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Yuan Y, Chen L, Yang C, Xie T. Early childhood SARS experience leads to long-lasting impacts on adulthood mental health in China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22572. [PMID: 38114642 PMCID: PMC10730901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49970-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between pandemic experience and immediate mental health risks, such as depression, is well-documented, yet the long-term effects remain unclear. This study examines the impact of early childhood exposure to the 2003 SARS pandemic on adulthood mental health after 17 years in China, using data from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The analysis included 6289 participants, aged 3 to 30 years during the SARS outbreak, with an average age of 35.3 years at the time of survey. Adulthood mental health was assessed using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) and an indicator of clinical depression. The severity of local SARS outbreaks was assessed by cumulative cases per 10,000 population. Results show that each additional case per 10,000 population was linked to a 1.617-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.425-1.836) increase in odds of depression after 17 years for younger children (aged 3-12 years in 2003) relative to older cohorts (aged 13-30). This risk was higher in children from rural areas (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.64; 95% CI 2.92-4.55), with poor physical health (1.98; 1.59-2.48), and from low-income families (2.87; 2.03-4.05). The childhood pandemic experience elevated the probability of developing depression-prone personality traits, which contributes to the enduring impact of childhood pandemic experiences on adulthood mental health. These findings highlight the long-lasting psychological impact of early-childhood pandemic exposure, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to mitigate its effects on the younger generation and emphasizing the importance of monitoring long-term mental health and personality development in children post-pandemics, particularly in light of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- School of Economics, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Litian Chen
- School of Economics, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- School of Economics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
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2
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Saville JW, Berezuk AM, Srivastava SS, Subramaniam S. Three-Dimensional Visualization of Viral Structure, Entry, and Replication Underlying the Spread of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14066-14084. [PMID: 35863749 PMCID: PMC9344915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The global spread
of SARS-CoV-2 has proceeded at an unprecedented
rate. Remarkably, characterization of the virus using modern tools
in structural biology has also progressed at exceptional speed. Advances
in electron-based imaging techniques, combined with decades of foundational
studies on related viruses, have enabled the research community to
rapidly investigate structural aspects of the novel coronavirus from
the level of individual viral proteins to imaging the whole virus
in a native context. Here, we provide a detailed review of the structural
biology and pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 as it relates to all facets
of the viral life cycle, including cell entry, replication, and three-dimensional
(3D) packaging based on insights obtained from X-ray crystallography,
cryo-electron tomography, and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy.
The structural comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and the related earlier
viruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV is a common thread throughout this review.
We conclude by highlighting some of the outstanding unanswered structural
questions and underscore areas that are under rapid current development
such as the design of effective therapeutics that block viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Saville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Alison M Berezuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Shanti S Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3.,Gandeeva Therapeutics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5C 6N5
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3
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Guyo AG, Berta KK, Ramadan OP, Gai M, Lado AI, Loi GT, Kol MT, Obat MD, Maleghemi S, Ndenzako F, Olu OO. Joint external evaluation of the international health regulations (2005) capacity in South Sudan: assessing the country´s capacity for health security. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:7. [PMID: 36158933 PMCID: PMC9475044 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2022.42.1.33842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION joint external evaluation is a voluntary and collaborative process to assess a country´s capacity under International Health Regulations (2005) to prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats. The main objective is to measure a country´s status in building the necessary capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats and establish a baseline measurement of capacities and capabilities. The Republic of South Sudan conducted the Joint External Evaluation from 16-20 October 2017, where its capacities were assessed to public health threats per the International Health Regulation (2005). METHODS cross-sectional descriptive study of the Joint External Evaluation process and the findings are described along with major findings and recommendations for the country. RESULTS South Sudan's overall mean score across 48 indicators was 1.5 (min= 1, max= 4) and 42/48 indicators (87.5%) scored < 2 on a 1 to 5 scale. Technical areas in the prevent category with the lowest score were antimicrobial resistance, biosafety and biosecurity, and National legislation, policy, and financing. In the detect category, the mean score was 2. Technical areas with the lowest mean scores were workforce development and the National Laboratory System. Preparedness, medical countermeasures, personnel deployment, linking public health, and security authorities had the lowest scores in the respond category. Chemical events, radiation emergencies, and points of entry had a score of 1 in the other IHR-related hazards and points of entry category. CONCLUSION South Sudan's mean score of 1.5 can be attributed to several civil conflicts experienced, which have impacted negatively on the health system. Recommendations from the Joint External Evaluation need to be implemented and these must be aligned with the costed National Action Plan for Health Security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argata Guracha Guyo
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Juba, South Sudan,,Corresponding author Argata Guracha Guyo, World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Juba, South Sudan.
