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Eom JE, Shin DU, Kim GD, Yoon JH, Shin HS, Lee SY. Pediococcus pentosaceus KF159 alleviates house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis by promoting IL10 production and regulatory T cell induction. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 38853660 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic immune disease that requires long-term management owing to its relative ease of recurrence. However, steroid treatment is limited owing to the side effects. Therefore, research on therapeutics with proven safety is required. Here, we evaluated the anti-allergic activity of the probiotic strain Pediococcus pentosaceus KF159 (PPKF159) with an ex vivo mouse model sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and a mouse model of AD induced by house dust mites. Changes in pathological symptoms were confirmed based on the clinical status of the AD-induced lesion site and the levels of T helper type 2 (Th2)-derived cytokines and immunoglobulin E (IgE). In addition, cell-mediated responses and related mechanisms were elucidated using various kinds of primary cells including splenocytes, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patch, and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro and ex vivo. Oral administration of PPKF159 alleviated AD-like clinical symptoms such as erythema, edema, hemorrhage, and increased tissue thickness, and suppressed the production of Th2-associated cytokines and serum IgE while increasing T helper type 1 (Th1)-mediated cytokine production. PPKF159 induced tolerogenic dendritic cells (tol-DCs) by increasing the expression of ICOS-L, PD-L1, and IDO which were closely related to Treg induction in PPKF159-treated BMDCs. In addition, BMDCs and naive T cells co-cultured in the presence of PPKF159 had elevated IL10 production and increased proportions of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs compared to the absence of PPKF159. This study showed that PPKF159 relieved AD-like clinical symptoms, modulated the Th1/Th2 immune balance, and inhibited IgE production in a mouse AD model. PPKF159 induced the transformation of dendritic cells into tolerogenic versions. These induced tol-DCs directly enhanced the production of IL10 or improved the secretion of IL10 through the induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, thereby improving AD. These results suggest that PPKF159 can be applied as a functional food material for the treatment and prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Eom
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Uk Shin
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Dong Kim
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Soon Shin
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Alturki BA, Almutairi R, Al-Mutairi AG, Alrajhi D, Binyousef FH, Alzamil F. The Effects of Smoking on the Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e50315. [PMID: 38205469 PMCID: PMC10777615 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a well-known inflammatory skin disease that is associated with a family history of other atopic diseases. Tobacco smoking has been found to affect AD as well as several other inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate this association and to elucidate the link between dose-dependent tobacco exposure and symptom severity. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals from the general population of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using an online questionnaire. All statistical analyses were performed using RStudio, version 1.1.363 (RStudio, PBC, Boston, Massachusetts, United States). Questions about the participants' age, sex, and occupational status were included. The participants were asked to report their daily handwashing habits and history of atopic diseases. Data on the smoking duration, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and passive exposure were collected. Results A total of 510 participants (41.3 %) reported having AD. Smoking was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of AD. The odds of having AD were 1.78 and 2.27 times higher in occasional smokers (odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, p < 0.05) and daily smokers (OR = 2.27, p < 0.001) than in non-smokers. Neither smoking frequency (p = 0.19) nor duration (p = 0.73) was significantly associated with AD prevalence. Conclusion Smoking is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of AD. Adults should be discouraged from smoking in order to prevent adult-onset AD. The level of nicotine exposure should be measured objectively in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma A Alturki
- Dermatology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Rahaf Almutairi
- Dermatology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Atheer G Al-Mutairi
- Dermatology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, SAU
| | - Danah Alrajhi
- Dermatology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Fajer Alzamil
- Dermatology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, SAU
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Zhang Y, Gu H, Ye Y, Li Y, Gao X, Ken K, Huang X, Gao W, Chen H, Huang J, Wang L, Yan W. Trajectory of stratum corneum lipid subclasses in the first year of life and associations with atopic dermatitis: A prospective cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e14045. [PMID: 38010004 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trajectories of stratum corneum (SC) lipid subclasses and their associations with infant atopic dermatitis (AD) are unclear. This study aimed to quantify the trajectories of 15 SC subclasses and carbon chain lengths and their associations with AD within 12 months. METHODS In total, 213 newborns were enrolled at birth with nonlesional skin samples collected from the inner forearm at birth, 42 days, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Lesional skin samples were collected from 120 AD patients at clinic with the disease onset within the first year of life. Mass spectrometry was applied to assess relative contents of 12 ceramide (CER), three free fatty acid (FFA) subclasses, and average carbon chain length (CCL). AD incident within 1 year old was diagnosed by dermatologists according to UK criteria. RESULTS Sixty-four (30.0%) cases of ADs occurred in the cohort. All SC lipid subclasses and CCLs, but EOP varied significantly during the first year. AD infants showed lower NP but higher NS, NH, AP, hydroxy FFA, and CCL of FFAs compared with nonaffected infants. After normalization by age, the differences remained and were more pronounced in lesional skin of clinical AD infants compared with non-ADs. NS, NH, and CCL of FFAs in lesional skin of AD infants showed positive and significant correlations with the levels of transepidermal water loss at 3 month; some evidence supports a negative correlation for NP. CONCLUSIONS We provide an overview of developmental trajectories of 15 CER and FFA subclasses across the first year of healthy infants and a link between the imbalance of some subclasses with the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Clinical Trial Unit, Children's Hospital of Fudan University & National Children Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjian Gu
- Department of Research & Development, Pigeon Maternal and Infant Skin Care Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University & National Children Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Li
- Shanghai Minhang Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Gao
- Shanghai Minhang Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaku Ken
- Department of Research & Development, Pigeon Maternal and Infant Skin Care Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Clinical Trial Unit, Children's Hospital of Fudan University & National Children Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University & National Children Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Clinical Trial Unit, Children's Hospital of Fudan University & National Children Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Shanghai Minhang Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuhui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University & National Children Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Yan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Clinical Trial Unit, Children's Hospital of Fudan University & National Children Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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Keith YH, Egawa G, Honda T, Kabashima K. Mast cells in type 2 skin inflammation: Maintenance and function. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250359. [PMID: 36933268 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells residing in tissues and playing indispensable roles in maintaining homeostasis and inflammatory states. Skin lesions associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) and type 2 skin inflammation display an increment in MCs, which have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The direct and indirect activations of skin MCs by environmental factors such as Staphylococcus aureus can instigate type 2 skin inflammation in AD with poorly understood mechanisms. Furthermore, both IgE-dependent and -independent degranulation of MCs contribute to pruritus in AD. Conversely, MCs suppress type 2 skin inflammation by promoting Treg expansion through IL-2 secretion in the spleen. Moreover, skin MCs can upregulate gene expression involved in skin barrier function, thus mitigating AD-like inflammation. These functional variances of MCs in AD could stem from differences in experimental systems, their localization, and origins. In this review, we will focus on how MCs are maintained in the skin under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions, and how they are involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Honda Keith
