-based inducible and ubiquitous expression of a soluble form of Fgfr2b has been extensively used to identify the role of Fgfr2b ligands at different time points during development. Overexpression of soluble Fgfr2b (sFgfr2b) post-AER induction leads to irreversible loss of cellular β-catenin organization and decreased Fgf8 expression in the AER. A similar approach has been carried out pre-AER induction. The observed limb phenotype is similar to the severe proximal truncations observed in human babies exposed to thalidomide, which has been proposed to block the Fgf10-AER-Fgf8 feedback loop. Novel insights on the role of Fgf10 signaling in limb formation pre- and post-AER induction are summarized in this review and will be integrated with possible future investigations on the role of Fgf10 throughout limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Kawakami H, Johnson A, Fujita Y, Swearer A, Wada N, Kawakami Y. Characterization of cis-regulatory elements for Fgf10 expression in the chick embryo. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1253-1263. [PMID: 30325084 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fgf10 is expressed in various tissues and organs, such as the limb bud, heart, inner ear, and head mesenchyme. Previous studies identified Fgf10 enhancers for the inner ear and heart. However, Fgf10 enhancers for other tissues have not been identified. RESULTS By using primary culture chick embryo lateral plate mesoderm cells, we compared activities of deletion constructs of the Fgf10 promoter region, cloned into a promoter-less luciferase reporter vector. We identified a 0.34-kb proximal promoter that can activate luciferase expression. Then, we cloned 11 evolutionarily conserved sequences located within or outside of the Fgf10 gene into the 0.34-kb promoter-luciferase vector, and tested their activities in vitro using primary cultured cells. Two sequences showed the highest activities. By using the Tol2 system and electroporation into chick embryos, activities of the 0.34-kb promoter with and without the two sequences were tested in vivo. No activities were detected in limb buds. However, the 0.34-kb promoter exhibited activities in the dorsal midline of the brain, while Fgf10 is detected in broader region in the brain. The two noncoding sequences negatively acted on the 0.34-kb promoter in the brain. CONCLUSIONS The proximal 0.34-kb promoter has activities to drive expression in restricted areas of the brain. Developmental Dynamics 247:1253-1263, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Austin Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yu Fujita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Avery Swearer
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Naoyuki Wada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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35
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Watson J, Francavilla C. Regulation of FGF10 Signaling in Development and Disease. Front Genet 2018; 9:500. [PMID: 30405705 PMCID: PMC6205963 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) is a multifunctional mesenchymal-epithelial signaling growth factor, which is essential for multi-organ development and tissue homeostasis in adults. Furthermore, FGF10 deregulation has been associated with human genetic disorders and certain forms of cancer. Upon binding to FGF receptors with heparan sulfate as co-factor, FGF10 activates several intracellular signaling cascades, resulting in cell proliferation, differentiation, and invasion. FGF10 activity is modulated not only by heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix, but also by hormones and other soluble factors. Despite more than 20 years of research on FGF10 functions, context-dependent regulation of FGF10 signaling specificity remains poorly understood. Emerging modes of FGF10 signaling regulation will be described, focusing on the role of FGF10 trafficking and sub-cellular localization, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and miRNAs. Systems biology approaches based on quantitative proteomics will be considered for globally investigating FGF10 signaling specificity. Finally, current gaps in our understanding of FGF10 functions, such as the relative contribution of receptor isoforms to signaling activation, will be discussed in the context of genetic disorders and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Watson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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36
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37
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Kantaputra PN, Carlson BM. Genetic regulatory pathways of split-hand/foot malformation. Clin Genet 2018; 95:132-139. [PMID: 30101460 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is caused by mutations in TP63, DLX5, DLX6, FGF8, FGFR1, WNT10B, and BHLHA9. The clinical features of SHFM caused by mutations of these genes are not distinguishable. This implies that in normal situations these SHFM-associated genes share an underlying regulatory pathway that is involved in the development of the central parts of the hands and feet. The mutations in SHFM-related genes lead to dysregulation of Fgf8 in the central portion of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and subsequently lead to misexpression of a number of downstream target genes, failure of stratification of the AER, and thus SHFM. Syndactyly of the remaining digits is most likely the effects of dysregulation of Fgf-Bmp-Msx signaling on apoptotic cell death. Loss of digit identity in SHFM is hypothesized to be the effects of misexpression of HOX genes, abnormal SHH gradient, or the loss of balance between GLI3A and GLI3R. Disruption of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of SHFM. Whatever the causative genes of SHFM are, the mutations seem to lead to dysregulation of Fgf8 in AER cells of the central parts of the hands and feet and disruption of Wnt-Bmp-Fgf signaling pathways in AER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit N Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bruce M Carlson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Nguyen TM, Kabotyanski EB, Dou Y, Reineke LC, Zhang P, Zhang XHF, Malovannaya A, Jung SY, Mo Q, Roarty KP, Chen Y, Zhang B, Neilson JR, Lloyd RE, Perou CM, Ellis MJ, Rosen JM. FGFR1-Activated Translation of WNT Pathway Components with Structured 5' UTRs Is Vulnerable to Inhibition of EIF4A-Dependent Translation Initiation. