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Graciaa DS, Walsh SR, Rouphael N. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine: Promise and Challenges. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2024; 38:475-485. [PMID: 38876903 PMCID: PMC11305931 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is a persistent challenge despite decades of research. Previous strategies utilizing protein subunit and viral vector vaccines were safe but not protective. Current strategies seek to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, with multiple early phase trials in progress seeking to achieve this through sequential vaccination, mRNA, or updated viral-vectored vaccines. A safe and effective vaccine is critical to ending the HIV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Graciaa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
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2
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Choi J, May SB, Dang BN, Markham C, McGlone M, Cuccaro PM. Acceptability of a Future HIV Vaccine: A Rapid Scoping Review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 96:197-207. [PMID: 38905472 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A HIV vaccine is not available yet, but perceptions of HIV vaccines will be important to explore before their roll-out for effective vaccine promotion. This article presents the findings of a rapid scoping review of the literature to identify individual, social, and vaccine-related factors associated with the acceptability of a future HIV vaccine. METHODS We searched 5 databases (Medline OVID, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Cochrane) using relevant keywords and Medical Subject Headings. All articles, regardless of study design, publication year, and geographic location, were included if they examined HIV vaccine acceptability and its underlying factors. RESULTS We retrieved 2386 unique articles, of which 76 were included in the final review. Perceived benefits (34.2%) and perceived susceptibility (25.0%) were primary individual factors of HIV vaccine acceptability. Misinformation (17.1%) and distrust (22.4%) regarding future HIV vaccines, HIV stigma (30.3%), and social support (10.5%) were social factors of HIV vaccine acceptability. Vaccine efficacy (42.1%), cost (28.9%), and side effects (67.1%) were common vaccine characteristics influencing HIV vaccine acceptability. Altruism (10.5%) and risk compensation (26.3%) were also key factors. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses revealed that skeptical beliefs, negative perceptions, and misconceptions about HIV vaccines are real barriers to their acceptability. To alleviate HIV vaccine hesitancy and address trust concerns, strategic vaccine communication should be disseminated by trustworthy sources. Messages should impart accurate vaccine information and emphasize both individual and social benefits of HIV vaccination, as well as leverage social support in increasing willingness to get a future HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Choi
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Sarah B May
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Bich N Dang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- VA Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX; and
| | - Christine Markham
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew McGlone
- Department of Communication Studies, Moody College of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Paula M Cuccaro
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX
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3
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Trkola A, Moore PL. Vaccinating people living with HIV: a fast track to preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e252-e255. [PMID: 37883985 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the number of new HIV infections remains unacceptably high, and urgent new approaches are needed to advance HIV vaccine science. However, the development of a preventive HIV vaccine has proven to be an intractable scientific challenge. Recent advances in HIV immunogen design have taken the field a step closer to triggering the rare precursors of broadly neutralising antibodies, which are widely assumed to be necessary for a vaccine. Nonetheless, these same studies and previous studies in people living with HIV have also highlighted the major hurdles that must be overcome to boost the cross-reactivity and potency of these responses to sufficient levels. Here, we describe an opportunity for fast-tracking the evaluation of candidate preventive and therapeutic vaccines by immunising people with HIV who are antiretroviral therapy suppressed. We argue that such studies, unlike traditional studies of vaccines in participants not infected with HIV, will be faster and more informative and will allow the vaccine field to bypass multiple hurdles. This approach will accelerate the process of defining the capacity of immunogens to trigger relevant antibodies, currently an extremely slow and expensive pathway, and provide a quick path to creating an HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Penny L Moore
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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4
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Rennie S. The HIV vaccine quest: ethical and implementation challenges. Lancet HIV 2024; 11:e70-e71. [PMID: 38141638 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(23)00325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Rennie
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Social Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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5
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Ramirez Valdez K, Nzau B, Dorey-Robinson D, Jarman M, Nyagwange J, Schwartz JC, Freimanis G, Steyn AW, Warimwe GM, Morrison LJ, Mwangi W, Charleston B, Bonnet-Di Placido M, Hammond JA. A Customizable Suite of Methods to Sequence and Annotate Cattle Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1099. [PMID: 37376488 PMCID: PMC10302312 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the antibody response to infection or vaccination is essential for developing more effective vaccines and therapeutics. Advances in high-throughput antibody sequencing technologies and immunoinformatic tools now allow the fast and comprehensive analysis of antibody repertoires at high resolution in any species. Here, we detail a flexible and customizable suite of methods from flow cytometry, single cell sorting, heavy and light chain amplification to antibody sequencing in cattle. These methods were used successfully, including adaptation to the 10x Genomics platform, to isolate native heavy-light chain pairs. When combined with the Ig-Sequence Multi-Species Annotation Tool, this suite represents a powerful toolkit for studying the cattle antibody response with high resolution and precision. Using three workflows, we processed 84, 96, and 8313 cattle B cells from which we sequenced 24, 31, and 4756 antibody heavy-light chain pairs, respectively. Each method has strengths and limitations in terms of the throughput, timeline, specialist equipment, and cost that are each discussed. Moreover, the principles outlined here can be applied to study antibody responses in other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Nzau
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | | | - James Nyagwange
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme CGMRC, Kilifi P.O. Box 230-80108, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - George M Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme CGMRC, Kilifi P.O. Box 230-80108, Kenya
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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6
