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Öztekin A, Öztekin C. The evolution of Pemphigus publications: A bibliometric analysis with research trends and global productivity. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38047. [PMID: 38701303 PMCID: PMC11062665 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite an increase in global research on the subject of Pemphigus, which seriously affects patient health and quality of life, there is no bibliometric research on this subject in literature to date. The aim of this study was to conduct a holistic analysis of scientific articles published on Pemphigus, using bibliometric methods. Articles published on the subject of Pemphigus between 1980 and 2021 were downloaded from the web of science (WoS) database and analyzed using various statistical methods. To determine trend subjects, collaboration between countries, and the most effective studies with citation analyses, visual network maps were obtained with bibliometric analyses. A total of 3034 articles were analyzed. The 3 countries making the greatest contribution to literature were the USA (n:831, 27.3%), Japan (n:402, 13.2%), and Germany (n:221, 7.2%). The 3 most active institutions were Keio University (n:163, 5.3%), Kurume University (n:130, 4.2%) and Tel Aviv University (n:107, 3.5%). The 3 journals publishing the most articles were the British Journal of Dermatology (n: 88), Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (n:171) and the Journal of Investigative Dermatology (n:143). The 3 leading journals according to the mean number of citations (NC) per article (citation count: CC) were the New England Journal of Medicine (CC:246), the Lancet (CC:143) and the Journal of Cell Biology (CC:133). The author with the most articles published was Hashimoto Takashi (n.168, 5.5%). As a result of cluster analysis, it was seen that 9 different main clusters had been studied on Pemphigus subjects to date (1: desmoglein, 2: paraneoplastic Pemphigus (PNP) - Pemphigus types-desmosome, 3: desmoglein 1 ve 3-autoimmunity, 4: treatment-rituximab, 5: acantholysis-apoptosis, 6: quality of life-remission-relapse, 7: autoantibodies, 8: epidemiology-mortality, 9: corticosteroids). The most commonly studied subjects were determined to be pemphigus vulgaris (PV), pemphigus foliaceus (PF), autoimmunity, rituximab, PNP, desmoglein (desmoglein3-desmoglein1), autoantibodies, acantholysis, autoantibody, treatment, autoimmune disease, desmosome, ELISA, and immunofluorescence. The primary trending topic was rituximab drug, which is used in the treatment of Pemphigus. The other most studied trend topics were azathioprine drug used in treatment, intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, quality of life, mortality rates, Pemphigus herpetiformis, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynure Öztekin
- Hitit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Öztekin
- Hitit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Çorum, Turkey
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Zhang H, Yu M, Liang G, Li S, Zhao C, Jing K, Feng S. Prevalence and clinical markers of herpes simplex virus infection in oral lesions of bullous pemphigoid. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1387503. [PMID: 38698862 PMCID: PMC11063318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The manifestations of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection are similar in oral mucosa, and the laboratory detection of HSV has some limitations, making it difficult to identify the HSV infection in oral lesions of BP. In addition, the treatments for BP and HSV infection have contradictory aspects. Thus, it is important to identify the HSV infection in BP patients in time. Objective To identify the prevalence and clinical markers of HSV infection in oral lesions of BP. Methods This prospective cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was conducted on 42 BP patients with oral lesions. A total of 32 BP patients without oral lesions and 41 healthy individuals were enrolled as control groups. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HSV. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with HSV infection were compared with those without infection. Results A total of 19 (45.2%) BP patients with oral lesions, none (0.0%) BP patients without oral lesions, and four (9.8%) healthy individuals were positive for HSV on oral mucosa. Among BP patients with oral lesions, the inconsistent activity between oral and skin lesions (p=0.001), absence of blister/blood blister in oral lesions (p=0.020), and pain for oral lesions (p=0.014) were more often seen in HSV-positive than HSV-negative BP patients; the dosage of glucocorticoid (p=0.023) and the accumulated glucocorticoid dosage in the last 2 weeks (2-week AGC dosage) (p=0.018) were higher in HSV-positive BP patients. Combining the above five variables as test variable, the AUC was 0.898 (p<0.001) with HSV infection as state variable in ROC analysis. The absence of blister/blood blister in oral lesions (p=0.030) and pain for oral lesions (p=0.038) were found to be independent predictors of HSV infection in multivariable analysis. A total of 14 (73.7%) HSV-positive BP patients were treated with 2-week famciclovir and the oral mucosa BPDAI scores significantly decreased (p<0.001). Conclusion HSV infection is common in BP oral lesions. The inconsistent activity between oral and skin lesions, absence of blister in oral lesions, pain for oral lesions, higher currently used glucocorticoid dosage, and higher 2-week AGC dosage in BP patients should alert physicians to HSV infection in oral lesions and treat them with 2-week famciclovir in time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Suying Feng
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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Chrcanovic BR, Martins-Chaves RR, Pontes FSC, Fonseca FP, Pontes HAR, Gomez RS. Pyodermatitis-pyostomatitis vegetans: a case report and systematic review focusing on oral involvement. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024:10.1007/s10006-024-01234-1. [PMID: 38467949 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-024-01234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyodermatitis-pyostomatitis vegetans (PPV) is a rare mucocutaneous disease characterized by multiple pustules and it is considered a marker for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The oral manifestations of this condition are referred to as pyostomatitis vegetans (PSV). PURPOSE To investigate which features could help in establishing the diagnosis of PSV, with or without cutaneous lesions, based on information retrieved from all cases of PSV described in the literature. A case of PV from the authors was also included in the analysis. METHODS An electronic search was undertaken, last updated in August 2022. Inclusion criteria included publications reporting cases of PSV, with the diagnosis confirmed by the pathological examination of oral or skin lesions, and presence of IBD. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Sixty-two publications with 77 cases of PSV and an associated IBD were included. Features that are helpful in establishing the diagnosis of PSV are snail track appearance of oral lesions, an associated IBD (which is not always symptomatic), evidence of intraepithelial clefting on microscopic examination of oral lesions, and peripheral blood eosinophilia. A gold standard for the management of PSV does not exist and high-level evidence is limited. There is no established therapeutic protocol for PSV and management primarily consists of topical and/or systemic corticosteroids, antirheumatic drugs (sulfasalazine, mesalazine), monoclonal antibody (infliximab, adalimumab) immunosuppressives (azathioprine, methotrexate), antibiotics (dapsone), or a combination of these. The risk of recurrence of oral lesions is considerable when the medication dose is decreased or fully interrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos Chrcanovic
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Carl Gustafs väg 34, Malmö, SE-214 21, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Felipe Paiva Fonseca
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hélder Antônio Rebelo Pontes
- Department of Oral Pathology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santiago Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Alrashdan MS, Andreadis D, Zisis V, Hassona Y. Immune-mediated oral mucosal pathology: a comprehensive review and update for clinicians - part II. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2024; 159:11-22. [PMID: 38345290 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.23.07690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The oral mucosa can be involved in a wide variety of mucocutaneous conditions that may present primarily in the mouth or affect other cutaneous or mucosal sites. Many of these conditions are immune mediated and typically present as inflammatory mucosal pathology. Patients experiencing such conditions usually seek medical evaluation and treatment due to the associated pain and discomfort, and occasionally taste disturbance or dysphagia and the overall deterioration in the oral health-related quality of life. These conditions share some common features and there could be some overlap in their clinical presentation, which can lead to delays in diagnosis and proper management of patients. Clinicians dealing with such disorders, including dermatologists, need to be aware of the oral manifestations of mucocutaneous conditions, their clinical features, underlying mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options, as well as the recent advances in the research on these conditions. This review provides a comprehensive, evidence-based reference for clinicians, with updated insights into a group of immune mediated conditions known to cause oral mucosal pathology. Part one will cover oral lichen planus, erythema multiforme and systemic lupus erythematosus, while part two will cover recurrent aphthous stomatitis, pemphigus vulgaris and mucous membrane pemphigoid, in addition to the less common disorders linear IgA disease, dermatitis herpetiformis and epidermolysis bullosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Alrashdan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates -
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan -
| | - Dimitrios Andreadis
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Zisis
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yazan Hassona
- Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
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Jain N, Jakati S, Shanbhag SS, Basu S. Direct Immunofluorescence Findings and Factors Affecting Conjunctival Biopsy Positivity in Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid. Cornea 2024; 43:159-165. [PMID: 37699562 PMCID: PMC10752260 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe the direct immunofluorescence (DIF) findings and factors affecting conjunctival biopsy positivity in patients clinically diagnosed with ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid (OMMP). METHODS This retrospective observational case series included patients with clinical OMMP who underwent conjunctival biopsy for DIF in at least 1 eye between 2018 and 2021 in an institutional setting. The primary outcome measures were association of age and chronic ocular complications with biopsy positivity. RESULTS Of 61 patients, DIF positivity was seen in 33 (54.1%) clinically suspected cases of OMMP. Of 39 patients who underwent bilateral biopsy, 23 (59%) were positive, of which 12 (52%) were positive in both eyes while 11 (48%) were positive in 1 eye. Of 22 patients who underwent unilateral biopsy, 10 (45%) were positive. Of the 100 biopsied eyes, 45 (45%) were DIF positive. Among the immunoreactants studied, linear deposition of C3 was seen in all 45 positive eyes (100%). Increasing age was significantly associated with higher likelihood of biopsy negativity ( P = 0.032), whereas a greater Sotozono chronic ocular complication score, indicative of disease severity, was associated with low likelihood of biopsy positivity ( P = 0.0042) and lower overall expression of immunoreactants on DIF ( P = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS Older patients and patients with more severe ocular surface disease sequelae are likely to have negative DIF results. To optimize the chances of confirming the diagnosis of OMMP by DIF, both eyes should be biopsied early in the disease course. If 1 eye is being biopsied, the less affected eye must be chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saumya Jakati
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; and
| | - Swapna S. Shanbhag
- Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre (BHERC), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Timóteo RP, Pessoa-Gonçalves YM, do Carmo Neto JR, Rodrigues WF, da Silva MV, Oliveira CJF. A Global View of Pemphigus: Geographical Variations. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 66:14-29. [PMID: 38289514 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08980-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Pemphigus, an autoimmune intraepidermal bullous disease group with roughly eight distinct forms, includes pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) as its predominant global forms. Despite the increased utilization of global health records and reporting systems, epidemiological data remain limited and poorly categorized. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a review to track, identify, and characterize cases of PV and PF published and categorized worldwide. A research question was formulated; studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria; and data from these publications were systematically collected, summarized, and presented using narrative descriptions. The search strategy yielded 3,212 articles, of which 95 underwent critical analysis and data extraction. Studies from 52 countries contributed to the dataset, covering various pemphigus variants. Notably, only two countries, Iran (18.87%) and South Korea (11.43%), accounted for approximately a third of the reported PV cases, while Brazil contributed 40.25% of the foliaceus variants cases documented in the literature. These findings offer valuable insights into the global distribution of pemphigus and inform future research and healthcare efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Pessato Timóteo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Yago Marcos Pessoa-Gonçalves
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Wellington Francisco Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil.
