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Tschinkel K, Verano J, Prieto G. Two cases of smallpox from 1540 CE circum-contact (early colonial) Northern Coastal Peru. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2024; 45:35-45. [PMID: 38653101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This project seeks to create a differential diagnosis for lesions found on the skeletal remains of two children as a means to explore the presence of viral disease in 16th- century Peru. MATERIALS Extremely well-preserved human remains of two children who died between the ages of 1-2 years old, recovered from the circum-contact (∼1540 CE) cemetery in Huanchaco, Peru. METHODS Macroscopic and radiographic analysis. RESULTS Both individuals present with cortical thickening, symmetrical destructive lesions, metaphyseal expansion, perforations, exposure of the medullary cavity, resorption of metaphyseal ends and necrosis of the long bones, and deposited reactive new bone. These features are consistent with osteomyelitis variolosa and bacterial osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS Three features of Individuals IG-124 and IG-493 suggest a highly consistent diagnosis of osteomyelitis variolosa: multiple skeletal lesions, the historical context of the area, and the high mortality rate of non-adults in the circum-contact cemetery. SIGNIFICANCE Although viral infections are ubiquitous and well documented historically, their etiologies are often difficult to determine in archaeological populations. Orthopoxvirus variola (smallpox) is one of the many viruses whose archaeological impact is still under explored in skeletal remains. LIMITATIONS The absence of smallpox in other children from the Huanchaco cemetery creates difficulty in ascertaining true prevalence rates or information on potential outbreaks. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Further research analyzing aDNA from calculus and/or residues using a DIP-GC-MS method might create a better understanding of how smallpox spread through the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrystyne Tschinkel
- Anthropology Department, Tulane University, Dinwiddie Hall 101 6823 St. Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - John Verano
- Anthropology Department, Tulane University, Dinwiddie Hall 101 6823 St. Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Gabriel Prieto
- Anthropology Department, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117305, Gainesville, LA 32611-7305, USA
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Pei L, Hickman HD. T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:679. [PMID: 38793562 PMCID: PMC11126121 DOI: 10.3390/v16050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex tissue that provides a strong physical barrier against invading pathogens. Despite this, many viruses can access the skin and successfully replicate in either the epidermal keratinocytes or dermal immune cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the antiviral T cell biology responding to cutaneous viral infections and how these responses differ depending on the cellular targets of infection. Much of our mechanistic understanding of T cell surveillance of cutaneous infection has been gained from murine models of poxvirus and herpesvirus infection. However, we also discuss other viral infections, including flaviviruses and papillomaviruses, in which the cutaneous T cell response has been less extensively studied. In addition to the mechanisms of successful T cell control of cutaneous viral infection, we highlight knowledge gaps and future directions with possible impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Sheikhlary S, Lopez DH, Moghimi S, Sun B. Recent Findings on Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: An Updated Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:503. [PMID: 38672519 PMCID: PMC11048403 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the global leading causes of death and various vaccines have been developed over the years against it, including cell-based, nucleic acid-based, and viral-based cancer vaccines. Although many vaccines have been effective in in vivo and clinical studies and some have been FDA-approved, there are major limitations to overcome: (1) developing one universal vaccine for a specific cancer is difficult, as tumors with different antigens are different for different individuals, (2) the tumor antigens may be similar to the body's own antigens, and (3) there is the possibility of cancer recurrence. Therefore, developing personalized cancer vaccines with the ability to distinguish between the tumor and the body's antigens is indispensable. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of cancer vaccines and highlights important factors necessary for developing efficient cancer vaccines. Moreover, the application of other technologies in cancer therapy is discussed. Finally, several insights and conclusions are presented, such as the possibility of using cold plasma and cancer stem cells in developing future cancer vaccines, to tackle the major limitations in the cancer vaccine developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikhlary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Humberto Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sophia Moghimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
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Hwang YH, Byeon Y, Ahn SH, Kim MY, Byun SH, Lee HJ, Suh B, Kim D, Jung EJ, Kim YJ. Live attenuated smallpox vaccine candidate (KVAC103) efficiently induces protective immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2024; 42:1283-1291. [PMID: 38310019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Smallpox, caused by the variola virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus, is an acute contagious disease that killed 300 million people in the 20th century. Since it was declared to be eradicated and the national immunization program against it was stopped, the variola virus has become a prospective bio-weapon. It is necessary to develop a safe vaccine that protects people from terrorism using this biological weapon and that can be administered to immunocompromised people. Our previous study reported on the development of an attenuated smallpox vaccine (KVAC103). This study evaluated cellular and humoral immune responses to various doses, frequencies, and routes of administration of the KVAC103 strain, compared to CJ-50300 vaccine, and its protective ability against the wild-type vaccinia virus Western Reserve (VACV-WR) strain was evaluated. The binding and neutralizing-antibody titers increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the second inoculation, which increased the neutralizing-antibody titer compared to those after the single injection. In contrast, the T-cell immune response (interferon-gamma positive cells) increased after the second inoculation compared to that of CJ-50300 after the first inoculation. Neutralizing-antibody titers and antigen-specific IgG levels were comparable in all groups administered KVAC103 intramuscularly, subcutaneously, and intradermally. In a protective immunity test using the VACV-WR strain, all mice vaccinated with CJ-50300 or KVAC103 showed 100% survival. KVAC103 could be a potent smallpox vaccine that efficiently induces humoral and cellular immune responses to protect mice against the VACV-WR strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ho Hwang
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Byeon
- BIO Research Institute, BIO-Pharmaceutical Research Center, 811 Deokpyeong-ro, Majang-myeon, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 17389, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Ahn
- BIO Research Institute, BIO-Pharmaceutical Research Center, 811 Deokpyeong-ro, Majang-myeon, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 17389, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Byun
- BIO Research Institute, BIO-Pharmaceutical Research Center, 811 Deokpyeong-ro, Majang-myeon, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 17389, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Lee
- BIO Research Institute, BIO-Pharmaceutical Research Center, 811 Deokpyeong-ro, Majang-myeon, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 17389, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Suh
- BIO Research Institute, BIO-Pharmaceutical Research Center, 811 Deokpyeong-ro, Majang-myeon, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 17389, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokeun Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jung
- BIO Research Institute, BIO-Pharmaceutical Research Center, 811 Deokpyeong-ro, Majang-myeon, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 17389, Republic of Korea.
