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Alhejailan RS, Garoffolo G, Raveendran VV, Pesce M. Cells and Materials for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103398. [PMID: 37240504 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After more than 20 years following the introduction of regenerative medicine to address the problem of cardiac diseases, still questions arise as to the best cell types and materials to use to obtain effective clinical translation. Now that it is definitively clear that the heart does not have a consistent reservoir of stem cells that could give rise to new myocytes, and that there are cells that could contribute, at most, with their pro-angiogenic or immunomodulatory potential, there is fierce debate on what will emerge as the winning strategy. In this regard, new developments in somatic cells' reprogramming, material science and cell biophysics may be of help, not only for protecting the heart from the deleterious consequences of aging, ischemia and metabolic disorders, but also to boost an endogenous regeneration potential that seems to be lost in the adulthood of the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Saud Alhejailan
- Cell Biology Department, King's Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gloria Garoffolo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Vineesh Vimala Raveendran
- Cell Biology Department, King's Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
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Alam P, Maliken BD, Jones SM, Ivey MJ, Wu Z, Wang Y, Kanisicak O. Cardiac Remodeling and Repair: Recent Approaches, Advancements, and Future Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313104. [PMID: 34884909 PMCID: PMC8658114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited ability of mammalian adult cardiomyocytes to proliferate following an injury to the heart, such as myocardial infarction, is a major factor that results in adverse fibrotic and myocardial remodeling that ultimately leads to heart failure. The continued high degree of heart failure-associated morbidity and lethality requires the special attention of researchers worldwide to develop efficient therapeutics for cardiac repair. Recently, various strategies and approaches have been developed and tested to extrinsically induce regeneration and restoration of the myocardium after cardiac injury have yielded encouraging results. Nevertheless, these interventions still lack adequate success to be used for clinical interventions. This review highlights and discusses both cell-based and cell-free therapeutic approaches as well as current advancements, major limitations, and future perspectives towards developing an efficient therapeutic method for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perwez Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Bryan D. Maliken
- Harrington Physician-Scientist Pathway, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Shannon M. Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Malina J. Ivey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (P.A.); (S.M.J.); (M.J.I.); (Z.W.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-558-2029; Fax: +1-513-584-3892
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Alvites RD, Branquinho MV, Sousa AC, Lopes B, Sousa P, Mendonça C, Atayde LM, Maurício AC. Small Ruminants and Its Use in Regenerative Medicine: Recent Works and Future Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030249. [PMID: 33810087 PMCID: PMC8004958 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Small ruminants such as sheep and goats have been increasingly used as animal models due to their dimensions, physiology and anatomy identical to those of humans. Their low costs, ease of accommodation, great longevity and easy handling make them advantageous animals to be used in a wide range of research work. Although there is already a lot of scientific literature describing these species, their use still lacks some standardization. The purpose of this review is to summarize the general principles related to the use of small ruminants as animal models for scientific research. Abstract Medical and translational scientific research requires the use of animal models as an initial approach to the study of new therapies and treatments, but when the objective is an exploration of translational potentialities, classical models fail to adequately mimic problems in humans. Among the larger animal models that have been explored more intensely in recent decades, small ruminants, namely sheep and goats, have emerged as excellent options. The main advantages associated to the use of these animals in research works are related to their anatomy and dimensions, larger than conventional laboratory animals, but very similar to those of humans in most physiological systems, in addition to their low maintenance and feeding costs, tendency to be docile, long life expectancies and few ethical complications raised in society. The most obvious disadvantages are the significant differences in some systems such as the gastrointestinal, and the reduced amount of data that limits the comparison between works and the validation of the characterization essays. Despite everything, recently these species have been increasingly used as animal models for diseases in different systems, and the results obtained open doors for their more frequent and advantageous use in the future. The purpose of this review is to summarize the general principles related to the use of small ruminants as animal models, with a focus on regenerative medicine, to group the most relevant works and results published recently and to highlight the potentials for the near future in medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Damásio Alvites
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vieira Branquinho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruna Lopes
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Mendonça
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Atayde
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-919-071-286 or +351-220-428-000
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Carresi C, Scicchitano M, Scarano F, Macrì R, Bosco F, Nucera S, Ruga S, Zito MC, Mollace R, Guarnieri L, Coppoletta AR, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Maiuolo J, Palma E, Mollace V. The Potential Properties of Natural Compounds in Cardiac Stem Cell Activation: Their Role in Myocardial Regeneration. Nutrients 2021; 13:275. [PMID: 33477916 PMCID: PMC7833367 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which include congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and many other cardiac disorders, cause about 30% of deaths globally; representing one of the main health problems worldwide. Among CVDs, ischemic heart diseases (IHDs) are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. The onset of IHDs is essentially due to an unbalance between the metabolic demands of the myocardium and its supply of oxygen and nutrients, coupled with a low regenerative capacity of the heart, which leads to great cardiomyocyte (CM) loss; promoting heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (MI). To date, the first strategy recommended to avoid IHDs is prevention in order to reduce the underlying risk factors. In the management of IHDs, traditional therapeutic options are widely used to improve symptoms, attenuate adverse cardiac remodeling, and reduce early mortality rate. However, there are no available treatments that aim to improve cardiac performance by replacing the irreversible damaged cardiomyocytes (CMs). Currently, heart transplantation is the only treatment being carried out for irreversibly damaged CMs. Hence, the discovery of new therapeutic options seems to be necessary. Interestingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that regenerative stem cell medicine could be a useful therapeutic approach to counteract cardiac damage and promote tissue regeneration. To this end, researchers are tasked with answering one main question: how can myocardial regeneration be stimulated? In this regard, natural compounds from plant extracts seem to play a particularly promising role. The present review will summarize the recent advances in our knowledge of stem cell therapy in the management of CVDs; focusing on the main properties and potential mechanisms of natural compounds in stimulating and activating stem cells for myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carresi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Federica Scarano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Das MK, Lunavat TR, Miletic H, Hossain JA. The Potentials and Pitfalls of Using Adult Stem Cells in Cancer Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1326:139-157. [PMID: 33615422 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells play a pivotal role in the developmental stages of an organism and in adulthood as well. Therefore, it is not surprising that stem cells constitute a focus of extensive research. Indeed, several decades of stem cell research have tremendously increased our knowledge on the mechanistic understandings of stem cell biology. Interestingly, revealing the fundamental principles of stem cell biology has also fostered its application for therapeutic purposes. Many of the attributes that the stem cells possess, some of which are unique, allow multifaceted exploitation of stem cells in the treatment of various diseases. Cancer, the leading cause of mortality worldwide, is one of the disease groups that has been benefited by the potentials of therapeutic applications of the stem cells. While the modi operandi of how stem cells contribute to cancer treatment are many-sided, two major principles can be conceived. One mode involves harnessing the regenerative power of the stem cells to promote the generation of blood-forming cells in cancer patients after cytotoxic regimens. A totally different kind of utility of stem cells has been exercised in another mode where the stem cells can potentially deliver a plethora of anti-cancer therapeutics in a tumor-specific manner. While both these approaches can improve the treatment of cancer patients, there exist several issues that warrant further research. This review summarizes the basic principles of the utility of the stem cells in cancer treatment along with the current trends and pinpoints the major obstacles to focus on in the future for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Das
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Taral R Lunavat
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jubayer A Hossain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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He L, Chen X. Cardiomyocyte Induction and Regeneration for Myocardial Infarction Treatment: Cell Sources and Administration Strategies. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001175. [PMID: 33000909 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Occlusion of coronary artery and subsequent damage or death of myocardium can lead to myocardial infarction (MI) and even heart failure-one of the leading causes of deaths world wide. Notably, myocardium has extremely limited regeneration potential due to the loss or death of cardiomyocytes (i.e., the cells of which the myocardium is comprised) upon MI. A variety of stem cells and stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells, in situ cardiac fibroblasts and endogenous proliferative epicardium, have been exploited to provide renewable cellular sources to treat injured myocardium. Also, different strategies, including direct injection of cell suspensions, bioactive molecules, or cell-incorporated biomaterials, and implantation of artificial cardiac scaffolds (e.g., cell sheets and cardiac patches), have been developed to deliver renewable cells and/or bioactive molecules to the MI site for the myocardium regeneration. This article briefly surveys cell sources and delivery strategies, along with biomaterials and their processing techniques, developed for MI treatment. Key issues and challenges, as well as recommendations for future research, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong He
- Department of Cell Biology Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon S7N5A9 Canada
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Analyzing Impetus of Regenerative Cellular Therapeutics in Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051277. [PMID: 32354170 PMCID: PMC7287592 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both vasculature and myocardium in the heart are excessively damaged following myocardial infarction (MI), hence therapeutic strategies for treating MI hearts should concurrently aim for true cardiac repair by introducing new cardiomyocytes to replace lost or injured ones. Of them, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have long been considered a promising candidate for cell-based therapy due to their unspecialized, proliferative differentiation potential to specific cell lineage and, most importantly, their capacity of secreting beneficial paracrine factors which further promote neovascularization, angiogenesis, and cell survival. As a consequence, the differentiated MSCs could multiply and replace the damaged tissues to and turn into tissue- or organ-specific cells with specialized functions. These cells are also known to release potent anti-fibrotic factors including matrix metalloproteinases, which inhibit the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts, thereby attenuating fibrosis. To achieve the highest possible therapeutic efficacy of stem cells, the other interventions, including hydrogels, electrical stimulations, or platelet-derived biomaterials, have been supplemented, which have resulted in a narrow to broad range of outcomes. Therefore, this article comprehensively analyzed the progress made in stem cells and combinatorial therapies to rescue infarcted myocardium.