| | | | - Otim Patrick Ramadan
- World Health Organization, East and South Africa, Sub-Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Malick Gai
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Alice Igale Lado
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabian Ndenzako
- World Health Organization, WHO Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
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4
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Lima SS, Queiroz MAF, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. Retrospective epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 (and COVID-19) epidemic among 27 Brazilian cities. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2021; 1:100053. [PMID: 35262029 PMCID: PMC8574077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most of the countries facing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic are still trying to understand the dynamics of the behavior of the virus and dissemination of the new agent. Objectives A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study of the 26 state capitals of Brazil and its capital, Brasilia, was performed to investigate the behavior of the infection and disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Study design The data presented were obtained from the State Health Departments and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Seven epidemiological markers (including the incidence, mortality and case fatality rates and the growth of the epidemic measured by the ratios observed on days 30, 60 and 90) were compared for the initial 90 days of the epidemic for each city. Results The epidemic spread to the country within 25 days, and deaths occurred as early as nine days from initiation. The incidence and mortality rates ranged from 70 to almost 1,599/100,000 and less than 1 to 1,171/1,000,000, respectively, at the end of the 90-day period of observation. The CFR was less than two up to 12.31%. The magnitude of each marker clustered the cities in different groups. The epidemic was managed differently in each city, with differences in qualified medical services and medical preparedness to face the emergency situation. Conclusions Although modeling the epidemic has been a constant task, epidemiological data should be pursued to define actual information, such as the prevalence and incidence rates, to understand the unpredictable nature of this emerging infection, including the present policy of vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará
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5
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Galina AC, Sarzi D, de Medeiros LC, Sampaio ALF, Leta J. The promising drugs included in WHO's Solidarity Project: a choice based in scientific knowledge and institutional competencies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200603. [PMID: 34495083 PMCID: PMC8475511 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Solidarity Program, probably the largest global initiative to encourage and support research in four promising drugs, named Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, β Interferon and the combination Lopinavir / Ritonavir, to reduce the mortality of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVES Considering the potential impact of Solidarity Program to restrain the current pandemic, the present study aims to investigate whether it was designed upon indicators of scientific productivity, defined as the level of the production of new scientific knowledge and of the institutional capabilities, estimated in terms of scientific publications and technological agreements. METHODS The scientific documents on Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Coronavirus were retrieved from Scopus database while the technological agreements on coronavirus were obtained through Cortellis. As for the institutions and countries, we have considered the data on author's affiliations in both set of data. For comparison, we included the analysis of documents related with other drugs or therapies, such as vaccines and antibodies, which were listed in a Clarivate's report on coronaviruses research. FINDINGS Most of the analysis refers to documents on Coronavirus, the largest group. The number of documents related to WHO's drugs are almost five times higher than in the other groups. This subset of documents involves the largest and most diverse number of institutions and countries. As for agreements, we observed a smaller number of institutions involved in it, suggesting differences between countries in terms of technical and human capabilities to develop basic and/or clinical research on coronavirus and to develop new forms or products to treat or to prevent the disease. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Hence, the results shown in this study illustrate that decisions taken by an international scientific body, as WHO, were mainly based in scientific knowledge and institutional competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Cristina Galina
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Educação, Gestão e Difusão em Biociências, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Deise Sarzi
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Educação, Gestão e Difusão em Biociências, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - André Luiz Franco Sampaio
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Farmanguinhos, Departamento de Farmacologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jacqueline Leta
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Educação, Gestão e Difusão em Biociências, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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6
