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Ceferino L, Merino Y, Pizarro S, Moya L, Ozturk B. Placing engineering in the earthquake response and the survival chain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4298. [PMID: 38769363 PMCID: PMC11106327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Earthquakes injure millions and simultaneously disrupt the infrastructure to protect them. This perspective argues that the current post-disaster investigation paradigm is insufficient to protect communities' health effectively. We propose the Earthquake Survival Chain as a framework to change the current engineering focus on infrastructure to health. This framework highlights four converging research opportunities to advance understanding of earthquake injuries, search and rescue, patient mobilizations, and medical treatment. We offer an interdisciplinary research agenda in engineering and health sciences, including artificial intelligence and virtual reality, to protect health and life from earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ceferino
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
- New York University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
| | - Yvonne Merino
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Pizarro
- Servicio de Atención Médica de Urgencia, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Moya
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
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Pierre SD, Ramos MC, Shimizu HE. What Are the Best Practices for Nursing Care during an Earthquake? A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:535. [PMID: 38791751 PMCID: PMC11120831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Among natural disasters, earthquakes have a considerable impact and are among the ten deadliest, with an extreme impact on the healthcare sector. This study aimed to analyze the best practices in nursing care for earthquake victims. An in-depth analysis was carried out by using a scoping review, a method used in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR recommendations, to identify best nursing practice in these circumstances based on searches of eight databases: MEDLINE via PubMed; Cochrane Library; Embase; VHL; PDQ-Evidence; Scopus; ProQuest; and Google Scholar. Twenty-one studies were selected. The nursing practices identified were grouped into two distinct dimensions, each subdivided into four subcategories: (i) care practices: (a) immediate care, (b) intermediate care, (c) psychosocial care, and (d) ethical care; (ii) care management and coordination practices, which cover (a) care coordination, (b) victim care network organization, (c) teamwork, and (d) training. By analyzing these nursing practices during care and relief operations for earthquake victims, this study identified the various actions carried out, the nursing skills to be developed, and the reinforcement of these advanced practices through the systematization of nurses' skills, in order to promote victims' rehabilitation, minimize their suffering, and improve their quality of life during and after an earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherley Dorothie Pierre
- Postgraduate Programme in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Maíra Catharina Ramos
- Postgraduate Programme in Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Helena Eri Shimizu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
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Ruffini C, Trentin M, Corona A, Caviglia M, Sechi GM, Migliari M, Stucchi R, Ragazzoni L, Fumagalli R. Development and Validation of a New Tool to Improve the Accuracy of the Hospital Mass-Casualty Incident Response Plan Activation: The PEMAAF Score. Prehosp Disaster Med 2023; 38:725-734. [PMID: 37997379 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x23006593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective response to a mass-casualty incident (MCI) entails the activation of hospital MCI plans. Unfortunately, there are no tools available in the literature to support hospital responders in predicting the proper level of MCI plan activation. This manuscript describes the scientific-based approach used to develop, test, and validate the PEMAAF score (Proximity, Event, Multitude, Overcrowding, Temporary Ward Reduction Capacity, Time Shift Slot [Prossimità, Evento, Moltitudine, Affollamento, Accorpamento, Fascia Oraria], a tool able to predict the required level of hospital MCI plan activation and to facilitate a coordinated activation of a multi-hospital network. METHODS Three study phases were performed within the Metropolitan City of Milan, Italy: (1) retrospective analysis of past MCI after action reports (AARs); (2) PEMAAF score development; and (3) PEMAAF score validation. The validation phase entailed a multi-step process including two retrospective analyses of past MCIs using the score, a focus group discussion (FGD), and a prospective simulation-based study. Sensitivity and specificity of the score were analyzed using a regression model, Spearman's Rho test, and receiver operating characteristic/ROC analysis curves. RESULTS Results of the retrospective analysis and FGD were used to refine the PEMAAF score, which included six items-Proximity, Event, Multitude, Emergency Department (ED) Overcrowding, Temporary Ward Reduction Capacity, and Time Shift Slot-allowing for the identification of three priority levels (score of 5-6: green alert; score of 7-9: yellow alert; and score of 10-12: red alert). When prospectively analyzed, the PEMAAF score determined most frequent hospital MCI plan activation (>10) during night and holiday shifts, with a score of 11 being associated with a higher sensitivity system and a score of 12 with higher specificity. CONCLUSIONS The PEMAAF score allowed for a balanced and adequately distributed response in case of MCI, prompting hospital MCI plan activation according to real needs, taking into consideration the whole hospital response network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ruffini
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Trentin
- CRIMEDIM - Center for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid and Global Health, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Corona
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and Accident & Emergency, ASST Valcamonica, Breno, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Marta Caviglia
- CRIMEDIM - Center for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid and Global Health, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Riccardo Stucchi
- SSD AAT 118 Milano, Agenzia Regionale Emergenza Urgenza (AREU), Accident & Emergency Department, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ragazzoni
- CRIMEDIM - Center for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid and Global Health, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Fumagalli
- SSD AAT 118 Milano, Agenzia Regionale Emergenza Urgenza (AREU), Accident & Emergency Department, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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Miri J, Raeisi AR, Atighechian G, Seyedin H. Developing a conceptual model of post-disaster damage and loss assessment program in the Iranian health sector: a qualitative study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065521. [PMID: 36948560 PMCID: PMC10040020 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Annual natural and man-made disasters in Iran eventually lead to casualties and considerable financial loss. The success of a reconstruction programme depends on accurate postdisaster damage and loss assessment. Based on these assessments, the goals, priorities and approaches required for reconstruction are prepared and formulated. To effectively implement a reconstruction and rehabilitation programme in the country's health sector, it is necessary to prepare and compile a postdisaster damage and loss assessment programme. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This qualitative study will be conducted to develop a conceptual model of a postdisaster damage and loss assessment programme in Iran's health sector. First, a scoping review method will be conducted to identify the entities and components of the postdisaster damage and loss assessment programme. Then, using semistructured interviews, the opinions of university professors and disaster damage and loss assessors in the health sector will be obtained. Next, by conducting a focus group discussion, the initial programme of disaster damage and loss assessment in the Iranian health sector will be developed and then, the modified Delphi method will be used to validate it. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the research ethics committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUI.NUREMA.REC.1400.171). The study results will be disseminated to stakeholders, published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Miri
- Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Raeisi
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golrokh Atighechian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hesam Seyedin
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Penta S. Interdisciplinary Collaboration in International Crisis Medical Relief: A Look at the Nepal Earthquake and Ebola Relief Efforts. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e305. [PMID: 36789768 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores interprofessional collaboration among medical and non-medical personnel planning and implementing international crisis health and medical relief efforts, and how disciplinary and professional background influences these activities. METHODS This study analyzes semi-structured interviews with individuals involved in organizations medical or health services to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa (2014-2016) or the 2015 Nepal earthquake. RESULTS Disciplinary background, sometimes coupled with organization role, shaped how relief workers engaged in the process of planning and implementing crisis medical relief. There were 3 thematic areas where these differences emerged: issue focus, problem -solving approaches, and decision-making approaches. Solutions from the field emerged as a fourth theme. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates medical relief required collaboration across medical and non-medical professions and highlights the importance of relief workers' disciplinary background in shaping the planning and implementation of crisis medical relief. Successful collaboration requires that people involved in crisis relief communicate the relevance of their own expertise, identify limits of their own and others' disciplinary perspective(s), seek out strengths in others' expertise, and can identify/ respond appropriately to others who do not see their own disciplinary limits, as well as learn these skills before engaging in relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Penta
- Department of Emergency Management and Homeland Security, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
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Beaglehole B, Boden JM, Bell C, Mulder RT, Dhakal B, Horwood LJ. The long-term impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes on the mental health of the Christchurch Health and Development Study cohort. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022:48674221138499. [PMID: 36448198 DOI: 10.1177/00048674221138499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term studies following disasters are rare. It is important to quantify long-term effects of disasters to determine impacts on populations over time. We therefore aim to report the long-term associations between exposure to the Canterbury earthquakes and common mental disorders, taking into account potential confounding factors. METHODS The Christchurch Health and Development Study is a 40-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of New Zealand children (635 males and 630 females). The Christchurch Health and Development Study includes 884 participants with data on earthquake exposure and mental health outcomes at ages 34 and 40 years. Rates of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) disorders were measured categorically and using an expanded definition that included sub-syndromal symptoms. The current impact of the earthquakes is reported using 12-month prevalence data 7 years after the earthquakes. The cumulative impact of the earthquakes over the 7 years since onset is also reported. RESULTS There was a linear trend towards increasing rates of disorder with increasing exposure to the earthquakes. After adjusting for covariates, the 12-month prevalence of anxiety disorder symptoms was significantly increased (p = 0.003). The earthquakes were also associated with cumulative increases in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (p < 0.001), anxiety disorder (p = 0.016), nicotine dependence (p = 0.012), and the total number of disorders (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION The Canterbury earthquakes were associated with persistent increases in Anxiety Disorder symptoms 7 years after their onset. The earthquakes were also associated with cumulative increases in symptoms of common psychiatric disorders. The magnitude of these effects is small, may no longer be clinically significant and has decreased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Beaglehole