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Intravital Microscopy Laboratory and Gene Expression (IMAGE) Lab, Precision Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- A*Star Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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Saeki H, Ohya Y, Furuta J, Arakawa H, Ichiyama S, Katsunuma T, Katoh N, Tanaka A, Tsunemi Y, Nakahara T, Nagao M, Narita M, Hide M, Fujisawa T, Futamura M, Masuda K, Matsubara T, Murota H, Yamamoto-Hanada K. English Version of Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis 2021. J Dermatol 2022; 49:e315-e375. [PMID: 35996152 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This is the English version of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis 2021. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a disease characterized by relapsing eczema with pruritus as a primary lesion. In Japan, from the perspective of evidence-based medicine, the current strategies for the treatment of AD consist of three primary measures: (i) use of topical corticosteroids, tacrolimus ointment, and delgocitinib ointment as the main treatment of the inflammation; (ii) topical application of emollients to treat the cutaneous barrier dysfunction; and (iii) avoidance of apparent exacerbating factors, psychological counseling, and advice about daily life. In the present revised guidelines, descriptions of three new drugs, namely, dupilumab, delgocitinib, and baricitinib, have been added. The guidelines present recommendations to review clinical research articles, evaluate the balance between the advantages and disadvantages of medical activities, and optimize medical activity-related patient outcomes with respect to several important points requiring decision-making in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Furuta
- Medical Informatics and Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Arakawa
- Kitakanto Allergy Research Institute, Kibounoie Hospital, Midori, Japan
| | - Susumu Ichiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Katsunuma
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tsunemi
- Department of Dermatology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nagao
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masami Narita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hide
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Allergy Center, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Futamura
- Division of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Masuda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Matsubara
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Min KY, Koo J, Noh G, Lee D, Jo MG, Lee JE, Kang M, Hyun SY, Choi WS, Kim HS. CD1d hiPD-L1 hiCD27 + Regulatory Natural Killer Subset Suppresses Atopic Dermatitis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:752888. [PMID: 35069528 PMCID: PMC8766675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector and regulatory functions of various leukocytes in allergic diseases have been well reported. Although the role of conventional natural killer (NK) cells has been established, information on its regulatory phenotype and function are very limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the phenotype and inhibitory functions of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-producing regulatory NK (NKreg) subset in mice with MC903-induced atopic dermatitis (AD). Interestingly, the population of TGF-β-producing NK cells in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) was decreased in AD patients than in healthy subjects. The number of TGF-β+ NK subsets was decreased in the spleen or cervical lymph node (cLN), but increased in ear tissues of mice with AD induced by MC903 than those of normal mice. We further observed that TGF-β+ NK subsets were largely included in CD1dhiPD-L1hiCD27+ NK cell subset. We also found that numbers of ILC2s and TH2 cells were significantly decreased by adoptive transfer of CD1dhiPD-L1hiCD27+ NK subsets. Notably, the ratio of splenic Treg per TH2 was increased by the adoptive transfer of CD1dhiPD-L1hiCD27+ NK cells in mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the TGF-β-producing CD1dhiPD-L1hiCD27+ NK subset has a previously unrecognized role in suppressing TH2 immunity and ILC2 activation in AD mice, suggesting that the function of TGF-β-producing NK subset is closely associated with the severity of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Young Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Jimo Koo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Geunwoong Noh
- Department of Allergy, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Center Cheju Halla General Hospital, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Dajeong Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Min Geun Jo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Ji Eon Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Minseong Kang
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seung Yeun Hyun
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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7
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Dupilumab Demonstrates Rapid and Consistent Improvement in Extent and Signs of Atopic Dermatitis Across All Anatomical Regions in Pediatric Patients 6 Years of Age and Older. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1643-1656. [PMID: 34427891 PMCID: PMC8484382 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In phase III trials in adolescents and children with atopic dermatitis (AD), dupilumab significantly decreased global disease severity. However, the effects of dupilumab on the extent and signs of AD across different anatomical regions were not reported. Here we characterize the efficacy of dupilumab in improving the extent and signs of AD across four different anatomical regions in children and adolescents. METHODS A post hoc subset analysis was performed using data from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international multicenter, phase III trials of dupilumab therapy in adolescents aged ≥ 12 to < 18 years with moderate-to-severe AD and children aged ≥ 6 to < 12 years with severe AD. Endpoints included mean percentage change in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) signs (erythema, edema/papulation, excoriation, lichenification) and extent of AD (measured by percentage of body surface area [% BSA] involvement) from baseline to week 16 across four anatomical regions (head and neck, trunk, upper extremities, lower extremities). RESULTS Dupilumab improved both the extent and severity of AD signs across the four anatomical regions. Improvements were shown to be similar across the four anatomical regions for % BSA involvement and for reduction in EASI signs. Improvements in all signs were seen early, within the first 4 weeks of treatment, and were sustained through week 16, across all regions. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric patients 6 years of age and older, treatment with dupilumab resulted in rapid and consistent improvement in the extent and signs of AD across all anatomical regions. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIERS LIBERTY AD ADOL (NCT03054428) and LIBERTY AD PEDS (NCT03345914). Does dupilumab provide improvement in atopic dermatitis across all anatomical regions in children and adolescents? (MP4 48,385 kb).
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8
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Temporal Variation of the Facial Skin Microbiome: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study in Healthy Adults. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 147:50S-61S. [PMID: 33347075 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human skin microbiome is highly personalized, depending on, for example, body site, age, gender, and lifestyle factors. The temporal stability of an individual's skin microbiome-its resiliency and robustness over months and years-is also a personalized feature of the microbiome. The authors measured the temporal stability of the facial skin microbiome in a large cohort of subjects. In addition to measuring microbiome dynamics, they tracked facial skin condition using noninvasive, objective imaging and biophysical measures to identify significant facial features associated with temporal changes in microbiome diversity and composition. METHODS The authors used 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing to track cheek and forehead skin microbiome diversity and composition annually over a 2-year period (2017-2019) in 115 healthy adult men and women. Skin metadata included facial features, such as wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, porphyrins, and skin color tone, as well as biophysical parameters for stratum corneum barrier function, pH, hydration, and elasticity. RESULTS Across the subject population, the facial skin microbiome composition and diversity were relatively stable, showing minor variation over the 2-year period. However, for some subjects, composition, diversity, and relative abundance of specific organisms showed substantial changes from one year to the next, and these changes were associated with changes in stratum corneum barrier function and follicular porphyrins. CONCLUSIONS For healthy people, facial skin microbiome diversity and composition are relatively stable from year to year. Tracking the temporal changes in the microbiome along with skin phenotypic changes allows for a deeper understanding of the skin microbiome's role in health and disease. These results should be helpful in the design of longer-term intervention trials with microbiome-based skin care treatments.