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Caniels TG, Medina-Ramírez M, Zhang J, Sarkar A, Kumar S, LaBranche A, Derking R, Allen JD, Snitselaar JL, Capella-Pujol J, Sánchez IDM, Yasmeen A, Diaz M, Aldon Y, Bijl TPL, Venkatayogi S, Martin Beem JS, Newman A, Jiang C, Lee WH, Pater M, Burger JA, van Breemen MJ, de Taeye SW, Rantalainen K, LaBranche C, Saunders KO, Montefiori D, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Crispin M, Moore JP, Klasse PJ, Haynes BF, Wilson IA, Wiehe K, Verkoczy L, Sanders RW. Germline-targeting HIV-1 Env vaccination induces VRC01-class antibodies with rare insertions. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101003. [PMID: 37044090 PMCID: PMC10140475 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Targeting germline (gl-) precursors of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is acknowledged as an important strategy for HIV-1 vaccines. The VRC01-class of bNAbs is attractive because of its distinct genetic signature. However, VRC01-class bNAbs often require extensive somatic hypermutation, including rare insertions and deletions. We describe a BG505 SOSIP trimer, termed GT1.2, to optimize binding to gl-CH31, the unmutated common precursor of the CH30-34 bNAb lineage that acquired a large CDRH1 insertion. The GT1.2 trimer activates gl-CH31 naive B cells in knock-in mice, and B cell responses could be matured by selected boosting immunogens to generate cross-reactive Ab responses. Next-generation B cell sequencing reveals selection for VRC01-class mutations, including insertions in CDRH1 and FWR3 at positions identical to VRC01-class bNAbs, as well as CDRL1 deletions and/or glycine substitutions to accommodate the N276 glycan. These results provide proof of concept for vaccine-induced affinity maturation of B cell lineages that require rare insertions and deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Medina-Ramírez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anita Sarkar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex LaBranche
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonne L Snitselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joan Capella-Pujol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iván Del Moral Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marilyn Diaz
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom P L Bijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Amanda Newman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chuancang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maarten Pater
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Vamva E, Ozog S, Leaman DP, Yu-Hong Cheng R, Irons NJ, Ott A, Stoffers C, Khan I, Goebrecht GK, Gardner MR, Farzan M, Rawlings DJ, Zwick MB, James RG, Torbett BE. A lentiviral vector B cell gene therapy platform for the delivery of the anti-HIV-1 eCD4-Ig-knob-in-hole-reversed immunoadhesin. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:366-384. [PMID: 36879849 PMCID: PMC9984920 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Barriers to effective gene therapy for many diseases include the number of modified target cells required to achieve therapeutic outcomes and host immune responses to expressed therapeutic proteins. As long-lived cells specialized for protein secretion, antibody-secreting B cells are an attractive target for foreign protein expression in blood and tissue. To neutralize HIV-1, we developed a lentiviral vector (LV) gene therapy platform for delivery of the anti-HIV-1 immunoadhesin, eCD4-Ig, to B cells. The EμB29 enhancer/promoter in the LV limited gene expression in non-B cell lineages. By engineering a knob-in-hole-reversed (KiHR) modification in the CH3-Fc eCD4-Ig domain, we reduced interactions between eCD4-Ig and endogenous B cell immunoglobulin G proteins, which improved HIV-1 neutralization potency. Unlike previous approaches in non-lymphoid cells, eCD4-Ig-KiHR produced in B cells promoted HIV-1 neutralizing protection without requiring exogenous TPST2, a tyrosine sulfation enzyme required for eCD4-Ig-KiHR function. This finding indicated that B cell machinery is well suited to produce therapeutic proteins. Lastly, to overcome the inefficient transduction efficiency associated with VSV-G LV delivery to primary B cells, an optimized measles pseudotyped LV packaging methodology achieved up to 75% transduction efficiency. Overall, our findings support the utility of B cell gene therapy platforms for therapeutic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Vamva
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stosh Ozog
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rene Yu-Hong Cheng
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Irons
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andee Ott
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Iram Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard G. James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Marshall LJ, Bailey J, Cassotta M, Herrmann K, Pistollato F. Poor Translatability of Biomedical Research Using Animals - A Narrative Review. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:102-135. [PMID: 36883244 DOI: 10.1177/02611929231157756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The failure rate for the translation of drugs from animal testing to human treatments remains at over 92%, where it has been for the past few decades. The majority of these failures are due to unexpected toxicity - that is, safety issues revealed in human trials that were not apparent in animal tests - or lack of efficacy. However, the use of more innovative tools, such as organs-on-chips, in the preclinical pipeline for drug testing, has revealed that these tools are more able to predict unexpected safety events prior to clinical trials and so can be used for this, as well as for efficacy testing. Here, we review several disease areas, and consider how the use of animal models has failed to offer effective new treatments. We also make some suggestions as to how the more human-relevant new approach methodologies might be applied to address this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Marshall
- Animal Research Issues, 94219The Humane Society of the United States, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jarrod Bailey
- 380235Cruelty Free International, London, UK; 542332Animal Free Research UK, London, UK
| | | | - Kathrin Herrmann
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 457389Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA; Senate Department for the Environment, Urban Mobility, Consumer Protection and Climate Action, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Gillespie SL, Chinen J, Paul ME. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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10
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Bo Y, Wang H. Materials‐based vaccines for infectious diseases. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1824. [PMID: 35708013 PMCID: PMC9541041 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases that result from pathogen infection are among the leading causes of human death, with pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, influenza, and ongoing SARS‐COV‐2 viruses constantly threatening the global population. While the mechanisms behind various infectious diseases are not entirely clear and thus retard the development of effective therapeutics, vaccines have served as a universal approach to containing infectious diseases. However, conventional vaccines that solely consist of antigens or simply mix antigens and adjuvants have failed to control various highly infective or deadly pathogens. Biomaterials‐based vaccines have provided a promising solution due to their ability to synergize the function of antigens and adjuvants, troubleshoot delivery issues, home and manipulate immune cells in situ. In this review, we will summarize different types of materials‐based vaccines for generating cellular and humoral responses against pathogens and discuss the design criteria for amplifying the efficacy of materials‐based vaccines against infectious diseases. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL) Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carle College of Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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11