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Jang WB, Ji ST, Park JH, Kim YJ, Kang S, Kim DY, Lee NK, Kim JS, Lim HJ, Choi J, Le THV, Ly TTG, Rethineswaran VK, Kim DH, Ha JS, Yun J, Baek SH, Kwon SM. Engineered M13 Peptide Carrier Promotes Angiogenic Potential of Patient-Derived Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells and In Vivo Engraftment. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:323-333. [PMID: 32227286 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite promising advances in stem cell-based therapy, the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular diseases remains a big challenge due to both the insufficient in vivo viability of transplanted cells and poor angiogenic potential of stem cells. The goal of this study was to develop therapeutic human cardiac progenitor cells (hCPCs) for ischemic cardiovascular diseases with a novel M13 peptide carrier. METHOD In this study, an engineered M13 peptide carrier was successfully generated using a QuikChange Kit. The cellular function of M13 peptide carrier-treated hCPCs was assessed using a tube formation assay and scratch wound healing assay. The in vivo engraftment and cell survival bioactivities of transplanted cells were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry after hCPC transplantation into a myocardial infarction animal model. RESULTS The engineered M13RGD+SDKP peptide carrier, which expressed RGD peptide on PIII site and SDKP peptide on PVIII site, did not affect morphologic change and proliferation ability in hCPCs. In contrast, hCPCs treated with M13RGD+SDKP showed enhanced angiogenic capacity, including tube formation and migration capacity. Moreover, transplanted hCPCs with M13RGD+SDKP were engrafted into the ischemic region and promoted in vivo cell survival. CONCLUSION Our present data provides a promising protocol for CPC-based cell therapy via short-term cell priming of hCPCs with engineered M13RGD+SDKP before cell transplantation for treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Bi Jang
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Taek Ji
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Park
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhwa Kang
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ji Lim
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Truong Giang Ly
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinoth Kumar Rethineswaran
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery & Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Ha
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Yun
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hong Baek
- Division of Cardiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea. .,Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Banerjee MN, Bolli R, Hare JM. Clinical Studies of Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular Medicine: Recent Developments and Future Directions. Circ Res 2019; 123:266-287. [PMID: 29976692 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.311217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given the rising prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and the limited therapeutic options for severe heart failure, novel technologies that harness the regenerative capacity of the heart are sorely needed. The therapeutic use of stem cells has the potential to reverse myocardial injury and improve cardiac function, in contrast to most current medical therapies that only mitigate heart failure symptoms. Nearly 2 decades and >200 trials for cardiovascular disease have revealed that most cell types are safe; however, their efficacy remains controversial, limiting the transition of this therapy from investigation to practice. Lessons learned from these initial studies are driving the design of new clinical trials; higher fidelity of cell isolation techniques, standardization of conditions, more consistent use of state of the art measurement techniques, and assessment of multiple end points to garner insights into the efficacy of stem cells. Translation to clinical trials has almost outpaced our mechanistic understanding, and individual patient factors likely play a large role in stem cell efficacy. Therefore, careful analysis of dosing, delivery methods, and the ideal patient populations is necessary to translate cell therapy from research to practice. We are at a pivotal stage in the field in which information from many relatively small clinical trials must guide carefully executed efficacy trials. Larger efficacy trials are being launched to answer questions about older, first-generation stem cell therapeutics, while novel, second-generation products are being introduced into the clinical realm. This review critically examines the current state of clinical research on cell-based therapies for cardiovascular disease, highlighting the controversies in the field, improvements in clinical trial design, and the application of exciting new cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha N Banerjee
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (M.N.B., J.M.H.).,Department of Surgery (M.N.B)
| | - Roberto Bolli
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY (R.B.)
| | - Joshua M Hare
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (M.N.B., J.M.H.) .,Department of Medicine (J.M.H.)
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10
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Gude NA, Sussman MA. Cardiac regenerative therapy: Many paths to repair. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 30:338-343. [PMID: 31515053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the primary cause of death in the United States and in most nations worldwide, despite ongoing intensive efforts to promote cardiac health and treat heart failure. Replacing damaged myocardium represents perhaps the most promising treatment strategy, but also the most challenging given that the adult mammalian heart is notoriously resistant to endogenous repair. Cardiac regeneration following pathologic challenge would require proliferation of surviving tissue, expansion and differentiation of resident progenitors, or transdifferentiation of exogenously applied progenitor cells into functioning myocardium. Adult cardiomyocyte proliferation has been the focus of investigation for decades, recently enjoying a renaissance of interest as a therapeutic strategy for reversing cardiomyocyte loss due in large part to ongoing controversies and frustrations with myocardial cell therapy outcomes. The promise of cardiac cell therapy originated with reports of resident adult cardiac stem cells that could be isolated, expanded and reintroduced into damaged myocardium, producing beneficial effects in preclinical animal models. Despite modest functional improvements, Phase I clinical trials using autologous cardiac derived cells have proven safe and effective, setting the stage for an ongoing multi-center Phase II trial combining autologous cardiac stem cell types to enhance beneficial effects. This overview will examine the history of these two approaches for promoting cardiac repair and attempt to provide context for current and future directions in cardiac regenerative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Gude
- SDSU Heart Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- SDSU Heart Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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11
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Rikhtegar R, Pezeshkian M, Dolati S, Safaie N, Afrasiabi Rad A, Mahdipour M, Nouri M, Jodati AR, Yousefi M. Stem cells as therapy for heart disease: iPSCs, ESCs, CSCs, and skeletal myoblasts. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:304-313. [PMID: 30396088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart Diseases are serious and global public health concern. In spite of remarkable therapeutic developments, the prediction of patients with Heart Failure (HF) is weak, and present therapeutic attitudes do not report the fundamental problem of the cardiac tissue loss. Innovative therapies are required to reduce mortality and limit or abolish the necessity for cardiac transplantation. Stem cell-based therapies applied to the treatment of heart disease is according to the understanding that natural self-renewing procedures are inherent to the myocardium, nonetheless may not be adequate to recover the infarcted heart muscle. Following the first account of cell therapy in heart diseases, examination has kept up to rapidity; besides, several animals and human clinical trials have been conducted to preserve the capacity of numerous stem cell population in advance cardiac function and decrease infarct size. The purpose of this study was to censoriously evaluate the works performed regarding the usage of four major subgroups of stem cells, including induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC), Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), Cardiac Stem Cells (CDC), and Skeletal Myoblasts, in heart diseases, at the preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, it is aimed to argue the existing disagreements, unsolved problems, and prospect directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rikhtegar
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Pezeshkian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Afrasiabi Rad
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Jodati
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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12
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Zhang J, Tian X, Peng C, Yan C, Li Y, Sun M, Kang J, Gao E, Han Y. Transplantation of CREG modified embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:482-489. [PMID: 29684345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Engraftment of embryonic stem cells (ESC) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for post-infarction cardiac dysfunction. However, only mild function improvement has been achieved due to low survival rate and paracrine dysfunction of transplanted stem cells. Cellular repressor of E1A stimulated genes (CREG) has been reported to be a secreted glycoprotein implicated in promoting survival and differentiation of many cell types. Therefore we hypothesized that transplantation of genetically modified ESC with CREG (CREG-ESC) can improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction in mice. A total of 2 × 105 CREG-ESC or EGFP-ESC were engrafted into the border zone in a myocardial infarction model in mice. Cardiac function, infarct size and fibrosis at 4 weeks, survival of transplanted ESC, apoptosis and cytokine level of heart tissue, and teratoma formation were assessed in vivo. Apoptosis of ESC under inflammatory stimuli and cardiac differentiation of ESC were investigated in vitro. After 4 weeks, we found transplantation of CREG-ESC could significantly improve cardiac function, ameliorate cardiac remodeling, and reduce infarct size and fibrosis area. Transplantation of CREG-ESC remarkably increased ESC survival in the border zone and inhibited apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the decrease of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and increase of anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β, bFGF and VEGF165) in the border zone were higher in CREG-ESC transplanted hearts. Safety evaluation showed that all transplantation at 2 × 105 per heart dose produced no teratoma. Surprisingly, the mice with 3.0 × 106 CREG-ESC transplantation was demonstrated teratoma free without cardiac rhythm disturbances in contrast to 100% teratoma formation and rhythm abnormality for the same dose of EGFP-ESC transplantation. In addition, overexpression of CREG inhibits ESC apoptosis and enhanced their differentiation into cardiomyocytes in vitro. Transplantation of CREG-modified ESC exhibits a favorable survival pattern in infarcted hearts, which translates into a substantial preservation of cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chengfei Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yaling Han
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China.