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4229-4240. [PMID: 29844125 PMCID: PMC6072612 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cooperativity between WNT and FGF signaling is well documented in embryonic development and cancer progression, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this cross-talk remain elusive. In this study, we interrogated the dynamics of RNA levels, ribosome occupancy, and protein expression as a function of inducible FGF signaling in mouse mammary glands with constitutive WNT hyperactivation. Multiomics correlation analysis revealed a substantial discrepancy between RNA and ribosome occupancy levels versus protein levels. However, this discrepancy decreased as cells became premalignant and dynamically responded to FGF signaling, implicating the importance of stringent gene regulation in nontransformed cells. Analysis of individual genes demonstrated that acute FGF hyperactivation increased translation of many stem cell self-renewal regulators, including WNT signaling components, and decreased translation of genes regulating cellular senescence. WNT pathway components translationally upregulated by FGF signaling had long and structured 5' UTRs with a high frequency of polypurine sequences, several of which harbored (CGG)4 motifs that can fold into either stable G-quadruplexes or other stable secondary structures. The FGF-mediated increase in translation of WNT pathway components was compromised by silvestrol, an inhibitor of EIF4A that clamps EIF4A to polypurine sequences to block 43S scanning and inhibits its RNA-unwinding activity important for translation initiation. Moreover, silvestrol treatment significantly delayed FGF-WNT-driven tumorigenesis. Taken together, these results suggest that FGF signaling selectively enhances translation of structured mRNAs, particularly WNT signaling components, and highlight their vulnerability to inhibitors that target the RNA helicase EIF4A.Significance: The RNA helicase EIF4A may serve as a therapeutic target for breast cancers that require FGF and WNT signaling. Cancer Res; 78(15); 4229-40. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan M Nguyen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elena B Kabotyanski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yongchao Dou
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lucas C Reineke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Center for Big Data Research in Health, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anna Malovannaya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin P Roarty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joel R Neilson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard E Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Albanese
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kashif Khan
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bianca Barratt
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hamood Al-Kindi
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adel Schwertani
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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40
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Yoshimura K, Hosoya T, Fujinami M, Ohta T, Kumazawa S. Nymphaeol-C, a prenylflavonoid from Macaranga tanarius, suppresses the expression of fibroblast growth factor 18. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:238-242. [PMID: 29157820 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) is one of the key factors in human signaling pathways and has been reported to be associated with the formation of various tissues. Additionally, FGF18 has been reported to maintain the telogen stage of the hair cycle, and its over-expression has also been observed in cancer cells. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We searched for natural compounds that inhibit the expression of FGF18 expression in vitro and evaluated their inhibitory mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN Various plant samples were screened using a luciferase assay targeting FGF18. One active compound was selected by the screening, isolated and identified. METHODS The active compound was isolated using chromatographic techniques and identified by specific rotation measurements, LC-MS and NMR. Additionally, its inhibitory mechanism was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS As a result of screening various plant leaf samples, Macaranga tanarius was identified as the most active plant and a prenylflavonoid nymphaeol-C was isolated as the active compound. Using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, this compound was confirmed to strongly suppress the expression of FGF18. The compound lowered the β-catenin level in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, it was suggested that nymphaeol-C suppresses the expression of FGF18 by suppressing β-catenin expression. Additionally, the compound lowered the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation level in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAPK cascade). Therefore, nymphaeol-C suppressed downstream signals of FGF18 by suppressing the expression of FGF18. CONCLUSION We isolated and identified prenylflavonoid nymphaeol-C from M. tanarius. The compound suppresses the expression of FGF18 and affects FGF18 related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hosoya