| | - You-Jin Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu 28159, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Gopi P, Krishna G, Veettil MV. Biology of Variola Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:139-149. [PMID: 38801576 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Variola virus is an anthroponotic agent that belongs to the orthopoxvirus family. It is an etiological agent of smallpox, an ancient disease that caused massive mortality of human populations. Twentieth century has witnessed the death of about 300 million people due to the unavailability of an effective vaccine. Early detection is the primary strategy to prevent an outbreak of smallpox. Variola virus forms the characteristic pus-filled pustules and centrifugal rash distribution in the infected patients while transmission occurs mainly through respiratory droplets during the early stage of infection. No antiviral drugs are approved for variola virus till date. Generation of first-generation vaccines helped in the eradication of smallpox which was declared by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Gopi
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682022, India
| | - Gayathri Krishna
- Institute of Advanced Virology, Thonnakkal, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695317, India
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Nucera F, Bonina L, Cipolla A, Pirina P, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Poxviridae Pneumonia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:183-204. [PMID: 38801579 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviridae family includes several viruses that infecting humans usually causes skin lesions only, but in some cases their clinical course is complicated by viral pneumonia (with or without bacterial superinfections). Historically variola virus has been the poxviridae most frequently associated with the development of pneumonia with many large outbreaks worldwide before its eradication in 1980. It is still considered a biological threat for its potential in biological warfare and bioterrorism. Smallpox pneumonia can be severe with the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Vaccinia virus, used for vaccination against smallpox exceptionally, in immunocompromised patients, can induce generalized (with also lung involvement) severe disease after vaccination. MPXV virus occasionally can cause pneumonia particularly in immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiology of poxviridae pneumonia is still an area of active research; however, in animal models these viruses can cause both direct damage to the lower airways epithelium and a hyperinflammatory syndrome, like a cytokine storm. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have also been described. The treatment of poxviridae pneumonia is mainly based on careful supportive care. Despite the absence of randomized clinical trials in patients with poxviridae pneumonia there are antiviral drugs, such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir, FDA-approved for use in smallpox and also available under an expanded access protocol for treatment of MPXV. There are 2 (replication-deficient modified vaccinia Ankara and replication-competent vaccinia virus) smallpox vaccines FDA-approved with the first one also approved for prevention of MPXV in adults that are at high risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letterio Bonina
- Virologia, Dipartimento di Patologia delle Malattie Umane "G. Barresi", Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Cipolla
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Pirina
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Mazur-Melewska K. Poxviruses in Children. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:205-217. [PMID: 38801580 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae is a large family of viruses with a ubiquitous distribution, subdivided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates) and Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects). Only three species from the first subfamily, Orthopoxvirus (OPV), Molluscipoxvirus and Parapoxvirus, can infect the human being. In the paediatric population, viruses belonging to the first two subfamilies have the greatest importance. Following the eradication of smallpox in 1980, vaccination of the general population was discontinued after careful consideration of the risks and benefits. However, nearly all children and most of the world's population had little to no protection against OPV. The aim of this chapter is to review the current evidence on the aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of Poxviridae infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Pei L, Overdahl KE, Shannon JP, Hornick KM, Jarmusch AK, Hickman HD. Profiling whole-tissue metabolic reprogramming during cutaneous poxvirus infection and clearance. J Virol 2023; 97:e0127223. [PMID: 38009914 PMCID: PMC10734417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human poxvirus infections have caused significant public health burdens both historically and recently during the unprecedented global Mpox virus outbreak. Although vaccinia virus (VACV) infection of mice is a commonly used model to explore the anti-poxvirus immune response, little is known about the metabolic changes that occur in vivo during infection. We hypothesized that the metabolome of VACV-infected skin would reflect the increased energetic requirements of both virus-infected cells and immune cells recruited to sites of infection. Therefore, we profiled whole VACV-infected skin using untargeted mass spectrometry to define the metabolome during infection, complementing these experiments with flow cytometry and transcriptomics. We identified specific metabolites, including nucleotides, itaconic acid, and glutamine, that were differentially expressed during VACV infection. Together, this study offers insight into both virus-specific and immune-mediated metabolic pathways that could contribute to the clearance of cutaneous poxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Pei
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten E. Overdahl
- Metabolomics Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John P. Shannon
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine M. Hornick
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan K. Jarmusch
- Metabolomics Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Van Dijck C, Hoff NA, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Low N, Cevik M, Rimoin AW, Kindrachuk J, Liesenborghs L. Emergence of mpox in the post-smallpox era-a narrative review on mpox epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1487-1492. [PMID: 37574113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2022 mpox outbreak drew global attention to this neglected pathogen. While most of the world was taken by surprise, some countries have seen this pathogen emerge and become endemic several decades prior to this epidemic. OBJECTIVES This narrative review provides an overview of mpox epidemiology since its discovery through the 2022 global outbreak. SOURCES We searched PubMed for relevant literature about mpox epidemiology and transmission through 28 February 2023. CONTENT The emergence of human mpox is intertwined with the eradication of smallpox and the cessation of the global smallpox vaccination campaign. The first human clade I and II monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections were reported as zoonoses in Central and West Africa, respectively, around 1970 with sporadic infections reported throughout the rest of the decade. Over the next five decades, Clade I MPXV was more common and caused outbreaks of increasing size and frequency, mainly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Clade II MPXV was rarely observed, until its re-emergence and ongoing transmission in Nigeria, since 2017. Both clades showed a shift from zoonotic to human-to-human transmission, with potential transmission through sexual contact being observed in Nigeria. In 2022, clade II MPXV caused a large human outbreak which to date has caused over 86,000 cases in 110 countries, with strong evidence of transmission during sexual contact. By February 2023, the global epidemic has waned in most countries, but endemic regions continue to suffer from mpox. IMPLICATIONS The changing epidemiology of mpox demonstrates how neglected zoonosis turned into a global health threat within a few decades. Thus, mpox pathophysiology and transmission dynamics need to be further investigated, and preventive and therapeutic interventions need to be evaluated. Outbreak response systems need to be strengthened and sustained in endemic regions to reduce the global threat of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; Université de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Muge Cevik
- Division of Infection and Global Health, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
The use of cancer vaccines is considered a promising therapeutic strategy in clinical oncology, which is achieved by stimulating antitumor immunity with tumor antigens delivered in the form of cells, peptides, viruses, and nucleic acids. The ideal cancer vaccine has many advantages, including low toxicity, specificity, and induction of persistent immune memory to overcome tumor heterogeneity and reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Many therapeutic vaccines have entered clinical trials for a variety of cancers, including melanoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, and others. However, many challenges, including single antigen targeting, weak immunogenicity, off-target effects, and impaired immune response, have hindered their broad clinical translation. In this review, we introduce the principle of action, components (including antigens and adjuvants), and classification (according to applicable objects and preparation methods) of cancer vaccines, summarize the delivery methods of cancer vaccines, and review the clinical and theoretical research progress of cancer vaccines. We also present new insights into cancer vaccine technologies, platforms, and applications as well as an understanding of potential next-generation preventive and therapeutic vaccine technologies, providing a broader perspective for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Patel CN, Mall R, Bensmail H. AI-driven drug repurposing and binding pose meta dynamics identifies novel targets for Monkeypox virus. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:799-807. [PMID: 36966703 PMCID: PMC10014505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was confirmed in May 2022 and designated a global health emergency by WHO in July 2022. MPX virions are big, enclosed, brick-shaped, and contain a linear, double-stranded DNA genome as well as enzymes. MPXV particles bind to the host cell membrane via a variety of viral-host protein interactions. As a result, the wrapped structure is a potential therapeutic target. DeepRepurpose, an artificial intelligence-based compound-viral proteins interaction framework, was used via a transfer learning setting to prioritize a set of FDA approved and investigational drugs which can potentially inhibit MPXV viral proteins. To filter and narrow down the lead compounds from curated collections of pharmaceutical compounds, we used a rigorous computational framework that included homology modeling, molecular docking, dynamic simulations, binding free energy calculations, and binding pose metadynamics. We identified Elvitegravir as a potential inhibitor of MPXV virus using our comprehensive pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N. Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380009, India,Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD-21702, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee-38105, USA,Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi-9639, United Arab Emirates,Corresponding author at: Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee-38105, USA
| | - Halima Bensmail
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha-34110, Qatar,Corresponding author
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Long B, Liang SY, Carius BM, Chavez S, Gottlieb M, Koyfman A, Brady WJ. Mimics of Monkeypox: Considerations for the emergency medicine clinician. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 65:172-178. [PMID: 36640626 PMCID: PMC9812851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a public health emergency most commonly presenting with a painful rash and several systemic findings. However, there are several conditions that may mimic its presentation. OBJECTIVE This narrative review provides a focused overview of mpox mimics for emergency clinicians. DISCUSSION Mpox is a global health emergency. The disease is primarily spread through contact, followed by the development of a centrifugally-spread rash that evolves from macules to papules to vesicles to pustules. This is often associated with lymphadenopathy and fever. As the rash is one of the most common presenting signs of the infection, patients mpox may present to the emergency department (ED) for further evaluation. There are a variety of mimics of mpox, including smallpox, varicella, primary and secondary syphilis, acute retroviral syndrome, and genital herpes simplex virus. CONCLUSION Knowledge of mpox and its mimics is vital for emergency clinicians to differentiate these conditions and ensure appropriate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, United States.