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Keshta AS, Mallah SI, Al Zubaidi K, Ghorab OK, Keshta MS, Alarabi D, Abousaleh MA, Salman MT, Taha OE, Zeidan AA, Elsaid MF, Tang P. COVID-19 versus SARS: A comparative review. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:967-977. [PMID: 34130121 PMCID: PMC8064890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The two genetically similar severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, have each been responsible for global epidemics of vastly different scales. Although both viruses arose from similar origins, they quickly diverged due to differences in their transmission dynamics and spectrum of clinical presentations. The potential involvement of multiple organs systems, including the respiratory, cardiac, gastrointestinal and neurological, during infection necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the clinical pathogenesis of each virus. The management of COVID-19, initially modelled after SARS and other respiratory illnesses, has continued to evolve as we accumulate more knowledge and experience during the pandemic, as well as develop new therapeutics and vaccines. The impact of these two coronaviruses has been profound for our health care and public health systems, and we hope that the lessons learned will not only bring the current pandemic under control, but also prevent and reduce the impact of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Keshta
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Saad I Mallah
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Khaled Al Zubaidi
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar K Ghorab
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mohamed S Keshta
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Dalal Alarabi
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mohammad A Abousaleh
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mustafa Thaer Salman
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Omer E Taha
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Anas A Zeidan
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mahmoud F Elsaid
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Division of Neurology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrick Tang
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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7
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Feng Z, Chen Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang W. Kidney involvement in coronavirus-associated diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:361. [PMID: 33732334 PMCID: PMC7903379 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2003, coronaviruses have caused multiple global pandemic diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clinical and autopsy findings suggest that the occurrence of kidney injury during infection may negatively affect the clinical outcomes of infected patients. The authoritative model predicts that outbreaks of other novel coronavirus pneumonias will continue to threaten human health in the future. The aim of the present systematic review was to summarize the basic knowledge of coronavirus, coronavirus infection-associated kidney injury and the corresponding therapies, in order to provide new insights for clinicians to better understand the kidney involvement of coronavirus so that more effective therapeutic strategies can be employed against coronavirus infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Feng
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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8
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Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science 2020; 368:860-868. [PMID: 32291278 PMCID: PMC7164482 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1517] [Impact Index Per Article: 379.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is urgent to understand the future of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. We used estimates of seasonality, immunity, and cross-immunity for human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and HCoV-HKU1 using time-series data from the United States to inform a model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We projected that recurrent wintertime outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 will probably occur after the initial, most severe pandemic wave. Absent other interventions, a key metric for the success of social distancing is whether critical care capacities are exceeded. To avoid this, prolonged or intermittent social distancing may be necessary into 2022. Additional interventions, including expanded critical care capacity and an effective therapeutic, would improve the success of intermittent distancing and hasten the acquisition of herd immunity. Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Even in the event of apparent elimination, SARS-CoV-2 surveillance should be maintained because a resurgence in contagion could be possible as late as 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Kissler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Tedijanto
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science 2020; 368:860-868. [PMID: 32291278 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.04.20031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is urgent to understand the future of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. We used estimates of seasonality, immunity, and cross-immunity for human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and HCoV-HKU1 using time-series data from the United States to inform a model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We projected that recurrent wintertime outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 will probably occur after the initial, most severe pandemic wave. Absent other interventions, a key metric for the success of social distancing is whether critical care capacities are exceeded. To avoid this, prolonged or intermittent social distancing may be necessary into 2022. Additional interventions, including expanded critical care capacity and an effective therapeutic, would improve the success of intermittent distancing and hasten the acquisition of herd immunity. Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Even in the event of apparent elimination, SARS-CoV-2 surveillance should be maintained because a resurgence in contagion could be possible as late as 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Kissler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Tedijanto