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Kothari R, Valarmathi T, Kishore K, Kumar R. Novel intralesional rituximab regimen in recalcitrant oral pemphigus vulgaris. J Dermatol 2023; 50:e390-e391. [PMID: 37424176 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kothari
- Department of Dermatology, Command Hospital Air Force, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Karthi Kishore
- Department of Dermatology, Command Hospital Air Force, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Command Hospital Air Force, Bengaluru, India
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Albagieh H, Alhamid RF, Alharbi AS. Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Case Report With Review of Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e48839. [PMID: 38106742 PMCID: PMC10723022 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a chronic autoimmune bullous disease that is characterized by mucocutaneous blister formation resulting in painful erosions. The autoantibody immunoglobulin (Ig) G directed toward glycoproteins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and desmoglein 1 is the main underlying mechanism behind PV leading to intraepithelial clefting and bulla formation. Patients usually present with oral ulcers causing severe pain and dysphagia that can be misdiagnosed as erythema multiforme (EM) or viral infections. The diagnostic process requires the correlation between clinical, histopathological, and immunopathological findings. Systemic and/or local corticosteroids are considered the cornerstone therapy of PV cases. This article describes a case of a 42-year-old male patient who presented in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology with chronic oral ulcers that were diagnosed with PV and treated using systemic corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Albagieh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Reem F Alhamid
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Alaa S Alharbi
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
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Yuan Q, Yang W, Zhang X. Immune cells in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous Pemphigoid: From pathogenic roles to targeting therapies. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110694. [PMID: 37523970 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are two major subtypes of autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBD), characterized by blisters and erosions of skin and/or mucous membranes with dysregulated immune activity. Current literature established that T and B cells are the main executors of PV and BP. Emerging evidence revealed that macrophages and related cytokines also contribute to these diseases. While the role of lymphocytes on PV and BP is well established, the definitive functions of macrophages in disease progression are not fully understood. Furthermore, current status of clinical trials targeting immune cells is poorly recapitulated in PV and BP. In this review, we summarized current knowledge in this rapidly advancing field, with emphasis on the individual functions of immune cells and their interactions, as well as ongoing clinical trials targeting immune cells, to provide novel insights in mechanistic understanding and clinical management of PV and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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Gabusi A, Stefanini M, Gissi DB, Rossi R, Sangiorgi M, Loi C, Filippi F, Montebugnoli L, Zucchelli G, Bardazzi F. Surgical management of gingival recessions in patients with refractory gingival pemphigus vulgaris: A multidisciplinary challenge. Clin Adv Periodontics 2023; 13:168-173. [PMID: 36733218 DOI: 10.1002/cap.10238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucogingival surgery for root coverage of gingival recessions (GRs) is usually performed in patients with unremarkable periodontal and systemic health. However, the predictable results of surgical procedures and increasingly high aesthetic expectations of patients necessitate optimal management of GR also in patients with systemic conditions that affect the oral cavity. In patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV), mucosal fragility and complicated surgical management of inflamed soft tissues are major challenges. METHODS AND RESULTS A 36-year-old female patient with PV and deep GR on the mandibular incisors is presented. After initial unresponsiveness to steroids and immunosuppressants, complete clinical remission was achieved through repeated rituximab infusions and topical platelet-rich plasma. After > 1 year of stable clinical remission off therapy the patient successfully underwent surgical procedures for vertically coronally advanced flap with connective tissue graft. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, no studies have described the surgical management of GR in PV patients. Although controlled studies are required to confirm present results, complete and stable clinical remission is necessary to avoid complications. Collaboration among dermatologists, oral medicine specialists, and periodontologists is essential to determine whether mucogingival surgery for root surface exposure is indicated for PV patients. KEY POINTS Why are these cases new information? This is the first report of root coverage in a patient with oral PV What are the keys to the successful management of these cases? The achievement of complete and stable clinical remission from oral PV Multidisciplinary collaboration among dermatologists, oral medicine specialists, and periodontologists What are the primary limitations to success in these cases? The refractoriness of gingival lesions induced by PV Poor mucogingival conditions of inflamed gingival tissues exacerbated by PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabusi
- Section of Oral Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Stefanini
- Section of Oral Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Bartolomeo Gissi
- Section of Oral Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Rossi
- Section of Oral Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Sangiorgi
- Section of Oral Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Loi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Division of Dermatology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Filippi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Division of Dermatology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Montebugnoli
- Section of Oral Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zucchelli
- Section of Oral Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Bardazzi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Division of Dermatology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Lakoš Jukić I, Mokos M, Marinović B. HLA class II antigens in Croatian patients with pemphigus vulgaris and their correlation with anti-desmoglein antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200992. [PMID: 37529044 PMCID: PMC10387520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an acquired autoimmune blistering disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies targeting desmosomal cadherins, primarily desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3, leading to acantholysis. The etiology of PV is multifactorial, including genetic susceptibility. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the association of HLA class II alleles and PV and to examine the impact of PV-associated HLA class II alleles on the concentration of anti-desmoglein antibodies. The study group included 30 patients in whom the diagnosis of PV was confirmed by histopathological analysis, immunofluorescence findings, and ELISA testing for detecting antibodies against desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3. HLA class II alleles were typed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). The control group consisted of 190 healthy volunteer blood donors. Data analysis revealed a significantly higher frequency of HLA class II alleles in our population of patients with PV, including HLA-DRB1*04:02, HLA-DRB1*14:54, HLA-DQB1*03:02, HLA-DQB1*05:03, HLA- DQA1*03:01, and HLA-DQA1*01:04, as well as a significantly lower frequency of HLA-DQA1*05:01 compared to the control group. We have also investigated the influence of risk alleles for PV, recognized in almost all study populations, HLA-DRB1*04:02 and HLA-DQB1*05:03, on the concentration of antibodies against desmogleins 1 and 3 in relation to the presence of these alleles. The results showed significantly higher levels of antibodies directed against desmoglein 3 among patients with DRB1*04:02 compared to patients without this allele. No difference was found for anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies. Regarding DQB1*05:03 allele, statistical analysis showed no differences in the concentration of anti-desmoglein antibodies in patients carrying this allele versus those without it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lakoš Jukić
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mislav Mokos
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Marinović
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Zisis V, Dimitrios A, Kasimatis E, Vakirlis E, Poulopoulos A. Alport Syndrome and Oral Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: An Interesting Case. Cureus 2023; 15:e41519. [PMID: 37551211 PMCID: PMC10404443 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary progressive glomerular disease associated with sensorineural hearing loss and ocular abnormalities. It is attributed to the altered structure and the subsequent dysfunction of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) due to the mutated type IV collagen a3/a4/a5 chains. It may emerge either as an X-linked disease, the most common, or as an autosomal disease, both recessive and dominant. A female patient, 26 years old, came in 2023 to the Department of Oral Medicine/ Pathology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, complaining about pain and a burning sensation in her right cheek. Her medical history revealed the diagnosis of Alport syndrome in 2016 and kidney transplantation in 2022 with extensive post-transplantation drug administration. The clinical examination revealed an ulcer, partially covered by a pseudomembrane, on the oral mucosa of the right cheek, surrounded by an erythematous border. A biopsy was taken, and the histopathological examination showed the oral manifestation of mucous membrane pemphigoid. After communicating with the attending nephrologist, the prescription of methylprednisolone was decided, and the lesions receded. The differential diagnosis included both AS-induced pemphigoid and drug-induced pemphigoid. The thorough medical history, detailed clinical investigation, lesion biopsy, and collaboration of different dental and medical specialties constitute necessary prerequisites for a successful treatment, even in immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Zisis
- Oral Medicine/ Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Andreadis Dimitrios
- Oral Medicine/Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | | | - Eustratios Vakirlis
- Dermatology, Ippokrateio General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