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9
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Endre KMA, Landrø L, LeBlanc M, Gjersvik P, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Haugen G, Hedlin G, Jonassen CM, Nordlund B, Rudi K, Skjerven HO, Staff AC, Söderhäll C, Vettukattil R, Rehbinder EM. Diagnosing atopic dermatitis in infancy using established diagnostic criteria: a cohort study. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:50-58. [PMID: 33511639 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosing atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants is challenging. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence and persistence of eczema and AD in infants using the UK Working Party (UKWP) and Hanifin and Rajka (H&R) criteria. METHODS A cohort of 1834 infants was examined clinically at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. AD was diagnosed by UKWP (3, 6 and 12 months) and H&R (12 months) criteria. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between AD and eczema. RESULTS Eczema was observed in 628 (34·2%) infants (n = 240, n = 359 and n = 329 at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively), with AD diagnosed in 212 (33·7%) infants with any eczema and in 64/78 (82%) infants with eczema at all three visits. The odds of AD were lower with first presentation of eczema at 6 [odds ratio (OR) 0·33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·22-0·48] or 12 months (OR 0·49, 95% CI 0·32-0·74) than at 3 months, and higher in infants with eczema at three (OR 23·1, 95% CI 12·3-43·6) or two (OR 6·5, 95% CI 4·3-9·9) visits vs. one visit only. At 12 months, 156/329 (47·4%) fulfilled the UKWP and/or H&R criteria; 27 (8%) fulfilled the UKWP criteria only and 65 (20%) only the H&R criteria. Of the 129 infants who fulfilled the H&R criteria, 44 (34·1%) did not meet the itch criterion. CONCLUSIONS Used in combination and at multiple timepoints, the UKWP and H&R criteria for AD may be useful in clinical research but may have limited value in most other clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M A Endre
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Landrø
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - M LeBlanc
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P Gjersvik
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - K C Lødrup Carlsen
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Haugen
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hedlin
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C M Jonassen
- Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway.,Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - B Nordlund
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - H O Skjerven
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A C Staff
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Söderhäll
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Vettukattil
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E M Rehbinder
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Mosselhy DA, Assad M, Sironen T, Elbahri M. Nanotheranostics: A Possible Solution for Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their Biofilms? NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:E82. [PMID: 33401760 PMCID: PMC7824312 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen that colonizes implants (orthopedic and breast implants) and wounds with a vicious resistance to antibiotic therapy. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a catastrophe mainly restricted to hospitals and emerged to community reservoirs, acquiring resistance and forming biofilms. Treating biofilms is problematic except via implant removal or wound debridement. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers could combat superbugs and biofilms and rapidly diagnose MRSA. Nanotheranostics combine diagnostics and therapeutics into a single agent. This comprehensive review is interpretative, utilizing mainly recent literature (since 2016) besides the older remarkable studies sourced via Google Scholar and PubMed. We unravel the molecular S. aureus resistance and complex biofilm. The diagnostic properties and detailed antibacterial and antibiofilm NP mechanisms are elucidated in exciting stories. We highlight the challenges of bacterial infections nanotheranostics. Finally, we discuss the literature and provide "three action appraisals". (i) The first appraisal consists of preventive actions (two wings), avoiding unnecessary hospital visits, hand hygiene, and legislations against over-the-counter antibiotics as the general preventive wing. Our second recommended preventive wing includes preventing the adverse side effects of the NPs from resistance and toxicity by establishing standard testing procedures. These standard procedures should provide breakpoints of bacteria's susceptibility to NPs and a thorough toxicological examination of every single batch of synthesized NPs. (ii) The second appraisal includes theranostic actions, using nanotheranostics to diagnose and treat MRSA, such as what we call "multifunctional theranostic nanofibers. (iii) The third action appraisal consists of collaborative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Mosselhy
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
- Microbiological Unit, Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mhd Assad
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mady Elbahri
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed District, Giza 12588, Egypt
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11
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Anderson ED, Alishahedani ME, Myles IA. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Atopy: A Mini-Review. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2020; 1. [PMID: 34308414 PMCID: PMC8301597 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2020.628381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic diseases, particularly atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma, and allergic rhinitis (AR) share a common pathogenesis of inflammation and barrier dysfunction. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process where epithelial cells take on a migratory mesenchymal phenotype and is essential for normal tissue repair and signal through multiple inflammatory pathways. However, while links between EMT and both asthma and AR have been demonstrated, as we outline in this mini-review, the literature investigating AD and EMT is far less well-elucidated. Furthermore, current studies on EMT and atopy are mostly animal models or ex vivo studies on cell cultures or tissue biopsies. The literature covered in this mini-review on EMT-related barrier dysfunction as a contributor to AD as well as the related (perhaps resultant) atopic diseases indicates a potential for therapeutic targeting and carry treatment implications for topical steroid use and environmental exposure assessments. Further research, particularly in vivo studies, may greatly advance the field and translate into benefit for patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Anderson
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammadali E Alishahedani
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ian A Myles
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Mechanisms Underlying the Skin-Gut Cross Talk in the Development of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123830. [PMID: 33333859 PMCID: PMC7765270 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-globulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy is characterized by a variety of clinical entities within the gastrointestinal tract, skin and lungs, and systemically as anaphylaxis. The default response to food antigens, which is antigen specific immune tolerance, requires exposure to the antigen and is already initiated during pregnancy. After birth, tolerance is mostly acquired in the gut after oral ingestion of dietary proteins, whilst exposure to these same proteins via the skin, especially when it is inflamed and has a disrupted barrier, can lead to allergic sensitization. The crosstalk between the skin and the gut, which is involved in the induction of food allergy, is still incompletely understood. In this review, we will focus on mechanisms underlying allergic sensitization (to food antigens) via the skin, leading to gastrointestinal inflammation, and the development of IgE-mediated food allergy. Better understanding of these processes will eventually help to develop new preventive and therapeutic strategies in children.
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13
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McEvoy A, Dube U, Musiek A, Anadkat M. SnapshotDx Quiz: September 2020. J Invest Dermatol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) Extracts Containing Carnosic Acid and Carnosol are Potent Quorum Sensing Inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040149. [PMID: 32244277 PMCID: PMC7235817 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and a common cause of skin infection. S. aureus also plays a role in the pathogenesis of the chronic inflammatory skin disease, atopic dermatitis. S. aureus virulence involves activation of the quorum sensing agr operon. In this paper, we show that the diterpene carnosic acid, present in R. officinalis L. (rosemary) leaves, is a specific inhibitor of S. aureus agr expression as low as 5 μM. Carnosol and rosmarinic acid are two other phytochemicals present in rosemary leaves. Carnosol, but not rosmarinic acid, is also a potent agr expression inhibitor. Natural rosemary extracts containing carnosic acid and carnosol inhibit S. aureus agr expression, both in luciferase reporter strains and in wild type strains isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. Specific inhibition of S. aureus virulence using topical formulations of rosemary extract may offer a practical approach to preventing and treating flares of atopic dermatitis.