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science 2020. [PMID: 32291278 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
It is urgent to understand the future of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. We used estimates of seasonality, immunity, and cross-immunity for human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and HCoV-HKU1 using time-series data from the United States to inform a model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We projected that recurrent wintertime outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 will probably occur after the initial, most severe pandemic wave. Absent other interventions, a key metric for the success of social distancing is whether critical care capacities are exceeded. To avoid this, prolonged or intermittent social distancing may be necessary into 2022. Additional interventions, including expanded critical care capacity and an effective therapeutic, would improve the success of intermittent distancing and hasten the acquisition of herd immunity. Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Even in the event of apparent elimination, SARS-CoV-2 surveillance should be maintained because a resurgence in contagion could be possible as late as 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Kissler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Tedijanto
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science 2020. [PMID: 32291278 DOI: 10.1126/science:abb5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
It is urgent to understand the future of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. We used estimates of seasonality, immunity, and cross-immunity for human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and HCoV-HKU1 using time-series data from the United States to inform a model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We projected that recurrent wintertime outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 will probably occur after the initial, most severe pandemic wave. Absent other interventions, a key metric for the success of social distancing is whether critical care capacities are exceeded. To avoid this, prolonged or intermittent social distancing may be necessary into 2022. Additional interventions, including expanded critical care capacity and an effective therapeutic, would improve the success of intermittent distancing and hasten the acquisition of herd immunity. Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Even in the event of apparent elimination, SARS-CoV-2 surveillance should be maintained because a resurgence in contagion could be possible as late as 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Kissler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Tedijanto
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Luo Y, Wang CZ, Hesse-Fong J, Lin JG, Yuan CS. Application of Chinese Medicine in Acute and Critical Medical Conditions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1223-1235. [PMID: 31505937 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Western medicine is routinely used in developed nations as well as in Eastern countries, where traditional medicine is frequently used by a selection of patients or family member as a complement to mainstream Western medicine. Chinese medicine plays an important role in the treatment of chronic diseases, especially when Western medicine is not very effective. Many published reports have shown that Chinese medicine could also be successfully used in the management of acute and critical illnesses. Chinese medicine has a holistic view of the human body, and emphasizes individualization based on body balance and mind-body interaction and employs herbal medicines and acupuncture. This review paper gives a brief overview of Chinese medicine theory and therapeutic modality and then addresses the application of Chinese medicine in the treatment of acute and critical medical conditions, including epidemics. Using this ancient therapy as a complementary medicine, the management of serious medical conditions, such as SARS, acute heart diseases, and ischemic cerebral stroke, are presented. In order to promote more widespread application of Chinese medicine, well-designed controlled clinical trials are urgently needed to prove its safety and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China.,Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Julia Hesse-Fong
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jaung-Geng Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Han Y, Du J, Su H, Zhang J, Zhu G, Zhang S, Wu Z, Jin Q. Identification of Diverse Bat Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses in China Provides New Insights Into the Evolution and Origin of Coronavirus-Related Diseases. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1900. [PMID: 31474969 PMCID: PMC6702311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome in 2012 and fatal swine acute diarrhea syndrome in 2017 caused serious infectious diseases in humans and in livestock, resulting in serious public health threats and huge economic losses. All such coronaviruses (CoVs) were confirmed to originate from bats. To continuously monitor the epidemic-related CoVs in bats, virome analysis was used to classify CoVs from 831 bats of 15 species in Yunnan, Guangxi, and Sichuan Provinces between August 2016 and May 2017. We identified 11 CoV strains from 22 individual samples of four bat species. Identification of four alpha-CoVs from Scotophilus kuhlii in Guangxi, which was closely related to a previously reported bat CoV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), revealed a bat-swine lineage under the genus Alphacoronavirus. A recombinant CoV showed that the PEDV probably originated from the CoV of S. kuhlii. Another alpha-CoV, α-YN2018, from Rhinolophus sinicus in Yunnan, suggested that this alpha-CoV lineage had multiple host origins, and α-YN2018 had recombined with CoVs of other bat species over time. We identified five SARS-related CoVs (SARSr-CoVs) in Rhinolophus bats from Sichuan and Yunnan and confirmed that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 usable SARSr-CoVs were continuously circulating in Rhinolophus spp. in Yunnan. The other beta-CoV, strain β-GX2018, found in Cynopterus sphinx of Guangxi, represented an independently evolved lineage different from known CoVs of Rousettus and Eonycteris bats. The identification of diverse CoVs here provides new genetic data for understanding the distribution and source of pathogenic CoVs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxiang Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Shuyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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14
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Abstract
As the United Kingdom (UK) negotiates its separation from the European Union (EU), it is important to remember the public health mechanisms that are directly facilitated via our relationship with the EU. One such mechanism is the UK’s role within the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Global health protection is an area that is currently experiencing an unprecedented wave of innovation, both technologically and ideologically, and we must therefore ensure that our future relationship with ECDC is one that facilitates full involvement with the global health security systems of the future.
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15
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Suthar AB, Allen LG, Cifuentes S, Dye C, Nagata JM. Lessons learnt from implementation of the International Health Regulations: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2017; 96:110-121E. [PMID: 29403114 PMCID: PMC5791773 DOI: 10.2471/blt.16.189100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To respond to the World Health Assembly call for dissemination of lessons learnt from countries that have begun implementing the International Health Regulations, 2005 revision; IHR (2005). Methods In November 2015, we conducted a systematic search of the following online databases and sources: PubMed®, Embase®, Global Health, Scopus, World Health Organization (WHO) Global Index Medicus, WHO Bulletin on IHR Implementation and the International Society for Disease Surveillance. We included identified studies and reports summarizing national experience in implementing any of the IHR (2005) core capacities or their components. We excluded studies that were theoretical or referred to IHR (1969). Qualitative systematic review methodology, including meta-ethnography, was used for qualitative synthesis. Findings We analysed 51 articles from 77 countries representing all WHO Regions. The meta-syntheses identified a total of 44 lessons learnt across the eight core capacities of IHR (2005). Major themes included the need to mobilize and sustain political commitment; to adapt global requirements based on local sociocultural, epidemiological, health system and economic contexts; and to conduct baseline and follow-up assessments to monitor the status of IHR (2005) implementation. Conclusion Although experiences of IHR (2005) implementation covered a wide global range, more documentation from Africa and Eastern Europe is needed. We did not find specific areas of weakness in monitoring IHR (2005); sustained monitoring of all core capacities is required to ensure effective systems. These lessons learnt could be adapted by countries in the process of meeting IHR (2005) requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh B Suthar
- South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Lisa G Allen
- TMF Health Quality Institute, Austin, United States of America (USA)
| | - Sara Cifuentes
- Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Christopher Dye
- Department of Strategy, Policy and Information, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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16
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Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, de Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, Gyansa-Lutterodt M, Jing S, Luiza VL, Mbindyo RM, Möller H, Moucheraud C, Pécoul B, Rägo L, Rashidian A, Ross-Degnan D, Stephens PN, Teerawattananon Y, 't Hoen EFM, Wagner AK, Yadav P, Reich MR. Essential medicines for universal health coverage. Lancet 2017; 389:403-476. [PMID: 27832874 PMCID: PMC7159295 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika J Wirtz
- Department of Global Health/Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hans V Hogerzeil
- Global Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Gray
- Division of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Sun Jing
- Peking Union Medical College School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Vera L Luiza
- National School of Public Health Sergio Arouca, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Helene Möller
- United Nations Children's Fund, Supply Division, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Corrina Moucheraud
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernard Pécoul
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lembit Rägo