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Gilbert PB, Huang Y, deCamp AC, Karuna S, Zhang Y, Magaret CA, Giorgi EE, Korber B, Edlefsen PT, Rossenkhan R, Juraska M, Rudnicki E, Kochar N, Huang Y, Carpp LN, Barouch DH, Mkhize NN, Hermanus T, Kgagudi P, Bekker V, Kaldine H, Mapengo RE, Eaton A, Domin E, West C, Feng W, Tang H, Seaton KE, Heptinstall J, Brackett C, Chiong K, Tomaras GD, Andrew P, Mayer BT, Reeves DB, Sobieszczyk ME, Garrett N, Sanchez J, Gay C, Makhema J, Williamson C, Mullins JI, Hural J, Cohen MS, Corey L, Montefiori DC, Morris L. Neutralization titer biomarker for antibody-mediated prevention of HIV-1 acquisition. Nat Med 2022; 28:1924-1932. [PMID: 35995954 PMCID: PMC9499869 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Antibody Mediated Prevention trials showed that the broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) VRC01 prevented acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) sensitive to VRC01. Using AMP trial data, here we show that the predicted serum neutralization 80% inhibitory dilution titer (PT80) biomarker-which quantifies the neutralization potency of antibodies in an individual's serum against an HIV-1 isolate-can be used to predict HIV-1 prevention efficacy. Similar to the results of nonhuman primate studies, an average PT80 of 200 (meaning a bnAb concentration 200-fold higher than that required to reduce infection by 80% in vitro) against a population of probable exposing viruses was estimated to be required for 90% prevention efficacy against acquisition of these viruses. Based on this result, we suggest that the goal of sustained PT80 <200 against 90% of circulating viruses can be achieved by promising bnAb regimens engineered for long half-lives. We propose the PT80 biomarker as a surrogate endpoint for evaluatinon of bnAb regimens, and as a tool for benchmarking candidate bnAb-inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Gilbert
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- grid.148313.c0000 0004 0428 3079Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA ,grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Present Address: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Bette Korber
- grid.148313.c0000 0004 0428 3079Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Raabya Rossenkhan
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Michal Juraska
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Erika Rudnicki
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Nidhi Kochar
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Ying Huang
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Valerie Bekker
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Present Address: Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rutendo E. Mapengo
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amanda Eaton
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Elize Domin
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Carley West
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Wenhong Feng
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Haili Tang
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Caroline Brackett
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Kelvin Chiong
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Philip Andrew
- grid.245835.d0000 0001 0300 5112Family Health International, Durham, NC USA
| | - Bryan T. Mayer
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Daniel B. Reeves
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Nigel Garrett
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- grid.10800.390000 0001 2107 4576Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Cynthia Gay
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana ,grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Division of Infectious Disease, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James I. Mullins
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - John Hural
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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12
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Khatri R, Parray HA, Siddiqui G, Chiranjivi AK, Raj S, Kaul R, Maithil V, Samal S, Ahmed S. Biophysical and Biochemical Characterization of the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Protein J 2022; 41:457-467. [PMID: 36048314 PMCID: PMC9434506 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are potential threat and posing new challenges for medical intervention due to high transmissibility and escaping neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. Many of these variants have mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that interacts with the host cell receptor. Rapid mutation in the RBD through natural selection to improve affinity for host receptor and antibody pressure from vaccinated or infected individual will greatly impact the presently adopted strategies for developing interventions. Understanding the nature of mutations and how they impact the biophysical, biochemical and immunological properties of the RBD will help immensely to improve the intervention strategies. To understand the impact of mutation on the protease sensitivity, thermal stability, affinity for the receptor and immune response, we prepared several mutants of soluble RBD that belong to the variants of concern (VoCs) and interest (VoIs) and characterize them. Our results show that the mutations do not impact the overall structure of the RBD. However, the mutants showed increase in the thermal melting point, few mutants were more sensitive to protease degradation, most of them have enhanced affinity for ACE2 and some of them induced better immune response compared to the parental RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Gazala Siddiqui
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sneha Raj
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rachel Kaul
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Maithil
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India. .,Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India.
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13
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Considering epitopes conservity in targeting SARS-CoV-2 mutations in variants: a novel immunoinformatics approach to vaccine design. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14017. [PMID: 35982065 PMCID: PMC9386201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has gained mutations at an alarming rate in the past years. Developing mutations can increase the virus's pathogenicity and virulence; reduce the efficacy of vaccines, antibodies neutralization, and even challenge adaptive immunity. So, it is essential to identify conserved epitopes (with fewer mutations) in different variants with appropriate antigenicity to target the variants by an appropriate vaccine design. Yet as, 3369 SARS-CoV-2 genomes were collected from global initiative on sharing avian flu data. Then, mutations in the immunodominant regions (IDRs), immune epitope database (IEDB) epitopes, and also predicted epitopes were calculated. In the following, epitopes conservity score against the total number of events (mutations) and the number of mutated sites in each epitope was weighted by Shannon entropy and then calculated by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Based on the TOPSIS conservity score and antigenicity score, the epitopes were plotted. The result demonstrates that almost all epitopes and IDRs with various lengths have gained different numbers of mutations in dissimilar sites. Herein, our two-step calculation for conservity recommends only 8 IDRs, 14 IEDB epitopes, and 10 predicted epitopes among all epitopes. The selected ones have higher conservity and higher immunogenicity. This method is an open-source multi-criteria decision-making platform, which provides a scientific approach to selecting epitopes with appropriate conservity and immunogenicity; against ever-changing viruses.