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15
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Saeki H, Baba N, Oshiden K, Abe Y, Tsubouchi H. Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-week study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of OPA- 15406 (difamilast), a new topical selective phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor, in Japanese pediatric patients aged 2-14 years with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2020; 47:17-24. [PMID: 31713267 PMCID: PMC6972691 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of OPA-15406 (international non-proprietary name, difamilast; also referred to as MM36), a new topical, selective phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor, in Japanese pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis aged 2-14 years were evaluated in a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 4-week study. Seventy-three patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive OPA-15406 0.3%, OPA-15406 1% or vehicle ointment twice daily for 4 weeks. The mean age of patients was similar across treatment groups. No deaths or serious treatment-emergent adverse events were reported; all treatment-emergent adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation was 4.2% (1/24) in the OPA-15406 0.3% group, 4.0% (1/25) in the OPA-15406 1% group and 16.7% (4/24) in the vehicle group, all of which were worsening of atopic dermatitis. Both OPA-15406 groups demonstrated a higher incidence of success in the Investigator Global Assessment score compared with the vehicle group over the 4-week study. The OPA-15406 groups also showed greater improvements from baseline compared with the vehicle group in the Investigator Global Assessment score, Eczema Area and Severity Index overall score and subscale (erythema, induration/papulation, excoriation and lichenification) scores, Visual Analog Scale pruritus score, Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure score, and percentage of affected body surface area over the 4-week study. Topical OPA-15406 twice daily for 4 weeks was considered a safe and effective treatment option in this phase 2 study in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis, and phase 3 development is currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of DermatologyNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Naoko Baba
- Kanagawa Children’s Medical CenterKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazuhide Oshiden
- Headquarters of Clinical DevelopmentOtsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.OsakaJapan
| | - Yuji Abe
- Headquarters of Clinical DevelopmentOtsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
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16
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Katoh N, Ohya Y, Ikeda M, Ebihara T, Katayama I, Saeki H, Shimojo N, Tanaka A, Nakahara T, Nagao M, Hide M, Fujita Y, Fujisawa T, Futamura M, Masuda K, Murota H, Yamamoto-Hanada K. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of atopic dermatitis 2018. J Dermatol 2019; 46:1053-1101. [PMID: 31599013 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a disease characterized by relapsing eczema with pruritus as a primary lesion. The current strategies to treat AD in Japan from the perspective of evidence-based medicine consist of three primary measures: (i) the use of topical corticosteroids and tacrolimus ointment as the main treatment for the inflammation; (ii) topical application of emollients to treat the cutaneous barrier dysfunction; and (iii) avoidance of apparent exacerbating factors, psychological counseling and advice about daily life. The guidelines present recommendations to review clinical research articles, evaluate the balance between the advantages and disadvantages of medical activities, and optimize medical activity-related patient outcomes with respect to several important points requiring decision-making in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norito Katoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Pediatric Acute Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacuetical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ebihara
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nihon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akio Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nagao
- Division of, Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hide
- Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Division of, Allergy, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Futamura
- Division of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Masuda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Hung MH, Sartika D, Chang SJ, Chen SJ, Wang CC, Hung YJ, Cherng JH, Chiu YK. Influence of silk clothing therapy in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dermatol Reports 2019; 11:8176. [PMID: 32269744 PMCID: PMC7137929 DOI: 10.4081/dr.2019.8176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of red, inflammatory, and chronic itchy condition in the skin is commonly speculated as the presence of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in patients. The use of silk clothing as a non-pharmacological approach in the management of AD has been noticed as an effective alternative therapy; however, the evidence based on its usage is poorly served. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of using pure silk clothing in the therapy of AD patients. The clinical trial was performed by recruiting 30 patients with AD for up to 8 weeks of observation. They were instructed to wear pure silk clothing for the whole day without any additional medication and were investigated using the AD-related questionnaires. The findings revealed a significant decrease of AD occurrence along with a great improvement of patient’s quality of life at each time point. Our investigation demonstrated that this treatment promotes good skin appearance, comfort, and remarkable improvement in the quality of life. This promising preliminary outcome warrants a further study; hence, it can be a potential non-pharmacological treatment choice for controlling the severity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsung Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Songshan Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Dewi Sartika
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Jen Chang
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri- Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shyi-Jou Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Chien Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Office of President, Songshan Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Juin-Hong Cherng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Gerontological Health Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yaw-Kwan Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Songshan Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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18
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Kraft MT, Prince BT. Atopic Dermatitis Is a Barrier Issue, Not an Allergy Issue. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:507-519. [PMID: 31563185 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that typically manifests in childhood and improves with age. Studies have demonstrated that the presence of AD increases the risk of developing food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma later in life. Although children with AD are more likely to produce allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, there is conflicting evidence that allergen avoidance improves disease severity. Furthermore, food-elimination diets in patients with AD may increase the risk of developing immediate, life-threatening reactions to the removed food. The most effective treatments of AD aim to repair and protect the skin barrier and decrease inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T Kraft
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Benjamin T Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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19
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Johnson BB, Franco AI, Beck LA, Prezzano JC. Treatment-resistant atopic dermatitis: challenges and solutions. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:181-192. [PMID: 30962700 PMCID: PMC6432884 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s163814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic, relapsing-remitting inflammatory disease that can be challenging to treat. Patients with mild disease are usually managed well with good skin care practices including moisturization and appropriate bathing along with intermittent use of topical therapies such as topical corticosteroids and/or topical calcineurin inhibitors during flares. Patients with frequent flares may benefit from proactive application of topical therapies twice a week to the most troublesome areas. Patients with severe disease often present significant treatment challenges. Systemic therapies are usually required for severe AD but have varying degrees of success and can be associated with side-effect profiles that require counseling and close monitoring. Phototherapy has been shown to have success in treating moderate-to-severe AD, but several factors can limit its utility and efficacy including cost and access. New therapies are in development targeting specific pathways relevant for AD. Dupilumab was the first biologic treatment approved in North America, Europe, and Japan for adults with moderate-to-severe AD. Although this treatment can lead to rapid improvement in the majority of patients, there are inadequate responders. In this review, we discuss the clinical challenges and treatment options for moderate-to-severe refractory AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Johnson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
| | - Abigail I Franco
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
| | - Lisa A Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
| | - James C Prezzano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
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20
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Mechesso AF, Lee SJ, Park NH, Kim JY, Im ZE, Suh JW, Park SC. Preventive effects of a novel herbal mixture on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in BALB/C mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:25. [PMID: 30658631 PMCID: PMC6339437 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A combination of parts of Cornus officinalis, Rosa multiflora, Lespedeza bicolor, Platycladus orientalis, and Castanea crenata is commonly used for alleviating inflammatory skin disorders. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo preventive effects of a novel herbal formula made from the five plants (C2RLP) against atopic dermatitis in BALB/C mice. METHODS Mice were allocated into five groups (n = 8) including, control (Normal, petrolatum, and betamethasone treated) and treatment groups (treated with 2.5 and 5% C2RLP ointment). Atopic lesion was induced by applying 1-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene to the dorsal thoracic area of mice. Macroscopical and histological evaluations were performed to determine the effects of treatment on the progress of the skin lesions. The effects of treatment on the production and release of interleukins, interferon -ϒ, nitrite, prostaglandin E2, thymus and activation-receptor chemokine, and β-hexosaminidase were evaluated and comparisons were made between groups. In addition, the chemical compounds present in C2RLP were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. RESULTS Topical application of C2RLP reduced the dermatitis score and suppressed histopathological changes in mice. Treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) plasma IL-4 level, the production of nitrite, prostaglandin E2, and thymus and activation-receptor chemokine production. The lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS-mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells was also suppressed by high concentrations of C2RLP. In addition, C2RLP showed an inhibitory effect against DPPH free radical (IC50 = 147.5 μg/ml) and β-hexosaminidase release (IC50 = 179.5 μg/ml). Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of various compounds, including loganin, ellagic acid, and kaempferol 3-glucoside. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of T- helper 2 cellular responses and suppression of inflammatory mediators contributed to the protective effects of C2RLP from atopic dermatitis in BALB/C mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LVPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LVPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hye Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LVPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yoon Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LVPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Zi-Eum Im