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13
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Maternal obesity alters the expression of embryonic regulatory transcripts in the preimplantation ovine conceptus. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:198-201. [PMID: 29764739 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of exposure to overfeeding-induced maternal obesity around the time of conception on early embryogenesis was examined in the day 14 ovine conceptus. The relative abundance of FGFR2 and DNMT1 was influenced by maternal obesity status and conceptus sex, and the abundance of PPARG and PTGS2 transcripts was greater in male conceptuses regardless of the obesity status of the ewe. These observations demonstrated that short-term exposure to maternal obesity impacts early conceptus transcript patterning.
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14
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Doğan A. Embryonic Stem Cells in Development and Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1079:1-15. [PMID: 29464659 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After progressive improvement in embryonic stem (ES) cell field, several studies have been conducted to explore the usage of ES cells in regenerative medicine. Unlimited self renewal and pluripoteny properties, combined with encouraging preclinical trials, remark that ES cell technology might be promising for clinical practice. ES cells, which can form three germ layers in vitro, are potential candidates to study development at the cellular and molecular level. Understanding the cell fate decision and differentiation processes during development might enable generating functional progenitor cells for tissue restoration. Progression in gene modifications and tissue engineering technology has facilitated the derivation of desired cells for therapy. Success in differentiation protocols and identification the regulatory pathways simplify the research for clinical applications. Although there are established protocols for cell differentiation in vitro and promising preclinical studies in vivo, many challenges need to be adressed before clinical translation. In this review, ES cells are discussed as a model of development in vitro and as a potential candidate for regenerative medicine. This review also dissusses current challenges for ES cell based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Doğan
- National Cancer Institute, CDBL, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
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15
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Steinhoff G, Nesteruk J, Wolfien M, Große J, Ruch U, Vasudevan P, Müller P. Stem cells and heart disease - Brake or accelerator? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:2-24. [PMID: 29054357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After two decades of intensive research and attempts of clinical translation, stem cell based therapies for cardiac diseases are not getting closer to clinical success. This review tries to unravel the obstacles and focuses on underlying mechanisms as the target for regenerative therapies. At present, the principal outcome in clinical therapy does not reflect experimental evidence. It seems that the scientific obstacle is a lack of integration of knowledge from tissue repair and disease mechanisms. Recent insights from clinical trials delineate mechanisms of stem cell dysfunction and gene defects in repair mechanisms as cause of atherosclerosis and heart disease. These findings require a redirection of current practice of stem cell therapy and a reset using more detailed analysis of stem cell function interfering with disease mechanisms. To accelerate scientific development the authors suggest intensifying unified computational data analysis and shared data knowledge by using open-access data platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Steinhoff
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Julia Nesteruk
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Markus Wolfien
- University Rostock, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Ulmenstraße 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jana Große
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Ruch
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Praveen Vasudevan
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Paula Müller
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
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16
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Wu CE, Yu CW, Chang KW, Chou WH, Lu CY, Ghelfi E, Wu FC, Jan PS, Huang MC, Allard P, Lin SP, Ho HN, Chen HF. Comparative global immune-related gene profiling of somatic cells, human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives: implication for human lymphocyte proliferation. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e376. [PMID: 28912571 PMCID: PMC5628273 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced PSCs (iPSCs), represent potentially unlimited cell sources for clinical applications. Previous studies have suggested that hPSCs may benefit from immune privilege and limited immunogenicity, as reflected by the reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex class-related molecules. Here we investigated the global immune-related gene expression profiles of human ESCs, hiPSCs and somatic cells and identified candidate immune-related genes that may alter their immunogenicity. The expression levels of global immune-related genes were determined by comparing undifferentiated and differentiated stem cells and three types of human somatic cells: dermal papilla cells, ovarian granulosa cells and foreskin fibroblast cells. We identified the differentially expressed genes CD24, GATA3, PROM1, THBS2, LY96, IFIT3, CXCR4, IL1R1, FGFR3, IDO1 and KDR, which overlapped with selected immune-related gene lists. In further analyses, mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTOR) signaling was investigated in the differentiated stem cells following treatment with rapamycin and lentiviral transduction with specific short-hairpin RNAs. We found that the inhibition of mTOR signal pathways significantly downregulated the immunogenicity of differentiated stem cells. We also tested the immune responses induced in differentiated stem cells by mixed lymphocyte reactions. We found that CD24- and GATA3-deficient differentiated stem cells including neural lineage cells had limited abilities to activate human lymphocytes. By analyzing the transcriptome signature of immune-related genes, we observed a tendency of the hPSCs to differentiate toward an immune cell phenotype. Taken together, these data identify candidate immune-related genes that might constitute valuable targets for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Eng Wu
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Chang
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsi Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Lu
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Elisa Ghelfi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang-Chun Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Shynan Jan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Huang
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Allard
- Department of Environment Health Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Rotini A, Martínez-Sarrà E, Pozzo E, Sampaolesi M. Interactions between microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in cardiac development and repair. Pharmacol Res 2017. [PMID: 28629929 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging players in muscle regulation. Based on their length and differences in molecular structure, ncRNAs are subdivided into several categories including small interfering RNAs, stable non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs. miRs and lncRNAs are able to post-transcriptionally regulate many genes and bring into play several traits simultaneously due to a myriad of different targets. Recent studies have emphasized their importance in cardiac regeneration and repair. As their altered expression affects cardiac function, miRs and lncRNAs could be potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this context, miR- and lncRNA-based gene therapies are an interesting field for harnessing the complexity of ncRNA-based therapeutic approaches in cardiac diseases. In this review we will focus on lncRNA- and miR-driven regulations of cardiac development and repair. Finally, we will summarize miRs and lncRNAs as promising candidates for the treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Rotini
- Translational Cardiomyology, Stem Cell Research Institute, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
| | - Ester Martínez-Sarrà
- Translational Cardiomyology, Stem Cell Research Institute, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Regenerative Medicine Research Institute, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrico Pozzo
- Translational Cardiomyology, Stem Cell Research Institute, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology, Stem Cell Research Institute, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 8, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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18
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Cambria E, Pasqualini FS, Wolint P, Günter J, Steiger J, Bopp A, Hoerstrup SP, Emmert MY. Translational cardiac stem cell therapy: advancing from first-generation to next-generation cell types. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:17. [PMID: 29302353 PMCID: PMC5677990 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure rank among the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Except for heart transplantation, current therapy options only treat the symptoms but do not cure the disease. Stem cell-based therapies represent a possible paradigm shift for cardiac repair. However, most of the first-generation approaches displayed heterogeneous clinical outcomes regarding efficacy. Stemming from the desire to closely match the target organ, second-generation cell types were introduced and rapidly moved from bench to bedside. Unfortunately, debates remain around the benefit of stem cell therapy, optimal trial design parameters, and the ideal cell type. Aiming at highlighting controversies, this article provides a critical overview of the translation of first-generation and second-generation cell types. It further emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms of cardiac repair and the lessons learned from first-generation trials, in order to improve cell-based therapies and to potentially finally implement cell-free therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cambria
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | | | - Petra Wolint
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | - Julia Günter
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | - Julia Steiger
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | - Annina Bopp