| | - Stephen Y Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America.
| | - Brandon M Carius
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98431, United States
| | - Summer Chavez
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, Tilman J Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Ultrasound Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Alex Koyfman
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - William J Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America.
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Huang S, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Recent Advances in Delivery Systems for Genetic and Other Novel Vaccines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107946. [PMID: 34914144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful and cost-effective prophylactic measures against diseases, especially infectious diseases including smallpox and polio. However, the development of effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines for other diseases such as cancer remains challenging. This is often due to the imprecise control of vaccine activity in vivo which leads to insufficient/inappropriate immune responses or short immune memory. The development of new vaccine types in recent decades has created the potential for improving the protective potency against these diseases. Genetic and subunit vaccines are two major categories of these emerging vaccines. Owing to their nature, they rely heavily on delivery systems with various functions, such as effective cargo protection, immunogenicity enhancement, targeted delivery, sustained release of antigens, selective activation of humoral and/or cellular immune responses against specific antigens, and reduced adverse effects. Therefore, vaccine delivery systems may significantly affect the final outcome of genetic and other novel vaccines and are vital for their development. This review introduces these studies based on their research emphasis on functional design or administration route optimization, presents recent progress, and discusses features of new vaccine delivery systems, providing an overview of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yining Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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Jaiswal V, Nain P, Mukherjee D, Joshi A, Savaliya M, Ishak A, Batra N, Maroo D, Verma D. Symptomatology, prognosis, and clinical findings of Monkeypox infected patients during COVID-19 era: A systematic-review. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e722. [PMID: 36301040 PMCID: PMC9552975 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent outbreak of Human Monkeypox (MPXV) in nonendemic regions of the world is of great concern. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically analyze the current epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of the Monkeypox virus. METHOD Systematic literature was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus using predefined MESH terms by using "AND" and "OR." The following search terms were used: Monkeypox [MeSH] OR "Monkeypox virus" [MeSH] OR "POX" OR "Monkeypox" AND "Outbreak" AND "Outcomes" from December 2019 till 14th June 2022 without restrictions of language. RESULTS A total of 1074 (99.90%) patients tested positive for Monkeypox virus through RT-PCR while 1 (0.09) patient was suspected. There was a gender difference with male predominance (54.23% vs. 45.48%) compared with female patients. Mean age (±SD) of patients was 20.66 ± 16.45 years. The major symptoms were rash (100%), fever (96%), and other important symptoms were upper respiratory symptoms (97%), headache (95%), vomiting (95%), oral ulcers (96%), conjunctivitis (96%) and lymphadenopathy (85%). The average mean duration of treatment was 5 days, while the mean hospitalization duration was 13.3 ± 6.37 days. The outcome of 20 patients was available, 19 of 20 patients recovered fully from monkeypox, however, 1 patient was not able to survive resulting in death. CONCLUSION The recent monkeypox virus outbreak has shown that the virus could transmit in ways that were not previously expected. Further research is needed to understand the possible outcomes and association with humans and their different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Jaiswal
- Department of ResearchLarkin Community HospitalSouth MiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Priyanshu Nain
- Department of MedicineMaulana Azad Medical CollegeNew DelhiIndia
| | - Dattatreya Mukherjee
- Department of MedicineRaiganj Government Medical College and HospitalRaiganjWest BengalIndia
| | - Amey Joshi
- Department of ResearchLarkin Community HospitalSouth MiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Mittal Savaliya
- Department of MedicineGMERS Medical CollegeJunagadhGujaratIndia
| | - Angela Ishak
- Department of ResearchLarkin Community HospitalSouth MiamiFlUSA
| | - Nitya Batra
- Department of MedicineMaulana Azad Medical CollegeNew DelhiIndia
| | - Dipansha Maroo
- Department of MedicineMaulana Azad Medical CollegeNew DelhiIndia
| | - Deepak Verma
- Department of MedicineJanaki Medical CollegeDhanushaNepal
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15
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Billioux BJ, Mbaya OT, Sejvar J, Nath A. Neurologic Complications of Smallpox and Monkeypox: A Review. JAMA Neurol 2022; 79:1180-1186. [PMID: 36125794 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Importance Orthopox viruses include smallpox virus, a once feared but now eradicated virus, as well as monkeypox virus. Monkeypox is an emerging virus initially isolated in 1958, previously unrecognized outside sub-Saharan Africa until a worldwide outbreak in May 2022. It is important to review known neurologic consequences of both these viruses, as complications of smallpox may be relevant to monkeypox, though complications of monkeypox may be rarer and perhaps less severe. Observations This was a literature review of the known neurologic complications of smallpox, which include encephalitis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis among others; historical complications of smallpox vaccination, including postvaccinal encephalomyelitis; and the known neurologic complications of monkeypox, which include headaches and mood disturbances, as well as rare presentations of encephalitis, transverse myelitis, and seizures. Of concern is the possibility of viral persistence and systemic complications in immunocompromised individuals. Also provided were considerations for diagnosis, current treatment, and prevention of monkeypox. Conclusions and Relevance Monkeypox should be considered in high-risk populations who present with neurologic syndromes. Diagnosis may require serology and polymerase chain reaction testing of blood and spinal fluid. Antiviral therapy should be initiated early in the course of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jeanne Billioux
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Oliver Tshiani Mbaya
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - James Sejvar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Avindra Nath
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Yim SG, Hwang YH, An S, Seong KY, Kim SY, Kim S, Lee H, Lee KO, Kim MY, Kim D, Kim YJ, Yang SY. Low-Temperature Multiple Micro-Dispensing on Microneedles for Accurate Transcutaneous Smallpox Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040561. [PMID: 35455310 PMCID: PMC9024753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus. According to WHO guidelines, the smallpox vaccine is administrated by scarification into the epidermis using a bifurcated needle moistened with a vaccine solution. However, this invasive vaccination method involving multiple skin punctures requires a special technique to inoculate, as well as a cold chain for storage and distribution of vaccine solutions containing a live virus. Here, we report a transcutaneous smallpox vaccination using a live vaccinia-coated microneedle (MN) patch prepared by a low-temperature multiple nanoliter-level dispensing system, enabling accurate transdermal delivery of live vaccines and maintenance of bioactivity. The live vaccinia in hyaluronic acid (HA) solutions was selectively coated on the solid MN tips, and the coating amount of the vaccine was precisely controlled through a programmed multiple dispensing process with high accuracy under low temperature conditions (2–8 °C) for smallpox vaccination. Inoculation of mice (BALB/C mouse) with the MN patch coated with the second-generation smallpox vaccine increased the neutralizing antibody titer and T cell immune response. Interestingly, the live vaccine-coated MN patch maintained viral titers at −20 °C for 4 weeks and elevated temperature (37 °C) for 1 week, highlighting improved storage stability of the live virus formulated into coated MN patches. This coated MN platform using contact dispensing technique provides a simple and effective method for smallpox vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gu Yim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-G.Y.); (S.A.); (K.-Y.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Yun-Ho Hwang
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (Y.-H.H.); (S.Y.K.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Seonyeong An
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-G.Y.); (S.A.); (K.-Y.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Keum-Yong Seong
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-G.Y.); (S.A.); (K.-Y.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Seo-Yeon Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (Y.-H.H.); (S.Y.K.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Semin Kim
- SNVIA Co., Ltd., Hyowon Industry-Cooperation Building, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.K.); (K.-O.L.)