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Misa Fujinami
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ohta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kumazawa
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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41
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Ahmed H, Akbari H, Emami A, Akbari MR. Genetic Overview of Syndactyly and Polydactyly. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1549. [PMID: 29263957 PMCID: PMC5732663 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Syndactyly and polydactyly-respectively characterized by fused and supernumerary digits-are among the most common congenital limb malformations, with syndactyly presenting at an estimated incidence of 1 in 2,000-3,000 live births and polydactyly at a frequency of 1 in approximately 700-1,000 live births. Despite their relatively regular manifestation in the clinic, the etiologies of syndactyly and polydactyly remain poorly understood because of their phenotypic and genetic diversity. Further, even though concrete knowledge of genotypic links has been established for some variants of syndactyly and polydactyly, there appears to be no single comprehensive published summary of all syndromic and nonsyndromic syndactyly and polydactyly presentations, and there is decidedly no resource that maps all syndromic and nonsyndromic syndactylies and polydactylies to their genetic bases. This gap in the literature problematizes comprehensive carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis and complicates novel diagnostic attempts. This review thus attempts to collect all that is known about the genetic bases of syndromic and nonsyndromic syndactylies and polydactylies, as well as to highlight the dactyly manifestations for which no genetic bases are as yet known. Then, having established a summation of existing and missing knowledge, this work briefly outlines the diagnostic techniques that a genetics-reinforced understanding of syndactyly and polydactyly could inform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayun Ahmed
- From the Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hossein Akbari
- From the Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Abdolhasan Emami
- From the Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammad R. Akbari
- From the Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Bryant DM, Sousounis K, Farkas JE, Bryant S, Thao N, Guzikowski AR, Monaghan JR, Levin M, Whited JL. Repeated removal of developing limb buds permanently reduces appendage size in the highly-regenerative axolotl. Dev Biol 2017; 424:1-9. [PMID: 28235582 PMCID: PMC5707178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Matching appendage size to body size is fundamental to animal function. Generating an appropriately-sized appendage is a robust process executed during development which is also critical for regeneration. When challenged, larger animals are programmed to regenerate larger limbs than smaller animals within a single species. Understanding this process has important implications for regenerative medicine. To approach this complex question, models with altered appendage size:body size ratios are required. We hypothesized that repeatedly challenging axolotls to regrow limb buds would affect their developmental program resulting in altered target morphology. We discovered that after 10 months following this experimental procedure, limbs that developed were permanently miniaturized. This altered target morphology was preserved upon amputation and regeneration. Future experiments using this platform should provide critical information about how target limb size is encoded within limb progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Bryant
- Harvard Medical School, the Harvard stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Konstantinos Sousounis
- Harvard Medical School, the Harvard stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Allen Discovery Center at Tufts, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Johanna E Farkas
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sevara Bryant
- Harvard Medical School, the Harvard stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neng Thao
- Harvard Medical School, the Harvard stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna R Guzikowski
- Harvard Medical School, the Harvard stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Harvard Medical School, the Harvard stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Allen Discovery Center at Tufts, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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43
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A pilot study: Screening target miRNAs in tissue of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2570-2576. [PMID: 28565881 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) has been recognized as a condition resulting from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in embryonic development. However, few studies have focused on screening potential target miRNAs in human NSCLP tissue. Using microarray-based miRNA expression profiling, miRNA expression was compared in tissue samples from 4 NSCLP patients and 4 healthy control subjects. Two hundred and fifty-four miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. Changes in Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-27b-3p, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-720 were of particular interest with respect to Wnt signaling (fold-changes were 12.5, 12.2, 12.1, 12.3 and 10.5, respectively; P<0.005 for all). The levels of hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-205-5p were higher in tissues from NSCLP patients than in those from controls according to PCR analysis. Hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-205-5p may be candidate miRNAs involved in the etiology of NSCLP via Wnt signaling.