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Ansari MA, Singh PK, Dar SA, Rai G, Akhter N, Pandhi D, Gaurav V, Bhattacharya SN, Banerjee BD, Ahmad A, Das S. Deregulated phenotype of autoreactive Th17 and Treg clone cells in pemphigus vulgaris after in-vitro treatment with desmoglein antigen (Dsg-3). Immunobiology 2023; 228:152340. [PMID: 36689824 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The loss of balance between regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) causes loss of tolerance against desmoglein (Dsg)-3 leading to pemphigus vulgaris (PV), an autoimmune bullous skin disorder associated with autoantibodies against Dsg-3. We aimed to elucidate the complex relationship of Th17 and Treg cells, their molecules, and the underlying mechanism in the development of PV disease. Using cytokine secretion assays, Th17 and Treg cells were sorted by FACS Aria-III within Dsg-3-responsive PBMC population and homogeneous T cell clones were generated in-vitro. Different cell surface molecules like CD25, GITR, CD122, CD152, CD45RO, IL-23R, STAT3, STAT5, CD127, HLA-DR, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6 and CCR7 were studied. The functional response of Th17 and Treg cells were elucidated by measuring the levels of various cytokines released by IL-10 and IL-17 T cells. The mRNA expression of transcription factors (FoxP3 and RORγt) was also analyzed. IL-17 secreting (Th17) cells with phenotype CD4+IL-17+ were greatly increased and IL-10 secreting (Treg) cells with phenotype CD4+IL-10+ were reduced in PV cases than healthy controls. The qPCR analysis showing high expression of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt) mRNA in comparison to forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) mRNA confirmed the development of pro-inflammatory Th17 response in PV. Further, the cytokine profile of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines suggested defective suppressive functions in Treg cells with high inflammatory response. Our findings indicate that autoantigen Dsg-3 specifically allows the proliferation of IL-17 secreting T cells though has a negative effect on IL-10 secreting T cells leading to dysregulation of immunity in PV patients. This antagonistic relationship between Dsg-3-specific Th17 and Treg cells may be critical for the onset and persistence of inflammation in PV cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmad Ansari
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit (Department of Health Research), University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Sajad Ahmad Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gargi Rai
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65731, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepika Pandhi
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Vishal Gaurav
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Sambit Nath Bhattacharya
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shukla Das
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India.
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Le ST, Toussi AM, Nava JE, Downing LA, Fung MA. Case report: Mounded and refractory keratoses (MARK), a novel presentation of pemphigus vulgaris. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1087382. [PMID: 36703899 PMCID: PMC9871614 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1087382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare immunobullous disease. Although it classically presents as generalized flaccid blisters affecting the skin and mucosae, atypical cases of PV can be diagnostically challenging. Herein, we report an underrecognized non-blistering manifestation of pemphigus vulgaris, which we call mounded and refractory keratoses (MARK). MARK presents as exuberant scaling plaques on the scalp, often in the skin of color. When MARK features are present, pemphigus vulgaris is prone to misdiagnosis, clinically and histopathologically, leading to delays in appropriate treatment. Specifically, biopsies from these patients may resemble acantholytic dyskeratosis, resulting in initial misdiagnosis. Thus, recognizing this presentation may aid physicians in diagnosing and monitoring the recurrence of pemphigus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T. Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Stephanie T. Le,
| | - Atrin M. Toussi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Jordan E. Nava
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lauren A. Downing
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Maxwell A. Fung
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States,Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Zhao X, Ma S, Wang B, Jiang X, Xu S. PGG.MHC: toward understanding the diversity of major histocompatibility complexes in human populations. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:D1102-D1108. [PMID: 36321663 PMCID: PMC9825418 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, or the human version of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is known for its extreme polymorphic nature and high heterogeneity. Taking advantage of whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing data, we developed PGG.MHC to provide a platform to explore the diversity of the MHC in Asia as well as in global populations. PGG.MHC currently archives high-resolution HLA alleles of 53 254 samples representing 190 populations spanning 66 countries. PGG.MHC provides: (i) high-quality allele frequencies for eight classical HLA loci (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DRB1, -DPA1 and -DPB1); (ii) visualization of population prevalence of HLA alleles on global, regional, and country-wide levels; (iii) haplotype structure of 134 populations; (iv) two online analysis tools including 'HLA imputation' for inferring HLA alleles from SNP genotyping data and 'HLA association' to perform case/control studies for HLA-related phenotypes and (v) East Asian-specific reference panels for HLA imputation. Equipped with high-quality frequency data and user-friendly computer tools, we expect that the PGG.MHC database can advance the understanding and facilitate applications of MHC genomic diversity in both evolutionary and medical studies. The PGG.MHC database is freely accessible via https://pog.fudan.edu.cn/pggmhc or https://www.pggmhc.org/pggmhc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xuetong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, FudanUniversity, Shanghai 200438, China
| | | | - Shuhua Xu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 21 31246617; Fax: +86 21 31246617;
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Muniandy RK, Nagalingam N, Liew SL, Michelle Voo SY. Pain management of pemphigus vulgaris. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e250803. [PMID: 36109091 PMCID: PMC9478788 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune bullous disease which affects the mucous membranes and skin. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most prevalent type of pemphigus. PV presents with extremely painful, non-healing oral erosions. However, there are only a handful of reports addressing the pain management of PV. We would like to present a case of a painful PV, which was successfully managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Muniandy
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nagarajan Nagalingam
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sat Lin Liew
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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Alshami ML, Aswad F, Abdullah B. A clinical and demographic analysis of oral pemphigus vulgaris: A retrospective cross-sectional study from 2001 to 2021. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e832. [PMID: 36172301 PMCID: PMC9470012 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune vesiculobullous mucocutaneous disorder with life-threatening consequences. Early detection and adequate care are crucial for a good prognosis. This study aimed to determine the demographic data, clinical features, and the prognosis of patients with oral pemphigus vulgaris. Materials and Methods From 2001 to 2021, all diagnosed oral pemphigus vulgaris cases were extracted. Each patient's demographic and clinical data were gathered. Patients were called via phone to assess the prognosis, treatment type, and specialty of the physician who provided the diagnosis and therapy. Results The majority of the patients had only oral lesions with higher prevalence in female who also expressed severe pain than male. Only 14 of 29 patients responded phone calls. Except for one, all patients were in active disease. More than half of those respondents said pemphigus negatively affects social behavior and food intake. Correct diagnosis and treatment were decided by dermatology, oral medicine, and maxillofacial surgery specialists. Conclusion Oral pemphigus vulgaris was prevalent in females. Severe pain was common in females and older people. Even with effective therapy, the prognosis was poor. Medical and dental professionals had little knowledge of pemphigus vulgaris. Patients frequently report poor quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fawaz Aswad
- Department of Oral DiagnosisUniversity of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | - Bashar Abdullah
- Department of Oral DiagnosisUniversity of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
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18
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Pemphigus for the Inpatient Dermatologist. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-022-00369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Drenovska K, Ivanova M, Vassileva S, Shahid MA, Naumova E. Association of specific HLA alleles and haplotypes with pemphigus vulgaris in the Bulgarian population. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901386. [PMID: 35983062 PMCID: PMC9378788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune bullous dermatosis with uneven geographic distribution and higher incidence in certain populations. In previous studies, a relatively high incidence of PV was reported in Bulgaria (0.47/100,000/year) comparable to that in other countries. The genetic background was considered responsible for the disease susceptibility, and multiple reports have proven PV to be an HLA-associated condition. The aim of our study was to analyze the role of genetic factors in the development of PV in Bulgaria. HLA genotyping was performed in 56 PV patients, ethnic Bulgarians whose diagnosis was confirmed based on clinical, histological, and immunofluorescent findings. The control group consisted of 204 healthy individuals from the Bulgarian population without evidence for HLA-associated autoimmune diseases. HLA-A,-B,-DRB1,-DQB1 analysis was performed by PCR-SSP. Our results revealed predisposing associations with DRB1*14, DRB1*04:02, and B*38, B*55, while allele DRB1*03:01 and the corresponding haplotypes were significantly decreased in the PV patients. The predisposing role of these alleles has been observed in other populations. All reported predisposing DRB1 alleles have the same amino acids at key positions of the beta chain of the HLA molecules, 26 (Phe), 67 (Leu or Ileu), 70 and 71 (hydrophobic AA: Gln, Arg, Asp, or Glu), and 86 (Val), which is important for the selective presentation of desmoglein 3 peptides. Additionally, specific alleles HLA-A*01 and DRB1*11 were identified with decreased frequencies in the patients’ group, the last one being a common protective allele for autoimmune diseases in the Bulgarian population. The elucidation of the role of genetic factors for the development of pemphigus will help explain its higher incidence and clinical variability in certain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kossara Drenovska
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- *Correspondence: Kossara Drenovska,
| | - Milena Ivanova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Medical Faculty, Medical University – Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Snejina Vassileva
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martin Abu Shahid