| | - Hyeseon Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-G.Y.); (S.A.); (K.-Y.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Kang-Oh Lee
- SNVIA Co., Ltd., Hyowon Industry-Cooperation Building, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.K.); (K.-O.L.)
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (Y.-H.H.); (S.Y.K.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Dokeun Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (Y.-H.H.); (S.Y.K.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
| | - You-Jin Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (Y.-H.H.); (S.Y.K.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.K.); (S.-Y.Y.)
| | - Seung-Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-G.Y.); (S.A.); (K.-Y.S.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.K.); (S.-Y.Y.)
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17
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[Vaccinations for the immunologic memory-Repeatedly or once only?]. Internist (Berl) 2022; 63:476-483. [PMID: 35376975 PMCID: PMC8978485 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Dank der Wirksamkeit von Impfstoffen sind einige besonders bedrohliche Infektionskrankheiten selten geworden. Allerdings sind Impfstoffe inzwischen Opfer ihres eigenen Erfolgs. Aufgrund unzureichender Zustimmung und unzureichender Impfquoten besteht die Gefahr, dass die Wirksamkeit von Impfungen als Präventionsmaßnahme immer mehr schwindet. Im Jahr 2019 stufte die Weltgesundheitsorganisation daher Zweifel an der Wirksamkeit von Impfstoffen als eine der zehn größten Gesundheitsgefahren weltweit ein. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf wichtige Fragen zu Impfungen und Impfstoffen sowie zu ihren Wirkungen im Wechselspiel mit dem Immunsystem eingegangen. Behandelt werden folgende Themen: Vergleich der natürlichen und der durch Impfung erworbenen Immunität; Faktoren, die eine Auffrischungsimpfung erforderlich machen; Rolle der Herdenimmunität; Voraussetzungen für das Gelingen einer Erkrankungseradikation; Einfluss verschiedener T‑Zellen auf die Impfwirkung; Rolle des Immungedächtnisses; Faktoren, die den Impfschutz beeinflussen; Impfungen bei Immundefizienz; Potenzial und Einsatzbereiche der passiven Immunisierung. Im Angesicht der Coronapandemie und der laufenden Impfkampagne ist zu hoffen, dass eine allgemeine Renaissance der Impfungen gegen Infektionskrankheiten einsetzt.
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Liu J, Fu M, Wang M, Wan D, Wei Y, Wei X. Cancer vaccines as promising immuno-therapeutics: platforms and current progress. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:28. [PMID: 35303904 PMCID: PMC8931585 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on tumor immunotherapy has made tremendous progress in the past decades, with numerous studies entering the clinical evaluation. The cancer vaccine is considered a promising therapeutic strategy in the immunotherapy of solid tumors. Cancer vaccine stimulates anti-tumor immunity with tumor antigens, which could be delivered in the form of whole cells, peptides, nucleic acids, etc. Ideal cancer vaccines could overcome the immune suppression in tumors and induce both humoral immunity and cellular immunity. In this review, we introduced the working mechanism of cancer vaccines and summarized four platforms for cancer vaccine development. We also highlighted the clinical research progress of the cancer vaccines, especially focusing on their clinical application and therapeutic efficacy, which might hopefully facilitate the future design of the cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minyang Fu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Li W, Meng J, Ma X, Lin J, Lu X. Advanced materials for the delivery of vaccines for infectious diseases. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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20
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Jayswal S, Kakadiya J. A narrative review of pox: smallpox vs monkeypox. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2022; 34:90. [PMCID: PMC9746567 DOI: 10.1186/s43162-022-00174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The famed variola (smallpox) virus and the monkeypox virus (MPXV) are closely related, and MPXV causes a milder form of febrile rash disease in people. Human monkeypox was mostly an uncommon zoonotic illness that was restricted to West and Central African wooded areas in the twentieth century. The global population’s smallpox vaccine-induced immunity, however, has started to decrease as the number of cases and the geographic breadth have both increased significantly in this century. Several countries have seen human monkeypox outbreaks since May 2022. A possible shift in the monkeypox transmission pattern that might represent a bigger worldwide danger is raised by the atypical nature of these outbreaks, which are characterized by their high-case numbers and absence of ties to endemic countries. Here, we explore a wide range of MPXV biology topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Jayswal
- grid.510466.00000 0004 5998 4868Department of Pharmacology, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760 Gujarat India
| | - Jagdish Kakadiya
- grid.510466.00000 0004 5998 4868Department of Pharmacology, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760 Gujarat India
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21
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Antivirals targeting paramyxovirus membrane fusion. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:34-47. [PMID: 34592709 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae family includes enveloped single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses such as measles, mumps, human parainfluenza, canine distemper, Hendra, and Nipah viruses, which cause a tremendous global health burden. The ability of paramyxoviral glycoproteins to merge viral and host membranes allows entry of the viral genome into host cells, as well as cell-cell fusion, an important contributor to disease progression. Recent molecular and structural advances in our understanding of the paramyxovirus membrane fusion machinery gave rise to various therapeutic approaches aiming at inhibiting viral infection, spread, and cytopathic effects. These therapeutic approaches include peptide mimics, antibodies, and small molecule inhibitors with various levels of success at inhibiting viral entry, increasing the potential of effective antiviral therapeutic development.