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roger T Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bhubaneswor Dhakal
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L John Horwood
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Beaglehole B, Bell C, Mulder R, Boden J. Pathways to post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress following the Canterbury earthquakes in a cohort of 40-year-olds. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022:48674221134501. [PMID: 36412984 DOI: 10.1177/00048674221134501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress following the Canterbury earthquakes and to quantify the relationships between exposure to the earthquakes, post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress. METHOD The Christchurch Health and Development Study is a longitudinal birth cohort study of New Zealanders aged 40 years at the time of latest assessment in 2017. A total of 455 participants were exposed to the Canterbury earthquakes and assessed in 2012 and 2017. Post-traumatic growth was measured in 2017 using the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory. Earthquake-related post-traumatic stress was measured in 2012 using post-traumatic stress disorder items from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress were modelled using measures of earthquake impact and subjective measures of earthquake consequences (peri-traumatic stress and disruption distress). RESULTS There was an indirect relationship between earthquake impact and post-traumatic growth. This was mediated via disruption distress. There was also an indirect relationship between earthquake impact and post-traumatic stress. This was mediated via peri-traumatic stress and disruption distress. Post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress were not significantly related. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress is required for a holistic understanding of disaster consequences. Subjective assessment of distress following disasters is required to predict their psychological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Beaglehole
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roger Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Bell C, Moot W, Porter R, Frampton C, Mcintosh V, Purnell M, Smith R, Douglas K. Examining the long-term cognitive effects of exposure to the Canterbury earthquakes in a resilient cohort. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e114. [PMID: 35703099 PMCID: PMC9230545 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most people do not develop mental health disorders after exposure to traumatic events, they may experience subtle changes in cognitive functioning. We previously reported that 2-3 years after the Canterbury earthquake sequence, a group of trauma-exposed people, who identified as resilient, performed less well on tests of spatial memory, had increased accuracy identifying facial emotions and misclassified neutral facial expressions to threat-related emotions, compared with non-exposed controls. AIMS The current study aimed to examine the long-term cognitive effects of exposure to the earthquakes in this resilient group, compared with a matched non-exposed control group. METHOD At 8-9 years after the Canterbury earthquake sequence, 57 earthquake-exposed resilient (69% female, mean age 56.8 years) and 60 non-exposed individuals (63% female, mean age 55.7 years) completed a cognitive testing battery that assessed verbal and visuospatial learning and memory, executive functioning, psychomotor speed, sustained attention and social cognition. RESULTS With the exception of a measure of working memory (Digit Span Forward), no significant differences were found in performance between the earthquake-exposed resilient and non-exposed groups on the cognitive tasks. Examination of changes in cognitive functioning over time in a subset (55%) of the original earthquake-exposed resilient group found improvement in visuospatial performance and slowing of reaction times to negative emotions. CONCLUSIONS These findings offer preliminary evidence to suggest that changes in cognitive functioning and emotion processing in earthquake-exposed resilient people may be state-dependent and related to exposure to continued threat in the environment, which improves when the threat resolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Will Moot
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Richard Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Melissa Purnell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Katie Douglas
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
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McGeoch G, Gullery C, Hamilton G. The Canterbury Initiative – implementation of integration. J Prim Health Care 2022; 14:6-9. [PMID: 35417338 DOI: 10.1071/hcv14n1_ed3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graham McGeoch
- Better Health Group, PO Box 33388, Barrington, Christchurch 8244, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn Gullery
- Planning and Funding and Decision Support, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Greg Hamilton
- Specialist Mental Health Services, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
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General Practitioners' Roles in Disaster Health Management: Perspectives of Disaster Managers. Prehosp Disaster Med 2021; 37:124-131. [PMID: 34857062 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x21001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION General Practitioners (GPs) are inevitably involved when disaster strikes their communities. Evidence of health care needs in disasters increasingly suggests benefits from greater involvement of GPs, and recent research has clarified key roles. Despite this, GPs continue to be disconnected from disaster health management (DHM) in most countries. STUDY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of disaster management professionals in two countries, across a range of all-hazard disasters, regarding the roles and contributions of GPs to DHM, and to identify barriers to, and benefits of, more active engagement of GPs in disaster health care systems. METHODS A qualitative research methodology using semi-structured interviews was conducted with a purposive sample of Disaster Managers (DMs) to explore their perspectives arising from experiences and observations of GPs during disasters from 2009 through 2016 in Australia or New Zealand. These involved all-hazard disasters including natural, man-made, and pandemic disasters. Responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS These findings document support from DM participants for greater integration of GPs into DHM with New Zealand DMs reporting GPs as already a valuable integrated contributor. In contrast, Australian DMs reported barriers to inclusion that needed to be addressed before sustained integration could occur. The two most strongly expressed barriers were universally expressed by Australian DMs: (1) limited understanding of the work GPs undertake, restricting DMs' ability to facilitate GP integration; and (2) DMs' difficulty engaging with GPs as a single group. Other considerations included GPs' limited DHM knowledge, limited preparedness, and their heightened vulnerability.Strategies identified to facilitate greater integration of GPs into DHM where it is lacking, such as Australia, included enhanced communication, awareness, and understanding between GPs and DMs. CONCLUSION Experience from New Zealand shows systematic, sustained integration of GPs into DHM systems is achievable and valuable. Findings suggest key factors are collaboration between DMs and GPs at local, state, and national levels of DHM in planning and preparedness for the next disaster. A resilient health care system that maximizes capacity of all available local health resources in disasters and sustains them into the recovery should include General Practice.
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Tallach R, Brohi K. Embracing uncertainty in mass casualty incidents. Br J Anaesth 2021; 128:e79-e82. [PMID: 34823876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty is the defining state of the first minutes and hours of a mass casualty event, yet decisions must be taken and actions must happen before the picture is complete. To move forwards in face of uncertainty, we must acknowledge that there will be insufficient information for us to be comfortable in our decisions and actions. We discuss here a range of solutions that allow us to tolerate, even flourish, in the midst of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosel Tallach
- Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK; Royal London Hospital Major Trauma Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Karim Brohi
- Royal London Hospital Major Trauma Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK; Centre for Trauma Sciences & Crisis Prevention & Management Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Gibney BT, Roberts JM, D'Ortenzio RM, Sheikh AM, Nicolaou S, Roberge EA, O'Neill SB. Preventing and Mitigating Radiology System Failures: A Guide to Disaster Planning. Radiographics 2021; 41:2111-2126. [PMID: 34723695 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Disaster planning is a core facet of modern health care practice. Owing to complex infrastructure requirements, radiology departments are vulnerable to system failures that may occur in isolation or during a disaster event when the urgency for and volume of imaging examinations increases. Planning for systems failures helps ensure continuity of service provision and patient care during an adverse event. Hazards to which a radiology department is vulnerable can be identified by applying a systematic approach with recognized tools such as the Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Analysis. Potential critical weaknesses within the department are highlighted by the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis tool. Recognizing the potential latent conditions and active failures that may impact systems allows implementation of strategies to prevent failure or to build resilience and mitigate the effects if they happen. Inherent system resilience to an adverse event can be estimated, and the ability of a department to operate during a disaster and the subsequent recovery can be predicted. The main systems at risk in a radiology department are staff, structure, stuff (supplies and/or equipment), and software, although individual issues and solutions within these are department specific. When medical imaging or examination interpretation needs cannot be met in the radiology department, the use of portable imaging modalities and teleradiology can augment the disaster response. All phases of disaster response planning should consider both sustaining operations and the transition back to normal function. Online supplemental material and the slide presentation from the RSNA Annual Meeting are available for this article. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Gibney
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - James M Roberts
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Robert M D'Ortenzio
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Adnan M Sheikh
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Savvas Nicolaou
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Eric A Roberge
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Siobhán B O'Neill
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
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Kippnich M, Meybohm P, Wurmb T. [Prehospital and In-hospital Concepts for Disaster Response and Preparedness]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2021; 56:111-123. [PMID: 33607672 DOI: 10.1055/a-1085-6671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Disaster medicine faces complex challenges and will play an increasing role in the future. Disaster medicine is dominated by a phased imbalance of available and required resources. Various factors, such as a possible hazard for the rescue forces, inaccessible terrain or even destroyed infrastructure increase the complexity enormously. For casualties, this can mean a concentration of medical care on life-threatening conditions. The primary goal of emergency planning is to ensure standard or contingency care and to avoid crisis care.Hospitals and the preclinical emergency organizations must prepare for possible major emergencies or disasters. Easy-to-understand and just as easy to apply emergency plans are an important prerequisite for successful emergency management. These plans can only be guiding structures; the adaptation to the actual circumstances of the incident and the situation-adapted interpretation of the plans is the responsibility of the operational commanders. A clear leadership structure is essential for both preclinical and clinical operations. In this article, we describe important basic principles of disaster medicine mission planning and management.