- Forest Resources Development Institute of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do 36605 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Science campus, Myongji University, 449-728 Yongin, Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LVPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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21
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Tokudome Y. Influence of Oral Administration of Lactic Acid Bacteria Metabolites on Skin Barrier Function and Water Content in a Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1858. [PMID: 30513743 PMCID: PMC6315373 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of orally administered lactic acid bacteria metabolites on skin were studied using an atopic dermatitis-like murine model generated by feeding HR-AD to mice. Lactic acid bacteria metabolites were obtained by inoculating and culturing soy milk with 35 strains of 16 species of lactic acid bacteria. The atopic dermatitis-like murine model was generated by feeding HR-AD to HR-1 mice for 40 days. The skin condition of HR-AD-fed mice worsened compared with normal mice, showing reduced water content in the stratum corneum, increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), reduced ceramide AP content in the stratum corneum, and increased epidermis thickness. When HR-AD-fed mice were orally administered a raw liquid containing lactic acid bacteria metabolites, water content in the stratum corneum, TEWL, ceramide AP content in the stratum corneum, and epidermis thickness improved. To determine the active components responsible for these effects, filtrate, residue, and lipid components extracted from the raw liquid containing lactic acid bacteria metabolites were examined. While water-soluble components and residue obtained after filtration had no effects, the lipid fraction showed similar effects to the raw liquid. These findings suggest that lactic acid bacteria metabolites improve skin injury in an atopic dermatitis-like murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Tokudome
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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22
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Yang EJ, Sekhon S, Sanchez IM, Beck KM, Bhutani T. Recent Developments in Atopic Dermatitis. Pediatrics 2018; 142:peds.2018-1102. [PMID: 30266868 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a bothersome and common skin disease affecting ∼10.7% of children in the United States. This skin condition significantly decreases quality of life in not only patients, but in their families as well. Pediatricians are often the first physicians to diagnose and manage these patients and thus are relied on by families to answer questions about this disease. AD is complex, multifactorial, and has historically had limited therapeutic options, but the landscape of this disease is now rapidly changing. Pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of this disease are continually being discovered, and new therapies for AD are being developed at an unprecedented rate. With this article, we will review the current guidelines regarding the management of AD, outline updates in the current understanding of its pathophysiology, and highlight novel developments available for the treatment of this burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; .,Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Sahil Sekhon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Isabelle M Sanchez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen M Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Fan HJ, Xie ZP, Lu ZW, Tan ZB, Bi YM, Xie LP, Wu YT, Zhang WT, Liu-Kot K, Liu B, Zhou YC. Anti-inflammatory and immune response regulation of Si-Ni-San in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin dysfunction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 222:1-10. [PMID: 29698775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Si-Ni-San (SNS) is a well-known decoction in traditional Chinese medicine. Although studies have indicated that the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of SNS and its components can account for their therapeutic effects, the role and mechanism of SNS in treating skin dysfunction remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Atopic dermatitis (AD), a disorder known for its prevalence in infants and adults, severely influences the quality of life of affected patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and immune response modulations of SNS in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like skin dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dermatitis was induced in Kunming mice by the topical application of DNCB. SNS or dexamethasone (positive control) was topically applied every day over the course of the 21-day study. The following were assessed: dermatitis severity scores; ear and dorsal skin haematoxylin and eosin staining; interleukin (IL)- 1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α cytokine levels in the serum; spleen index; spleen CD4 + /CD8 + T lymphocyte ratio; and phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs- p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)), IκB-α, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65) in skin lesions. RESULTS SNS significantly alleviated the symptoms of AD-like lesions induced by DNCB, decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the ear and dorsal tissues, suppressed the increased cytokine levels in the serum, reduced the CD4 + /CD8 +T lymphocyte ratio in the spleen, and downregulated the activation of MAPKs, IκB-α, and NF-κB (p65) in the dorsal skin. The effects were similar to those of dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS SNS alleviated the DNCB-induced AD-like skin dysfunction in mice through anti-inflammatory and immune system modulation, indicating that SNS shows potential for AD treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Ze-Ping Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Zi-Wen Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Zhang-Bin Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Ling-Peng Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Wen-Tong Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Kevin Liu-Kot
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China.
| | - Ying-Chun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Kaminuma O, Nishimura T, Kitamura N, Saeki M, Hiroi T, Mori A. T-Helper Type 2 Cells Direct Antigen-Induced Eosinophilic Skin Inflammation in Mice. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:77-82. [PMID: 29178680 PMCID: PMC5705487 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic inflammation in combination with immunoglobulin E (IgE) production is a characteristic feature of atopic dermatitis. Although activated T-helper type (Th) 2 cells play critical roles in the local accumulation and activation of eosinophils, whether they induce eosinophilic skin inflammation, independent of the IgE-mediated pathway has been unclear. To address the functional role of T cells in allergic skin diseases, we herein transferred Th1/Th2-differentiated or naive DO11.10 T cells into unprimed BALB/c mice. Ovalbumin-specific Th2 cells, as well as eosinophils, accumulated in the skin upon antigen challenge, despite the absence of antigen-specific IgE. Neither antigen-specific Th1 nor naive T cells induced eosinophil accumulation, although Th1 cells by themselves migrated into the skin. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and eotaxin were specifically produced in the skin of antigen-challenged, Th2 cell-transferred mice, whereas interferon (IFN)-γ and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were preferentially produced in Th1 cells-transferred mice. Production of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and MCP-3 was enhanced by both Th1 and Th2 cells. The accumulation of eosinophils and Th2 cells in the skin was suppressed by both dexamethasone and FK506, indicating an essential role of Th2 cells in eosinophil recruitment. We conclude that Th2 cells can induce eosinophilic infiltration into the skin in the absence of antigen-specific IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kaminuma
- Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.,Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.,RIKEN Bioresource Center, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Tomoe Nishimura
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kitamura
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Saeki
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,RIKEN Bioresource Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Mori
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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25
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Nakagawa S, Matsumoto M, Katayama Y, Oguma R, Wakabayashi S, Nygaard T, Saijo S, Inohara N, Otto M, Matsue H, Núñez G, Nakamura Y. Staphylococcus aureus Virulent PSMα Peptides Induce Keratinocyte Alarmin Release to Orchestrate IL-17-Dependent Skin Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:667-677.e5. [PMID: 29120744 PMCID: PMC5728420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus commonly colonizes the epidermis, but the mechanisms by which the host senses virulent, but not commensal, S. aureus to trigger inflammation remain unclear. Using a murine epicutaneous infection model, we found that S. aureus-expressed phenol-soluble modulin (PSM)α, a group of secreted virulence peptides, is required to trigger cutaneous inflammation. PSMα induces the release of keratinocyte IL-1α and IL-36α, and signaling via IL-1R and IL-36R was required for induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17. The levels of released IL-1α and IL-36α, as well as IL-17 production by γδ T cells and ILC3 and neutrophil infiltration to the site of infection, were greatly reduced in mice with total or keratinocyte-specific deletion of the IL-1R and IL-36R signaling adaptor Myd88. Further, Il17a-/-f-/- mice showed blunted S. aureus-induced inflammation. Thus, keratinocyte Myd88 signaling in response to S. aureus PSMα drives an IL-17-mediated skin inflammatory response to epicutaneous S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuki Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Rena Oguma
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tyler Nygaard
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Matsue
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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26
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Role of the microbiota in skin immunity and atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 2017; 66:539-544. [PMID: 28882556 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 15-20% of children and 2-5% of adults in industrialized countries. The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus selectively colonizes the lesional skin of AD patients while this bacterium is absent in the skin of the majority of healthy individuals. However, the role of S. aureus in the pathogenesis of AD remains poorly understood. In addition to S. aureus, recent studies show a contribution of the skin microbiota to the regulation of immune responses in the skin as well as to the development of inflammatory skin disease. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of the microbiota in skin immune responses and the role of S. aureus virulent factors in the pathogenesis of AD.