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Abstract
The limb is a commonly used model system for developmental biology. Given the need for precise control of complex signalling pathways to achieve proper patterning, the limb is also becoming a model system for gene regulation studies. Recent developments in genomic technologies have enabled the genome-wide identification of regulatory elements that control limb development, yielding insights into the determination of limb morphology and forelimb versus hindlimb identity. The modulation of regulatory interactions - for example, through the modification of regulatory sequences or chromatin architecture - can lead to morphological evolution, acquired regeneration capacity or limb malformations in diverse species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Petit
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,University of Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7364-RADEME, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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45
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Wang B, Wang W, Ni F. Classification of Congenital Deformities of Hands and Upper Limbs and Selection of Surgery Timing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5101-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Xu J, Chen J, Wang W, Wang B, Yu Y, Chen B, Yao J. Embryonic Auxanology, Etiology, and Pathology of Congenital Deformities of the Hands and Upper Limbs. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5101-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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48
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Eckei G, Böing M, Brand-Saberi B, Morosan-Puopolo G. Expression Pattern of Axin2 During Chicken Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163610. [PMID: 27680024 PMCID: PMC5040342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt-signalling is well understood and has been extensively described in many developmental processes. The regulation of this signalling pathway is of outstanding relevance for proper development of the vertebrate and invertebrate embryo. Axin2 provides a negative-feedback-loop in the canonical Wnt-pathway, being a target gene and a negative regulator. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the expression pattern in the development of the chicken embryo. By performing in-situ hybridization on chicken embryos from stage HH 04+ to HH 32 we detected a temporally and spatially restricted dynamic expression of Axin2. In particular, data about the expression of Axin2 mRNA in early embryogenesis, somites, neural tube, limbs, kidney and eyes was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Eckei
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marion Böing
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriela Morosan-Puopolo
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Takagi T, Seki A, Mochida J, Takayama S. Congenital Anomalies of the Extremities Occurring in Siblings. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2016; 21:49-53. [PMID: 27454502 DOI: 10.1142/s2424835516500065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When examining children with congenital anomalies of the extremities, it is not uncommon for parents to ask about the possibility of similar anomalies occurring in their next child. However, the inheritance of the disease in many congenital anomalies of the extremities has never been elucidated. METHODS In the present study we reviewed cases of their occurrence in siblings that we encountered in our department, and we investigated their characteristics. RESULTS The results did not reveal any disease specificity, but a tendency for bilateral cases and male cases (cases in brothers) to be more common was observed. CONCLUSIONS In recent years there have been reports of the discovery of causative genes in some congenital anomalies, but because cases of occurrence in siblings with no familial occurrence in the past are seen, there may be a variety of causative genes in many congenital anomalies. In the present study there were many male cases (cases in brothers) and many bilateral cases, and there appears to have been a strong possibility of familial occurrence in such cases, but there were also quite a few exceptions. It is necessary to bear the possibility of heredity in mind in every case and provide the parents with an explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Takagi
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,† Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Seki
- † Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joji Mochida
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takayama
- † Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Developmental Mechanism of Limb Field Specification along the Anterior-Posterior Axis during Vertebrate Evolution. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4020018. [PMID: 29615584 PMCID: PMC5831784 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In gnathostomes, limb buds arise from the lateral plate mesoderm at discrete positions along the body axis. Specification of these limb-forming fields can be subdivided into several steps. The lateral plate mesoderm is regionalized into the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (ALPM; cardiac mesoderm) and the posterior lateral plate mesoderm (PLPM). Subsequently, Hox genes appear in a nested fashion in the PLPM and provide positional information along the body axis. The lateral plate mesoderm then splits into the somatic and splanchnic layers. In the somatic layer of the PLPM, the expression of limb initiation genes appears in the limb-forming region, leading to limb bud initiation. Furthermore, past and current work in limbless amphioxus and lampreys suggests that evolutionary changes in developmental programs occurred during the acquisition of paired fins during vertebrate evolution. This review presents these recent advances and discusses the mechanisms of limb field specification during development and evolution, with a focus on the role of Hox genes in this process.
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