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Race Against the Pandemic: The United States and Global Health. J Emerg Med 2020; 60:402-406. [PMID: 33334648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Carrington MA, Ranse J, Hammad K. The impact of disasters on emergency department resources: review against the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. Australas Emerg Care 2020; 24:55-60. [PMID: 33032978 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency departments (EDs) are often first to feel the intra-hospital effects of disasters. Compromised care standards during disasters eventuate from increased demands on health resources; the facilities, supplies, equipment and manpower imperative for a functioning healthcare facility. Emergency departments must understand the effect of disasters on their health resources. This paper examines the impact on resources within the ED as a result of a disaster and provides a review against the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction's Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 priorities. METHOD An integrative literature review design was utilised. Articles were extracted from databases and search engines. The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis Guidelines for systematic literature reviews were used. RESULTS Seven papers met inclusion criteria. Disaster consumable stocking was used to mitigate disaster risk and improve resilience. Logistical challenges were exacerbated by poor building design. Ineffective human resource management, communications failure, insufficient ED space, diminished equipment and supplies and unreliable emergency power sources were described. CONCLUSIONS Disaster planning and preparedness strategies can address health resource deficits, increasing ED resilience. Further retrospective case studies are required to greater understand the effects of disasters on ED health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes A Carrington
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jamie Ranse
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen Hammad
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Torrens Resilience Institute, Australia
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16
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Lloyd-Smith M. The COVID-19 pandemic: resilient organisational response to a low-chance, high-impact event. BMJ LEADER 2020; 4:109-112. [PMID: 37579283 PMCID: PMC7276242 DOI: 10.1136/leader-2020-000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The global healthcare sector is currently in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, a 'low-chance, high-impact' event which will require healthcare systems, and the organisations within them, to maintain organisational resilience in order to respond effectively. However, contrary to the instinctive reaction to tighten control, the quality of response depends on healthcare systems' capacity to loosen control and, subsequently, enhance improvisation. Three factors critical to enhancing an organisation's capacity for improvisation are highlighted; increasing autonomy, maintaining structure and creating a shared understanding. By drawing on the case of Christchurch Hospital's response to a major earthquake, this paper demonstrates the vital role that improvisation can play within a clinical setting, when responding to a low-chance, high-impact event.
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Ceferino L, Mitrani-Reiser J, Kiremidjian A, Deierlein G, Bambarén C. Effective plans for hospital system response to earthquake emergencies. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4325. [PMID: 32859917 PMCID: PMC7455727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital systems play a critical role in treating injuries during disaster emergency responses. Simultaneously, natural disasters hinder their ability to operate at full capacity. Thus, cities must develop strategies that enable hospitals' effective disaster operations. Here, we present a methodology to evaluate emergency response based on a model that assesses the loss of hospital functions and quantifies multiseverity injuries as a result of earthquake damage. The proposed methodology can design effective plans for patient transfers and allocation of ambulances and mobile operating rooms. This methodology is applied to Lima, Peru, subjected to a disaster scenario following a magnitude 8.0 earthquake. Our results show that the spatial distribution of healthcare demands mismatches the post-earthquake capacities of hospitals, leaving large zones on the periphery significantly underserved. This study demonstrates how plans that leverage hospital-system coordination can address this demand-capacity mismatch, reducing waiting times of critically injured patients by factors larger than two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ceferino
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,The Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Judith Mitrani-Reiser
- Materials and Structural Systems Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Anne Kiremidjian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Deierlein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Celso Bambarén
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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18
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Markwell A, Mitchell R, Wright AL, Brown AFT. Clinical and ethical challenges for emergency departments during communicable disease outbreaks: Can lessons from Ebola Virus Disease be applied to the COVID-19 pandemic? Emerg Med Australas 2020; 32:520-524. [PMID: 32275805 PMCID: PMC7262026 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
EDs fulfil a frontline function during public health emergencies (PHEs) and will play a pivotal role during the COVID-19 pandemic. This perspective article draws on qualitative data from a longitudinal, ethnographic study of an Australian tertiary ED to illustrate the clinical and ethical challenges faced by EDs during PHEs. Interview data collected during the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease PHE of International Concern suggest that ED clinicians have a strong sense of professional responsibility, but this can be compromised by increased visibility of risk and sub-optimal engagement from hospital managers and public health authorities. The study exposes the tension between a healthcare worker's right to protection and a duty to provide treatment. Given the narrow window of opportunity to prepare for a surge of COVID-19 presentations, there is an immediate need to reflect and learn from previous experiences. To maintain the confidence of ED clinicians, and minimise the risk of moral injury, hospital and public health authorities must urgently develop processes to support ethical healthcare delivery and ensure adequate resourcing of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Markwell
- Emergency and Trauma CentreRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Clinical SenateQueensland HealthBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Rob Mitchell
- Emergency and Trauma CentreAlfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - April L Wright
- Business SchoolThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Anthony FT Brown
- Emergency and Trauma CentreRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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19
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Five Challenges When Managing Mass Casualty or Disaster Situations: A Review Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093068. [PMID: 32354076 PMCID: PMC7246560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Managing mass casualty or disaster incidents is challenging to any person or organisation. Therefore, this paper identifies and describes common challenges to managing such situations, using case and lessons learned reports. It focuses on sudden onset, man-made or technologically caused mass casualty or disaster situations. Methods: A management review was conducted based on a structured search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Results: The review included 20 case—and lessons learned reports covering natural disasters, man-made events, and accidents across Europe, the United States of Amerika (USA), Asia and the Middle East. Five common challenges were identified: (1) to identify the situation and deal with uncertainty, (2) to balance the mismatch between the contingency plan and the reality, (3) to establish a functional crisis organization, (4) to adapt the medical response to the actual and overall situation and (5) to ensure a resilient response. Conclusions: The challenges when managing mass casualty or disaster events involved were mainly related to the ability to manage uncertainty and surprising situations, using structured processes to respond. The ability to change mind set, organization and procedures, both from an organizational- and individual perspective, was essential. Non-medical factors and internal factors influenced the medical management. In order to respond in an effective, timely and resilient way, all these factors should be taken into consideration.