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | - Simon P Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland.,Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Translational Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Y Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland.,Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Translational Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Goradel NH, Hour FG, Negahdari B, Malekshahi ZV, Hashemzehi M, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H. Stem Cell Therapy: A New Therapeutic Option for Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:95-104. [PMID: 28543595 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are known as one of major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the many advancement in therapies are associated with cardiovascular diseases, it seems that finding of new therapeutic option is necessary. Cell therapy is one of attractive therapeutic platforms for treatment of a variety of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. Among of various types of cell therapy, stem cell therapy has been emerged as an effective therapeutic approach in this area. Stem cells divided into multipotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cells. A large number studies indicated that utilization of each of them are associated with a variety of advantages and disadvantages. Multiple lines evidence indicated that stem cell therapy could be used as suitable therapeutic approach for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Many clinical trials have been performed for assessing efficiency of stem cell therapies in human. However, stem cell therapy are associated with some challenges, but, it seems resolving of them could contribute to using of them as effective therapeutic approach for patients who suffering from cardiovascular diseases. In the current review, we summarized current therapeutic strategies based on stem cells for cardiovascular diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 95-104, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Ghiyami- Hour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Vaisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Hashemzehi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Pesl M, Pribyl J, Caluori G, Cmiel V, Acimovic I, Jelinkova S, Dvorak P, Starek Z, Skladal P, Rotrekl V. Phenotypic assays for analyses of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [PMID: 27995655 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) hold great hopes for myocardium regeneration because of their ability to produce functional cardiac cells in large quantities. They also hold promise in dissecting the molecular principles involved in heart diseases and also in drug development, owing to their ability to model the diseases using patient-specific human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived CMs. The CM properties essential for the desired applications are frequently evaluated through morphologic and genotypic screenings. Even though these characterizations are necessary, they cannot in principle guarantee the CM functionality and their drug response. The CM functional characteristics can be quantified by phenotype assays, including electrophysiological, optical, and/or mechanical approaches implemented in the past decades, especially when used to investigate responses of the CMs to known stimuli (eg, adrenergic stimulation). Such methods can be used to indirectly determine the electrochemomechanics of the cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, which determines important functional properties of the hPSC-derived CMs, such as their differentiation efficacy, their maturation level, and their functionality. In this work, we aim to systematically review the techniques and methodologies implemented in the phenotype characterization of hPSC-derived CMs. Further, we introduce a novel approach combining atomic force microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and external electrophysiology through microelectrode arrays. We demonstrate that this novel method can be used to gain unique information on the complex excitation-contraction coupling dynamics of the hPSC-derived CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pesl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pribyl
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Guido Caluori
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vratislav Cmiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Acimovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Jelinkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dvorak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Starek
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skladal
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Rotrekl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Psaltis PJ, Schwarz N, Toledo-Flores D, Nicholls SJ. Cellular Therapy for Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:195-215. [PMID: 27280304 PMCID: PMC5011188 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160606121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/1969] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF) is underpinned by complex changes at subcellular, cellular and extracellular levels in the ventricular myocardium. For all of the gains that conventional treatments for HF have brought to mortality and morbidity, they do not adequately address the loss of cardiomyocyte numbers in the remodeling ventricle. Originally conceived to address this problem, cellular transplantation for HF has already gone through several stages of evolution over the past two decades. Various cell types and delivery routes have been implemented to positive effect in preclinical models of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy, with pleiotropic benefits observed in terms of myocardial remodeling, systolic and diastolic performance, perfusion, fibrosis, inflammation, metabolism and electrophysiology. To a large extent, these salubrious effects are now attributed to the indirect, paracrine capacity of transplanted stem cells to facilitate endogenous cardiac repair processes. Promising results have also followed in early phase human studies, although these have been relatively modest and somewhat inconsistent. This review details the preclinical and clinical evidence currently available regarding the use of pluripotent stem cells and adult-derived progenitor cells for cardiomyopathy and HF. It outlines the important lessons that have been learned to this point in time, and balances the promise of this exciting field against the key challenges and questions that still need to be addressed at all levels of research, to ensure that cell therapy realizes its full potential by adding to the armamentarium of HF management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Psaltis
- Co-Director of Vascular Research Centre, Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5000.
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22
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Faiella W, Atoui R. Therapeutic use of stem cells for cardiovascular disease. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:34. [PMID: 27539581 PMCID: PMC4990528 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell treatments are a desirable therapeutic option to regenerate myocardium and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Several different types of cells have been explored, each with their own benefits and limitations. Induced pluripotent stem cells possess an embryonic-like state and therefore have a high proliferative capacity, but they also pose a risk of teratoma formation. Mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated from both bone marrow and adipose tissue. Their immunomodulatory characteristics may permit the use of allogeneic cells as universal donor cells in the future. Lastly, studies have consistently shown that cardiac stem cells are better able to express markers of cardiogenesis compared to other cell types, as well improve cardiac function. The ideal source of stem cells depends on multiple factors such as the ease of extraction/isolation, effectiveness of engraftment, ability to differentiate into cardiac lineages and effect on cardiac function. Although multiple studies highlight the benefits and limitations of each cell type and reinforce the successful potential use of these cells to regenerate damaged myocardium, more studies are needed to directly compare cells from various sources. It is interesting to note that research using stem cell therapies is also expanding to treat other cardiovascular diseases including non-ischemic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Faiella
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 5J1, Canada
| | - Rony Atoui
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 5J1, Canada.
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23
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Ye J, Yeghiazarians Y. Cardiac stem cell therapy: Have we put too much hype in which cell type to use? Heart Fail Rev 2016; 20:613-9. [PMID: 26024953 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-015-9494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Injection of various stem cells has been tested with the hopes of improving cardiac function after a myocardial infarction (MI). However, there is continued controversy as to which cell type is best for repair. Due to technical differences in cell isolation, processing, delivery, and cardiac functional assessment by various investigators, it has been difficult to directly compare the results of different cells. Using same techniques to evaluate the efficacy of different cell types, we have separately delivered bone marrow cells (BMCs), cardiospheres (CSs), CS-derived Sca-1(+)/CD45(-) cells, human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, and BMC extract into infarcted murine myocardium and found that all of these treatments reduce infarct size and improve cardiac function post-MI similarly without one regimen being superior to another. The beneficial effects appear to be via paracrine influences. Different progenitors lead to improved cardiac function post-MI, but it is premature to hype any specific cell type at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Ye
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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24
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Shafiq M, Jung Y, Kim SH. Insight on stem cell preconditioning and instructive biomaterials to enhance cell adhesion, retention, and engraftment for tissue repair. Biomaterials 2016; 90:85-115. [PMID: 27016619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a promising solution for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, the limited survival and engraftment of transplanted cells due to a hostile ischemic environment is a bottleneck for effective utilization and commercialization. Within this environment, the majority of transplanted cells undergo apoptosis prior to participating in lineage differentiation and cellular integration. Therefore, in order to maximize the clinical utility of stem/progenitor cells, strategies must be employed to increase their adhesion, retention, and engraftment in vivo. Here, we reviewed key strategies that are being adopted to enhance the survival, retention, and engraftment of transplanted stem cells through the manipulation of both the stem cells and the surrounding environment. We describe how preconditioning of cells or cell manipulations strategies can enhance stem cell survival and engraftment after transplantation. We also discuss how biomaterials can enhance the function of stem cells for effective tissue regeneration. Biomaterials can incorporate or mimic extracellular function (ECM) function and enhance survival or differentiation of transplanted cells in vivo. Biomaterials can also promote angiogenesis, enhance engraftment and differentiation, and accelerate electromechanical integration of transplanted stem cells. Insight gained from this review may direct the development of future investigations and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafiq
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Emerging Implications for Extracellular Matrix-Based Technologies in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1541823. [PMID: 26839554 PMCID: PMC4709778 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1541823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), limitations including complex, high dose immunosuppression regimens, lifelong risk of toxicity from immunosuppressants, acute and most critically chronic graft rejection, and suboptimal nerve regeneration remain particularly challenging obstacles restricting clinical progress. When properly configured, customized, and implemented, biomaterials derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) retain bioactive molecules and immunomodulatory properties that can promote stem cell migration, proliferation and differentiation, and constructive functional tissue remodeling. The present paper reviews the emerging implications of ECM-based technologies in VCA, including local immunomodulation, tissue repair, nerve regeneration, minimally invasive graft targeted drug delivery, stem cell transplantation, and other donor graft manipulation.