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22
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Hutson CL, Kondas AV, Ritter JM, Reed Z, Ostergaard SD, Morgan CN, Gallardo-Romero N, Tansey C, Mauldin MR, Salzer JS, Hughes CM, Goldsmith CS, Carroll D, Olson VA. Teaching a new mouse old tricks: Humanized mice as an infection model for Variola virus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009633. [PMID: 34547055 PMCID: PMC8454956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox, caused by the solely human pathogen Variola virus (VARV), was declared eradicated in 1980. While known VARV stocks are secure, smallpox remains a bioterrorist threat agent. Recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of the first smallpox anti-viral (tecovirimat) therapeutic was a successful step forward in smallpox preparedness; however, orthopoxviruses can become resistant to treatment, suggesting a multi-therapeutic approach is necessary. Animal models are required for testing medical countermeasures (MCMs) and ideally MCMs are tested directly against the pathogen of interest. Since VARV only infects humans, a representative animal model for testing therapeutics directly against VARV remains a challenge. Here we show that three different humanized mice strains are highly susceptible to VARV infection, establishing the first small animal model using VARV. In comparison, the non-humanized, immunosuppressed background mouse was not susceptible to systemic VARV infection. Following an intranasal VARV challenge that mimics the natural route for human smallpox transmission, the virus spread systemically within the humanized mouse before mortality (~ 13 days post infection), similar to the time from exposure to symptom onset for ordinary human smallpox. Our identification of a permissive/representative VARV animal model can facilitate testing of MCMs in a manner consistent with their intended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Hutson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ashley V. Kondas
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jana M. Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zachary Reed
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sharon Dietz Ostergaard
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Clint N. Morgan
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nadia Gallardo-Romero
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Tansey
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Mauldin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Johanna S. Salzer
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Hughes
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cynthia S. Goldsmith
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Darin Carroll
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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23
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Tang J, Shao P, Liu T, Wen X, Wang Y, Wang C, Peng Y, Yao H, Zuo J. Osteomyelitis variolosa, an issue inherited from the past: case report and systematic review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:354. [PMID: 34362412 PMCID: PMC8344329 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteomyelitis variolosa is a self-limiting disease triggered by variola virus that cannot be prevented or repaired. Smallpox has been eradicated for 40 years, and complications that remain after smallpox has been cured have become a remarkable diagnostic challenge for contemporary physicians. In this systematic review, we searched PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Google Scholar for cases on complications, diagnosis, and treatment for osteomyelitis variolosa between January 1980 and February 2021. Results Ten papers and eleven finished cases, all patients from India, were included for comparison with the present case. In total, 100% of patients presented with bilateral elbow deformities, the ankle was the second most common site of lesion in 50%, and knee lesions accounted for 25% in this study. Flexion contracture, joint instability, secondary arthritis, and fracture are common complications of osteomyelitis variolosa, and most patients receive conservative treatment, while internal fixation has good results for combined fractures. Conclusions Although osteomyelitis variolosa is not a direct threat to the safety of patients, severe skeletal deformities can have a significant impact on quality of life. With advances in surgical techniques, clinicians are offering an increasing number of treatment options for patients with osteomyelitis variolosa. However, most importantly, smallpox has basically been removed from the historical arena, and for areas where smallpox was once endemic, physicians need to deepen the understanding of this disease again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshuo Tang
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Pu Shao
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.,Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Te Liu
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Xinggui Wen
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yachen Peng
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
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24
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Luo J, Han X, Wei Y, Wei X. mRNA vaccine: a potential therapeutic strategy. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:33. [PMID: 33593376 PMCID: PMC7884263 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have tremendous potential to fight against cancer and viral diseases due to superiorities in safety, efficacy and industrial production. In recent decades, we have witnessed the development of different kinds of mRNAs by sequence optimization to overcome the disadvantage of excessive mRNA immunogenicity, instability and inefficiency. Based on the immunological study, mRNA vaccines are coupled with immunologic adjuvant and various delivery strategies. Except for sequence optimization, the assistance of mRNA-delivering strategies is another method to stabilize mRNAs and improve their efficacy. The understanding of increasing the antigen reactiveness gains insight into mRNA-induced innate immunity and adaptive immunity without antibody-dependent enhancement activity. Therefore, to address the problem, scientists further exploited carrier-based mRNA vaccines (lipid-based delivery, polymer-based delivery, peptide-based delivery, virus-like replicon particle and cationic nanoemulsion), naked mRNA vaccines and dendritic cells-based mRNA vaccines. The article will discuss the molecular biology of mRNA vaccines and underlying anti-virus and anti-tumor mechanisms, with an introduction of their immunological phenomena, delivery strategies, their importance on Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related clinical trials against cancer and viral diseases. Finally, we will discuss the challenge of mRNA vaccines against bacterial and parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Jingwen Luo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Xuejiao Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 PR China
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25
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Ferrari G, Neukamm J, Baalsrud HT, Breidenstein AM, Ravinet M, Phillips C, Rühli F, Bouwman A, Schuenemann VJ. Variola virus genome sequenced from an eighteenth-century museum specimen supports the recent origin of smallpox. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190572. [PMID: 33012235 PMCID: PMC7702794 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox, caused by the variola virus (VARV), was a highly virulent disease with high mortality rates causing a major threat for global human health until its successful eradication in 1980. Despite previously published historic and modern VARV genomes, its past dissemination and diversity remain debated. To understand the evolutionary history of VARV with respect to historic and modern VARV genetic variation in Europe, we sequenced a VARV genome from a well-described eighteenth-century case from England (specimen P328). In our phylogenetic analysis, the new genome falls between the modern strains and another historic strain from Lithuania, supporting previous claims of larger diversity in early modern Europe compared to the twentieth century. Our analyses also resolve a previous controversy regarding the common ancestor between modern and historic strains by confirming a later date around the seventeenth century. Overall, our results point to the benefit of historic genomes for better resolution of past VARV diversity and highlight the value of such historic genomes from around the world to further understand the evolutionary history of smallpox as well as related diseases. This article is part of the theme issue 'Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Ferrari
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Judith Neukamm
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helle T. Baalsrud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abagail M. Breidenstein
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ravinet
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Carina Phillips
- The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PE, UK
| | - Frank Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abigail Bouwman
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Verena J. Schuenemann
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Kluger N. Smallpox scars in a 19th-century portrait at the Turku Art Museum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 35:572-573. [PMID: 33025613 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Société Française des Sciences Humaines sur la Peau (SFSHP), Maison de la Dermatologie, Paris, France
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27
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Abstract
Nerve agents and neurobiological weapons are among the most devastating and lethal of weapons. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors act by increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction, resulting in flaccid paralysis. Tabun, VX, soman, and sarin are the major agents in this category. Exposure to nerve agents can be inhalational or through dermal contact. Neurotoxins may have peripheral and central effects on the nervous system. Atropine is an effective antidote to nerve agents. Neurobiological weapons entail using whole organisms or organism-synthesized toxins as agents. Some organisms that can be used as biological weapons include smallpox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Sejvar
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop H24-12, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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28
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With regard to the bicentennial of the independence of Colombia: Reading practices of Antonio Nariño and the development of a presumably effective vaccine against smallpox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:8-19. [PMID: 32463602 PMCID: PMC7449111 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The social history of written culture reflects the reading and writing habits and practices that allow us to appropriate the texts to build our sense of community. Hence, the library of individuals reflects their reading habits, their way of imagining nature, their relationship with political and religious power, and their involvement with society.