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14
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Lin LY, Carapito R, Su B, Moog C. Fc receptors and the diversity of antibody responses to HIV infection and vaccination. Genes Immun 2022; 23:149-156. [PMID: 35688931 PMCID: PMC9388370 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-022-00175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine against HIV is desperately needed. The successive failures of HIV vaccine efficacy trials in recent decades have shown the difficulty of inducing an appropriate protective immune response to fight HIV. Different correlates of antibody parameters associated with a decreased risk of HIV-1 acquisition have been identified. However, these parameters are difficult to reproduce and improve, possibly because they have an intricate and combined action. Here, we describe the numerous antibody (Ab) functions associated with HIV-1 protection and report the interrelated parameters regulating their complex functions. Indeed, besides neutralizing and Fc-mediated activity, additional factors such as Ab type, concentration and kinetics of induction, and Fc-receptor expression and binding capacity also influence the protective effect conferred by Abs. As these parameters were described to be associated with ethnicity, age and sex, these additional factors must be considered for the development of an effective immune response. Therefore, future vaccine designs need to consider these multifaceted Ab functions together with the demographic attributes of the patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphael Carapito
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Christiane Moog
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France.
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15
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Tu F, Yang R, Li R, Du G, Liu Y, Li W, Wei P. Structural Equation Model Analysis of HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitude, and Sex Education Among Freshmen in Jiangsu, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:892422. [PMID: 35664113 PMCID: PMC9159914 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.892422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related knowledge, attitude, and sex education status of Jiangsu freshmen was conducted, which can provide data support directionally for the prevention work of HIV/AIDS among this population. Methods Male students (4,006) and female students (4,279) were selected from 20 universities or colleges in the Jiangsu province. The knowledge, attitudes, and sex education of freshmen were conducted with an online questionnaire. The log-binomial regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of HIV/AIDS knowledge. In addition, a structural equation model was used to analyze students' health needs that affect knowledge awareness and knowledge mastery. Results The overall awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was 87.4%. The students in undergraduate colleges (OR = 2.523, 95% CI=2.223~2.864) and independent colleges (OR = 1.389, 95%CI = 1.172~1.646) were more likely to have a higher awareness compared with the students in junior colleges. In this study, 2,011 freshmen approved of premarital behavior, 4,921 freshmen insisted on using condoms when having sex, and 8,138 freshmen were willing to take HIV antibody test when they suspected they were infected. In total, 4,703 freshmen believed that sexual health education was necessary for colleges and universities, and most of them (57.2%) hoped that sex education in schools should be improved. The direct effect of sex education on knowledge awareness and attitude is 0.15 and 0.58. The mediation effect test found that the pass ability knowledge path of sex education indirectly affected sexual attitudes (0.05). Conclusion The awareness rate of HIV/AIDS among Jiangsu freshmen has not reached the national standard. Health education has a significant positive effect on knowledge awareness and attitude; however, students' needs in terms of time, place, and degree of sex education have not been met in time. It is necessary to strengthen the HIV/AIDS health education of college students in multiple ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulai Tu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruizhe Yang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoping Du
- Department of General Practice, Southeast University Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Quality Management, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Du M, Yuan J, Jing W, Liu M, Liu J. The Effect of International Travel Arrivals on the New HIV Infections in 15–49 Years Aged Group Among 109 Countries or Territories From 2000 to 2018. Front Public Health 2022; 10:833551. [PMID: 35252102 PMCID: PMC8888525 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.833551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The prevalent international travel may have an impact on new HIV infections, but related studies were lacking. We aimed to explore the association between international travel arrivals and new HIV infections in 15–49 years aged group from 2000 to 2018, to make tailored implications for HIV prevention. Methods We obtained the data of new HIV infections from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and international travel arrivals from the World Bank. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relation briefly. Log-linear models were built to analyze the association between international travel arrivals and new HIV infections. Results International travel arrivals were positively correlated with new HIV infections (correlation coefficients: 0.916, p < 0.001). After controlling population density, the median age of the total population (years), socio-demographic index (SDI), travel-related mandatory HIV testing, HIV-related restrictions, and antiretroviral therapy coverage, there were 6.61% (95% CI: 5.73, 7.50; p < 0.001) percentage changes in new HIV infections of 15–49 years aged group associated with a 1 million increase in international travel arrivals. Conclusions Higher international travel arrivals were correlated with new HIV infections in 15–49 years aged group. Therefore, multipronged structural and effective strategies and management should be implemented and strengthened.
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17
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Wilkinson A, Slack C, Thabethe S, Salzwedel J. " It's Almost as if Stakeholder Engagement is the Annoying 'Have-to-do'…": Can Ethics Review Help Address the "3 Ts" of Tokenism, Toxicity, and Tailoring in Stakeholder Engagement? J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2022; 17:292-303. [PMID: 35164594 PMCID: PMC9136363 DOI: 10.1177/15562646221078415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethics guidance recommends that researchers engage stakeholders and that RECs review research for such engagement. The ethics review process may present a unique opportunity to support stakeholder engagement practices for HIV prevention studies. We conducted 28 interviews with experts from 12 countries to explore this issue, and analyzed the data using Thematic Analysis. We found that the value of engagement and review processes was strongly endorsed. However, we identified 3 major thematic complexities, namely: "Tokenism" where processes risk being "tick-box"; "Toxicity", where practices may inadvertently have negative consequences; and "Tailoring", where processes need careful variation in intensity. We make recommendations for how these "Ts" can be addressed during the review process to help contribute to thoughtful review of meaningful stakeholder engagement in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Wilkinson
- HIV AIDS Vaccines Ethics Group (HAVEG), School of Applied Human Sciences, College of Humanities, 71874University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Catherine Slack
- HIV AIDS Vaccines Ethics Group (HAVEG), School of Applied Human Sciences, College of Humanities, 71874University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Siyabonga Thabethe
- HIV AIDS Vaccines Ethics Group (HAVEG), School of Applied Human Sciences, College of Humanities, 71874University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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18