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elissaveta Naumova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Medical Faculty, Medical University – Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Lamichhane R, Chaudhary S. Delayed Diagnosis of Pemphigus Vulgaris Initially Presenting as an Oral Ulcer: A Case Report. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2022; 60:641-643. [PMID: 36705190 PMCID: PMC9297360 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering disease clinically presenting as vesicles, bullae, and erosion and histologically characterized by suprabasal split and acantholysis. It usually affects mucous membranes and skin. Recurrent oral ulcers can only be the clinical manifestation before progressing into skin lesions. This can lead to the delayed diagnosis of this disease. Here we report a case of pemphigus vulgaris which was diagnosed after years of suffering from an oral ulcer that eventually progressed to widespread skin blistering and ulceration. The patient was treated with oral prednisolone which showed improvement within a week. Physicians should consider the differential diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris in patients presenting with a recurrent oral ulcer. Keywords delayed diagnosis; oral ulcer; pemphigus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Lamichhane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jalalabad Ragib Rabeya Medical College, Pathantula, Sylhet, Bangladesh,Correspondence: Dr Ramesh Lamichhane, Department of Internal Medicine, Jalalabad Ragib Rabeya Medical College, Pathantula, Sylhet, Bangladesh. , Phone: +977-9862429390
| | - Saroj Chaudhary
- Department of Cardiology, Nepal Cardio Diabetes and Thyroid Center, Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Brescacin A, Baig Z, Bhinder J, Lin S, Brar L, Cirillo N. What protein kinases are crucial for acantholysis and blister formation in pemphigus vulgaris? A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2825-2837. [PMID: 35616233 PMCID: PMC9540544 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by cell-cell detachment (or acantholysis) and blister formation. While the signaling mechanisms that associate with skin/mucosal blistering are being elucidated, specific treatment strategies targeting PV-specific pathomechanisms, particularly kinase signaling, have yet to be established. Hence, the aim of this review was to systematically evaluate molecules in the class of kinases that are essential for acantholysis and blister formation and are therefore candidates for targeted therapy. English articles from PubMed and Scopus databases were searched, and included in vitro, in vivo, and human studies that investigated the role of kinases in PV. We selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias in duplicates and the results were reported according to the methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). The risk of bias assessment was performed on in vivo studies utilizing SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Thirty-five studies were included that satisfied the pathogenicity criterion of kinases in PV, the vast majority being experimental models that used PV sera (n = 13) and PV-IgG (n = 22). Inhibition of kinase activity (p38MAPK, PKC, TK, c-Src, EGFR, ERK, mTOR, BTK, and CDK2) was achieved mostly by pharmacological means. Overall, we found substantial evidence that kinase inhibition reduced PV-associated phosphorylation events and keratinocyte disassociation, prevented acantholysis, and blocked blister formation. However, the scarce adherence to standardized reporting systems and the experimental protocols/models used did limit the internal and external validity of these studies. In summary, this systematic review highlighted the pathogenic intracellular events mediated by kinases in PV acantholysis and presented kinase signaling as a promising avenue for translational research. In particular, the molecules identified and discussed in this study represent potential candidates for the development of mechanism-based interventions in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Brescacin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zunaira Baig
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaspreet Bhinder
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sen Lin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lovejot Brar
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Baum S, Atar I, Coster D, Dovrat S, Solomon M, Sprecher E, Zeeli T, Barzilai A. Relationship Between Pemphigus Vulgaris Severity and PCR-positive Herpes Simplex Virus. Acta Derm Venereol 2022; 102:adv00703. [PMID: 35393625 PMCID: PMC9631263 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v102.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune skin disease. Although herpes simplex virus has been associated with autoimmune diseases, evidence regarding its association with pemphigus vulgaris exacerbations is scarce. This retrospective cohort study aimed to characterize the epidemiological and clinical features of patients with pemphigus vulgaris who were herpes simplex-positive, compared with those who were herpes simplex-negative, during disease onset. Of 62 patients with pemphigus vulgaris who underwent PCR testing for herpes simplex virus, 25 (40.3%) were positive, with a mean age of 56.1 ± 15.5 years; 35.5% were male. The herpes-positive group had significantly elevated levels of C-reactive protein, Pemphigus Disease Activity Index score, and shorter time to relapse. The time to remission, number of exacerbations per year, and remission status were non-significantly elevated in the herpes-positive group. Thus, routine testing lesions from patients with pemphigus for herpes simplex virus should be performed. If positive, antiviral treatment should be initiated; and preventive antiviral treatment should be considered in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Baum
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Mahmoud SB, Saleh MA, Aziz MA, Amer MA. Downregulation of aquaporin 3 in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:448-452. [PMID: 35470510 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune bullous skin disease. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is a glycerol/ water channel involved in several physiological functions. OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the tissue expression and localization of AQP3 in the skin of PV patients. METHODS Twenty-seven PV patients and 30 controls were included. The patients were subjected to history taking, clinical evaluation, Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score (ABSIS) and four-millimeter punch biopsy. The biopsies were stained using anti-human AQP3 antibody and the immunofluorescence pattern and intensity were evaluated using a scoring system and image J software analysis. RESULTS AQP3 was expressed in the basal epidermis in 27 (100%) and in the suprabasal epidermis in 19 PV patients (70.4%). It was expressed in all controls in basal and suprabasal layers. Intensity of AQP3 immunofluorescence was strong in 2 (7.4%), moderate in 19 (70.4%) and weak in 6 patients (22.2%) while it was strong in 18 (60%), and moderate in 12 controls (40%). AQP3 expression was significantly lower in patients than controls in the suprabasal epidermis (p=0.001). Patients with extensive disease had significantly weaker AQP3 intensity than those with marked disease (p=0.005) CONCLUSION: Downregulation of AQP3 in patients with PV, especially in the suprabasal layers and in extensive clinical disease, suggests a potential role of AQP3 in the pathogenesis of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bahaa Mahmoud
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwah Adly Saleh
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marina Alfy Aziz
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ahmed Amer
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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De D, Bishnoi A, Shilpa, Kamboj P, Arora AK, Pal A, Mahajan R, Handa S. Effectiveness of topical pilocarpine in refractory oral lesions of pemphigus vulgaris: Results from an open-label, prospective, pilot study. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15449. [PMID: 35289044 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature suggests a beneficial role of cholinomimetic agents in the treatment of pemphigus. In the present open-label, prospective pilot study, we assessed the effectiveness of topical pilocarpine 2% eye-drops in the treatment of recalcitrant oral lesions of pemphigus. METHODS Twenty patients with recalcitrant oral lesions of pemphigus were recruited and instructed to apply pilocarpine 2% eye-drops twice daily on the resistant oral lesions for 180 days. The systemic immunosuppression at the time of inclusion in the present study was continued at the same dose throughout the study duration. The photographs of the lesions were obtained at baseline and an interval of 30 days. The area representing the erosion was measured on clinical photographs using the imageJ software (National Institute of Health). Visual analogue scale and oral health impact profile-14 questionnaire were used to assess the degree of subjective improvement. Anti-desmoglein 1 and 3, and anti-acetylcholine M3 receptor antibodies were measured both in serum and saliva; at baseline and at the completion of the study. RESULTS Twenty patients were recruited in this pilot study. Mean total duration of illness was 3.4±1.3 years. The mean area of the erosions decreased significantly from 142.01±130.05 mm2 to 44.38±67.78 mm2 at study completion at 180 days (p 0.002, paired t-test). Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant trend in the reduction of the mean area of the erosions from baseline to day 180 (p 0.002). Mean VAS decreased significantly from 7.2±1.0 at baseline to 5.1±1.9 at day 180 (paired t-test, p 0.001). Mean OHIP-14 decreased significantly from 10.1±2.7 at baseline to 8.4±2.9 at day 180. No significant difference was observed between pre- and post-treatment levels of anti-desmoglein 1, anti-desmoglein 3, and anti-acetylcholine M3 receptor antibodies, in both serum and saliva. LIMITATIONS The depth component in the erosions could not be measured. An orabase formulation could be used in future studies to facilitate retention of the medication at the site of application. CONCLUSION Topical pilocarpine holds potential for the treatment of recalcitrant oral lesions of pemphigus vulgaris. It probably brings about re-epithelialization without imparting any immunomodulatory activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar De
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
| | | | - Shilpa
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
| | - Parul Kamboj
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
| | | | - Arnab Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rahul Mahajan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
| | - Sanjeev Handa
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
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Bumiller-Bini Hoch V, Schneider L, Pumpe AE, Lüders E, Hundt JE, Boldt ABW. Marked to Die-Cell Death Mechanisms for Keratinocyte Acantholysis in Pemphigus Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030329. [PMID: 35330080 PMCID: PMC8948972 DOI: 10.3390/life12030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a group of blistering autoimmune diseases causing painful skin lesions, characterized by acantholysis and by the production of autoantibodies against, mainly, adhesion proteins. We reviewed the literature for molecules and/ or features involved in the 12 cell death pathways described by Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death, taking place in pemphigus patients, cell lines, or human skin organ cultures treated with sera or IgG from pemphigus patients or in pemphigus mouse models, and found 61 studies mentioning 97 molecules involved in cell death pathways. Among the molecules, most investigated were pleiotropic molecules such as TNF and CASP3, followed by FASL and CASP8, and then by FAS, BAX, BCL2, and TP53, all involved in more than one pathway but interpreted to function only within apoptosis. Most of these previous investigations focused only on apoptosis, but four recent studies, using TUNEL assays and/or electron microscopy, disqualified this pathway as a previous event of acantholysis. For PV, apoptolysis was suggested as a cell death mechanism based on pathogenic autoantibodies diversity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and p38 MAPK signaling. To answer those many questions that remain on cell death and pemphigus, we propose well-controlled, statistically relevant investigations on pemphigus and cell death pathways besides apoptosis, to overcome the challenges of understanding the etiopathology of pemphigus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Bumiller-Bini Hoch