Objective: To interpret Antonio Nariño’s reading practices by means of the medical books in his library to approach the way he developed a presumably effective vaccine against smallpox.
Materials and methods: We made a bibliographic description of the documents “Confiscación y embargo de bienes de Nariño” and “Papeles, libros y bienes de Sebastián López Ruiz en poder de Nariño” from the Nariño Archive of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Results: Out of the 39 books about Medicine (seven treatises on surgery, 12 compendia of practical exercise, 11 disease manuals, seven compendia of medical topics, and two books on childbirth) three were smallpox treatises.
Conclusion: Antonio Nariño’s medical and scientific practice reflects his reading and writing habits, his skills and competences, and his cultural attitudes, which promoted the notion of public health. The study of Nariño as a self-taught physician allowed for relating the scientific production techniques (development of the vaccine) and the cultural materiality (state of the art) based on the medical texts in his library.
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Hidalgo J, Woc-Colburn L. Influenza, Measles, SARS, MERS, and Smallpox. HIGHLY INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CRITICAL CARE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7120728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33803-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza, measles, SARS, MERS, and smallpox illnesses are caused by highly infectious viral pathogens that induce critical illness. These biologically diverse viruses enter and replicate within host cells triggering viral- and host-mediated damage that results in pneumonia and multiorgan failure in severe cases. Early case identification and strict infection control limit healthcare transmission. Vaccination allowed smallpox eradication and limits global measles and seasonal influenza mortality. While SARS-coronavirus (CoV) is no longer circulating, MERS-CoV and zoonotic influenza viruses, with pandemic potential, remain persistent threats. Supportive critical care is the mainstay of treatment for severe disease due to these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hidalgo
- Division of Critical Care, Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital, Belize City, Belize
| | - Laila Woc-Colburn
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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30
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Wu J, Liu Q, Xie H, Chen R, Huang W, Liang C, Xiao X, Yu Y, Wang Y. Screening and evaluation of potential inhibitors against vaccinia virus from 767 approved drugs. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2016-2024. [PMID: 31294846 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapies for human smallpox is needed due to the increasing concern over the potential use of smallpox virus as a biological weapon. Here, we report a high-throughput screening for anti-smallpox virus drugs from a 767-small-molecule library, employing two vaccinia virus (VACV) strains containing firefly luciferase (VTT-Fluc and VG9-Fluc) as surrogate viruses. Using an eight-point dose response format assay, 26 compounds of different pharmacological classes were identified with in vitro anti-VACV activities. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tranilast (TRA) were detected to possess the highest anti-VACV potency (selectivity index values of >334 and >74, respectively); they could inhibit VTT-Fluc replication in nude mice at 5 days post-infection by 99% (10 mg/kg, P < .01) and 59% (45 mg/kg, P = .01), respectively, as indicated by bioluminescent intensity. In conclusion, MMF and TRA are promising anti-smallpox virus candidates for further optimization and repurposing for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Wu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunnan Liang
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Xiao
- Institute for Reference Standards and Standardization, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Division of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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31
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Tournier JN. [The eradication of infectious viral diseases endangered by advances in synthetic biology]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:181-186. [PMID: 30774089 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The eradication of infectious diseases is one of the oldest dreams of mankind. It has been materialized only once in History with smallpox in 1980. Considerable efforts are being developed against poliomyelitis viruses since 1988, but the ultimate goal of eradication is not yet achieved. Paradoxically, while the objective of having eradicated these two viral diseases is approaching, synthetic biology multiplies the prowesses of virus "neosynthesis", imperiling at least virtually the durability of these advances. This article emphasizes the potential of a new biology on one side, and the difficult reality of the fight against infections on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Unité Biothérapies anti-infectieuses et immunité, Département Microbiologie et maladies infectieuses, 1, place général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France - Institut Pasteur, unité génomique virale et vaccination, CNRS UMR-3569, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France - École du Val-de-Grâce, 74, boulevard de Port-Royal, 75005 Paris, France
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32
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Differential Response Following Infection of Mouse CNS with Virulent and Attenuated Vaccinia Virus Strains. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010019. [PMID: 30759813 PMCID: PMC6466266 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) lead to a broad range of pathologies. CNS infections with Orthopox viruses have been mainly documented as an adverse reaction to smallpox vaccination with vaccinia virus. To date, there is insufficient data regarding the mechanisms underlying pathological viral replication or viral clearance. Therefore, informed risk assessment of vaccine adverse reactions or outcome prediction is limited. This work applied a model of viral infection of the CNS, comparing neurovirulent with attenuated strains. We followed various parameters along the disease and correlated viral load, morbidity, and mortality with tissue integrity, innate and adaptive immune response and functionality of the blood–brain barrier. Combining these data with whole brain RNA-seq analysis performed at different time points indicated that neurovirulence is associated with host immune silencing followed by induction of tissue damage-specific pathways. In contrast, brain infection with attenuated strains resulted in rapid and robust induction of innate and adaptive protective immunity, followed by viral clearance and recovery. This study significantly improves our understanding of the mechanisms and processes determining the consequence of viral CNS infection and highlights potential biomarkers associated with such outcomes.
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33
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 342:175-263. [PMID: 30635091 PMCID: PMC7104940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates.