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20
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Ramsey G. Blood transfusions in mass casualty events: recent trends. Vox Sang 2020; 115:358-366. [PMID: 32253763 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The US AABB disaster task force recommends estimating 3 RBC units per admission (UPA) for mass casualty events (MCEs). In a previous analysis, median MCE UPA were 2·7 RBCs, 1·2 plasmas and 0·27 platelet doses (Vox Sang 2017; 112:648). Additional recent data were sought from the current era of balanced massive transfusion protocols (bMTPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Publications in English from 1980 to 2020 were reviewed for MCEs using ≥50 RBCs/event and with numbers of admissions available. MCE reports were stratified by era and event-wide or trauma-centre source. The bMTP era included all MCEs since 2010 plus a 2008 bMTP military report. STATISTICS Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Thirty-two MCEs met analysis criteria. Event-wide reports used medians [interquartile ranges] of 1·8 [1·2-3·9] RBC, 0·6 [0·3-0·9] plasma and 0·14 [0·06-0·26] platelet-dose UPA. Trauma centres transfused 3·4 [2·7-6·3] RBC, 2·4 [1·3-4·1] plasma and 0·41 [0·34-0·50] platelet-dose UPA, all P < 0·05 vs event-wide. Same-event median post-day-1 transfusions were 50% of day-1 use for RBC, 28% for plasma and 16% for platelets. Compared to prior years, the median plasma/RBC transfusion ratio rose from 0·28 to 0·67 in the bMTP era (P < 0·01). In recent mass shootings, trauma centres transfused up to 42 platelets (range 0·45-0·57 UPA) on day 1. CONCLUSION Based on available mass casualty data, we recommend planning for 3 RBC, 1 plasma and one-fourth platelet-dose units per admission for blood centres (event-wide), and 6, 4 and one-half UPA, respectively, for trauma centres, which have seen rising plasma usage and large mass-shooting platelet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Ramsey
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Blood Bank, Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Assessment of RAdiopaque Patient IDentification Stickers (RAPIDS) for patient-scan correlation in a mass casualty incident. Emerg Radiol 2020; 27:293-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s10140-020-01761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Douglas KM, Groves S, Porter RJ, Jordan J, Wilson L, Melzer TR, Wise RG, Bisson JI, Bell CJ. Traumatic imagery following glucocorticoid administration in earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:1167-1178. [PMID: 31146540 DOI: 10.1177/0004867419851860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-traumatic stress disorder involves excessive retrieval of traumatic memories. Glucocorticoids impair declarative memory retrieval. This preliminary study examined the effect of acute hydrocortisone administration on brain activation in individuals with earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder compared with earthquake-exposed healthy individuals, during retrieval of traumatic memories. METHOD Participants exposed to earthquakes with (n = 11) and without post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 11) underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, 1-week apart, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counter-balanced design. On one occasion, they received oral hydrocortisone (20 mg), and on the other, placebo, 1 hour before scanning. Symptom provocation involved script-driven imagery (traumatic and neutral scripts) and measures of self-reported anxiety. RESULTS Arterial spin labelling showed that both post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma-exposed controls had significantly reduced cerebral blood flow in response to retrieval of traumatic versus neutral memories in the right hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, calcarine sulcus, middle and superior temporal gyrus, posterior cingulate, Heschl's gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, angular gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, lingual gyrus and cuneus, and the left prefrontal cortex. Hydrocortisone resulted in non-significant trends of increasing subjective distress and reduced regional cerebral blood flow in the left inferior frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, cerebellum, postcentral gyrus and right frontal pole, during the trauma script. CONCLUSION Findings do not fit with some aspects of the accepted neurocircuitry model of post-traumatic stress disorder, i.e., failure of the medial prefrontal cortex to quieten hyperresponsive amygdala activity, and the potential therapeutic benefits of hydrocortisone. They do, however, provide further evidence that exposure to earthquake trauma, regardless of whether post-traumatic stress disorder eventuates, impacts brain activity and highlights the importance of inclusion of trauma-exposed comparisons in studies of post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Douglas
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Groves
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.,New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Jordan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lynere Wilson
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tracy R Melzer
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard G Wise
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff
| | | | - Caroline J Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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23
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Beaglehole B, Bloomer C, Zhang T, Hamilton G, Boden JM, Mulder RT, Bell C, Frampton C. The impact of the Canterbury earthquakes on dispensing for older person's mental health. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1599-1604. [PMID: 31291027 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of the Canterbury earthquakes on the mental health of older people by examining dispensing patterns of psychotropic medication. METHOD Dispensing data from community pharmacies for antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and sedative/hypnotics are routinely recorded in a national database. Longitudinal data are available for residents of the Canterbury District Health Board (DHB) (n = 67 760 at study onset) and the rest of New Zealand (n = 469 055 at study onset). We compared older age dispensing data between 2008 and 2018 for Canterbury DHB with older age dispensing data nationally in order to assess the impact of the Canterbury earthquakes on the mental health of older persons. RESULTS Older age residents of Canterbury are dispensed antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics at higher rates than national comparators, but this finding predated the onset of the earthquakes. Short-term increases in anxiolytic and sedative/hypnotic dispensing occurred for the month following the February 2011 earthquake. No other short- or longer-term increases in dispensing of psychiatric medication were present. CONCLUSION The February 2011 Canterbury earthquake caused a short-term increase in dispensing of anxiolytics and sedative/hypnotics. No longer-term effects on dispensing were observed. This suggests that older persons sought assistance for insomnia and anxiety in the aftermath of the most devastating earthquake, but longer-term rates of clinically significant anxiety and depression for older persons did not increase as a consequence of the earthquakes sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Beaglehole
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Bloomer
- Division of Mental Health, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tao Zhang
- Division of Planning and Funding, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Greg Hamilton
- Division of Planning and Funding, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roger T Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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24
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Nuzzo JB, Meyer D, Snyder M, Ravi SJ, Lapascu A, Souleles J, Andrada CI, Bishai D. What makes health systems resilient against infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards? Results from a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1310. [PMID: 31623594 PMCID: PMC6798426 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak was a wake-up call regarding the critical importance of resilient health systems. Fragile health systems can become overwhelmed during public health crises, further exacerbating the human, economic, and political toll. Important work has been done to describe the general attributes of a health system resilient to these crises, and the next step will be to identify the specific capacities that health systems need to develop and maintain to achieve resiliency. Methods We conducted a scoping review of the literature to identify recurring themes and capacities needed for health system resiliency to infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards and any existing implementation frameworks that highlight these capacities. We also sought to identify the overlap of the identified themes and capacities with those highlighted in the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation. Sources of evidence included PubMed, Web of Science, OAIster, and the websites of relevant major public health organizations. Results We identified 16 themes of health system resilience, including: the need to develop plans for altered standards of care during emergencies, the need to develop plans for post-event recovery, and a commitment to quality improvement. Most of the literature described the general attributes of a resilient health system; no implementation frameworks were identified that could translate these elements into specific capacities that health system actors can employ to improve resilience to outbreaks and natural hazards in a variety of settings. Conclusions An implementation-oriented health system resilience framework could help translate the important components of a health system identified in this review into specific capacities that actors in the health system could work to develop to improve resilience to public health crises. However, there remains a need to further refine the concept of resilience so that health systems can simultaneously achieve sustainable transformations in healthcare practice and health service delivery as well as improve their preparedness for emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Nuzzo
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Diane Meyer
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
| | - Michael Snyder
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Sanjana J Ravi
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Ana Lapascu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jon Souleles
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carolina I Andrada
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - David Bishai
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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25