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (V.B.-B.H.); (L.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.E.P.); (E.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Larissa Schneider
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (V.B.-B.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Anna Elisabeth Pumpe
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.E.P.); (E.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Emelie Lüders
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.E.P.); (E.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Jennifer Elisabeth Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.E.P.); (E.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (V.B.-B.H.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lim YL, Bohelay G, Hanakawa S, Musette P, Janela B. Autoimmune Pemphigus: Latest Advances and Emerging Therapies. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:808536. [PMID: 35187073 PMCID: PMC8855930 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.808536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus represents a group of rare and severe autoimmune intra-epidermal blistering diseases affecting the skin and mucous membranes. These painful and debilitating diseases are driven by the production of autoantibodies that are mainly directed against the desmosomal adhesion proteins, desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and desmoglein 1 (Dsg1). The search to define underlying triggers for anti-Dsg-antibody production has revealed genetic, environmental, and possible vaccine-driven factors, but our knowledge of the processes underlying disease initiation and pathology remains incomplete. Recent studies point to an important role of T cells in supporting auto-antibody production; yet the involvement of the myeloid compartment remains unexplored. Clinical management of pemphigus is beginning to move away from broad-spectrum immunosuppression and towards B-cell-targeted therapies, which reduce many patients’ symptoms but can have significant side effects. Here, we review the latest developments in our understanding of the predisposing factors/conditions of pemphigus, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, and new and emerging therapies to treat these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Loo Lim
- Department of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, Singapore
| | - Gerome Bohelay
- Department of Dermatology and INSERM U1125, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Sho Hanakawa
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (ASRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Philippe Musette
- Department of Dermatology and INSERM U1125, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Baptiste Janela
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (ASRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Singapore Immunology network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- *Correspondence: Baptiste Janela,
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Saleh MA, Saleh NA. Pemphigus Vulgaris Relapse During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15354. [PMID: 35108427 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common type of pemphigus group of autoimmune skin diseases. The treatment of PV relapse is challenging especially during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In this prospective study, we aimed to evaluate the treatment of patients with relapsing PV during the pandemic. Twelve patients with PV who experienced relapse from March 2020 to January 2022 were included. The patients were asked whether they experienced COVID-19 symptoms and the pemphigus disease area index (PDAI) was measured. PCR for COVID-19, chest computed tomography, routine investigations, and electrocardiography were performed for the admitted patients. The mean PDAI of the patients during relapse was 23.6 ± 14.8 (range, 5-60). Seven patients received azathioprine; one patient received mycophenolate mofetil; and six patients received 1000 mg of rituximab (RTX) twice at an interval of 14 days. None of the 12 patients had COVID-19-suggestive symptoms. Only 1 patient relapsed after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. The six admitted patients who received RTX were negative for COVID-19 based on the PCR testing results. Out of the 12 patients, eight achieved complete remission, while four achieved partial remission. No major adverse effects were observed. In conclusion, the treatments with systemic steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and rituximab were well tolerated by the patients with relapsing PV, provided that there was no contact with individuals with COVID-19. These treatments can then be provided to patients with PV during the pandemic with careful follow-up.
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Bioengineered Efficacy Models of Skin Disease: Advances in the Last 10 Years. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020319. [PMID: 35214050 PMCID: PMC8877988 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of skin diseases, such as psoriasis and scleroderma, must accurately recapitulate the complex microenvironment of human skin to provide an efficacious platform for investigation of skin diseases. Skin disease research has been shifting from less complex and less relevant 2D (two-dimensional) models to significantly more relevant 3D (three-dimensional) models. Three-dimensional modeling systems are better able to recapitulate the complex cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions that occur in vivo within skin. Three-dimensional human skin equivalents (HSEs) have emerged as an advantageous tool for the study of skin disease in vitro. These 3D HSEs can be highly complex, containing both epidermal and dermal compartments with integrated adnexal structures. The addition of adnexal structures to 3D HSEs has allowed researchers to gain more insight into the complex pathology of various hereditary and acquired skin diseases. One method of constructing 3D HSEs, 3D bioprinting, has emerged as a versatile and useful tool for generating highly complex HSEs. The development of commercially available 3D bioprinters has allowed researchers to create highly reproducible 3D HSEs with precise integration of multiple adnexal structures. While the field of bioengineered models for study of skin disease has made tremendous progress in the last decade, there are still significant efforts necessary to create truly biomimetic skin disease models. In future studies utilizing 3D HSEs, emphasis must be placed on integrating all adnexal structures relevant to the skin disease under investigation. Thorough investigation of the intricate pathology of skin diseases and the development of effective treatments requires use of highly efficacious models of skin diseases.
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Raef HS, Piedra-Mora C, Wong NB, Ma DJ, David CN, Robinson NA, Almela RM, Richmond JM. Gene Expression Analysis in Four Dogs With Canine Pemphigus Clinical Subtypes Reveals B Cell Signatures and Immune Activation Pathways Similar to Human Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:723982. [PMID: 34660634 PMCID: PMC8511432 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.723982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a group of autoimmune-mediated mucocutaneous blistering diseases characterized by acantholysis. Pemphigus has also been recognized in dogs and shares similar clinical characteristics and variants with human pemphigus. While relationships between human and canine pemphigus have been reported, gene expression patterns across species have not been described in the literature. We sought to perform gene expression analysis of lesional skin tissue from four dogs with various forms of pemphigus to examine gene expression during spontaneous disease in dogs. We found increased T and B cell signatures in canine pemphigus lesions compared to controls, as well as significant upregulation of CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10, and CXCL8 (IL8), among other genes. Similar chemokine/cytokine expression patterns and immune infiltrates have been reported in humans, suggesting that these genes play a role in spontaneous disease. Direct comparison of our dataset to previously published human pemphigus datasets revealed five conserved differentially expressed genes: CD19, WIF1, CXCL10, CD86, and S100A12. Our data expands our understanding of pemphigus and facilitates identification of biomarkers for prediction of disease prognosis and treatment response, which may be useful for future veterinary and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya S Raef
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cesar Piedra-Mora
- Clinical Sciences Department, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Neil B Wong
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Diana Junyue Ma
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Nicholas A Robinson
- Clinical Sciences Department, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Ramón M Almela
- Clinical Sciences Department, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Jillian M Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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A Scoping Review of the Role of Metalloproteinases in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Pemphigus and Pemphigoid. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101506. [PMID: 34680139 PMCID: PMC8533820 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus and pemphigoid diseases are potentially life-threatening autoimmune blistering disorders that are characterized by intraepithelial and subepithelial blister formation, respectively. In both disease groups, skin and/or mucosal blistering develop as a result of a disruption of intercellular adhesion (pemphigus) and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion (pemphigoid). Given that metalloproteinases can target cell adhesion molecules, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of these enzymes in the pathogenesis of these bullous dermatoses. Studies examining MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) and the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family of proteases in pemphigus and pemphigoid were selected from articles published in the repository of the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE/PubMed) and bioRxiv. Multiple phases of screening were conducted, and relevant data were extracted and tabulated, with 29 articles included in the final qualitative analysis. The majority of the literature investigated the role of specific components of the MMP family primarily in bullous pemphigoid (BP) whereas studies that focused on pemphigus were rarer. The most commonly studied metalloproteinase was MMP-9 followed by MMP-2; other MMPs included MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-12 and MMP-13. Molecules related to MMPs were also included, namely, ADAM5, 8, 10, 15, 17, together with TIMP-1 and TIMP-3. The results demonstrated that ADAM10 and MMP-9 activity is necessary for blister formation in experimental models of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and BP, respectively. The data linking MMPs to the pathogenesis of experimental BP were relatively strong but the evidence for involvement of metalloproteinases in PV was more tentative. These molecules represent potential candidates for the development of mechanism-based treatments of these blistering diseases.