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27
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Ali H. Emerging Roles for MAS-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor-X2 in Host Defense Peptide, Opioid, and Neuropeptide-Mediated Inflammatory Reactions. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:123-162. [PMID: 28950944 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that contribute to host defense but are best known for their roles in allergic and inflammatory diseases. In humans, MCs are divided into two subtypes based on the protease content of their secretory granules. Thus, human lung MCs contain only tryptase and are known as MCT, whereas skin MCs contain both tryptase and chymase and are known as MCTC. Patients with severe asthma display elevated MCs in the lung, which undergo phenotypic change from MCT to MCTC. Although the human genome contains four Mas related G protein coupled receptor X (MRGPRX) genes, an important feature of MCTC is that they selectively express MRGPRX2. It is activated by antimicrobial host defense peptides such as human β-defensins and the cathelicidin LL-37 and likely contributes to host defense. MRGPRX2 is also a receptor for the neuropeptide substance P, major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, opioids, and many FDA-approved cationic drugs. Increased expression of MRGPRX2 or enhanced downstream signaling likely contributes to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rosacea, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, and severe asthma. In this chapter, I will discuss the expression profile and function of MRGPRX1-4 and review the emerging roles of MRGPRX2 on host defense, chronic inflammatory diseases, and drug-induced pseudoallergic reactions. I will also examine the novel aspects of MRGPRX2 signaling in MCs as it related to degranulation and review the mechanisms of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hydar Ali
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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28
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Cho BO, Che DN, Yin HH, Shin JY, Jang SI. Diospyros lotus leaf and grapefruit stem extract synergistically ameliorate atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion in mice by suppressing infiltration of mast cells in skin lesions. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:819-826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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29
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the current available material pertaining to atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, urticaria, and angioedema. This article focuses on each disease process's clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Although atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis are similar, their development is different and can affect a patient's quality of life. Urticaria and angioedema are also similar, but the differentiation of the two processes is crucial in that they have significant morbidity and mortality, each with a different prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine, Loma Linda University, 25455 Barton Road, Suite 209B, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Lauren Simon
- Department of Family Medicine, Loma Linda University, 25455 Barton Road, Suite 209B, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ecler Jaqua
- Department of Family Medicine, Loma Linda University, 25455 Barton Road, Suite 209B, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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30
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disorder with a complex, evolving pathogenesis. Research on the pathogenesis has shifted from focusing primarily on generalized immune system abnormalities in T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) activity to more targeted immune and skin barrier abnormalities contributing to the overall phenotype. Specific signaling pathways recently implicated in atopic dermatitis include production of interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13, which promote immunoglobulin E production, Th17 and Th22 cells, and production of cytokines. Barrier defect abnormalities, such as a shared filaggrin mutation noted in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, as well as reduced structural proteins and lipids (eg, ceramides), have been discovered as well. These alterations contribute to increased transepidermal water loss in addition to increased allergen exposure, resulting in debate over the "inside out" versus "outside in" theories-that is, the concept that immunity triggers barrier breakdown versus barrier abnormalities triggering immunologic alteration toward atopy. In fact, it is likely that all of these contribute to pathogenesis, with some individuals initially experiencing immunologic abnormalities more strongly than barrier defects and vice versa. Genetic analyses have continued to advance, leading to the discovery of potential candidate genes relating both to the impaired skin barrier and the altered immune system pathways. This review outlines the evolution of the field of current pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, highlighting the most pertinent recent findings.
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31
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Azimi E, Reddy VB, Lerner EA. Brief communication: MRGPRX2, atopic dermatitis and red man syndrome. ITCH (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2017; 2:e5. [PMID: 28367504 PMCID: PMC5375112 DOI: 10.1097/itx.0000000000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Vancoymycin causes red man syndrome, an itchy erythematous eruption involving the face, neck and upper torso. Atopic dermatitis also manifests itch and erythema, and staphylococcus δ-toxin contributes to this process. The antibiotic and toxin each provoke mast cell degranulation but the mechanism had not been understood. We have determined that these compounds evoke degranulation via interaction with the same receptor, MRGPRX2, on mast cells. A receptor antagonist inhibits this process. Antagonists of this receptor may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Azimi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Vemuri B Reddy
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Ethan A Lerner
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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32
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Lee JH, Lee YJ, Lee JY, Park YM. Topical Application of Eupatilin Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in NC/Nga Mice. Ann Dermatol 2017; 29:61-68. [PMID: 28223748 PMCID: PMC5318529 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2017.29.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disorder with severe pruritus. Despite advancements in medicine, therapeutic treatments for AD are still limited. Eupatilin (5,7-dihydroxy-30,40,6-trimethoxyflavone) is one of the lipophilic flavonoids from Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. and Artemisia genipi Weber. Objective Although it has been reported to act a role in improving inflammation, its action on AD is uncertain. In this study, we examined the role of eupatilin on AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Methods 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene was repeatedly applied to the ear of NC/Nga mice to produce AD-like skin lesions. Eupatilin (1%, once a day for 5 consecutive days/week) was applied topically for four weeks for the evaluation of its therapeutic effects. Results 1% eupatilin cream significantly reduced the clinical severity score of AD-like lesions, compared to the vehicle (p<0.005). A histopathological analysis revealed that 1% eupatilin cream significantly decreased the mast cell infiltration as well as inflammatory cell infiltration, compared to the vehicle (p<0.005). We showed that 1% eupatilin cream significantly reduced the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4, and interleukin-19, but not interferon-γ, compared to the vehicle (p<0.005). Conclusion Considering the therapeutic reaction of eupatilin on AD-like lesions as in this study, the substance has a promising to be an adjuvant topical agent for the control of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Pain and itch are unpleasant sensations that often accompany infections caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. Recent studies show that sensory neurons are able to directly detect pathogens to mediate pain and itch. Nociceptor and pruriceptor neurons respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including Toll-like receptor ligands, N-formyl peptides, and bacterial toxins. Other pathogens are able to silence neuronal activity to produce analgesia during infection. Pain and itch could lead to neuronal modulation of the immune system or behavioral avoidance of future pathogen exposure. Conversely, pathogens could modulate neuronal signaling to potentiate their pathogenesis and facilitate their spread to other hosts. Defining how pathogens modulate pain and itch has critical implications for sensory neurobiology and our understanding of host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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34
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Lim SJ, Kim M, Randy A, Nam EJ, Nho CW. Effects of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. extract and methyl vanillate on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions and TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced chemokines production in HaCaT cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:1465-1479. [PMID: 27696405 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we hypothesized that Hovenia dulcis branch extract (HDB) and its active constituents ameliorates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions by modulating the T helper Th1/Th2 balance in NC/Nga mice and TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in HaCaT cells. METHODS HaCaT cells were stimulated by TNF-α/IFN-γ in the presence of HDB and its constituents. TARC and MDC were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR. For the in-vivo study, oral feeding of HDB was performed for 5 weeks with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) treatment every other day. The efficacy of HDB on parameters of DNCB-induced AD was evaluated morphologically, physiologically and immunologically. KEY FINDINGS In-vitro studies showed that HDB and its constituents suppressed TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced production of TARC and MDC in HaCaT cells by inhibiting MAPK signalling. In-vivo studies showed that HDB regulated immunoglobulin (Ig) E and immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) levels in serum and the expression of mRNA for Th1- and Th2-related mediators in skin lesions. Histopathological analyses revealed reduced epidermal thickness and reduced infiltration of skin lesions by inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HDB inhibits AD-like skin diseases by regulating Th1 and Th2 responses in NC/Nga mice and in HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Ji Lim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Smart Farm Solution, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Myungsuk Kim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Smart Farm Solution, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Ahmad Randy
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui Jeong Nam
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea. .,Convergence Research Center for Smart Farm Solution, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea.