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Sangesland M, Lingwood D. Public Immunity: Evolutionary Spandrels for Pathway-Amplifying Protective Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708882. [PMID: 34956170 PMCID: PMC8696009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is seeded by affinity between the B cell receptor (BCR) and cognate antigen. While the BCR is a chimeric display of diverse antigen engagement solutions, we discuss its functional activity as an ‘innate-like’ immune receptor, wherein genetically hardwired antigen complementarity can serve as reproducible templates for pathway-amplifying otherwise immunologically recessive antibody responses. We propose that the capacity for germline reactivity to new antigen emerged as a set of evolutionary spandrels or coupled traits, which can now be exploited by rational vaccine design to focus humoral immunity upon conventionally immune-subdominant antibody targets. Accordingly, we suggest that evolutionary spandrels account for the necessary but unanticipated antigen reactivity of the germline antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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19
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Piccioli D, Bartolini E, Micoli F. GMMA as a 'plug and play' technology to tackle infectious disease to improve global health: context and perspectives for the future. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:163-172. [PMID: 34913415 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2009803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Generalized-Modules-for-Membrane-Antigens (GMMA) is a technology platform developed to design outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-based vaccines. GMMA are basically OMVs derived from a bacterial strain specifically engineered to obtain a fit-for-purpose and affordable vaccine by potentiating, or deleting, expression of specific genes. OMVs can be used as a carrier for antigens by inducing their expression on them, with the aim to improve antigen immunogenicity and design multivalent combination vaccines. AREAS COVERED We expanded this finding to show that the chemical conjugation of different proteic and/or polysaccharidic antigens, to GMMA, is a methodology complementary to the genetic manipulation to obtain highly effective combination vaccines. Here we discuss our findings with a specific focus on the impact that GMMA technology can have on global health, as this technology platform is particularly suited to support the development of affordable vaccines for low-income countries. EXPERT OPINION We believe that it is critical to elucidate the mode of action of GMMA immunogenicity and have provided a summarized description of the immunological questions to be addressed in the near future. The improved knowledge of GMMA might lead to designing more effective and safer GMMA-based vaccines to tackle the most serious vaccine-preventable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccine Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Preclinical Function, Siena, Italy
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20
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Tatoud R, Snow W, Esparza J. A transformed global enterprise for an HIV vaccine. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24 Suppl 7:e25822. [PMID: 34806318 PMCID: PMC8606866 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Esparza
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Slack C, Ndebele P, Allen M, Salzwedel J. Shifts in UNAIDS ethics guidance and implications for ethics review of preventive HIV vaccine trials. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24 Suppl 7:e25796. [PMID: 34806302 PMCID: PMC8606858 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major change in the ethics framework for preventive HIV vaccine trials worldwide is the release of the UNAIDS 2021 ethical considerations in HIV prevention trials. This new guidance comes at an exciting time when there are multiple HIV vaccine efficacy trials in the field. Research Ethics Committees (RECs) or Institutional Review Boards are a most likely audience for these guidelines. Our objective is to highlight shifts in ethics recommendations from the earlier 2012 UNAIDS guidance. DISCUSSION We review recommendations related to four key issues, namely standard of prevention, post-trial access to safe and effective vaccines, enrolment of adolescents and enrolment of pregnant women. We outline implications and make recommendations for the ethics review process, including suggested lines of inquiry by RECs and responses by applicants. CONCLUSIONS There have been several shifts in the UNAIDS ethics guidance with implications for HIV vaccine researchers submitting applications for initial ethics review or re-certification, and for RECs conducting such reviews. This review may assist RECs in a more efficient and consistent application of ethics recommendations. However, additional tools and training may further help stakeholders comply with new UNAIDS ethics recommendations during protocol development and ethics review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Slack
- HIV/AIDS Vaccines Ethics Group (HAVEG)School of Applied Human SciencesCollege of HumanitiesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalPietermaritzburgSouth Africa
| | - Paul Ndebele
- Department of Global HealthMilkenInstitute School of Public HealthThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Mary Allen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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22
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Johnston MI, Scarlatti G, Pitisutthithum P, Bekker L. HIV vaccines: progress and promise. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24 Suppl 7:e25828. [PMID: 34806319 PMCID: PMC8606855 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Division of ImmunologyTransplantation and Infectious DiseasesSan Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
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23
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Hargrave A, Mustafa AS, Hanif A, Tunio JH, Hanif SNM. Current Status of HIV-1 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1026. [PMID: 34579263 PMCID: PMC8471857 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and its progression to AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, particularly for low-income countries. Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infections has proven to be immensely challenging with complex biological acquisition and infection, unforeseen clinical trial disappointments, and funding issues. This paper discusses important landmarks of progress in HIV-1 vaccine development, various vaccine strategies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hargrave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Asma Hanif
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Javed H. Tunio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Shumaila Nida M. Hanif
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
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24
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Conti BJ, Leicht AS, Kirchdoerfer RN, Sussman MR. Mass spectrometric based detection of protein nucleotidylation in the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. Commun Chem 2021; 4:41. [PMID: 34189273 PMCID: PMC8238455 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), encode a nucleotidyl transferase in the N-terminal (NiRAN) domain of the nonstructural protein (nsp) 12 protein within the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Here we show the detection of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and uridine monophosphate-modified amino acids in nidovirus proteins using heavy isotope-assisted mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS peptide sequencing. We identified lysine-143 in the equine arteritis virus (EAV) protein, nsp7, as a primary site of in vitro GMP attachment via a phosphoramide bond. In SARS-CoV-2 replicase proteins, we demonstrate nsp12-mediated nucleotidylation of nsp7 lysine-2. Our results demonstrate new strategies for detecting GMP-peptide linkages that can be adapted for higher throughput screening using mass spectrometric technologies. These data are expected to be important for a rapid and timely characterization of a new enzymatic activity in SARS-CoV-2 that may be an attractive drug target aimed at limiting viral replication in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Conti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Andrew S. Leicht
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Robert N. Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
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25