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31
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Stumpf N, Huang S, Hall LD, Hsu S. Differentiating Pemphigus Foliaceus From Pemphigus Vulgaris in Clinical Practice. Cureus 2021; 13:e17889. [PMID: 34548989 PMCID: PMC8437008 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a skin condition that causes intraepidermal separation of keratinocytes. Multiple types of pemphigus exist, including pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. These can be differentiated by histopathology, clinical presentation, appearance of lesions, and antibodies, among other factors. It is important to distinguish between the two because of differences in management and prognosis. Here we present a case of pemphigus foliaceus, as well as a discussion of the key differences between pemphigus foliaceus and vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Stumpf
- Department of Dermatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Simo Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lawrence D Hall
- Department of Dermatopathology, Institute for Dermatopathology, Dermpath Diagnostics, Newtown Square, USA
| | - Sylvia Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
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Subadra K, S S, Warrier S A. Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris. Cureus 2021; 13:e18005. [PMID: 34671517 PMCID: PMC8521543 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a chronic mucocutaneous autoimmune disease with the clinical feature of blisters that initially appear in the oral cavity and later in the skin. The dental professionals play an important role in diagnosing the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment determine the course and prognosis of the disease. Systemic corticosteroids continue to be the standard therapy for pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Management of PV involves prolonged use of steroids to control the disease and prevent relapses, but associated adverse events constantly remain a great challenge. Regular periodic clinical evaluation of patients with pemphigus on steroids is mandatory. This article describes a case of a 50-year-old woman with multiple chronic ulcers in the oral cavity in whom the diagnosis of PV was made and treated. The case study is followed by a review of the literature including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, as well as the various diagnostic criteria and the therapeutic options of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Subadra
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Sathasivasubramanian S
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Aravind Warrier S
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
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Koga H, Teye K, Otsuji Y, Ishii N, Hashimoto T, Nakama T. Autoantibodies to DSC3 in Pemphigus Exclusively Recognize Calcium-Dependent Epitope in Extracellular Domain 2. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2123-2131.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Matthews R, Ali Z. Comorbid mental health issues in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 47:24-29. [PMID: 34459019 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The term 'pemphigus' refers to chronic autoimmune skin disorders that cause blistering erosions on the skin and oral mucosa. The two major clinical forms are pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. Although rare, they confer a stark symptomatic burden upon patients that significantly impacts daily life. Comorbid mental health issues are not routinely screened for in patients with pemphigus, and current UK guidance provides no formal provision for the identification and treatment of psychological issues. This review is the first of its kind, to our knowledge, to systematically examine the available evidence on mental health issues in pemphigus. Published work suggests that the incidence of anxiety and depression is much higher in patients with pemphigus compared with both the general population and with patients having other chronic skin disorders. Disease severity appears to be closely linked to mental health, with worsening of pemphigus associated with deteriorations in psychological wellbeing. Corticosteroids, which are associated with depression in chronic use, are the current first-line therapy for pemphigus and have been identified as a potential confounder and independent risk factor for mental health comorbidity in pemphigus. Current evidence is unclear whether a bidirectional relationship exists between mental health and pemphigus severity, and more thorough research is required to develop understanding of this issue. In conclusion, we have identified a high incidence of mental health comorbidity in pemphigus, and recommend routine screening of patients with pemphigus for mental health issues and signposting toward mental health services as an initial measure to address this.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthews
- Department of Post-Graduate Medical Education, Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, East Lancashire Hospital Trust, Blackburn, UK
| | - Z Ali
- Department of Post-Graduate Medical Education, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK
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Al‐Harbawee A, Kassam K, Patel AN, Cottom H, Cheng L. Oral pemphigus vulgaris: dentists take-home message. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04494. [PMID: 34267920 PMCID: PMC8271215 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a life-threatening disease but timely recognition of oral lesions is critical to prevent serious cutaneous and fatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Kassam
- Homerton HospitalRoyal London Hospital UKLondonUK
| | | | | | - Leo Cheng
- Homerton HospitalRoyal London Hospital UKLondonUK
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36
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Kridin K, Ahmed AR. The evolving role of rituximab in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:443-454. [PMID: 33455475 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1874915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering disease. Systemic corticosteroids (CS), while life-saving, have several serious side effects. To improve treatment and prognosis, recently rituximab (RTX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20 molecule on B cells, has become popular. This Expert Opinion discusses clinical and scientifically relevant aspects of RTX treating PV. AREA COVERED This presentation describes the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, safety, adverse events, protocols used, and clinical outcomes. Concerns for infection, reactivation of latent or previous infections, and high relapse rate are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Use of RTX in PV is still a work in progress. There are many unanswered questions. FDA did not provide a protocol or guidelines. Whenever RTX is used, systemic corticosteroids are simultaneously used, albeit for a shorter duration and lower dose. Used in these doses for these durations they can cause immunosuppression. Would it be more appropriate if instead of 'First Line Therapy' it would be more advisable to use the term 'First Adjunctive Immunosuppressive Agent'?