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Ripoll Gallardo A, Pacelli B, Alesina M, Serrone D, Iacutone G, Faggiano F, Della Corte F, Allara E. Medium- and long-term health effects of earthquakes in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:1317-1332. [PMID: 30053061 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate monitoring of population health is essential to ensure proper recovery after earthquakes. We aimed to summarize the findings and features of post-earthquake epidemiological studies conducted in high-income countries and to prompt the development of future surveillance plans. Methods Medline, Scopus and six sources of grey literature were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria were: observational study conducted in high-income countries with at least one comparison group of unexposed participants, and measurement of health outcomes at least 1 month after the earthquake. Results A total of 52 articles were included, assessing the effects of 13 earthquakes that occurred in eight countries. Most studies: had a time-series (33%) or cross-sectional (29%) design; included temporal comparison groups (63%); used routine data (58%); and focused on patient subgroups rather than the whole population (65%). Individuals exposed to earthquakes had: 2% higher all-cause mortality rates [95% confidence interval (CI), 1% to 3%]; 36% (95% CI, 19% to 57%) and 37% (95% CI, 29% to 46%) greater mortality rates from myocardial infarction and stroke, respectively; and 0.16 higher mean percent points of glycated haemoglobin (95% CI, 0.07% to 0.25% points). There was no evidence of earthquake effects for blood pressure, body mass index or lipid biomarkers. Conclusions A more regular and coordinated use of large and routinely collected datasets would benefit post-earthquake epidemiological surveillance. Whenever possible, a cohort design with geographical and temporal comparison groups should be used, and both communicable and non-communicable diseases should be assessed. Post-earthquake epidemiological surveillance should also capture the impact of seismic events on the access to and use of health care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ripoll Gallardo
- Research Centre in Emergency and Disaster Medicine (CRIMEDIM), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pacelli
- Italian Association of Epidemiology.,Regional Health and Social Care Agency of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Alesina
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Serrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iacutone
- Department of Life, Health and Enviromental Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Faggiano
- Italian Association of Epidemiology.,Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Della Corte
- Research Centre in Emergency and Disaster Medicine (CRIMEDIM), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Elias Allara
- Italian Association of Epidemiology.,Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Chan C, Daly M, Melton I, Crozier I. Two major earthquakes in Christchurch were not associated with increased ventricular arrhythmias: Analysis of implanted defibrillator diagnostics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216521. [PMID: 31051009 PMCID: PMC6499424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Christchurch, New Zealand, experienced two major earthquakes on 4th September 2010 and 22nd February 2011. Previous studies have demonstrated that earthquakes are associated with sudden cardiac deaths. Whilst myocardial ischemia would contribute to this, ventricular arrhythmia triggered by stress has also been suggested. We aim to study the impact of the two earthquakes on ventricular arrhythmia events. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients resident in the earthquake zone with implantable defibrillators. Ventricular arrhythmia requiring therapy and non-sustained events were recorded from the period of 30 days before thru 30 days after the two earthquakes. Weekly event rates were calculated and compared using log rank analysis. Results are expressed as mean (range), significance was determined at the <0.05 level. Results For the 211 patients who were exposed to the 2010 earthquake, there was no difference in the proportion of patients free of therapy, either Shock or ATP (0.943 before and 0.933 after the earthquake, p = 0.85, ns). Similarly, there was no significant increase in events requiring therapy in the 236 patients exposed to the 2011 earthquake (0.957 before and 0.961 after the earthquake, p = 0.80, ns). We identified one patient who required multiple therapy for ventricular tachycardia immediately following both earthquakes. Conclusion The two Christchurch earthquakes were not associated with an increase in the event rate of either sustained or non-sustained ventricular arrhythmias in our patients. We identified only a single patient who had arrhythmic storms immediately following the earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chan
- Department of Cardiology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Daly
- Department of Cardiology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Iain Melton
- Department of Cardiology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ian Crozier
- Department of Cardiology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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27
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Beaglehole B, Mulder RT, Boden JM, Bell CJ. A systematic review of the psychological impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes on mental health. Aust N Z J Public Health 2019; 43:274-280. [PMID: 30958618 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to identify and evaluate all studies that measured psychological distress or mental disorder following the Canterbury earthquakes to establish the psychological consequences of the earthquakes on those exposed. A secondary aim is to outline and emphasise key methodological factors in disaster research. METHOD Eligible studies were identified following a comprehensive literature search. A quality assessment was undertaken for all included studies. This was followed by methodological and descriptive review. RESULTS Thirty-one papers measuring psychological distress or mental disorder following the Canterbury earthquakes were identified. These papers reported outcomes from 20 separate studies of which seven were rated high-quality, eight were rated medium and five were rated low-quality. Key methodological findings and outcomes are discussed for each study. CONCLUSION The Canterbury earthquakes were associated with widespread but not universal adverse effects on mental health. Disaster research quality is assisted by representative samples, repeated measures, and the use of appropriate controls to allow accurate assessments of psychological consequences to be made. Implications for public health: The presence of widespread adverse effects as a result of the earthquakes suggests broad-ranging community initiatives are essential to mitigate the negative consequences of disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Beaglehole
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Roger T Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Caroline J Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Kermanshah Earthquake: A Report of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Orthopedic Management in Taleqani Hospital, the Trauma Center of Kermanshah, West Iran. Trauma Mon 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/traumamon.83464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Iranian Emergency Medical Service Response in Disaster; Report of three Earthquakes. ADVANCED JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2019; 3:e13. [PMID: 31172124 PMCID: PMC6548112 DOI: 10.22114/ajem.v0i0.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The earthquake is one of the most natural catastrophic crises that can cause a lot of casualties. Considering an earthquake-prone country, Iran is ranked as one of the world's most dangerous countries. Objective In this article, we describe the actions taken by emergency medical service (EMS) after the earthquake in Kermanshah, Varzaghan, and Bam and compared the strengths and weaknesses of the emergency response program and the limitations and challenges of this system in dealing with these major crises. Method This study is a cross-sectional study that compares some of the information and findings related to three earthquakes that occurred in Iran, including Bam, Varzaghan and Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquakes. The data reported in the present article is descriptive and is based on various independent sources such as National Emergency Operation Center, Local Emergency Operations Center (EOC), the EMS of the country, the World Health Organization, the United Nations, the statistics website, the Forensic Data website, the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, conferences and personal interviews. To ensure the credibility of the information, the authors reported data that had been verified by two or more sources. Results The characteristics of the geographic area of the 3 earthquakes has been described. Post-earthquake response activities were described in details in subheadings including rapid warning and response, surge capacity plan, rapid response teams, emergency medical teams, increasing the capacity of health facilities, increasing transfer capacity, and handling, transportation and distribution of injuries. Conclusion In the recent earthquake, had been occurred in Sarpol-e-Zahab, the health response of the country was largely satisfactory. The existence of structures such as EOC at various levels, the unified incident command system, emergency operations plan, and Medical Care Monitoring Center are among the most important reasons for satisfactory performance.
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Earthquake-Induced Injuries: Retrospective Epidemiological Analysis of the 2015 Hindu Kush Earthquake in Pakistan. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2018; 13:732-739. [PMID: 30591085 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2018.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze retrospectively the earthquake-induced injuries caused by the October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake in Pakistan. This is the first population-based study to assess epidemiologically earthquake-induced injuries in the Hindu Kush region, one of the world's most mountainous and seismically active regions. Unfortunately, only limited studies have investigated the earthquake-induced injuries and deaths in the region epidemiologically. METHODS The 5 worst affected districts were selected according to the highest number of deaths and injuries recorded. A total of 1,790 injuries and 232 deaths were reported after the 2015 earthquake. In our study area, 391 persons were recorded and verified to have been injured as a result of the earthquake. We attempted to investigate all of the 391 injured people, but the final study looked at 346 subjects because the remaining 45 subjects could not be traced because of the non-availability of their complete records and their refusal to participate in the study. RESULTS Using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD 10), we found that the highest number - 20.23% (70 of 346) - of injuries in the earthquake fall in the class of "Injuries to an unspecified part of trunk, limb, or body region (T08-T14)." The class of "Injuries to knee and lower leg (S80-S89)," which count 15.61% (54 out of 346), followed it, and "Injuries involving multiple body regions (T00-T07)" were making 14.74% of total injuries (51 out of 346). CONCLUSION In times of natural disasters like earthquakes, collecting and analyzing real-time data can be challenging. Therefore, a retrospective data analysis of deaths and injuries induced by the earthquake is of high importance. Studies in these emerging domains will be crucial to initiate health policy debates and to prevent and mitigate future injuries and deaths. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;13:732-739).