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Li J, Jiang X, Li H, Gelinsky M, Gu Z. Tailoring Materials for Modulation of Macrophage Fate. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004172. [PMID: 33565154 PMCID: PMC9245340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human immune system acts as a pivotal role in the tissue homeostasis and disease progression. Immunomodulatory biomaterials that can manipulate innate immunity and adaptive immunity hold great promise for a broad range of prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. This review is focused on the design strategies and principles of immunomodulatory biomaterials from the standpoint of materials science to regulate macrophage fate, such as activation, polarization, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and secretion. It offers a comprehensive survey and discussion on the tunability of material designs regarding physical, chemical, biological, and dynamic cues for modulating macrophage immune response. The range of such tailorable cues encompasses surface properties, surface topography, materials mechanics, materials composition, and materials dynamics. The representative immunoengineering applications selected herein demonstrate how macrophage-immunomodulating biomaterials are being exploited for cancer immunotherapy, infection immunotherapy, tissue regeneration, inflammation resolution, and vaccination. A perspective on the future research directions of immunoregulatory biomaterials is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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26
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Research productivity and collaboration of the NIH-funded HIV vaccine trials network: A bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06005. [PMID: 33532641 PMCID: PMC7829147 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) is the world's largest publicly funded, multi-disciplinary international collaboration facilitating the development of vaccines to prevent HIV/AIDS and has conducted the vast majority of HIV/AIDS clinical trials since its inception in 1999. Although scientific findings from the program have been published in scholarly journals, the impact of a large scientific research network such as the HVTN on the HIV/AIDS vaccine field has not been assessed. This paper describes and elucidates the productivity, influence, and collaboration among HVTN researchers over the last two decades. Our analyses indicate that the HVTN has funded a large number of HIV/AIDS vaccine safety and efficacy clinical trials through a strong global network of clinical sites. In addition, several metrics indicate HVTN researchers also published original research articles that are influential in the HIV vaccine field. Scientific research collaboration is critically important in a complex and multidisciplinary field such as HIV vaccine development as it allows improved sharing of knowledge and expertise as well as the pooling of resources and data. We found that collaboration in the HIV vaccine field increased during this time period and collaboration among HVTN authors increased even more. Combining these productivity, influence, and collaboration metrics with research outcomes can provide a comprehensive assessment of large complex programs such as the HVTN.
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27
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Enane LA, Christenson JC. Global emerging resistance in pediatric infections with TB, HIV, and gram-negative pathogens. Paediatr Int Child Health 2021; 41:65-75. [PMID: 33305992 PMCID: PMC8243638 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2020.1853350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Infants, children and adolescents are at risk of life-threatening, antimicrobial-resistant infections. Global burdens of drug-resistant TB, HIV and gram-negative pathogens have a particular impact on paediatric age groups, necessitating a paediatric-focused agenda to address emerging resistance. Dedicated approaches are needed to find, successfully treat and prevent resistant infections in paediatric populations worldwide. Challenges include the diagnosis and identification of resistant infections, limited access to novel antimicrobials or to paediatric-friendly formulations, limited access to research and clinical trials and implementation challenges related to prevention and successful completion of treatment. In this review, the particular complexities of emerging resistance in TB, HIV and gram-negative pathogens in children, with attention to both clinical and public health challenges, are highlighted. Key principles of a paediatric-focused agenda to address antimicrobial resistance are outlined. They include quality of care, increasing equitable access to key diagnostics, expanding antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention across global settings, and health system strengthening. Increased access to research studies, including clinical trials, is needed. Further study and implementation of care models and strategies for child- or adolescent-centred management of infections such as HIV and TB can critically improve outcome and avoid development of resistance. As the current global pandemic of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, threatens to disrupt health systems and services for vulnerable populations, this is a critical time to mitigate against a potential surge in the incidence of resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Enane
- Department of Pediatrics Indiana University School of Medicine, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John C Christenson
- Department of Pediatrics Indiana University School of Medicine, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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28
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Olusola BA, Olaleye DO, Odaibo GN. Non-synonymous Substitutions in HIV-1 GAG Are Frequent in Epitopes Outside the Functionally Conserved Regions and Associated With Subtype Differences. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:615721. [PMID: 33505382 PMCID: PMC7829476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, 38 million people lived with HIV-1 infection resulting in 690,000 deaths. Over 50% of this infection and its associated deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. The West African region is a known hotspot of the HIV-1 epidemic. There is a need to develop an HIV-1 vaccine if the HIV epidemic would be effectively controlled. Few protective cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes within the HIV-1 GAG (HIV_gagconsv) have been previously identified to be functionally conserved among the HIV-1 M group. These epitopes are currently the focus of universal HIV-1 T cell-based vaccine studies. However, these epitopes' phenotypic and genetic properties have not been observed in natural settings for HIV-1 strains circulating in the West African region. This information is critical as the usefulness of universal HIV-1 vaccines in the West African region depends on these epitopes' occurrence in strains circulating in the area. This study describes non-synonymous substitutions within and without HIV_gagconsv genes isolated from 10 infected Nigerians at the early stages of HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, we analyzed these substitutions longitudinally in five infected individuals from the early stages of infection till after seroconversion. We identified three non-synonymous substitutions within HIV_gagconsv genes isolated from early HIV infected individuals. Fourteen and nineteen mutations outside the HIV_gagconsv were observed before and after seroconversion, respectively, while we found four mutations within the HIV_gagconsv. These substitutions include previously mapped CTL epitope immune escape mutants. CTL immune pressure likely leaves different footprints on HIV-1 GAG epitopes within and outside the HIV_gagconsv. This information is crucial for universal HIV-1 vaccine designs for use in the West African region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Georgina N. Odaibo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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29