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalaf Kridin
- Department of Dermatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Razzaque Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts University School of Medicine, and the Center for Blistering Diseases, USA
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Polat Ekinci A, Kiliç Sayar S, Babuna Kobaner G, Küçükoğlu R. Comparison of three different dose regimens of methylprednisolone as initial therapy for pemphigus vulgaris of moderate severity: A single-center retrospective study from Turkey. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 62:199-205. [PMID: 33660847 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, no consensus exists on the dosing regimen of corticosteroids in relation to disease severity in pemphigus vulgaris. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of three initial dose regimens of methylprednisolone in the treatment of moderate pemphigus. METHODS We retrospectively analysed the data of 46 patients with moderate pemphigus vulgaris, who initially received either low (0.60-0.80 mg/kg/day), moderate (0.81-1.20 mg/kg/day) or high (1.21-2.0 mg/kg/day) doses of methylprednisolone. RESULTS The median time to disease control and hospital stay was shortest in the high-dose group (8.5 days and 27.5 days, respectively). The low-dose group had the highest rate of adjuvant therapy (88.8%, P = 0.035). Cumulative methylprednisolone doses and corticosteroid-related adverse events were similar in the moderate- and high-dose groups. The initial methylprednisolone dose showed a significant inverse correlation with time to disease control (r = -0.319, P = 0.031) and a weak inverse correlation with length of hospital stay (r = -0.282, P = 0.058). LIMITATIONS Retrospective design and small patient size are major limitations. CONCLUSION In the treatment of moderate pemphigus vulgaris, high initial doses of corticosteroid seem to provide early disease control and shortened hospital stay without notable increases in cumulative corticosteroid doses. This treatment strategy may lower the risk for nosocomial infections and reduce the economic burden of pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algün Polat Ekinci
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sıla Kiliç Sayar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goncagül Babuna Kobaner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rıfkiye Küçükoğlu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Salviano-Silva A, Farias TDJ, Bumiller-Bini V, Castro MDS, Lobo-Alves SC, Busch H, Pföhler C, Worm M, Goebeler M, van Beek N, Franke A, Wittig M, Zillikens D, de Almeida RC, Hundt JE, Boldt ABW, Ibrahim S, Augusto DG, Petzl-Erler ML, Schmidt E, Malheiros D. Genetic variability of immune-related lncRNAs: polymorphisms in LINC-PINT and LY86-AS1 are associated with pemphigus foliaceus susceptibility. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:831-840. [PMID: 33394553 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin, clinically characterized by erosions and, histopathologically, by acantholysis. PF is endemic in the Brazilian Central-Western region. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to affect the susceptibility for PF, including SNPs at long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes, which are known to participate in many physiological and pathogenic processes, such as autoimmunity. Here, we investigated whether the genetic variation of immune-related lncRNA genes affects the risk for endemic and sporadic forms of PF. We analysed 692 novel SNPs for PF from 135 immune-related lncRNA genes in 227 endemic PF patients and 194 controls. The SNPs were genotyped by Illumina microarray and analysed by applying logistic regression at additive model, with correction for sex and population structure. Six associated SNPs were also evaluated in an independent German cohort of 76 sporadic PF patients and 150 controls. Further, we measured the expression levels of two associated lncRNA genes (LINC-PINT and LY86-AS1) by quantitative PCR, stratified by genotypes, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects. We found 27 SNPs in 11 lncRNA genes associated with endemic PF (p < .05 without overlapping with protein-coding genes). Among them, the LINC-PINT SNP rs10228040*A (OR = 1.47, p = .012) was also associated with increased susceptibility for sporadic PF (OR = 2.28, p = .002). Moreover, the A+ carriers of LY86-AS1*rs12192707 mark lowest LY86-AS1 RNA levels, which might be associated with a decreasing autoimmune response. Our results suggest a critical role of lncRNA variants in immunopathogenesis of both PF endemic and sporadic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Salviano-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Bumiller-Bini
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Sousa Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sara Cristina Lobo-Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claudia Pföhler
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina van Beek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Wittig
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Saleh Ibrahim
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Danillo Gardenal Augusto
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Danielle Malheiros
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Izzetti R, Nisi M, Aringhieri G, Vitali S, Oranges T, Romanelli M, Caramella D, Graziani F, Gabriele M. Ultra-high frequency ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of oral pemphigus and pemphigoid: An explorative study. Skin Res Technol 2021; 27:682-691. [PMID: 33405267 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intraoral ultra-high frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) is an emerging technique in oral medicine, due to its possibility to provide submillimeter resolution imaging of superficial mucosal structures. In this study, the potential role of UHFUS in the diagnosis of oral pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive patients with suspected oral PV or MMP were enrolled. All patients underwent clinical examination, laboratory tests, intraoral UHFUS scan, and biopsy. Histology and direct immunofluorescence were set as benchmark for diagnosis confirmation. The sensitivity and specificity of UHFUS compared to histology were assessed. Mann-Whitney test was performed to evaluate the presence of differences in the echogenicity of PV and MMP. P-value was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were included. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with PV, and twelve with MMP. The UHFUS features of PV and MMP lesions were described. Image analysis showed statistically significant differences between the echogenicity of PV and MMP lesions (P < 0.05). Good concordance between UHFUS and histology was found. UHFUS showed 75% sensitivity in the diagnosis of PV and 66.7% in the diagnosis of MMP. CONCLUSIONS UHFUS appears a valuable tool in the diagnosis of PV and MMP. Although histology and immunofluorescence remain the gold standard, UHFUS role in the diagnostic algorithm of PV and MMP seems promising as a chair-side tool consistently enhancing clinical evaluation of oral bullous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Izzetti
- Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nisi
- Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Aringhieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Saverio Vitali
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Oranges
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Romanelli
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Caramella
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Graziani
- Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Gabriele
- Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Luo N, Tan S, Li X, Liu S, Singh S, Chen M, Yang W, He Y, Chen C, Liang M. Pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient with pemphigus foliaceus: case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:8. [PMID: 33407179 PMCID: PMC7788831 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nocardiosis is an uncommon opportunistic infection seen in immunocompromised patients or those with a dysfunctional immune system. Nocardia asteroides infection in patients with Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) has never been reported. CASE PRESENTATION We report an interesting case of nocardiosis-characterized by pulmonary intra-cavitary infection, in a 54-year-old man with PF and diabetes mellitus. The man finally recovered from the infection. CONCLUSIONS This is the first case reporting pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient with PF. We recommend that physicians be aware of nocardiosis in patients with pemphigus as a possible cause of underlying infectious disease to avoid misdiagnoses and mismanagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, MaoNanQu, WeiMing Road 101 Hao, Maoming City, Guangdong, China
| | - Shifan Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, MaoNanQu, WeiMing Road 101 Hao, Maoming City, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaocai Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, MaoNanQu, WeiMing Road 101 Hao, Maoming City, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, MaoNanQu, WeiMing Road 101 Hao, Maoming City, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Mafeng Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Weiye Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Yanhong He
- Department of Scientific Research, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Chunna Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, MaoNanQu, WeiMing Road 101 Hao, Maoming City, Guangdong, China.
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Bakr RM, Sayed DS, Abd-Elkader AS, Kamel AA, Badran AY. Does interleukin-33 level correlate with the activity of Pemphigus vulgaris?: A case-control study. Dermatol Ther 2020; 34:e14605. [PMID: 33249704 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus is a group of immune-mediated blistering diseases of skin and mucus membrane caused by destruction of the intercellular junction (desmosomes) by autoantibodies. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is considered the most common type of all pemphigus family. Various cytokines play a major role in pemphigus pathogenesis. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) role has been studied in various autoimmune diseases as; psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, yet it has not been studied in Egyptian patients with PV. The study aimed to evaluate the possible role of IL-33 in PV by assessing its level in the serum using ELISA and to detect its correlation with activity score using Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI). Forty-four patients with PV and 36 age and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. After full history taking and complete dermatological examination, the severity score was calculated using PDAI, then serum samples were taken from each patient and control subjects and subjected to quantitative measurement of serum IL-33 using ELISA. Serum level of IL-33 is significantly raised in PV patients compared to control subjects (P-value = .007). The level of IL-33 was found to be strongly correlated with the activity of the disease measured by PDAI. IL-33 might have a role in PV pathogenesis as shown by its rising level in PV patients. In addition, serum level of IL-33 is strongly correlated with the activity of PV. Thus, we suspect that IL-33 can be used as marker for monitoring PV severity and measuring treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa M Bakr
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa S Sayed
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Amira A Kamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Aya Y Badran
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Assaf S, Malki L, Mayer T, Mohamad J, Peled A, Pavlovsky M, Malovitski K, Sarig O, Vodo D, Sprecher E. ST18 affects cell-cell adhesion in pemphigus vulgaris in a tumour necrosis factor-α-dependent fashion. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:1153-1160. [PMID: 33205400 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening mucocutaneous autoimmune blistering disease. We previously showed that genetic variants within the ST18 gene promoter area confer a sixfold increase in the propensity to develop PV. ST18, a transcription factor, was found to be overexpressed in the epidermis of patients with PV. In addition, it was found to promote autoantibody-mediated abnormal epidermal cell-cell adhesion and secretion of proinflammatory mediators by keratinocytes. OBJECTIVES To delineate the mechanism through which ST18 contributes to destabilization of cell-cell adhesion. METHODS We used quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence microscopy, a luciferase reporter system, site-directed mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and the dispase dissociation assay. RESULTS The ChIP and luciferase reporter assays showed that ST18 directly binds and activates the TNF promoter. Accordingly, increased ST18 expression contributes to PV pathogenesis by destabilizing cell-cell adhesion in a tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-dependent fashion. In addition, dual immunofluorescence staining showed increased expression of both ST18 and TNF-α in the skin of patients with PV carrying an ST18-associated PV risk variant, which was found to be associated with a more extensive PV phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a role for TNF-α in mediating the deleterious effect of increased ST18 expression in PV skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Assaf