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Lukowsky LR, Der-Martirosian C, Dobalian A. Seeking Information from the VA During Natural Disasters. Hosp Top 2018; 96:114-122. [PMID: 30588867 DOI: 10.1080/00185868.2018.1521251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify factors influencing patient preferences for communication from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) during natural disasters. The 37-question, probability-based survey collected data from 2,264 VA users living in the Northeast US logistic regression analyses were conducted for top four modalities, and age was identified as the most important predictor of communication preferences. The findings suggest that the use of multiple modalities, such as telephone, television, radio, text, and email is necessary to successfully disseminate information and effectively reach all VA patients in the event of large-scale emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia R Lukowsky
- a US Department of Veterans Affairs , Veterans Emergency Management Evaluation Center (VEMEC) , North Hills , California , USA
| | - Claudia Der-Martirosian
- a US Department of Veterans Affairs , Veterans Emergency Management Evaluation Center (VEMEC) , North Hills , California , USA
| | - Aram Dobalian
- a US Department of Veterans Affairs , Veterans Emergency Management Evaluation Center (VEMEC) , North Hills , California , USA.,b Division of Health Systems Management and Policy , University of Memphis School of Public Health , Memphis , Tennessee , USA
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Trip H, Tabakakis K, Maskill V, Richardson S, Dolan B, Josland H, McKay L, Richardson A, Cowan L, Hickmott B, Houston G. Psychological health and resilience: the impact of significant earthquake events on tertiary level professional students. A cross-sectional study. Contemp Nurse 2018; 54:319-332. [PMID: 30045677 DOI: 10.1080/10376178.2018.1503549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of natural disasters internationally is linked to intensity and duration and the impact of these events for tertiary level professional students is not clearly understood. Following a 7.1 magnitude earthquake in New Zealand in 2010 (with aftershocks lasting 27 months) a number of tertiary nursing students experienced significant disruption to their studies. AIM To compare the psychological health, resilience and the impact on learning for three cohorts of students engaged in tertiary nursing education during this time. METHOD A cross-sectional survey design and convenience sampling was used for three cohorts of learners. An online survey was completed (n = 290) and included: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; PTSD Checklist; Work and Social Adjustment Scale; Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found across the psychometric scales with regard to relationship status. Whilst an increase in self-reported physical and mental health issues prior to and following the earthquakes were noted, mitigating factors were also identified. CONCLUSIONS In order to support psychological health amongst nursing students, tertiary education systems need to plan for sustainable learning. The importance of facilitating future orientation within organisations is necessary to develop resilience amongst staff and students, which, in turn, will enable on-going education during significant disaster events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Trip
- a Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies , University of Otago , P O Box 4345, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Kosta Tabakakis
- b Research and Enterprise , University of Otago , P O Box 4345, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Virginia Maskill
- a Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies , University of Otago , P O Box 4345, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Sandra Richardson
- a Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies , University of Otago , P O Box 4345, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand.,c Emergency Department , Canterbury District Health Board (CDHB) , Private Bag 4710, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Brian Dolan
- d Service Improvement, CDHB , Private Bag 4710, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand.,e Health Service 360 , Oak Tree House, Farnell Drive, Stratford Upon Avon , CV37 9DJ , United Kingdom.,f Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research , Oxford Brookes University, & University of Salford , Maxwell Building, 43 Crescent, Salford M5 4WT , United Kingdom
| | - Heather Josland
- g Department of Nursing, Midwifery & Allied Health , Ara Institute of Canterbury , 130 Madras Street, P O Box 540, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Lisa McKay
- g Department of Nursing, Midwifery & Allied Health , Ara Institute of Canterbury , 130 Madras Street, P O Box 540, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Anna Richardson
- g Department of Nursing, Midwifery & Allied Health , Ara Institute of Canterbury , 130 Madras Street, P O Box 540, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Lois Cowan
- g Department of Nursing, Midwifery & Allied Health , Ara Institute of Canterbury , 130 Madras Street, P O Box 540, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Becky Hickmott
- h Workforce Development, CDHB , 32 Oxford Terrace, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Gail Houston
- i Specialist Mental Health Service, Hillmorton Hospital , Private Bag 4733, CDHB, Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
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Cameron T, Moore K, Montgomery R, Stewart EJ. Creative ventures and the personalities that activate them in a post-disaster setting. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/caim.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trudi Cameron
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Faculty of Environment, Society and Design; Lincoln University; New Zealand
| | - Kevin Moore
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Faculty of Environment, Society and Design; Lincoln University; New Zealand
| | - Roy Montgomery
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment, Society and Design; Lincoln University; New Zealand
| | - Emma J. Stewart
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Faculty of Environment, Society and Design; Lincoln University; New Zealand
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McGeoch G, Holland K, Kerdemelidis M, Elliot N, Shand B, Fink C, Dixon A, Gullery C. Unmet need for referred services as measured by general practice. J Prim Health Care 2018. [PMID: 29530138 DOI: 10.1071/hc17044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unmet needs are a key indicator of the success of a health system. Clinicians and funders in Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand were concerned that unmet health need was hidden. AIM The aim of this survey was to estimate the proportion of patients attending general practice who were unable to access clinically indicated referred services. METHODS The survey used a novel method to estimate unserviced health needs. General practitioners (GPs, n = 54) asked their patients (n = 2135) during a consultation about any health needs requiring a referred service. If both agreed that a service was potentially beneficial and not available, this was documented on an e-referral system for review. The outcomes of actual referrals were also reviewed. RESULTS The patient group was broadly representative of the Canterbury population, but over-sampled female and middle-aged people and under-sampled Māori. Data adjusted to regional demographics showed that 3.6% of patients had a GP-confirmed unserviced health need. Elective orthopaedic surgery, general surgery and mental health were areas of greatest need. Unserviced health needs were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with greater deprivation, middle-age, and receiving high health-use subsidies. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first survey of GP and patient agreement on unserviced referred health needs. Measuring unserviced health needs in this way is directly relevant to service planning because the gaps identified reflect clinically indicated services that patients want and need. The survey method is an improvement on declined referral rates as a measure of need. Key factors in the method were using a patient-initiated GP consultation and an e-referral system to collect data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham McGeoch
- Canterbury Initiative, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kieran Holland
- Canterbury Initiative, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Kerdemelidis
- Planning and Funding and Decision Support, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nikki Elliot
- Canterbury Initiative, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brett Shand
- Canterbury Initiative, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Fink
- Canterbury Initiative, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anne Dixon
- Canterbury Initiative, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn Gullery
- Planning and Funding and Decision Support, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Hammad KS, Arbon P, Gebbie K, Hutton A. Why a disaster is not just normal business ramped up: Disaster response among ED nurses. Australas Emerg Care 2018; 21:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aenj.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ellis DE, Gardner D. Psychosocial Factors Relating to Adaptive Capacity in a New Zealand District Health Board. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2017.1415730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dianne Gardner
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hardy S, Fattah S, Wisborg T, Raatiniemi L, Staff T, Rehn M. Systematic reporting to improve the emergency medical response to major incidents: a pilot study. BMC Emerg Med 2018; 18:4. [PMID: 29368642 PMCID: PMC5784690 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-018-0153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major incidents affect us globally, and are occurring with increasing frequency. There is still no evidence-based standard regarding the best medical emergency response to major incidents. Currently, reports on major incidents are non-standardised and variable in quality. This pilot study examines the first systematic reports from a consensus-based, freely accessible database, aiming to identify how descriptive analysis of reports submitted to this database can be used to improve the major incident response. METHODS Majorincidentreporting.net is a website collecting reports on major incidents using a standardised template. Data from these reports were analysed to compare the emergency response to each incident. RESULTS Data from eight reports showed that effective triage by experienced individuals and the use of volunteers for transport were notable successes of the major incident response. Inadequate resources, lack of a common triage system, confusion over command and control and failure of communication were reported failures. The following trends were identified: Fires had the slowest times for several aspects of the response and the only three countries to have a single dialling number for all three emergency services had faster response times. Helicopter Emergency Medical services (HEMS) were used for transport and treatment in rural locations and for triage and treatment in urban locations. In two incidents, a major incident was declared before the arrival of the first Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel. CONCLUSION This study shows that we can obtain relevant data from major incidents by using systematic reporting. Though the sample size from this pilot study is not large enough to draw any specific conclusions it illustrates the potential for future analyses. Identified lessons could be used to improve the emergency medical response to major incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hardy
- Emergency Department, St George's Hospital, Tooting, London, UK.
| | - Sabina Fattah
- The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Drøbak, Norway
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torben Wisborg
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Hammerfest Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Finnmark Health Trust, Hammerfest, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Trauma, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Raatiniemi
- Hammerfest Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Finnmark Health Trust, Hammerfest, Norway
- Centre for Pre-Hospital Emergency Care/ FinnHEMS 50, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Anaesthesia Research Group, MRC, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Trine Staff
- Paramedic Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Rehn
- The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Drøbak, Norway
- Department of Health Studies, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care. Department of Anaesthesia, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Barbieri A, Melegari G, Lob V, Mazzali L, D'Amelio L, Giovannoni A, Giuliani E. Response by Twin Italian Hub Hospitals in a Double Seismic Event: A Retrospective Observational Investigation. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2018; 22:353-360. [PMID: 29345508 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2017.1394406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to compare prevalence rates of different pathologies, ambulance system and emergency department management times, and patient survival and hazard ratios for codes 2 and 3 in two hub hospitals in Modena in the 36-month period across the stages of two major earthquakes in short sequence in Northern Italy in 2012. METHODS Clinical records pertaining to the emergency care of patients were analyzed and only those assigned status codes 2 and 3 by ambulance professionals were included (if the assessment was confirmed by emergency department triage). The statistical analysis of data was divided by three time periods studied: before, during/between, and after the earthquakes. RESULTS Among the 2,278 retained records, there were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of the main pathologies presented at the two hubs in the studied period. A Cox regression model was used to analyze the survival of patients in the different stages of the emergency; there were no statistically significant differences in the hazard ratios of death before, during, and after the earthquake. The study found a significant increase in emergency department treatment times. DISCUSSION Redundancies in the Modena medical system were found to have compensated for damaged hospital facilities. In particular, they helped emergency systems reorganize themselves faster in order to bring medical assistance to people during and around seismic events with as a minimal amount of disruption as possible. CONCLUSION The Modena medical system was redundant and ensured that disrupted emergency systems were reorganized and put back online while damaged hospital facilities were compensated for/reproduced elsewhere.