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26
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Calderon D, Prot M, You S, Marquet C, Bellamy V, Bruneval P, Valette F, de Almeida P, Wu JC, Pucéat M, Menasché P, Chatenoud L. Control of Immune Response to Allogeneic Embryonic Stem Cells by CD3 Antibody-Mediated Operational Tolerance Induction. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:454-67. [PMID: 26492394 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Implantation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their differentiated derivatives into allogeneic hosts triggers an immune response that represents a hurdle to clinical application. We established in autoimmunity and in transplantation that CD3 antibody therapy induces a state of immune tolerance. Promising results have been obtained with CD3 antibodies in the clinic. In this study, we tested whether this strategy can prolong the survival of undifferentiated ESCs and their differentiated derivatives in histoincompatible hosts. Recipients of either mouse ESC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) or cardiac progenitors received a single short tolerogenic regimen of CD3 antibody. In immunocompetent mice, allogeneic EBs and cardiac progenitors were rejected within 20-25 days. Recipients treated with CD3 antibody showed long-term survival of implanted cardiac progenitors or EBs. In due course, EBs became teratomas, the growth of which was self-limited. Regulatory CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells and signaling through the PD1/PDL1 pathway played key roles in the CD3 antibody therapeutic effect. Gene profiling emphasized the importance of TGF-β and the inhibitory T cell coreceptor Tim3 to the observed effect. These results demonstrate that CD3 antibody administered alone promotes prolonged survival of allogeneic ESC derivatives and thus could prove useful for enhancing cell engraftment in the absence of chronic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Calderon
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - M Prot
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - S You
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - C Marquet
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - V Bellamy
- INSERM U970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - P Bruneval
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - F Valette
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - P de Almeida
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford, CA
| | - J C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford, CA
| | - M Pucéat
- INSERM UMR-S910 Team Physiopathology of Cardiac Development, Aix-Marseille University, Medical School La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - P Menasché
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paris, France
| | - L Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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27
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Hou L, Kim JJ, Woo YJ, Huang NF. Stem cell-based therapies to promote angiogenesis in ischemic cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H455-65. [PMID: 26683902 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00726.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of tissue ischemia associated with myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease. Stem and progenitor cells derived from bone marrow or from pluripotent stem cells have shown therapeutic benefit in boosting angiogenesis as well as restoring tissue function. Notably, adult stem and progenitor cells including mononuclear cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and mesenchymal stem cells have progressed into clinical trials and have shown positive benefits. In this review, we overview the major classes of stem and progenitor cells, including pluripotent stem cells, and summarize the state of the art in applying these cell types for treating myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqia Hou
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Joseph J Kim
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Y Joseph Woo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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28
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Carvalho E, Verma P, Hourigan K, Banerjee R. Myocardial infarction: stem cell transplantation for cardiac regeneration. Regen Med 2015; 10:1025-43. [PMID: 26563414 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that by 2030, almost 23.6 million people will perish from cardiovascular disease, according to the WHO. The review discusses advances in stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction, including cell sources, methods of differentiation, expansion selection and their route of delivery. Skeletal muscle cells, hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs)-derived cardiomyocytes have advanced to the clinical stage, while induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) are yet to be considered clinically. Delivery of cells to the sites of injury and their subsequent retention is a major issue. The development of supportive scaffold matrices to facilitate stem cell retention and differentiation are analyzed. The review outlines clinical translation of conjugate stem cell-based cellular therapeutics post-myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Carvalho
- IITB Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Paul Verma
- Turretfield Research Centre, South Australian Research & Development Institute (SARDI), SA, Australia.,Stem Cells & Reprogramming Group, Monash University, Australia
| | - Kerry Hourigan
- FLAIR/Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering & Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ongoing research is constantly looking for means to modulate the immune system for long-lasting engraftment of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) during stem cell-based therapies. This study reviews data on in-vitro and in-vivo immunogenicity of embryonic and induced-PSC and describes how their immunological properties can be harnessed for tolerance induction in organ transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Although PSC display immunomodulatory properties in vitro, they are capable of eliciting an immune response that leads to cell rejection when transplanted into immune-competent recipients. Nevertheless, long-term acceptance of PSC-derived cells/tissues in an allogeneic environment can be achieved using minimal host conditioning. Protocols for differentiating PSC towards haematopoietic stem cells, thymic epithelial precursors, dendritic cells, regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are being developed, suggesting the possibility to use PSC-derived immunomodulatory cells to induce tolerance to a solid organ transplant. SUMMARY PSC and/or their derivatives possess unique immunological properties that allow for acceptance of PSC-derived tissue with minimal host conditioning. Investigators involved either in regenerative or in transplant medicine must join their efforts with the ultimate aim of using PSC as a source of donor-specific cells that would create a protolerogenic environment to achieve tolerance in solid organ transplantation.
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30
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Progress toward establishing embryonic stem or induced pluripotent stem cell-based clinical translation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 19:598-602. [PMID: 25333832 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are pluripotent and therefore capable of differentiating into different cell types and tissues. However, their clinical potential, so far, has not been sufficiently probed. The major obstacle is the lack of protocols that allow efficient derivation of clinical grade cells or tissues. This review will address these questions and discuss the current state of the field. RECENT FINDINGS I will address some of the ongoing clinical trials using stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons and attempts to establish insulin-producing cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. SUMMARY Are we there yet? The answer is clearly no. Progress in the different organs and tissues that are being generated is quite variable. Clearly, there has been more success in the derivation of retinal pigment epithelial cells, neuronal cells and cardiomyocytes than in any other tissues or organs. The derivation of insulin-producing cells and that of definitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in humans remains a challenge. Having said that the progress already made with other tissues is an encouraging sign that we may eventually see progress across the board.
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31
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Abstract
Well into the second decade since its conception, cell transplantation continues to undergo intensive evaluation for the treatment of myocardial infarction. At a mechanistic level, its objectives remain to replace lost cardiac cell mass with new functioning cardiomyocytes and vascular cells, thereby minimizing infarct size and scar formation, and improving clinical outcomes by preventing adverse left ventricular remodeling and recurrent ischemic events. Many different cell types, including pluripotent stem cells and various adult-derived progenitor cells, have been shown to have therapeutic potential in preclinical studies, while early phase human trial experience has provided divergent outcomes and fundamental lessons, emphasizing that there remain key issues to address and challenges to overcome before cell therapy can be applied to wider clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to provide a balanced update on recent seminal developments in this exciting field and look to the next important steps to ensure its forward progression.