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Malki
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - T Mayer
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Pavlovsky
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - K Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Vodo
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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DALTABAN Ö, ÖZÇENTİK A, AKMAN-KARAKAŞ A, ÜSTÜN K, HATİPOĞLU M, UZUN S. Clinical Analysis of Desquamative Gingivitis Related Oral Mucocutaneous Diseases. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.779519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ghiasi M, Nasimi M, Azizzadeh-Roodpishi S, Ansari MS, Daneshpazhooh M. Pemphigus scalp lesions: is trichoscopy helpful in clinical diagnosis? Int J Dermatol 2020; 60:81-87. [PMID: 33017059 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus is an autoimmune intraepidermal bullous disease which can affect skin and∕or mucous membranes. Trichoscopy is a non-invasive tool that can help in the clinical diagnosis especially if the patient is presented with only scalp lesions. We conducted this study to investigate the trichoscopic features of pemphigus scalp lesions. METHODS A total of 100 patients with confirmed diagnosis of pemphigus entered the study; Seventy-nine patients were diagnosed as pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and 21 as pemphigus foliaceus (PF). Trichoscopy of the scalp lesions was performed, and three dermatologists examined separately the trichoscopic images of each patient. The results were re-checked simultaneously by the examiners. Association between variables was analyzed by using different tests including: chi-square test or Fischer's exact test, independent T-Test or Mann-Whitney nonparametric test and logistic regression model when applicable. RESULTS Mean age of the patients was 45.41 ± 11.13 years, and 58% of cases were male. The most common trichoscopic features observed among all cases were diffuse scaling (71/100), presence of any types of vessels (67/100), and extravasation (63/100). Positive anagen pull test, extravasation, yellow hemorrhagic crust, and polymorphic vessels were more commonly seen in PV than PF cases (P value < 0.05), and by having data of these variables, we can differentiate between PV and PF scalp lesions with 74% sensitivity and 91% specificity. CONCLUSION Trichoscopy can help in clinical diagnosis of pemphigus scalp lesions but should be followed by other modalities such as biopsy and direct immunofluorescence for definite diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghiasi
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasimi
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Azizzadeh-Roodpishi
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Sadat Ansari
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Daneshpazhooh
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liu Y, Zhang B, Ma J, Wang H, Fan X, Zheng K, Chen L, Li X, Qin Y, Li L, Li X. Double-filtration plasmapheresis combined with immunosuppressive treatment for severe pemphigus: 10 years' experience of a single center in China. J Clin Apher 2020; 36:20-27. [PMID: 32812668 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus is a group of rare and severe autoimmune blistering disease mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies against desmogleins. Plasmapheresis can directly remove autoantibodies from circulation, which has been applied to the treatment of pemphigus as an adjuvant therapy. But the results of the researches are controversial. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) combined with immunosuppressive treatment for patients with severe pemphigus in our single center. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 17 patients with severe pemphigus who were unresponsive to high-dose corticosteroid and received DFPP treatment between January 2010 and January 2020. The information on demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory data, treatment regimens, and clinical outcomes were collected. RESULTS All the patients were diagnosed as severe pemphigus and had a period of at least 1 week of high-dose prednisone (1-1.5 mg/kg/day), but they were unresponsive to corticosteroid and immunosuppressants treatment. They received DFPP treatment as an adjuvant therapy. After DFPP treatment, the titers of desmogleins antibodies significantly decreased (P < .001), Nikolsky's sign became negative and no new blisters appeared. The dosage of corticosteroid could begin to taper down rapidly in 9 ± 4 days. On discharge, the dosage of prednisone decreased significantly (51 ± 3 mg/day, P < .001). No major adverse events happened that could lead to the termination of DFPP treatment. CONCLUSION Double filtration plasmapheresis combined with immunosuppressive treatment is an effective and safe therapeutic regimen for severe pemphigus. DFPP can also contribute to the dosage reduction of steroid to avoid more drug-related side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Coco G, Romano V, Menassa N, Borroni D, Iselin K, Finn D, Figueiredo GS, Tacea F, Field EA, Ahmad S, Kaye SB. Conjunctival Biopsy Site in Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 216:1-6. [PMID: 32067959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if there is an association between the location of the conjunctival biopsy site (lesional, perilesional, or nonaffected) and the result of the direct immunofluorescence (DIF) test in patients with suspected mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) involving the ocular surface. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Records of patients with clinically suspected ocular MMP were reviewed to determine the location of the conjunctival biopsy. Conjunctival biopsy locations were defined as "lesional," "perilesional," and "nonaffected" conjunctiva. The DIF was considered positive when there was deposition of at least 1 of either IgM, IgG, IgA, or C3 at the basement membrane of the specimen; nondiagnostic when only fibrinogen was found at the same location; and negative when none of these features were present. RESULTS The records of 41 patients were analyzed. Of these, 32 were eligible to be included in the study. Biopsies were lesional in 22% of cases (7/32), perilesional in 22% (7/32), and from nonaffected conjunctiva in 56% (18/32). DIF results were positive in 14% of lesional biopsies, in 86% of perilesional biopsies, and in 17% of those from nonaffected conjunctiva (P = .003). Perilesional biopsies gave higher positive DIF than lesional biopsies (P = .029). CONCLUSIONS Perilesional conjunctival biopsies are associated with an increase in positive DIF results. These results support the need to sample perilesional conjunctival tissue in patients with suspected MMP.
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Tominaga K, Tsuchiya A, Sato H, Ishii Y, Takeda N, Natsui K, Kawata Y, Kimura N, Arao Y, Takeuchi S, Hayashi K, Yokoyama J, Terai S. Rare case of circumferential esophageal peeling. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1306-1308. [PMID: 32695382 PMCID: PMC7364067 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This report highlights the easy peeling of the esophageal epithelium with Nikolsky phenomenon after swallowing the foreign body and the healing status of the esophagus only 3 days later in a patient of pemphigus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tominaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Yui Ishii
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Nobutaka Takeda
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Kazuki Natsui
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Yuzo Kawata
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Naruhiro Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Yoshihisa Arao
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Suguru Takeuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Kazunao Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Junji Yokoyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
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Delavarian Z, Layegh P, Pakfetrat A, Zarghi N, Khorashadizadeh M, Ghazi A. Evaluation of desmoglein 1 and 3 autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris: correlation with disease severity. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e440-e445. [PMID: 32509225 PMCID: PMC7263783 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) and desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common form of pemphigus. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the levels of anti-desmoglein 1 and 3 autoantibodies and the severity of PV disease.
Material and Methods Nineteen newly diagnosed patients with pemphigus vulgaris were enrolled in this study. The titers of Dsg in subjects by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were done at diagnosis time-point, 4th and 8th weeks after the initiation of treatment, and the correlation of antibodies with the oral and skin disease severity was evaluated.
Results The severity of cutaneous lesions was significantly correlated with anti-Dsg1 titer in all visits and the severity of mucosal lesions was correlated with the titer of Dsg3 in the third visit (<0.001, 0.001, 0.016 and 0.015 P value, respectively).
Conclusions Anti-Dsg-1 autoantibodies titers seem to be more useful in showing the extent of the disease and activity in pemphigus with mucocutaneous lesions. Key words:Pemphigus vulgaris, Desmoglein (Dsg), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Delavarian
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pouran Layegh
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atessa Pakfetrat
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nazila Zarghi
- Faculty member of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Education Development Center (EDC), Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ala Ghazi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yoshida T, Minakuchi H, Takahashi R, Morita S, Oya M. Safety and efficacy of plasma exchange via direct femoral vein puncture in autoimmune blistering diseases. J Clin Apher 2020; 35:172-177. [PMID: 32142168 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasma exchange (PE) is performed for patients with autoimmune blistering diseases by using multiple vascular access routes. We retrospectively examined the safety and the efficacy of PE using direct femoral vein puncture (FVP) technique, by comparing with that using double-lumen catheter (DLC). The troubles related to vascular route, such as catheter occlusion, insufficient blood flow and hematoma, were not different between the FVP group (4.6%) and the DLC group (6.7%), whereas access-related infections occurred more frequently in the DLC group (6.7%) than the FVP group (0.4%). Regarding the efficacy, the removal rate of autoantibodies in PE using the FVP technique was similar or lower, as compared with that using the DLC. These results suggest that PE with the FVP technique is able to be performed safely in patients with autoimmune blistering diseases, although the removal of autoantibodies is not superior to that using the DLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Minakuchi
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Takahashi
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Morita
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang A, Xuan R, Melbourne W, Tran K, Murrell DF. Validation of the BIOCHIP test for the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:153-160. [PMID: 31260565 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BIOCHIP is a novel multiplex indirect immunofluorescence technique used in the serological diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus. The BIOCHIP method combines the screening of autoantibodies and target antigen-specific substrates in a single miniature incubation field. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the new immunofluorescence BIOCHIP multiplex tool in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. METHODS For the validation of the BIOCHIP, sera from patients with BP (n = 38), PF (n = 8) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) (n = 23) were used. In addition, sera from disease control patients (n = 63) and healthy volunteers (n = 39) were used. The multiplex BIOCHIP and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) were performed for all BP, PF and PV patients. Additional indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) was performed on patients with BP, and ELISA was performed on patients with pemphigus. RESULTS The BIOCHIP mosaic showed a sensitivity of 86.8% and specificity of 85% for BP180 or BP230 being positive in BP. It demonstrated a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 97.7% for Dsg1 in PF. The BIOCHIP was found to have a sensitivity of 60.9% and specificity of 73.6% for Dsg3 in PV. CONCLUSION The BIOCHIP mosaic-based immunofluorescence test is potentially a simple, time and effort saving test that can aid in the diagnosis and screening of BP, PV and PF. However, there is potential for interpretation bias and a learning curve that needs to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yang
- Department of Dermatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Xuan
- Department of Dermatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - W Melbourne
- Department of Dermatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Pathology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Tran
- Department of Dermatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Pathology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D F Murrell
- Department of Dermatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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