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35
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Shah L, Mainelis G, Ramagopal M, Black K, Shalat SL. Use of a Robotic Sampler (PIPER) for Evaluation of Particulate Matter Exposure and Eczema in Preschoolers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:242. [PMID: 26907317 PMCID: PMC4772262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the association of eczema with asthma is well recognized, little research has focused on the potential role of inhalable exposures and eczema. While indoor air quality is important in the development of respiratory disease as children in the U.S. spend the majority of their time indoors, relatively little research has focused on correlated non-respiratory conditions. This study examined the relationship between particulate matter (PM) exposures in preschool age children and major correlates of asthma, such as wheeze and eczema. Air sampling was carried out using a robotic (PIPER) child-sampling surrogate. This study enrolled 128 participants, 57 male and 71 female children. Ages ranged from 3 to 58 months with the mean age of 29.3 months. A comparison of subjects with and without eczema showed a difference in the natural log (ln) of PM collected from the PIPER air sampling (p = 0.049). PIPER's sampling observed an association between the ln PM concentrations and eczema, but not an association with wheezing history in pre-school children. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis of the role of the microenvironment in mediating atopic dermatitis, which is one of the predictors of persistent asthma. Our findings also support the use of PIPER in its ability to model and sample the microenvironment of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Shah
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Maya Ramagopal
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Kathleen Black
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Stuart L Shalat
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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36
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What happens in the skin? Integrating skin permeation kinetics into studies of developmental and reproductive toxicity following topical exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:252-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Aspartame Attenuates 2, 4-Dinitrofluorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis–Like Clinical Symptoms in NC/Nga Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2705-2713. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Guo MMH, Tseng WN, Ou CY, Hsu TY, Kuo HC, Yang KD. Predictive factors of persistent infantile atopic dermatitis up to 6 years old in Taiwan: a prospective birth cohort study. Allergy 2015. [PMID: 26214611 DOI: 10.1111/all.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis affects 15-30% of children worldwide. Onset of disease usually occurs within the first year of life, over half of which regress by 6 years of age. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors related to the persistence of infantile atopic dermatitis. METHODS In this birth cohort study, patients were enrolled prenatally and followed until 6 years of age; 246 patients had infantile atopic dermatitis at 6 months of age. Family history, maternal and paternal total and specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and cord blood IgE were recorded. Clinical examination, questionnaire survey, and blood samples for total and specific IgE of the children were collected at each follow-up visit. RESULTS Of the 246 patients with infantile atopic dermatitis at 6 months of age, 48 patients had persisted atopic dermatitis at 6 years of age (19.5%). Risk factors associated with persistent infantile atopic dermatitis included egg white sensitization (odds ratio: 3.801, P = 0.020), and atopic dermatitis involving two or more areas at 6 months old (odds ratio: 2.921, P = 0.018) after multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Patients with persistent infantile atopic dermatitis had a higher risk of asthma before 6 years old (39.6% vs 24.2%, P = 0.032). CONCLUSION Egg white sensitization and the initial involvement of two or more areas at 6 months of age were associated with the persistent infantile atopic dermatitis. Patients with persistent infantile atopic dermatitis are more likely to develop asthma by 6 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M.-H. Guo
- Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology; Department of Pediatrics; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - W.-N. Tseng
- Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology; Department of Pediatrics; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - C.-Y. Ou
- Department of Obstetrics; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - T.-Y. Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - H.-C. Kuo
- Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology; Department of Pediatrics; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - K. D. Yang
- Department of Pediatrics; Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital; Changhua Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Yang Ming University; Taipei
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Nguyen TA, Leonard SA, Eichenfield LF. An Update on Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergies. J Pediatr 2015; 167:752-6. [PMID: 26118932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Ann Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Division of Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Stephanie A Leonard
- Division of Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA; Division of Allergy/Immunology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Lawrence F Eichenfield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Division of Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA.
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Kim KH, Choung SY. Oral administration of Vaccinium uliginosum L. extract alleviates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. J Med Food 2015; 17:1350-60. [PMID: 25260029 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease that responds to the interplay of environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. To explore the effect of Vaccinium uliginosum (VU) extract on AD, we orally administrated VU total water extract to AD-induced NC/Nga mice. VU extract reduced AD-like skin lesions, ear thickness, and the frequency of scratching episodes in a time-dependent manner. VU also suppressed the levels of IgE and histamine and the ratio of IgG1/IgG2a in the serum of AD-induced NC/Nga mice. VU administration resulted in the reduction of splenic cytokine production, epidermal thickening, and the infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells, and degranulated mast cells induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). In addition, VU significantly reduced the mRNA expression of chemokine ligands in dorsal skin. Total water extract and subfractions of VU inhibited interleukin (IL)-4 production in splenocytes, suggesting that VU total extract has a Th2 cytokine modulating effect. These results suggest that the VU total water extract could be a candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD through an immunoregulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Korea
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Santiago C, Pang EL, Lim KH, Loh HS, Ting KN. Inhibition of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by combination of ampicillin and a bioactive fraction from Duabanga grandiflora. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:178. [PMID: 26060128 PMCID: PMC4460762 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The inhibition of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) is a promising solution in overcoming resistance of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A potential approach in achieving this is by combining natural product with currently available antibiotics to restore the activity as well as to amplify the therapeutic ability of the drugs. We studied inhibition effects of a bioactive fraction, F-10 (isolated from the leaves of Duabanga grandiflora) alone and in combination with a beta-lactam drug, ampicillin on MRSA growth and expression of PBP2a. Additionally, phytochemical analysis was conducted on F-10 to identify the classes of phytochemicals present. Methods Fractionation of the ethyl acetate leaf extract was achieved by successive column chromatography which eventually led to isolation of an active fraction, F-10. Both extract and F-10 were analyzed for the presence of major classes of phytochemicals in addition to obtaining a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile to reveal the complexity of the fraction F-10. Broth microdilution method was employed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and fractions against MRSA. Evaluation of synergistic activity of the active fraction with ampicillin was determined using checkerboard methodand kinetic growth experiments. Effect of combination treatments on expression of PBP2a, a protein that confers resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, was elucidated with the Western blot assay. Results MIC of F-10 against MRSA was 750 mg/L which showed an improved activity by 4-fold compared to its crude extract (MIC = 3000 mg/L). Phytochemical analysis revealed occurrence of tannins, saponin, flavonoids, sterols, and glycosides in F10 fraction. In FIC index interpretation, the most synergistic activity was achieved for combinations of 1/64 × MIC ampicillin + 1/4 × MIC F-10. The combination also evidently inhibited MRSA growth in kinetic growth curve assay. As a result of this synergistic interaction, MIC of ampicillin against MRSA was reduced to 0.78 mg/L (64-fold) from initial value of 50 mg/L. Western blot analysis suggested inhibition of PBP2a in MRSA cultures grown in synergistic combination treatment in which no PBP2a band was expressed. Conclusions The results demonstrated synergism between fraction F-10 of D. grandiflora with ampicillin in suppressing MRSA growth via PBP2a inhibition.