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García AN, Sanz-Ruiz R, Santos MEF, Fernández-Avilés F. “Second-generation” stem cells for cardiac repair. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:352-367. [PMID: 25815120 PMCID: PMC4369492 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, stem cell therapy has emerged as an inspiring alternative to restore cardiac function after myocardial infarction. A large body of evidence has been obtained in this field but there is no conclusive data on the efficacy of these treatments. Preclinical studies and early reports in humans have been encouraging and have fostered a rapid clinical translation, but positive results have not been uniformly observed and when present, they have been modest. Several types of stem cells, manufacturing methods and delivery routes have been tested in different clinical settings but direct comparison between them is challenging and hinders further research. Despite enormous achievements, major barriers have been found and many fundamental issues remain to be resolved. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms implicated in cardiac development and myocardial regeneration is critically needed to overcome some of these hurdles. Genetic and pharmacological priming together with the discovery of new sources of cells have led to a “second generation” of cell products that holds an encouraging promise in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. In this report, we review recent advances in this field focusing on the new types of stem cells that are currently being tested in human beings and on the novel strategies employed to boost cell performance in order to improve cardiac function and outcomes after myocardial infarction.
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Chou SH, Lin SZ, Kuo WW, Pai P, Lin JY, Lai CH, Kuo CH, Lin KH, Tsai FJ, Huang CY. Mesenchymal stem cell insights: prospects in cardiovascular therapy. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:513-29. [PMID: 24816448 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart damage usually triggers cardiomyopathological remodeling and fibrosis, thus promoting the development of heart functional failure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous group of cells in culture, with multipotent and hypoimmunogenic characters to aid tissue repair and avoid immune responses, respectively. Numerous experimental findings have proven the feasibility, safety, and efficiency of MSC therapy for cardiac regeneration. Despite that the exact mechanism remains unclear, the therapeutic ability of MSCs to treat ischemia heart diseases has been tested in phase I/II clinical trials. Based on encouraging preliminary findings, MSCs might become a potentially efficacious tool in the therapeutic options available to treat ischemic and nonischemic cardiovascular disorders. The molecular mechanism behind the efficacy of MSCs on promoting engraftment and accelerating the speed of heart functional recovery is still waiting for clarification. It is hypothesized that cardiomyocyte regeneration, paracrine mechanisms for cardiac repair, optimization of the niche for cell survival, and cardiac remodeling by inflammatory control are involved in the interaction between MSCs and the damaged myocardial environment. This review focuses on recent experimental and clinical findings related to cellular cardiomyoplasticity. We focus on MSCs, highlighting their roles in cardiac tissue repair, transdifferentiation, the MSC niche in myocardial tissues, discuss their therapeutic efficacy that has been tested for cardiac therapy, and the current bottleneck of MSC-based cardiac therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Huey Chou
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Characterization and cardiac differentiation of chicken spermatogonial stem cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 151:244-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chong JJH, Murry CE. Cardiac regeneration using pluripotent stem cells--progression to large animal models. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:654-65. [PMID: 25087896 PMCID: PMC4253057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have indisputable cardiomyogenic potential and therefore have been intensively investigated as a potential cardiac regenerative therapy. Current directed differentiation protocols are able to produce high yields of cardiomyocytes from PSCs and studies in small animal models of cardiovascular disease have proven sustained engraftment and functional efficacy. Therefore, the time is ripe for cardiac regenerative therapies using PSC derivatives to be tested in large animal models that more closely resemble the hearts of humans. In this review, we discuss the results of our recent study using human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) in a non-human primate model of ischemic cardiac injury. Large scale remuscularization, electromechanical coupling and short-term arrhythmias demonstrated by our hESC-CM grafts are discussed in the context of other studies using adult stem cells for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J H Chong
- Department of Cardiology Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Charles E Murry
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Various stem cell types have been tested for regenerating damaged myocardium after myocardial infarction. However, the results of clinical trials have not been consistent, with only some of the trials reporting small improvements in cardiac function. It seems that engraftment and survival of injected cells is limited and transplanted stem cells either do not differentiate into cardiac cells or differentiate into only limited number of cardiac cells. The exact mechanism(s) of cardiac functional improvement by cell therapy are unclear, but paracrine effect may play a central role. The resident cardiac progenitor cells identified within the adult myocardium have distinct advantages over other stem cell types for cardiac cell therapy, as they are likely precommitted to the cardiovascular fate. However, isolating and expanding these cells from cardiac biopsies is a challenge. More recently, direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes has given new hope for myocardial regeneration. Here we will review different stem cells used in cardiac cell therapy with a focus on the native cardiac progenitor cells and briefly outline future directions of cardiac cell therapy.
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Lalit PA, Hei DJ, Raval AN, Kamp TJ. Induced pluripotent stem cells for post-myocardial infarction repair: remarkable opportunities and challenges. Circ Res 2014; 114:1328-45. [PMID: 24723658 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease with associated myocardial infarction continues to be a major cause of death and morbidity around the world, despite significant advances in therapy. Patients who have large myocardial infarctions are at highest risk for progressive heart failure and death, and cell-based therapies offer new hope for these patients. A recently discovered cell source for cardiac repair has emerged as a result of a breakthrough reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The iPSCs can proliferate indefinitely in culture and can differentiate into cardiac lineages, including cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and cardiac progenitors. Thus, large quantities of desired cell products can be generated without being limited by cellular senescence. The iPSCs can be obtained from patients to allow autologous therapy or, alternatively, banks of human leukocyte antigen diverse iPSCs are possible for allogeneic therapy. Preclinical animal studies using a variety of cell preparations generated from iPSCs have shown evidence of cardiac repair. Methodology for the production of clinical grade products from human iPSCs is in place. Ongoing studies for the safety of various iPSC preparations with regard to the risk of tumor formation, immune rejection, induction of arrhythmias, and formation of stable cardiac grafts are needed as the field advances toward the first-in-man trials of iPSCs after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik A Lalit
- From the Department of Medicine (P.A.L., A.N.R., T.J.K.), Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program (P.A.L., T.J.K.), and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center (P.A.L., D.J.H., A.N.R., T.J.K.), Waisman Biomanufacturing at University of Wisconsin, Madison (D.J.H.)
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Paterson YZ, Rash N, Garvican ER, Paillot R, Guest DJ. Equine mesenchymal stromal cells and embryo-derived stem cells are immune privileged in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:90. [PMID: 25080326 PMCID: PMC4247727 DOI: 10.1186/scrt479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive concept in regenerative medicine, but their mechanism of action remains poorly defined. No immune response is reported after in vivo injection of allogeneic equine MSCs or embryo-derived stem cells (ESCs) into the equine tendon, which may be due to the cells’ immune-privileged properties. This study further investigates these properties to determine their potential for clinical application in other tissues. Methods Mitomycin C-treated MSCs, ESCs, or differentiated ESCs (dESCs) were cultured with allogeneic equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and their effect on PBMC proliferation, in the presence or absence of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was determined. MSCs and super-antigen (sAg)-stimulated PBMCs were co-cultured directly or indirectly in transwells, and PBMC proliferation examined. Media from MSC culture were harvested and used for PBMC culture; subsequent PBMC proliferation and gene expression were evaluated and media assayed for IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 proteins with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Co-culture of PBMCs with ESCs or dESCs did not affect baseline proliferation, whereas co-culture with MSCs significantly suppressed baseline proliferation. Stimulation of PBMC proliferation by using super-antigens (sAgs) was also suppressed by co-culture with MSCs. Inhibition was greatest with direct contact, but significant inhibition was produced in transwell culture and by using MSC-conditioned media, suggesting that soluble factors play a role in MSC-mediated immune suppression. The MSCs constitutively secrete IL-6, even in the absence of co-culture with PBMCs. MSC-conditioned media also brought about a change in the cytokine-expression profile of sAg-stimulated PBMCs, significantly reducing PBMC expression of IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Conclusions Equine MSCs and ESCs possess a degree of innate immune privilege, and MSCs secrete soluble factors that suppress PBMC proliferation and alter cytokine expression. These properties may make possible the future clinical use of allogeneic stem cells to help standardize and broaden the scope of treatment of tissue injuries.