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Beaglehole B, Frampton CM, Boden JM, Mulder RT, Bell CJ. An evaluation of Health of the Nation Outcome Scales data to inform psychiatric morbidity following the Canterbury earthquakes. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28639479 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417714879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following the onset of the Canterbury, New Zealand earthquakes, there were widespread concerns that mental health services were under severe strain as a result of adverse consequences on mental health. We therefore examined Health of the Nation Outcome Scales data to see whether this could inform our understanding of the impact of the Canterbury earthquakes on patients attending local specialist mental health services. METHOD Health of the Nation Outcome Scales admission data were analysed for Canterbury mental health services prior to and following the Canterbury earthquakes. These findings were compared to Health of the Nation Outcome Scales admission data from seven other large District Health Boards to delineate local from national trends. Percentage changes in admission numbers were also calculated before and after the earthquakes for Canterbury and the seven other large district health boards. RESULTS Admission Health of the Nation Outcome Scales scores in Canterbury increased after the earthquakes for adult inpatient and community services, old age inpatient and community services, and Child and Adolescent inpatient services compared to the seven other large district health boards. Admission Health of the Nation Outcome Scales scores for Child and Adolescent community services did not change significantly, while admission Health of the Nation Outcome Scales scores for Alcohol and Drug services in Canterbury fell compared to other large district health boards. Subscale analysis showed that the majority of Health of the Nation Outcome Scales subscales contributed to the overall increases found. Percentage changes in admission numbers for the Canterbury District Health Board and the seven other large district health boards before and after the earthquakes were largely comparable with the exception of admissions to inpatient services for the group aged 4-17 years which showed a large increase. CONCLUSION The Canterbury earthquakes were followed by an increase in Health of the Nation Outcome Scales scores for attendees of local mental health services compared to other large district health boards. This suggests that patients presented with greater degrees of psychiatric distress, social disruption, behavioural change and impairment as a result of the earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Beaglehole
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris M Frampton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roger T Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Caroline J Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Teng AM, Blakely T, Ivory V, Kingham S, Cameron V. Living in areas with different levels of earthquake damage and association with risk of cardiovascular disease: a cohort-linkage study. Lancet Planet Health 2017; 1:e242-e253. [PMID: 29851609 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease rates are known to increase immediately after a severe earthquake. However, less is known about the magnitude of this increase over time in relation to the amount of housing damage. We assessed the effect of area housing damage from a major earthquake sequence in Christchurch, Canterbury province, New Zealand, on cardiovascular disease-related hospital admissions and deaths. METHODS For this cohort-linkage study, we used linked administrative datasets from the Statistics New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure to identify individuals aged 45 years or older living in Christchurch from the date of the first earthquake on Sept 4, 2010. Individuals were assigned the average damage level for their residential meshblock (small neighbourhood generally comprising 10-50 dwellings) using the insurance-assessed residential building damage costs obtained from the Earthquake Commission as a proportion of property value. We calculated the rates of cardiovascular disease-related hospital admissions (including myocardial infarction) and cardiovascular disease-related mortality and rate ratios (adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, small-area deprivation index, and personal income) by level of housing damage in the first year and the 4 subsequent years after the earthquake. The rate ratio association between earthquake housing damage and cardiovascular event was examined by Poisson regression, and linear test of trends across damage categories was done by regression modeling. FINDINGS We identified 179 000 residents living in the earthquake-affected region of Christchurch, of whom 148 000 had complete data. For the first 3 months after the Feb 22, 2011 earthquake, the Poisson regression-adjusted rate ratio (RR) for cardiovascular disease-related hospital admissions for residents from areas that were most damaged (compared with residents from the least damaged areas) was 1·12 (95% CI 0·96-1·32; test for linear trend p=0·239). In the first year after the earthquake sequence, for residents from areas that were most damaged (vs the least damaged areas), Poisson regression-adjusted RRs were 1·10 (1·01-1·21; test for linear trend p=0·068) for cardiovascular disease-related hospital admissions, 1·22 (1·00-1·48; p=0·036) for myocardial infarction-related hospital admissions, and 1·25 (1·06-1·47; p=0·105) for cardiovascular disease-related mortality, corresponding to an excess of 66 (95% CI 7-125) cardiovascular disease-related hospital admissions, including 29 (0-53) additional myocardial infarction-related hospital admissions and 46 (13-73) additional deaths from cardiovascular disease. In the 4 subsequent years, we found no evidence of an association of these outcomes with earthquake damage. INTERPRETATION Rates of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction were increased in people living in areas with more severely damaged homes in the first year after a major earthquake. Policy responses to reduce the effect of earthquake damage on cardiovascular disease could include pre-earthquake measures to minimise building damage, early wellbeing interventions within the first year to address post-earthquake stress, and enhanced provision of cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment services. FUNDING Healthier Lives National Science Challenge and Natural Hazards Research Platform, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Teng
- University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Tony Blakely
- University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Vivienne Ivory
- University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Opus Research, Opus International Consultants, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Simon Kingham
- Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Managing legitimacy: The Christchurch post-disaster reconstruction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hanger HC. Low-Impact Flooring: Does It Reduce Fall-Related Injuries? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017; 18:588-591. [PMID: 28279604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare fall rates and injuries from falls on low-impact flooring (LIF) compared with a standard vinyl flooring. DESIGN Prospective, observational, nonrandomized controlled study. SETTING Subacute Older Persons Health ward (N = 20 beds). PARTICIPANTS Older inpatients. INTERVENTION Three different types of LIF. MEASUREMENTS All falls in the ward were prospectively monitored using incident reporting, noting location and consequences of each fall. Fall rates (per 1000 bed days) and injuries, were compared between bedroom falls on LIF against those occurring on standard vinyl flooring (controls). RESULTS Over 31 months, there were 278 bedroom falls (from 178 fallers). The bedroom fall rate (falls per 1000 bed days occupied) did not differ between the LIF and control groups (median 15 [IQR 8-18] versus 17 [IQR 9-23], respectively; P = .47). However, fall-related injuries were significantly less frequent when they occurred on LIFs (22% of falls versus 34% of falls on control flooring; P = .02). Fractures occurred in 0.7% of falls in the LIF cohort versus 2.3% in the control cohort. Rolling resistance when moving heavier equipment, such as beds or hoists, was an issue for staff on LIF. CONCLUSIONS LIF significantly reduced fall-related injuries compared with a standard vinyl flooring, whereas they did not alter the overall risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Carl Hanger
- Older Persons Health Specialist Service, Canterbury District Health Board; and Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Wilson N, Morales A, Guy N, Thomson G. Marked decline of sudden mass fatality events in New Zealand 1900 to 2015: the basic epidemiology. Aust N Z J Public Health 2017; 41:275-279. [PMID: 28245517 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the basic epidemiology of sudden mass fatality events for the 1900 to 2015 period in New Zealand (NZ). METHODS Official lists and internet searches were used to identify the events. Events were categorised, rates calculated and time trends analysed. RESULTS A total of 56 sudden mass fatality events with 10 or more fatalities between 1900 and 2015 in NZ were identified. There were 1,896 deaths in total, with the worst event being the Hawke's Bay earthquake (258 deaths). Events were classified as transportation-related (64%), natural causes (11%), industrial (9%), war (9%) and infrastructure (5%). There were marked declines in the rate of events per person-years of exposure and the associated mortality rate (both p<0.0001). Knowledge gaps were identified around: i) the basic epidemiology, e.g. non-fatal injuries and numbers of survivors; ii) the role of subsequent official inquiries in guiding preventive measures; and iii) the likely cost-effectiveness of measures to prevent harm from such events. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence and health burden of sudden mass fatality events have markedly declined in NZ over time. Implications for public health: There remains large scope for addressing the knowledge gaps in the basic epidemiology and societal responses to these events to guide primary prevention and appropriate disaster response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Nicola Guy