- Regulation of Medicines and other Health Technologies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arash Rashidian
- Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Eastern Mediterranean Region, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dennis Ross-Degnan
- Research, Eastern Mediterranean Region, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yot Teerawattananon
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Thai Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ellen F M 't Hoen
- Global Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anita K Wagner
- Research, Eastern Mediterranean Region, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prashant Yadav
- William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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18
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Crawford R, Rutz DC, Evans DP. 'Between Combat boots and Birkenstocks'-Lessons from HIV/AIDS, SARS, H1N1 and Ebola. Public Health 2016; 141:186-191. [PMID: 27931998 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In late 2013, an Ebola outbreak quickly grew into an epidemic of extraordinary magnitude, killing more people than all previous Ebola outbreaks combined. Although the epidemic was unprecedented, the world had previously experienced several acute public health emergencies requiring global coordination. HIV/AIDS, SARS and H1N1 tested global response, and in each case coordination proved problematic, making the 2013-2015 Ebola epidemic no exception. The purpose of this project was to identify persistent vulnerabilities within global public health emergency response and to identify areas for future research and improvement. STUDY DESIGN Non-systematic review and qualitative interview study. METHODS Using PubMed and Google, a comprehensive search of articles connected to the HIV/AIDS, SARS, H1N1 and Ebola responses was conducted. Then, 21 key responders involved in those emergencies, primarily from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, participated in in-depth interviews. The content analysis and in-depth interview data were analysed using MAXQDA analysis software. RESULTS A number of issues emerged, including cultural and political clashes within relevant agencies and a lack of confidence in those agencies, policy barriers that hinder long-term international response, a shortage of personnel and resources, itemized funding streams that limit flexibility to direct resources, and challenges to deploying responders internationally. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the world remains ill prepared to handle sustained responses and global pandemics. The study identified major vulnerabilities persistent within US-led global public health response and offers recommendations for further focused research to fully understand why these challenges persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Crawford
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D C Rutz
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D P Evans
- Center for Humanitarian Emergencies, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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19
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Lee HY, Nyon MP, Strych U. Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2016; 3:80-86. [PMID: 32226714 PMCID: PMC7099997 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-016-0084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various types of vaccines are under pre-clinical and clinical development to address the recent appearance of Middle East respiratory syndrome or MERS, an emerging infectious disease that has already caused over 600 deaths and remains a threat to world health. The causative agent for this respiratory disease is a member of the betacoronavirus genus, phylogenetically closely related to the SARS coronavirus that caused an international health emergency in 2002. With lessons learned from the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome, and with undeniable technological advances, vaccine development against MERS was initially fast-paced and has produced several DNA and protein vaccine candidates with promising results during early pre-clinical testing. At least one vaccine candidate has even entered first-in-humans clinical trials now. With the number of MERS cases declining though and other infectious diseases attracting increased attention, the question remains, whether, similar to the situation after the SARS pandemic, vaccine development is halted or remains the priority it rightfully should.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yen Lee
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mun Peak Nyon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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20
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Gostin LO, Katz R. The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security. Milbank Q 2016; 94:264-313. [PMID: 27166578 PMCID: PMC4911720 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Gostin
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center
| | - Rebecca Katz
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University
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21