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34
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Liebowitz D. Smallpox vaccination: an early start of modern medicine in America. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2017; 7:61-63. [PMID: 28634531 PMCID: PMC5463674 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2016.1273611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980. Before its eradication thedisease had a mortality rate upwards of 50% and had a significant impact on society. During theAmerican Revolutionary war, smallpox outbreaks were impeding the American war effort until1777 when George Washington carried out a mass inoculation campaign in the ContinentalArmy that reduced the mortality from smallpox to less than 2%. Inoculation was an early formof vaccination that used live virus from active pustules to induce a milder, but still sometimesdeadly, case of disease. Washington has been credited with helping to ease the burden ofsmallpox on the Army which improved the odds of success against the British. When EdwardJenner's vaccine reached America it was more readily accepted by political and medical leadersdue the success of Washington's inoculation campaign. The Founding Fathers argued thatsmallpox vaccination was the greatest discovery in modern medicine and they were likely correctthat it helped to usher in the modern era of vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liebowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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35
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Seo D, Kim NY, Lee JA, Han KR, Hur GH, Yang JM, Shin S. Protection against lethal vaccinia virus infection in mice using an siRNA targeting the A5R gene. Antivir Ther 2016; 21:397-404. [DOI: 10.3851/imp3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Liu Q, Fan C, Zhou S, Guo Y, Zuo Q, Ma J, Liu S, Wu X, Peng Z, Fan T, Guo C, Shen Y, Huang W, Li B, He Z, Wang Y. Bioluminescent imaging of vaccinia virus infection in immunocompetent and immunodeficient rats as a model for human smallpox. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11397. [PMID: 26235050 PMCID: PMC4522659 DOI: 10.1038/srep11397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing concern of using smallpox virus as biological weapons for terrorist attack, there is renewed interest in studying the pathogenesis of human smallpox and development of new therapies. Animal models are highly demanded for efficacy and safety examination of new vaccines and therapeutic drugs. Here, we demonstrated that both wild type and immunodeficient rats infected with an engineered vaccinia virus carrying Firefly luciferase reporter gene (rTV-Fluc) could recapitulate infectious and clinical features of human smallpox. Vaccinia viral infection in wild type Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats displayed a diffusible pattern in various organs, including liver, head and limbs. The intensity of bioluminescence generated from rTV-Fluc correlated well with viral loads in tissues. Moreover, neutralizing antibodies had a protective effect against virus reinfection. The recombination activating gene 2 (Rag2) knockout rats generated by transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) technology were further used to examine the infectivity of the rTV-Fluc in immunodeficient populations. Here we demonstrated that Rag2-/- rats were more susceptible to rTV-Fluc than SD rats with a slower virus clearance rate. Therefore, the rTV-Fluc/SD rats and rTV-Fluc/Rag2-/- rats are suitable visualization models, which recapitulate wild type or immunodeficient populations respectively, for testing human smallpox vaccine and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuya Zhou
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Biocytogen Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101111, China
| | - Qin Zuo
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Susu Liu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zexu Peng
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | | | | | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Baowen Li
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhengming He
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
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37
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Babkin IV, Babkina IN. The origin of the variola virus. Viruses 2015; 7:1100-12. [PMID: 25763864 PMCID: PMC4379562 DOI: 10.3390/v7031100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of the origin of smallpox, one of the major menaces to humankind, is a constant concern for the scientific community. Smallpox is caused by the agent referred to as the variola virus (VARV), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. In the last century, smallpox was declared eradicated from the human community; however, the mechanisms responsible for the emergence of new dangerous pathogens have yet to be unraveled. Evolutionary analyses of the molecular biological genomic data of various orthopoxviruses, involving a wide range of epidemiological and historical information about smallpox, have made it possible to date the emergence of VARV. Comparisons of the VARV genome to the genomes of the most closely related orthopoxviruses and the examination of the distribution their natural hosts' ranges suggest that VARV emerged 3000 to 4000 years ago in the east of the African continent. The VARV evolution rate has been estimated to be approximately 2 × 10-6 substitutions/site/year for the central conserved genomic region and 4 × 10-6 substitutions/site/year for the synonymous substitutions in the genome. Presumably, the introduction of camels to Africa and the concurrent changes to the climate were the particular factors that triggered the divergent evolution of a cowpox-like ancestral virus and thereby led to the emergence of VARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Babkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Irina N Babkina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- JSC VECTOR-BEST, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia.
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38
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39
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McCollum AM, Li Y, Wilkins K, Karem KL, Davidson WB, Paddock CD, Reynolds MG, Damon IK. Poxvirus viability and signatures in historical relics. Emerg Infect Dis 2014. [PMID: 24447382 PMCID: PMC3901489 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.131098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been >30 years since the eradication of smallpox, the unearthing of well-preserved tissue material in which the virus may reside has called into question the viability of variola virus decades or centuries after its original occurrence. Experimental data to address the long-term stability and viability of the virus are limited. There are several instances of well-preserved corpses and tissues that have been examined for poxvirus viability and viral DNA. These historical specimens cause concern for potential exposures, and each situation should be approached cautiously and independently with the available information. Nevertheless, these specimens provide information on the history of a major disease and vaccination against it.
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40
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McCollum AM, Li Y, Wilkins K, Karem KL, Davidson WB, Paddock CD, Reynolds MG, Damon IK. Poxvirus viability and signatures in historical relics. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:177-84. [PMID: 24447382 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002/131098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been >30 years since the eradication of smallpox, the unearthing of well-preserved tissue material in which the virus may reside has called into question the viability of variola virus decades or centuries after its original occurrence. Experimental data to address the long-term stability and viability of the virus are limited. There are several instances of well-preserved corpses and tissues that have been examined for poxvirus viability and viral DNA. These historical specimens cause concern for potential exposures, and each situation should be approached cautiously and independently with the available information. Nevertheless, these specimens provide information on the history of a major disease and vaccination against it.
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Zapanta PE, Ghorab S. Age of Bioterrorism: Are You Prepared? Review of Bioweapons and Their Clinical Presentation for Otolaryngologists. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 151:208-14. [PMID: 24757076 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814531907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review on Category A bioweapons is intended to help otolaryngologists (1) understand the concepts of bioterrorism, (2) identify a bioterrorism attack, and (3) recognize specific otolaryngologic symptoms and signs of Category A bioweapons. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Medline databases. REVIEW METHODS Review of current literature regarding Category A agents of biological warfare and their relationships to otolaryngology was performed using PubMed, Medline, and articles written by experts in the field of bioterrorism. Each Category A agent was paired with the term otolaryngology and then paired with epistaxis, sinusitis, airway obstruction, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, hearing loss, otitis media, and lymphadenopathy individually. For the latest accepted treatment and diagnostic strategies, bioterrorism was searched with filters for human studies, English language, and the past 5 years. Titles, abstracts, and papers were read for relevancy. CONCLUSION While the use of bioweapons initially leads to nonspecific symptoms, a high index of suspicion and clustering of abnormal pathology will often lead the astute physician to the correct diagnosis of bioweapons. Some disease presentations of Category A agents (anthrax, smallpox, tularemia, botulism, plague, hemorrhagic fever) will involve the realm of otolaryngology. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The head and neck manifestations of a Category A bioweapon attack will require knowledgeable otolaryngologists for prompt diagnosis, treatment, and notification of public authorities. This will help decrease the morbidity and mortality of any potential bioterrorism attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Zapanta
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Army Reserve Medical Command, Army Medical Department (AMEDD) Professional Management Command, Forest Park, Georgia, USA
| | - Saba Ghorab