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - George Thomson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Bell CJ, Colhoun HC, Frampton CM, Douglas KM, McIntosh VVW, Carter FA, Jordan J, Carter JD, Smith RA, Marie LMA, Loughlin A, Porter RJ. Earthquake Brain: Altered Recognition and Misclassification of Facial Expressions Are Related to Trauma Exposure but Not Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:278. [PMID: 29312012 PMCID: PMC5732911 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study investigated facial expression recognition (FER) in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by exposure to earthquakes, and in particular whether people with this condition showed a bias toward interpreting facial expressions as threat-related emotions (i.e., as anger, fear, or disgust). The study included a trauma-exposed control group who had been similarly exposed to the earthquakes but had not developed PTSD. We hypothesized that individuals with PTSD would have increased sensitivity to threat-related facial emotions compared with the trauma-exposed control group. This would be shown by increased accuracy in recognition of threat-related emotions and the misinterpretation of neutral expressions to these emotions (i.e., misidentifying them as anger, fear, or disgust). The availability of a group of healthy controls from a previous study who had been tested on a similar task before the earthquakes allowed a further non-exposed comparison. METHOD Twenty-eight individuals with PTSD (71% female, mean age 42.8 years) and 89 earthquake-exposed controls (66% female, mean age 50.1 years) completed an FER task, which featured six basic emotions. Further comparisons were made with 50 non-exposed controls (64% female, mean age 38.5 years) who had been tested before the earthquakes. RESULTS There was no difference in sensitivity to threat-related facial expressions (as measured by accuracy in recognition of threat-related facial expressions and the misinterpretation of neutral expressions as threatening) in individuals with PTSD compared with similarly earthquake-exposed controls. Supplementary comparison with an historical, non-exposed control group showed that both earthquake-exposed groups had increased accuracy for the identification of all facial emotions and showed a bias in the misclassification of neutral facial expressions to the threat-related emotions of anger and disgust. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that it is exposure to earthquakes and repeated aftershocks, rather than the presence of PTSD that affects FER accuracy and misinterpretation. The importance of these biases in both PTSD and trauma-exposed controls needs further exploration and is an area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Colhoun
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris M Frampton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Katie M Douglas
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Frances A Carter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Jordan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Janet D Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rebekah A Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Leila M A Marie
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alex Loughlin
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Beaglehole B, Bell C, Frampton C, Moor S. The impact of the Canterbury earthquakes on successful school leaving for adolescents. Aust N Z J Public Health 2016; 41:70-73. [PMID: 27960250 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of the Canterbury earthquakes on the important adolescent transition period of school leaving. METHOD Local and national data on school leaving age, attainment of National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) standards, and school rolls (total registered students for schools) were examined to clarify long-term trends and delineate these from any impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes. Results: Despite concerns about negative impacts, there was no evidence for increased school disengagement or poorer academic performance by students as a consequence of the earthquakes. CONCLUSION Although there may have been negative effects for a minority, the possibility of post-disaster growth and resilience being the norm for the majority meant that negative effects on school leaving were not observed following the earthquakes. A range of post-disaster responses may have mitigated adverse effects on the adolescent population. Implications for Public Health: Overall long-term negative effects are unlikely for the affected adolescent population. The results also indicate that similar populations exposed to disasters in other settings are likely to do well in the presence of a comprehensive post-disaster response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Beaglehole
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Stephanie Moor
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Johal SS, Mounsey ZR. Recovering from disaster: Comparing the experiences of nurses and general practitioners after the Canterbury, New Zealand earthquake sequence 2010-2011. Nurs Health Sci 2016; 19:29-34. [DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoe Rachel Mounsey
- Joint Centre for Disaster Research; Massey University/GNS Science; Wellington New Zealand
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Schluter PJ, Hamilton GJ, Deely JM, Ardagh MW. Impact of integrated health system changes, accelerated due to an earthquake, on emergency department attendances and acute admissions: a Bayesian change-point analysis. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010709. [PMID: 27169741 PMCID: PMC4874100 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To chart emergency department (ED) attendance and acute admission following a devastating earthquake in 2011 which lead to Canterbury's rapidly accelerated integrated health system transformations. DESIGN Interrupted time series analysis, modelling using Bayesian change-point methods, of ED attendance and acute admission rates over the 2008-2014 period. SETTING ED department within the Canterbury District Health Board; with comparison to two other district health boards unaffected by the earthquake within New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS Canterbury's health system services ∼500 000 people, with around 85 000 ED attendances and 37 000 acute admissions per annum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES De-seasoned standardised population ED attendance and acute admission rates overall, and stratified by age and sex, compared before and after the earthquake. RESULTS Analyses revealed five global patterns: (1) postearthquake, there was a sudden and persisting decrease in the proportion of the population attending the ED; (2) the growth rate of ED attendances per head of population did not change between the pre-earthquake and postearthquake periods; (3) postearthquake, there was a sudden and persisting decrease in the proportion of the population admitted to hospital; (4) the growth rate of hospital admissions per head of the population declined between pre-earthquake and postearthquake periods and (5) the most dramatic reduction in hospital admissions growth after the earthquake occurred among those aged 65+ years. Extrapolating from the projected and fitted deseasoned rates for December 2014, ∼676 (16.8%) of 4035 projected hospital admissions were avoided. CONCLUSIONS While both necessarily and opportunistically accelerated, Canterbury's integrated health systems transformations have resulted in a dramatic and sustained reduction in ED attendances and acute hospital admissions. This natural intervention experiment, triggered by an earthquake, demonstrated that integrated health systems with high quality out-of-hospital care models are likely to successfully curb growth in acute hospital demand, nationally and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Schluter
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Greg J Hamilton
- Division of Planning and Funding, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Deely
- Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michael W Ardagh
- Emergency Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Gregan J, Balasingam A, Butler A. Radiology in the Christchurch earthquake of 22 February 2011: Challenges, interim processes and clinical priorities. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2016; 60:172-81. [DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jude Gregan
- Radiology Department; Christchurch Hospital; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Adrian Balasingam
- Radiology Department; Christchurch Hospital; Christchurch New Zealand
- Christchurch Radiology Group; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Anthony Butler
- Radiology Department; Christchurch Hospital; Christchurch New Zealand
- Department of Radiology; Christchurch Campus; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
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Steigenberger N. Organizing for the Big One: A Review of Case Studies and a Research Agenda for Multi-Agency Disaster Response. JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1468-5973.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Steigenberger
- Seminar for Business Administration, Corporate Development and Organization; University of Cologne; Albertus-Magnus-Platz 50923 Cologne Germany
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Wilkinson TJ, McKenzie JM, Ali AN, Rudland J, Carter FA, Bell CJ. Identifying medical students at risk of underperformance from significant stressors. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 16:43. [PMID: 26837428 PMCID: PMC4739335 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-016-0565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is associated with poorer academic performance but identifying vulnerable students is less clear. A series of earthquakes and disrupted learning environments created an opportunity to explore the relationships among stress, student factors, support and academic performance within a medical course. METHODS The outcomes were deviations from expected performances on end of year written and clinical examinations. The predictors were questionnaire-based measures of connectedness/support, impact of the earthquakes, safety, depression, anxiety, stress, resilience and personality. RESULTS The response rate was 77%. Poorer than expected performance on all examinations was associated with greater disruptions to living arrangements and fewer years in the country; on the written examination with not having a place to study; and on the clinical examination with relationship status, not having the support of others, less extroversion, and feeling less safe. There was a suggestion of a beneficial association with some markers of stress. CONCLUSION We show that academic performance is assisted by students having a secure physical and emotional base. The students who are most vulnerable are those with fewer social networks, and those who are recent immigrants.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
- Disasters
- Earthquakes
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methods
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/organization & administration
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/standards
- Educational Measurement/methods
- Educational Measurement/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Marital Status
- Multivariate Analysis
- New Zealand/epidemiology
- Protective Factors
- Residence Characteristics
- Resilience, Psychological
- Risk Factors
- Social Support
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Students, Medical/psychology
- Surveys and Questionnaires
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Wilkinson
- University of Otago, Christchurch, P O Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Jan M McKenzie
- University of Otago, Christchurch, P O Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anthony N Ali
- University of Otago, Christchurch, P O Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joy Rudland
- University of Otago, Christchurch, P O Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Frances A Carter
- University of Otago, Christchurch, P O Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Caroline J Bell
- University of Otago, Christchurch, P O Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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