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Wang L, Wang J, Xu C, Liu T. Modelling input-output flows of severe acute respiratory syndrome in mainland China. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:191. [PMID: 26924026 PMCID: PMC4770707 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) originated in China in 2002, and it spread to 26 provinces in mainland China and 32 countries across five continents in a matter of months. This outbreak resulted in 774 deaths. However, the spatial features and potential determinants of SARS input-output flows remain unclear. METHODS We used an adjusted spatial interaction model to examine the spatial effects and potential factors associated with SARS input-output flows. RESULTS The presence of origin-based spatial dependence positively affected SARS input-output flows from the neighbours of the origin regions. Two components of the input-output flows, migrant and hospitalization flows, exhibited distinctive features. The origin-based and destination-based spatial dependence positively affected migrant flows (i.e., due to those seeking jobs) from the neighbours of origin and destination locations. Similarly, the destination-based spatial dependence also positively affected hospitalization flows (i.e., due to those seeking treatment) from the neighbours of destination regions. However, the origin-to-destination based spatial dependence negatively affected hospitalisation flows from the neighbours of origin-to-destination regions. The direct effects accounted for 78% of the SARS input-output flows, which was 3.56-fold greater than the indirect effects. Differences in regional income drove the SARS input-output flows. Therefore, urban income had a positive effect, whereas rural income had a negative effect. Total interregional flows increased by 3.54% with a 1% increase in urban income, and intraregional flows increased by 8.35%. In contrast, the total interregional flows decreased by 3.38% with a 1% increase in rural income, and intraregional flows declined by 2.29%. Railway capacity, per person gross domestic product (PGDP), urban rate and the law of distance decay also affected the input-output flows. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that the SARS input-output flows presented significant geographic spatial heterogeneity and spatial effects. Income differences were the major cause of the flows between pairs of regions. Railway capacity, PGDP, and urban rate also played important roles. These findings provide valuable information for the Chinese government to control the future spread of nationwide epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- LREIS, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- LREIS, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chengdong Xu
- LREIS, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tiejun Liu
- LREIS, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh Lian Lim
- Travellers' Health & Vaccination Clinic, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 39798, Singapore
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23
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Lidén J. The World Health Organization and Global Health Governance: post-1990. Public Health 2014; 128:141-7. [PMID: 24388640 PMCID: PMC7118765 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article takes a historical perspective on the changing position of WHO in the global health architecture over the past two decades. From the early 1990s a number of weaknesses within the structure and governance of the World Health Organization were becoming apparent, as a rapidly changing post Cold War world placed more complex demands on the international organizations generally, but significantly so in the field of global health. Towards the end of that decade and during the first half of the next, WHO revitalized and played a crucial role in setting global health priorities. However, over the past decade, the organization has to some extent been bypassed for funding, and it lost some of its authority and its ability to set a global health agenda. The reasons for this decline are complex and multifaceted. Some of the main factors include WHO's inability to reform its core structure, the growing influence of non-governmental actors, a lack of coherence in the positions, priorities and funding decisions between the health ministries and the ministries overseeing development assistance in several donor member states, and the lack of strong leadership of the organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lidén
- Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, 10 St James's Square, London SW1Y 4LE, United Kingdom.
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Mackenzie JS, Merianos A. The legacies of SARS - international preparedness and readiness to respond to future threats in the Western Pacific Region. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2013; 4:4-8. [PMID: 24319606 PMCID: PMC3854097 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2013.4.3-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela Merianos
- Consultant in Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Mackenzie JS, Jeggo M. Reservoirs and vectors of emerging viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:170-9. [PMID: 23491947 PMCID: PMC7102734 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife, especially mammals and birds, are hosts to an enormous number of viruses, most of which we have absolutely no knowledge about even though we know these viruses circulate readily in their specific niches. More often than not, these viruses are silent or asymptomatic in their natural hosts. In some instances, they can infect other species, and in rare cases, this cross-species transmission might lead to human infection. There are also instances where we know the reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses that can and do infect humans. Studies of these animal hosts, the reservoirs of the viruses, provide us with the knowledge of the types of virus circulating in wildlife species, their incidence, pathogenicity for their host, and in some instances, the potential for transmission to other hosts. This paper describes examples of some of the viruses that have been detected in wildlife, and the reservoir hosts from which they have been detected. It also briefly explores the spread of arthropod-borne viruses and their diseases through the movement and establishment of vectors in new habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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