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Dybul M, Attoye T, Baptiste S, Cherutich P, Dabis F, Deeks SG, Dieffenbach C, Doehle B, Goodenow MM, Jiang A, Kemps D, Lewin SR, Lumpkin MM, Mathae L, McCune JM, Ndung'u T, Nsubuga M, Peay HL, Pottage J, Warren M, Sikazwe I. The case for an HIV cure and how to get there. Lancet HIV 2021; 8:e51-e58. [PMID: 33271124 PMCID: PMC7773626 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In light of the increasing global burden of new HIV infections, growing financial requirements, and shifting funding landscape, the global health community must accelerate the development and delivery of an HIV cure to complement existing prevention modalities. An effective curative intervention could prevent new infections, overcome the limitations of antiretroviral treatment, combat stigma and discrimination, and provide a sustainable financial solution for pandemic control. We propose steps to plan for an HIV cure now, including defining a target product profile and establishing the HIV Cure Africa Acceleration Partnership (HCAAP), a multidisciplinary public-private partnership that will catalyse and promote HIV cure research through diverse stakeholder engagement. HCAAP will convene stakeholders, including people living with HIV, at an early stage to accelerate the design, social acceptability, and rapid adoption of HIV-cure products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dybul
- Center for Global Health Practice and Impact, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Timothy Attoye
- Global Health Division, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Solange Baptiste
- International Treatment Preparedness Coalition, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - François Dabis
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hepatites Virales, Paris, France
| | - Steven G Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carl Dieffenbach
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Brian Doehle
- Global Health Division, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maureen M Goodenow
- Office of AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Adam Jiang
- McKinsey & Company Secondee at The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murray M Lumpkin
- Global Health Division, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Mathae
- Center for Global Health Practice and Impact, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Global Health Division, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; University College London, London, UK
| | - Moses Nsubuga
- Joint Adherent Brothers & Sisters Against AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Holly L Peay
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Izukanji Sikazwe
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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30
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Pollard AJ, Bijker EM. A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:83-100. [PMID: 33353987 PMCID: PMC7754704 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunization is a cornerstone of public health policy and is demonstrably highly cost-effective when used to protect child health. Although it could be argued that immunology has not thus far contributed much to vaccine development, in that most of the vaccines we use today were developed and tested empirically, it is clear that there are major challenges ahead to develop new vaccines for difficult-to-target pathogens, for which we urgently need a better understanding of protective immunity. Moreover, recognition of the huge potential and challenges for vaccines to control disease outbreaks and protect the older population, together with the availability of an array of new technologies, make it the perfect time for immunologists to be involved in designing the next generation of powerful immunogens. This Review provides an introductory overview of vaccines, immunization and related issues and thereby aims to inform a broad scientific audience about the underlying immunological concepts. This Review, aimed at a broad scientific audience, provides an introductory guide to the history, development and immunological basis of vaccines, immunization and related issues to provide insight into the challenges facing immunologists who are designing the next generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Else M Bijker
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
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31
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Yuan L, Tang Q, Cheng T, Xia N. Animal models for emerging coronavirus: progress and new insights. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:949-961. [PMID: 32378471 PMCID: PMC7269044 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1764871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergences of coronaviruses have caused a serious global public health problem because their infection in humans caused the severe acute respiratory disease and deaths. The outbreaks of lethal coronaviruses have taken place for three times within recent two decades (SARS-CoV in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012 and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019). Much more serious than SARS-CoV in 2002, the current SARS-CoV-2 infection has been spreading to more than 213 countries, areas or territories and causing more than two million cases up to date (17 April 2020). Unfortunately, no vaccine and specific anti-coronavirus drugs are available at present time. Current clinical treatment at hand is inadequate to suppress viral replication and inflammation, and reverse organ failure. Intensive research efforts have focused on increasing our understanding of viral biology of SARS-CoV-2, improving antiviral therapy and vaccination strategies. The animal models are important for both the fundamental research and drug discovery of coronavirus. This review aims to summarize the animal models currently available for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and their potential use for the study of SARS-CoV-2. We will discuss the benefits and caveats of these animal models and present critical findings that might guide the fundamental studies and urgent treatment of SARS-CoV-2-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR People's Republic of China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR People's Republic of China
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32
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Mangion M, Gélinas JF, Bakhshi Zadeh Gashti A, Azizi H, Kiesslich S, Nassoury N, Chahal PS, Kobinger G, Gilbert R, Garnier A, Gaillet B, Kamen A. Evaluation of novel HIV vaccine candidates using recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector produced in serum-free Vero cell cultures. Vaccine 2020; 38:7949-7955. [PMID: 33139138 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in humans is a result of the destruction of the immune system caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. This serious epidemic is still progressing world-wide. Despite advances in treatment, a safe and effective preventive HIV vaccine is desired to combat this disease, and to save millions of lives. However, such a vaccine is not available yet although extensive amounts of resources in research and development have been invested over three decades. In light of the recently approved Ebola virus disease vaccine based on a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-ZEBOV), we present the results of our work on three novel VSV-vectored HIV vaccine candidates. We describe the design, rescue, production and purification method and evaluate their immunogenicity in mice prior to preclinical studies that will be performed in non-human primates. The production of each of the three candidate vaccines (rVSV-B6-NL4.3Env/SIVtm, rVSV-B6-NL4.3Env/Ebtm and rVSV-B6-A74Env(PN6)/SIVtm) was evaluated in small scale in Vero cells and it was found that production kinetics on Vero cells vary depending on the HIV gp surface protein used. Purified virus preparations complied with the WHO restrictions for the residual DNA and host cell protein contents. Finally, when administered to mice, all three rVSV-HIV vaccine candidates induced an HIV gp140-specific antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mangion
- Département de génie chimique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Hiva Azizi
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Sascha Kiesslich
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nasha Nassoury
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Parminder S Chahal
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Département de génie chimique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Département de génie chimique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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33