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Sanin DE, Prendergast CT, Bourke CD, Mountford AP. Helminth Infection and Commensal Microbiota Drive Early IL-10 Production in the Skin by CD4+ T Cells That Are Functionally Suppressive. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004841. [PMID: 25974019 PMCID: PMC4431738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin provides an important first line of defence and immunological barrier to invasive pathogens, but immune responses must also be regulated to maintain barrier function and ensure tolerance of skin surface commensal organisms. In schistosomiasis-endemic regions, populations can experience repeated percutaneous exposure to schistosome larvae, however little is known about how repeated exposure to pathogens affects immune regulation in the skin. Here, using a murine model of repeated infection with Schistosoma mansoni larvae, we show that the skin infection site becomes rich in regulatory IL-10, whilst in its absence, inflammation, neutrophil recruitment, and local lymphocyte proliferation is increased. Whilst CD4+ T cells are the primary cellular source of regulatory IL-10, they expressed none of the markers conventionally associated with T regulatory (Treg) cells (i.e. FoxP3, Helios, Nrp1, CD223, or CD49b). Nevertheless, these IL-10+ CD4+ T cells in the skin from repeatedly infected mice are functionally suppressive as they reduced proliferation of responsive CD4+ T cells from the skin draining lymph node. Moreover, the skin of infected Rag-/- mice had impaired IL-10 production and increased neutrophil recruitment. Finally, we show that the mechanism behind IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells in the skin is due to a combination of an initial (day 1) response specific to skin commensal bacteria, and then over the following days schistosome-specific CD4+ T cell responses, which together contribute towards limiting inflammation and tissue damage following schistosome infection. We propose CD4+ T cells in the skin that do not express markers of conventional T regulatory cell populations have a significant role in immune regulation after repeated pathogen exposure and speculate that these cells may also help to maintain skin barrier function in the context of repeated percutaneous insult by other skin pathogens. The skin is a major barrier protecting the host from pathogen infection, but is also a site for immune regulation. Using a murine model of repeated percutaneous exposure to infectious Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, we show that, in the skin, CD4+ T cells that do not express markers of conventional regulatory T cells are the main early source of immunoregulatory IL-10 and are functionally suppressive of adaptive immune responses. We demonstrate that the production of regulatory IL-10 in the skin is greatly enhanced after repeated schistosome infection compared to levels present after a single infection and that it limits both neutrophil recruitment and local CD4+ T cell proliferation, thereby preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Initially (day 1), IL-10 producing CD4+ T cells are reactive towards skin commensal bacteria, although over succeeding days they progressively become specific for schistosome antigens. Consequently, our findings highlight a role for early IL-10 produced by dermal CD4+ T cells to mediate immune regulation in advance of later stage chronic infection conventionally associated with the presence of IL-10. Our work provides a mechanistic insight into the triggers of early IL-10 production at barrier sites like the skin, and suggests how tolerance and pathogen clearance might be co-regulated early after exposure to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Sanin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona T. Prendergast
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Claire D. Bourke
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P. Mountford
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Gayraud F, Sayag M, Jourdan E. Efficacy and tolerance assessment of a new type of dermocosmetic in infants and children with moderate atopic dermatitis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 14:107-12. [PMID: 25807867 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory and pruritic skin disorder. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and tolerance of a new emollient (SBT complex) in subjects with moderate AD. METHODS Subjects received twice daily for 168 days (6 months) either SBT complex or emollient base adjunctively or alternately with topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors. Evolution of AD was assessed throughout the study using usual AD assessment criteria including SCORAD and PO-SCORAD. Quality of life was assessed at Day 0 and Day 168. RESULTS At Day 168, a significant decrease with SBT complex was observed for the SCORAD and the PO-SCORAD scores (P < 0.05), the primary efficacy criteria. A total of 76% of SBT complex subjects did not relapse and time-to-relapse increased compared to the emollient base subjects. Intensity, dryness, and quality of life (P < 0.05) had improved in subjects using SBT complex. The product was well tolerated with less physical and functional signs in the SBT than in the emollient base group. CONCLUSION The new emollient dermocosmetic SBT complex applied adjunctively or alternately with topical AD treatments significantly improved AD without any safety concerns. SBT complex may play an important role in the restoration of the natural skin barrier.
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Back HM, Song B, Chae JW, Yun HY, Ma JY, Kwon KI. Determination of Matrine in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Novel Korean Herbal Medicine KIOM-MA128 and Application of PK. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:431632. [PMID: 25785230 PMCID: PMC4345259 DOI: 10.1155/2015/431632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
KIOM-MA128 is a novel Korean herbal medicine with antiatopic, anti-inflammatory, and antiasthmatic effects. Matrine is thought to be a potential chemical marker of KIOM-MA128, but pharmacokinetic studies on KIOM-MA128 had not been performed. This study describes a simple and rapid method using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine the concentration of matrine in rats plasma after administration of KIOM-MA128. The isocratic mobile phase consisted of methanol and distilled water, and the flow rate was 0.15 mL/min. The accuracy and precision of the assay, as well as stability tests, were performed in accordance with FDA regulations for the validation of bioanalytical methods. The half-life and T max of matrine after administration of KIOM-MA128 were 4.29 ± 2.20 h and 1.8 ± 1.23 h, respectively. C max and AUCinf of matrine after administration of KIOM-MA128 at 4 g/kg and 8 g/kg were 595.10 ± 182.91 ng/mL, 5336.77 ± 1503.84 ng/mL·h and 850.46 ± 120 ng/mL, 9583.10 ± 888.92 ng/mL·h, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of KIOM-MA128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-moon Back
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjeong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-woo Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-yeol Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Herbal Medicine Improvement Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-il Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Coughlin CC, Frieden IJ, Eichenfield LF. Clinical approaches to skin cleansing of the diaper area: practice and challenges. Pediatr Dermatol 2014; 31 Suppl 1:1-4. [PMID: 25403931 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cleansing and care of the diaper area require special consideration to maintain barrier function of the skin in this area and repair the barrier when it is compromised. Diaper dermatitis occurs commonly; understanding and modification of predisposing factors are imperative for caregivers. In this paper, we review important factors in diaper area care, including skin pH, the local microbiome, irritant and allergic potential of contactants, and application of topical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie C Coughlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of allergenic foods and food ingredients for labelling purposes. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Abstract
Immune responses in the skin are important for host defence against pathogenic microorganisms. However, dysregulated immune reactions can cause chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Extensive crosstalk between the different cellular and microbial components of the skin regulates local immune responses to ensure efficient host defence, to maintain and restore homeostasis, and to prevent chronic disease. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that highlight the complex regulatory networks that control skin immunity, and we provide new paradigms for the mechanisms that regulate skin immune responses in host defence and in chronic inflammation.
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Park SJ, Lee YH, Lee KH, Kim TJ. Effect of eriodictyol on the development of atopic dermatitis-like lesions in ICR mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 36:1375-9. [PMID: 23902981 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, allergic, and inflammatory skin disease associated with eczema and dermatitis symptoms. Our previous studies have reported that eriodictyol extract inhibits immunoglobulin E (IgE)/Ag-induced type I hypersensitivity by suppressing the activation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), and the expression of ceramide kinase. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of eriodictyol on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like skin lesions in ICR mice. Treatment with 2 mg/mL eriodictyol for DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions in ICR mice improved scratching behavior and skin severity score. Histological analysis demonstrated that thickening of the skin lesions were significantly reduced in the eriodictyol-treated group. Also, eriodictyol suppressed the DNCB-mediated elevation of IgE serum levels. These results suggest that eriodictyol may be a potential therapeutic resource for AD and an adjunctive agent to control itchiness in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Jin Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 220–710, Korea
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Kim GD, Lee SE, Park YS, Shin DH, Park GG, Park CS. Immunosuppressive effects of fisetin against dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:341-9. [PMID: 24525099 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial chronic skin disorder that is increasing in prevalence globally. In NC/Nga mice, repetitive epicutaneous applications of 2-4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induces AD-like clinical symptoms. Bioflanonol fisetin (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a dietary component found in plants, fruits and vegetables. Fisetin has various physiological effects that include anti-oxidation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-carcinogenesis and anti-inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether fisetin relieves AD-like clinical symptoms induced by repeated DNFB treatment in NC/Nga mice. Fisetin significantly inhibited infiltration of inflammatory cells including eosinophils, mast cells and CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells, and suppressed the expressions of cytokines and chemokines associated with dermal infiltrates in AD-like skin lesions. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and the ratio of phospho-NF-κB p65 to total NF-κB p65 were markedly reduced by fisetin. Fisetin also reduced the production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 by activated CD4(+) T cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 was increased. These results implicate fisetin as a potential therapeutic for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Dong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seek Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Shin
- Department of Food & Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Gun Park
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheung-Seog Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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