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Bruttel VS, Wischhusen J. Cancer stem cell immunology: key to understanding tumorigenesis and tumor immune escape? Front Immunol 2014; 5:360. [PMID: 25120546 PMCID: PMC4114188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) biology and tumor immunology have shaped our understanding of tumorigenesis. However, we still do not fully understand why tumors can be contained but not eliminated by the immune system and whether rare CSCs are required for tumor propagation. Long latency or recurrence periods have been described for most tumors. Conceptually, this requires a subset of malignant cells which is capable of initiating tumors, but is neither eliminated by immune cells nor able to grow straight into overt tumors. These criteria would be fulfilled by CSCs. Stem cells are pluripotent, immune-privileged, and long-living, but depend on specialized niches. Thus, latent tumors may be maintained by a niche-constrained reservoir of long-living CSCs that are exempt from immunosurveillance while niche-independent and more immunogenic daughter cells are constantly eliminated. The small subpopulation of CSCs is often held responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and recurrence. Experimentally, this hypothesis was supported by the observation that only this subset can propagate tumors in non-obese diabetic/scid mice, which lack T and B cells. Yet, the concept was challenged when an unexpectedly large proportion of melanoma cells were found to be capable of seeding complex tumors in mice which further lack NK cells. Moreover, the link between stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity was not sustained in these highly immunodeficient animals. In humans, however, tumor-propagating cells must also escape from immune-mediated destruction. The ability to persist and to initiate neoplastic growth in the presence of immunosurveillance – which would be lost in a maximally immunodeficient animal model – could hence be a decisive criterion for CSCs. Consequently, integrating scientific insight from stem cell biology and tumor immunology to build a new concept of “CSC immunology” may help to reconcile the outlined contradictions and to improve our understanding of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin S Bruttel
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Anderson ME, Goldhaber J, Houser SR, Puceat M, Sussman MA. Embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes are not ready for human trials. Circ Res 2014; 115:335-8. [PMID: 24935962 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.304616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Anderson
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.A); Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.G.); Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.R.H.); INSERM UMR 910, Génétique médicale et génomique fonctionnelle, Université Aix Marseille, Team Physiopathology of Cardiac Development, Faculté de Medecine La Timone, Marseille, France (M.P.); and Biology Department, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego State University, CA (M.A.S.).
| | - Joshua Goldhaber
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.A); Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.G.); Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.R.H.); INSERM UMR 910, Génétique médicale et génomique fonctionnelle, Université Aix Marseille, Team Physiopathology of Cardiac Development, Faculté de Medecine La Timone, Marseille, France (M.P.); and Biology Department, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego State University, CA (M.A.S.)
| | - Steven R Houser
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.A); Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.G.); Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.R.H.); INSERM UMR 910, Génétique médicale et génomique fonctionnelle, Université Aix Marseille, Team Physiopathology of Cardiac Development, Faculté de Medecine La Timone, Marseille, France (M.P.); and Biology Department, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego State University, CA (M.A.S.)
| | - Michel Puceat
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.A); Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.G.); Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.R.H.); INSERM UMR 910, Génétique médicale et génomique fonctionnelle, Université Aix Marseille, Team Physiopathology of Cardiac Development, Faculté de Medecine La Timone, Marseille, France (M.P.); and Biology Department, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego State University, CA (M.A.S.)
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.A); Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.G.); Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.R.H.); INSERM UMR 910, Génétique médicale et génomique fonctionnelle, Université Aix Marseille, Team Physiopathology of Cardiac Development, Faculté de Medecine La Timone, Marseille, France (M.P.); and Biology Department, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego State University, CA (M.A.S.)
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Kwon YW, Yang HM, Cho HJ. Cell therapy for myocardial infarction. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 3:8-15. [PMID: 24855535 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2010.3.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, particularly acute myocardial infarction (MI), is the worldwide health care problem and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The fundamental treatment of MI remains a major unmet medical need. Although recent tremendous advances have been made in the treatment for acute MI such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and medical and surgical therapies, myocardial cell loss after ischemia and subsequent, adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure are demanding for new therapeutic strategy. Since the first experimental studies of adult stem cell therapy into the ischemic heart were performed in the early 1990s, the identification and potential application of stem and/or progenitor cells has triggered attempts to regenerate damaged heart tissue and cell-based therapy is a promising option for treatment of MI. In this review, we would like to discuss the pathogenesis of acute MI, current standard treatments and their limitation, clinical results of recent stem or progenitor cell therapy which have shown a favorable safety profile with modest improvement in cardiac function, and putative mechanisms of benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Wook Kwon
- Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Mo Yang
- Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea ; Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jai Cho
- Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea ; Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Emmert MY, Hitchcock RW, Hoerstrup SP. Cell therapy, 3D culture systems and tissue engineering for cardiac regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:254-69. [PMID: 24378579 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) still represents the "Number One Killer" worldwide accounting for the death of numerous patients. However the capacity for self-regeneration of the adult heart is very limited and the loss of cardiomyocytes in the infarcted heart leads to continuous adverse cardiac-remodeling which often leads to heart-failure (HF). The concept of regenerative medicine comprising cell-based therapies, bio-engineering technologies and hybrid solutions has been proposed as a promising next-generation approach to address IHD and HF. Numerous strategies are under investigation evaluating the potential of regenerative medicine on the failing myocardium including classical cell-therapy concepts, three-dimensional culture techniques and tissue-engineering approaches. While most of these regenerative strategies have shown great potential in experimental studies, the translation into a clinical setting has either been limited or too rapid leaving many key questions unanswered. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art, important challenges and future research directions as to regenerative approaches addressing IHD and resulting HF.
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Shiba Y, Filice D, Fernandes S, Minami E, Dupras SK, Biber BV, Trinh P, Hirota Y, Gold JD, Viswanathan M, Laflamme MA. Electrical Integration of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes in a Guinea Pig Chronic Infarct Model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19:368-381. [PMID: 24516260 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413520344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) were recently shown to be capable of electromechanical integration following direct injection into intact or recently injured guinea pig hearts, and hESC-CM transplantation in recently injured hearts correlated with improvements in contractile function and a reduction in the incidence of arrhythmias. The present study was aimed at determining the ability of hESC-CMs to integrate and modulate electrical stability following transplantation in a chronic model of cardiac injury. METHODS AND RESULTS At 28 days following cardiac cryoinjury, guinea pigs underwent intracardiac injection of hESC-CMs, noncardiac hESC derivatives (non-CMs), or vehicle. Histology confirmed partial remuscularization of the infarct zone in hESC-CM recipients while non-CM recipients showed heterogeneous xenografts. The 3 experimental groups showed no significant difference in the left ventricular dimensions or fractional shortening by echocardiography or in the incidence of spontaneous arrhythmias by telemetric monitoring. Although recipients of hESC-CMs and vehicle showed a similar incidence of arrhythmias induced by programmed electrical stimulation at 4 weeks posttransplantation, non-CM recipients proved to be highly inducible, with a ∼3-fold greater incidence of induced arrhythmias. In parallel studies, we investigated the ability of hESC-CMs to couple with host myocardium in chronically injured hearts by the intravital imaging of hESC-CM grafts that stably expressed a fluorescent reporter of graft activation, the genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP3. In this work, we found that only ∼38% (5 of 13) of recipients of GCaMP3+ hESC-CMs showed fluorescent transients that were coupled to the host electrocardiogram. CONCLUSIONS Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes engraft in chronically injured hearts without increasing the incidence of arrhythmias, but their electromechanical integration is more limited than previously reported following their transplantation in a subacute injury model. Moreover, non-CM grafts may promote arrhythmias under certain conditions, a finding that underscores the need for input preparations of high cardiac purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shiba
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Dominic Filice
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Bioengineering, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Fernandes
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Gilead Sciences, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Elina Minami
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah K Dupras
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin Van Biber
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Trinh