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Ng'uni T, Chasara C, Ndhlovu ZM. Major Scientific Hurdles in HIV Vaccine Development: Historical Perspective and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590780. [PMID: 33193428 PMCID: PMC7655734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of HIV as a causative agent of AIDS, the expectation was to rapidly develop a vaccine; but thirty years later, we still do not have a licensed vaccine. Progress has been hindered by the extensive genetic variability of HIV and our limited understanding of immune responses required to protect against HIV acquisition. Nonetheless, valuable knowledge accrued from numerous basic and translational science research studies and vaccine trials has provided insight into the structural biology of the virus, immunogen design and novel vaccine delivery systems that will likely constitute an effective vaccine. Furthermore, stakeholders now appreciate the daunting scientific challenges of developing an effective HIV vaccine, hence the increased advocacy for collaborative efforts among academic research scientists, governments, pharmaceutical industry, philanthropy, and regulatory entities. In this review, we highlight the history of HIV vaccine development efforts, highlighting major challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiza Ng'uni
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline Chasara
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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34
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Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first reported more than 30 years ago among homosexuals in the United States. The epidemiology of this disease indicates that there are three modes of transmission: Blood, mother-to-child, and sexual contact transmission. The pathogen of AIDS is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), primarily HIV-1. HIV-1 could not break through the structurally and functionally integral skin, and primarily invades the human body through the mucosa irrespective of their integrity. Therefore, the mucosae are the natural transmission routes for HIV-1. The mucosae involved in HIV-1 transmission include the mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract and the urogenital tract. The risks of HIV-1 transmission vary significantly between mucosal sites and individuals, and are associated with mucosal integrity, abundance of target cells, immune status of the host, commensal microbes, and host genetic background. Many factors are closely related to the barrier function of the mucosa, and studies on their roles in HIV-1 invasion could promote the prevention and control of mucosal transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bo Yang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar J. Lopez Angel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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36
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Laher F, Bekker LG, Garrett N, Lazarus EM, Gray GE. Review of preventative HIV vaccine clinical trials in South Africa. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2439-2452. [PMID: 32797338 PMCID: PMC7426202 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New HIV infections continue relentlessly in southern Africa, demonstrating
the need for a vaccine to prevent HIV subtype C. In South Africa, the country with the
highest number of new infections annually, HIV vaccine research has been ongoing since
2003 with collaborative public-private-philanthropic partnerships. So far, 21 clinical
trials have been conducted in South Africa, investigating seven viral vectors, three DNA
plasmids, four envelope proteins, five adjuvants and three monoclonal antibodies. Active
vaccine candidates have spanned subtypes A, B, C, E and multi-subtype mosaic sequences.
All were well tolerated. Four concepts were investigated for efficacy: rAd5-gag/pol/nef
showed increased HIV acquisition in males, subtype C ALVAC/gp120/MF59 showed no
preventative efficacy, and the trials for the VRC01 monoclonal antibody and
Ad26.Mos4.HIV/subtype C gp140/ aluminum phosphate are ongoing. Future trials are planned
with DNA/viral vector plus protein combinations in concert with pre-exposure
prophylaxis, and sequential immunization studies with transmitted/founder HIV envelope
to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Finally, passive immunization trials are
underway to build on the experience with VRC01, including single and combination
antibody trials with an antibody derived from a subtype-C-infected South African donor.
Future consideration should be given to the evaluation of novel strategies, for example,
inactivated-whole-virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Erica M Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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Agarwal Y, Beatty C, Biradar S, Castronova I, Ho S, Melody K, Bility MT. Moving beyond the mousetrap: current and emerging humanized mouse and rat models for investigating prevention and cure strategies against HIV infection and associated pathologies. Retrovirology 2020; 17:8. [PMID: 32276640 PMCID: PMC7149862 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective combination antiretroviral therapies for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection over the past several decades has significantly reduced HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Additionally, antiretroviral drugs have provided an effective means of protection against HIV transmission. Despite these advances, significant limitations exist; namely, the inability to eliminate HIV reservoirs, the inability to reverse lymphoid tissues damage, and the lack of an effective vaccine for preventing HIV transmission. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines for eliminating HIV reservoirs and preventing HIV transmission requires robust in vivo models. Since HIV is a human-specific pathogen, that targets hematopoietic lineage cells and lymphoid tissues, in vivo animal models for HIV-host interactions require incorporation of human hematopoietic lineage cells and lymphoid tissues. In this review, we will discuss the construction of mouse models with human lymphoid tissues and/or hematopoietic lineage cells, termed, human immune system (HIS)-humanized mice. These HIS-humanized mouse models can support the development of functional human innate and adaptive immune cells, along with primary (thymus) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid tissues. We will discuss applications of HIS-humanized mouse models in evaluating the safety and efficacy of therapeutics against HIV reservoirs and associated immunopathology, and delineate the human immune response elicited by candidate HIV vaccines. In addition to focusing on how these HIS-humanized mouse models have already furthered our understanding of HIV and contributed to HIV therapeutics development, we discuss how emerging HIS-humanized rat models could address the limitations of HIS-mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Agarwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cole Beatty
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Isabella Castronova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sara Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Melody
- Galveston National Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Moses Turkle Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Klasse PJ, Ozorowski G, Sanders RW, Moore JP. Env Exceptionalism: Why Are HIV-1 Env Glycoproteins Atypical Immunogens? Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:507-518. [PMID: 32272076 PMCID: PMC7187920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins of ever-increasing sophistication have been evaluated as vaccine candidates for over 30 years. Structurally defined mimics of native trimeric Env glycoproteins (e.g., SOSIP trimers) present multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and their germline precursors, but elicitation of bNAbs remains elusive. Here, we argue that the interactions between Env and the immune system render it exceptional among viral vaccine antigens and hinder its immunogenicity in absolute and comparative terms. In other words, Env binds to CD4 on key immune cells and transduces signals that can compromise their function. Moreover, the extensive array of oligomannose glycans on Env shields peptidic B cell epitopes, impedes the presentation of T helper cell epitopes, and attracts mannose binding proteins, which could affect the antibody response. We suggest lines of research for assessing how to overcome obstacles that the exceptional features of Env impose on the creation of a successful HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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