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Sejvar J. Vaccines and viral / toxin-associated neurologic infections. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 123:719-44. [PMID: 25015514 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Sejvar
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Abstract
Bioterrorism is not only a reality of the times in which we live but bioweapons have been used for centuries. Critical care physicians play a major role in the recognition of and response to a bioterrorism attack. Critical care clinicians must be familiar with the diagnosis and management of the most likely bioterrorism agents, and also be adequately prepared to manage a mass casualty situation. This article reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the most likely agents of biowarfare and bioterrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Christian
- Royal Canadian Air Force, Department of National Defence, 600 University Avenue, Room 18-232-1, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
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Walsh SR, Dolin R. Vaccinia viruses: vaccines against smallpox and vectors against infectious diseases and tumors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1221-40. [PMID: 21854314 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Less than 200 years after its introduction, widespread use of vaccinia virus (VACV) as a smallpox vaccine has eradicated variola virus. Along with the remarkable success of the vaccination program, frequent and sometimes severe adverse reactions to VACV were encountered. After eradication, VACV has been reserved for select populations who might be at significant risk for orthopoxvirus infections. Events over the past decade have renewed concerns over the potential use of variola virus as a biological weapon. Accordingly, interest in VACV and attenuated derivatives has increased, both as vaccines against smallpox and as vectors for other vaccines. This article will focus on new developments in the field of orthopoxvirus immunization and will highlight recent advances in the use of vaccinia viruses as vectors for infectious diseases and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Three Blackfan Circle, E/CLS-1006, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Cutaneous manifestations of category A bioweapons. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:1213.e1-1213.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Membrane remodeling by the double-barrel scaffolding protein of poxvirus. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002239. [PMID: 21931553 PMCID: PMC3169552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to most enveloped viruses, poxviruses produce infectious particles that do not acquire their internal lipid membrane by budding through cellular compartments. Instead, poxvirus immature particles are generated from atypical crescent-shaped precursors whose architecture and composition remain contentious. Here we describe the 2.6 Å crystal structure of vaccinia virus D13, a key structural component of the outer scaffold of viral crescents. D13 folds into two jellyrolls decorated by a head domain of novel fold. It assembles into trimers that are homologous to the double-barrel capsid proteins of adenovirus and lipid-containing icosahedral viruses. We show that, when tethered onto artificial membranes, D13 forms a honeycomb lattice and assembly products structurally similar to the viral crescents and immature particles. The architecture of the D13 honeycomb lattice and the lipid-remodeling abilities of D13 support a model of assembly that exhibits similarities with the giant mimivirus. Overall, these findings establish that the first committed step of poxvirus morphogenesis utilizes an ancestral lipid-remodeling strategy common to icosahedral DNA viruses infecting all kingdoms of life. Furthermore, D13 is the target of rifampicin and its structure will aid the development of poxvirus assembly inhibitors. Poxviruses are arguably the largest viruses infecting humans. The unique brick-shape architecture of their infectious virus particles sets them apart from any other viral family in the virosphere. The infectious particles are produced through a series of assembly steps where intermediates of distinct composition and architecture can be identified. In particular, atypical crescent-shaped precursors of immature particles have generated much controversy regarding their structure and the origin of their lipidic membrane. Here, we used a combination of X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy to investigate the role of a crucial structural component of viral crescents called D13. Our atomic structure of D13 firmly establishes an evolutionary link between poxviruses and a group of large DNA viruses. In addition, we show that, when tethered to artificial membranes, this protein assembles into a scaffold analogous to that in immature particles. The resulting pseudo-atomic model of the honeycomb lattice reveals similarities to the mimivirus, which suggests that giant viral shells use common assembly principles. Overall, our findings reveal that poxviruses utilize an ancestral lipid-remodeling strategy common to DNA viruses infecting all kingdoms of life. They also provide a basis for structure-based design of assembly inhibitors against poxvirus pathogens.
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Miller L, Richter M, Hapke C, Stern D, Nitsche A. Genomic expression libraries for the identification of cross-reactive orthopoxvirus antigens. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21950. [PMID: 21779357 PMCID: PMC3136487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of human cowpox virus infections that are being observed and that particularly affect young non-vaccinated persons have renewed interest in this zoonotic disease. Usually causing a self-limiting local infection, human cowpox can in fact be fatal for immunocompromised individuals. Conventional smallpox vaccination presumably protects an individual from infections with other Orthopoxviruses, including cowpox virus. However, available live vaccines are causing severe adverse reactions especially in individuals with impaired immunity. Because of a decrease in protective immunity against Orthopoxviruses and a coincident increase in the proportion of immunodeficient individuals in today's population, safer vaccines need to be developed. Recombinant subunit vaccines containing cross-reactive antigens are promising candidates, which avoid the application of infectious virus. However, subunit vaccines should contain carefully selected antigens to confer a solid cross-protection against different Orthopoxvirus species. Little is known about the cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited to cowpox virus proteins. Here, we first identified 21 immunogenic proteins of cowpox and vaccinia virus by serological screenings of genomic Orthopoxvirus expression libraries. Screenings were performed using sera from vaccinated humans and animals as well as clinical sera from patients and animals with a naturally acquired cowpox virus infection. We further analyzed the cross-reactivity of the identified immunogenic proteins. Out of 21 identified proteins 16 were found to be cross-reactive between cowpox and vaccinia virus. The presented findings provide important indications for the design of new-generation recombinant subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilija Miller
- Robert Koch-Institut, Centre for Biological Security 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Richter
- Robert Koch-Institut, Centre for Biological Security 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hapke
- Robert Koch-Institut, Centre for Biological Security 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Stern
- Robert Koch-Institut, Centre for Biological Security 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch-Institut, Centre for Biological Security 1, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Cohen ME, Xiao Y, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Isaacs SN. Antibody against extracellular vaccinia virus (EV) protects mice through complement and Fc receptors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20597. [PMID: 21687676 PMCID: PMC3110783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based subunit smallpox vaccines have shown their potential as effective alternatives to live virus vaccines in animal model challenge studies. We vaccinated mice with combinations of three different vaccinia virus (VACV) proteins (A33, B5, L1) and examined how the combined antibody responses to these proteins cooperate to effectively neutralize the extracellular virus (EV) infectious form of VACV. Antibodies against these targets were generated in the presence or absence of CpG adjuvant so that Th1-biased antibody responses could be compared to Th2-biased responses to the proteins with aluminum hydroxide alone, specifically with interest in looking at the ability of anti-B5 and anti-A33 polyclonal antibodies (pAb) to utilize complement-mediated neutralization in vitro. We found that neutralization of EV by anti-A33 or anti-B5 pAb can be enhanced in the presence of complement if Th1-biased antibody (IgG2a) is generated. Mechanistic differences found for complement-mediated neutralization showed that anti-A33 antibodies likely result in virolysis, while anti-B5 antibodies with complement can neutralize by opsonization (coating). In vivo studies found that mice lacking the C3 protein of complement were less protected than wild-type mice after passive transfer of anti-B5 pAb or vaccination with B5. Passive transfer of anti-B5 pAb or monoclonal antibody into mice lacking Fc receptors (FcRs) found that FcRs were also important in mediating protection. These results demonstrate that both complement and FcRs are important effector mechanisms for antibody-mediated protection from VACV challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Cohen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Xiao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roselyn J. Eisenberg
- Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stuart N. Isaacs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
With the eradication of smallpox about 30 years ago, the identification and differentiation of other poxviruses with varying pathogenicity in humans present a challenge for diagnostic facilities. While a clinical differentiation can be demanding, electron microscopy is the fastest approach to identify poxviruses. Molecular techniques, based on specific genomic sequences, are routinely applied to identify poxvirus species and distinguish between individual virus variants. In this chapter, we present detailed protocols for both techniques and discuss questions relevant to fast and reliable diagnostics of poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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