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yusuke Hirota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Joseph D Gold
- Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, CA, USA Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohan Viswanathan
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael A Laflamme
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Platts DG, Hilton A, Diab S, McDonald C, Tunbridge M, Chemonges S, Dunster KR, Shekar K, Burstow DJ, Fraser JF. A novel echocardiographic imaging technique, intracatheter echocardiography, to guide veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulae placement in a validated ovine model. Intensive Care Med Exp 2014; 2:2. [PMID: 26266903 PMCID: PMC4512982 DOI: 10.1186/2197-425x-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiography plays a fundamental role in cannulae insertion and positioning for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Optimal access and return cannulae orientation is required to prevent recirculation. The aim of this study was to compare a novel imaging technique, intracatheter echocardiography (iCATHe), with conventional intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) to guide placement of ECMO access and return venous cannulae. Methods Twenty sheep were commenced on veno-venous ECMO (VV ECMO). Access and return ECMO cannulae were positioned using an ICE-guided technique. Following the assessment of cannulae position, the ICE probe was then introduced inside the cannulae, noting location of the tip. After 24 h, the sheep were euthanized and cannulae position was determined at post mortem. The two-tailed McNemar test was used to compare iCATHe with ICE cannulae positioning. Results ICE and iCATHe imaging was possible in all 20 sheep commenced on ECMO. There was no significant difference between the two methods in assessing access cannula position (proportion correct for each 90%, incorrect 10%). However, there was a significant difference between ICE and iCATHe success rates for the return cannula (p = 0.001). Proportion correct for iCATHe and ICE was 80% and 15% respectively. iCATHe was 65% more successful (95% CI 27% to 75%) at predicting the placement of the return cannula. There were no complications related to the ICE or iCATHe imaging. Conclusion iCATHe is a safe and feasible imaging technique to guide real-time VV ECMO cannulae placement and improves accuracy of return cannula positioning compared to ICE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2197-425X-2-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Platts
- Department of Echocardiography, Cardiac Investigations Unit, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Rd., Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland, 4032, Australia,
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Yan B, Singla RD, Abdelli LS, Singal PK, Singla DK. Regulation of PTEN/Akt pathway enhances cardiomyogenesis and attenuates adverse left ventricular remodeling following thymosin β4 Overexpressing embryonic stem cell transplantation in the infarcted heart. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75580. [PMID: 24086577 PMCID: PMC3782449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a small G-actin sequestering peptide, mediates cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Whether embryonic stem (ES) cells, overexpressing Tβ4, readily differentiate into cardiac myocytes in vitro and in vivo and enhance cardioprotection following transplantation post myocardial infarction (MI) remains unknown. Accordingly, we established stable mouse ES cell lines, RFP-ESCs and Tβ4-ESCs, expressing RFP and an RFP-Tβ4 fusion protein, respectively. In vitro, the number of spontaneously beating embryoid bodies (EBs) was significantly increased in Tβ4-ESCs at day 9, 12 and 15, compared with RFP-ESCs. Enhanced expression of cardiac transcriptional factors GATA-4, Mef2c and Txb6 in Tβ4-EBs, as confirmed with real time-PCR analysis, was accompanied by the increased number of EB areas stained positive for sarcomeric α-actin in Tβ4-EBs, compared with the RFP control, suggesting a significant increase in functional cardiac myocytes. Furthermore, we transplanted Tβ4-ESCs into the infarcted mouse heart and performed morphological and functional analysis 2 weeks after MI. There was a significant increase in newly formed cardiac myocytes associated with the Notch pathway, a decrease in apoptotic nuclei mediated by an increase in Akt and a decrease in levels of PTEN. Cardiac fibrosis was significantly reduced, and left ventricular function was significantly augmented in the Tβ4-ESC transplanted group, compared with controls. It is concluded that genetically modified Tβ4-ESCs, potentiates their ability to turn into cardiac myocytes in vitro as well as in vivo. Moreover, we also demonstrate that there was a significant decrease in both cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis, thus improving cardiac function in the infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Yan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Reetu D. Singla
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Latifa S. Abdelli
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pawan K. Singal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dinender K. Singla
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Krenz M, Baines C, Kalogeris T, Korthuis R. Cell Survival Programs and Ischemia/Reperfusion: Hormesis, Preconditioning, and Cardioprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4199/c00090ed1v01y201309isp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sanganalmath SK, Bolli R. Cell therapy for heart failure: a comprehensive overview of experimental and clinical studies, current challenges, and future directions. Circ Res 2013; 113:810-34. [PMID: 23989721 PMCID: PMC3892665 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant therapeutic advances, the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) remains poor, and current therapeutic approaches are palliative in the sense that they do not address the underlying problem of the loss of cardiac tissue. Stem cell-based therapies have the potential to fundamentally transform the treatment of HF by achieving what would have been unthinkable only a few years ago-myocardial regeneration. For the first time since cardiac transplantation, a therapy is being developed to eliminate the underlying cause of HF, not just to achieve damage control. Since the initial report of cell therapy (skeletal myoblasts) in HF in 1998, research has proceeded at lightning speed, and numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been performed that support the ability of various stem cell populations to improve cardiac function and reduce infarct size in both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, we are still at the dawn of this therapeutic revolution. Many important issues (eg, mechanism(s) of action of stem cells, long-term engraftment, optimal cell type(s), and dose, route, and frequency of cell administration) remain to be resolved, and no cell therapy has been conclusively shown to be effective. The purpose of this article is to critically review the large body of work performed with respect to the use of stem/progenitor cells in HF, both at the experimental and clinical levels, and to discuss current controversies, unresolved issues, challenges, and future directions. The review focuses specifically on chronic HF; other settings (eg, acute myocardial infarction, refractory angina) are not discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Sanganalmath
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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English K, Wood KJ. Immunogenicity of embryonic stem cell-derived progenitors after transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 16:90-5. [PMID: 21150615 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283424faa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the immunogenicity of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived progenitors and the impact of the immune response on applications of cell replacement therapy (CRT). Possible strategies to induce immunological tolerance to ESC-derived progenitor cells will also be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence for the differential epigenetic control of major histocompatibility (MHC) and antigen processing molecules in ESCs and differentiated ESCs has recently been described. The presence of T cells recognizing the pluripotency-associated transcription factor octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) in healthy patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells adds further complexity to the immune response against ESCs and ESC-derived progenitors. SUMMARY Although ESCs and ESC-derived progenitors appear to exert some level of immune privilege in specific circumstances, these allogeneic cells are indeed recognized by the immune system and can be subject to mechanisms of rejection. Herein, we discuss the importance of the recent reports describing an immunosuppressive capacity of ESCs, and the epigenetic control of MHC in ESCs and how these characteristics may be harnessed in the development of strategies to induce immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen English
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Catelain C, Riveron S, Papadopoulos A, Mougenot N, Jacquet A, Vauchez K, Yada E, Pucéat M, Fiszman M, Butler-Browne G, Bonne G, Vilquin JT. Myoblasts and embryonic stem cells differentially engraft in a mouse model of genetic dilated cardiomyopathy. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1064-75. [PMID: 23439500 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional and architectural benefits of embryonic stem cells (ESC) and myoblasts (Mb) transplantations into infarcted myocardium have been investigated extensively. Whereas ESC repopulated fibrotic areas and contributed to myocardial regeneration, Mb exerted their effects through paracrine secretions and scar remodeling. This therapeutic perspective, however, has been less explored in the setting of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathies (DCMs). Our aim was to compare the integration and functional efficacy of ESC committed to cardiac fate by bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) pretreatment and Mb used as gold standard following their transplantation into the myocardium of a mouse model of laminopathy exhibiting a progressive and lethal DCM. After 4 and 8 weeks of transplantation, stabilization was observed in Mb-transplanted mice (P = 0.008) but not in groups of ESC-transplanted or medium-injected animals, where the left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) decreased by 32 ± 8% and 41 ± 8% respectively. Engrafted differentiated cells were consistently detected in myocardia of mice receiving Mb, whereas few or no cells were detected in the hearts of mice receiving ESC, except in two cases where teratomas were formed. These data suggest that committed ESC fail to integrate in DCM where scar tissue is absent to provide the appropriate niche, whereas the functional benefits of Mb transplantation might extend to nonischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Catelain
- UPMC UM 76, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes: A good candidate for cell therapy applications. Cell Biol Int 2013; 33:325-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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