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Iglesias-Osma MC, Blanco EJ, Carretero-Hernández M, García-Barrado MJ, Catalano-Iniesta L, Carretero M, Sánchez-Robledo V, Carretero J. Endothelial immunocytochemical expression of pituitary IL-1β and its relation to ACTH-positive cells is regulated by corticosterone in the male rat. Cytokine 2017; 99:9-17. [PMID: 28675823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a cytokine linking the neuroendocrine system and metabolic homeostasis. We have previously demonstrated the relevance of IL-1β for maintaining the pituitary ACTH-producing cells by immuno-blocking its effects in pituitary cultures. However, the morphological characteristics and the intimate relationship of the pituitary cells expressing IL-1β and ACTH remain unknown. For determining pituitary variations of immunoreactivity for IL-1β and its relation with ACTH-positive cells under stress situations, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of IL-1β and ACTH in the pituitary gland of adult rats, in the absence or presence of corticosterone, by establishing different groups: untreated, sham-operated, and bilaterally adrenalectomized animals. In the rats subjected to surgery, the glucocorticoid was administered on the same day of the intervention and on the third day post-surgery. Interestingly, it was observed that IL-1β was located in the pituitary endothelial cells at the hypophyseal portal vessels, regardless of the treatment schedule. When comparing the pituitary immunoreactive surface to IL-1β expression without corticosterone, adrenalectomized animals displayed a significantly greater area than the sham-operated animals. Corticosterone significantly inhibited the effect of adrenalectomy depending on the time interval it was administered. By in situ hybridization, IL-1β mRNA expression was also correlated with immnunocytochemical expression of pituitary IL-1β. Our results demonstrate that IL-1β is a constitutive element in endothelial portal pituitary vessels and under stress experimental conditions IL-1β increases its expression and its relation with ACTH-positive cells, suggesting that IL-1β could participate in an autocrine-paracrine fashion thereby modulating the pituitary population of ACTH-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique J Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - María José García-Barrado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Leonardo Catalano-Iniesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Carretero
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Robledo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Carretero
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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Zheng H, Mayhan WG, Bidasee KR, Patel KP. Blunted nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity within the paraventricular nucleus in diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 290:R992-R1002. [PMID: 16322352 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00363.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that a central mechanism may be contributing to the sympathetic abnormality in diabetes. Nitric oxide (NO) has been known as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The goal of this study was to examine the role of the endogenous NO system of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in regulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The change in number of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons [a marker for neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) activity] in the PVN was measured. Diabetic rats were found to have significantly fewer nNOS positive cells in the PVN than in the control group (120 +/- 11 vs. 149 +/- 13, P < 0.05). Using RT PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining, it was also found that nNOS mRNA expression and protein level in the PVN were significantly decreased in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, using an in vivo microdialysis technique, we found that there was a lower NO(x) release from the PVN perfusates in rats with diabetes compared with the control rats (142 +/- 33 nM vs. 228 +/- 29 nM, P < 0.05). In alpha-chloralose- and urethane-anesthetized rats, an inhibitor of NO synthase, l-NMMA, microinjected into the PVN produced a dose-dependent increase in RSNA, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) in both control and diabetic rats. These responses were significantly attenuated in rats with diabetes compared with control rats (RSNA: 11 +/- 3% vs. 35 +/- 3%, P < 0.05). On the other hand, an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), microinjected into the PVN produced a dose-dependent decrease in RSNA, MAP, and HR in the control and diabetic rats. RSNA (17 +/- 3%, vs. 41 +/- 6%, P < 0.05) and MAP in response to SNP were significantly blunted in the diabetic group compared with the control group. In conclusion, these data indicate an altered NO mechanism in the PVN of diabetic rats. This altered mechanism may contribute to the increased renal sympathetic neural activity observed in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
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Sánchez F, López MJ, del Campo J, Gutiérrez JL, Moreno MN, Vázquez R. Changes of environment and darkness enhance the NADPH-diaphorase staining in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Neuropeptides 1999; 33:487-91. [PMID: 10657529 DOI: 10.1054/npep.1999.0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the maintenance of autonomic homeostasis of the body. NO-producing neurons are activated in the brain during exposure to different levels of environmentally produced stimulations. These facts prompted the authors to investigate the levels of activation of NO-producing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) following change of environment and darkness. Cryostat sections were cut and processed for the histochemical detection of the NADPH-diaphorase (ND)-activity. Following change of the environment and darkness for 12 and 24 h, statistical analysis displayed a significant increase in the number of ND-neurons, especially in the posterior magnocellular and the lateral parvicellular subdivisions of the PVN. These data indicate that the ND-neurons of the PVN are influenced by changes of the environment and darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca.
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Sánchez F, Moreno MN, Vacas P, Carretero J, Vázquez R. Swim stress enhances the NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res 1999; 828:159-62. [PMID: 10320736 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) originates principally from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which contains an important population of nitric oxide synthesizing (NOS) neurons. In the present study, the effect of swim stress upon these neurons was investigated by means of the NADPH-diaphorase (ND) histochemical technique. A significant increase in the number of ND-neurons was observed following forced swim, especially after 30 min. These data confirm the involvement of NOS-neurons of the PVN in the response to different types of acute stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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López-Figueroa MO, Itoi K, Watson SJ. Regulation of nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA expression in the rat hippocampus by glucocorticoids. Neuroscience 1998; 87:439-46. [PMID: 9740403 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and glucocorticoids have been implicated in learning and memory, as well as in regulation of the stress response. By use of the in situ hybridization technique, we examined the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA in the hippocampus. In control animals, nitric oxide synthase subtype I (neuronal) messenger RNA was expressed in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Nitric oxide synthase subtype I expression was almost absent in CA2 pyramidal neurons. Neither subtype II (immunological) nor subtype III (endothelial) nitric oxide synthase messenger RNAs were observed in neurons of the hippocampal subfields. Bilateral removal of the adrenal glands resulted in a significant increase in nitric oxide synthase subtype I messenger RNA expression in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons and in granular cells of the dentate gyrus. To a lesser degree, the nitric oxide synthase subtype I messenger RNA signal was increased in CA2 pyramidal neurons. Daily administration of glucocorticoids for one week attenuated the adrenalectomy-induced increased level of expression of the messenger RNA encoding nitric oxide synthase subtype I in all areas studied. Because adrenalectomy, which suppresses the production of glucocorticoids, increases nitric oxide synthase expression, and replacement of adrenalectomized animals with glucocorticoids restores the basal levels of nitric oxide synthase subtype I expression, our results demonstrate an up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase subtype I messenger RNA in the absence of glucocorticoids in the hippocampus. The present findings suggest an involvement of the stress axis in the regulation of the synaptic plasticity process mediated by nitric oxide in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O López-Figueroa
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720, USA
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Sánchez F, Martinez ME, Rubio M, Carretero J, Moreno MN, Vázquez R. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus is modulated by estradiol. Neurosci Lett 1998; 253:75-8. [PMID: 9774153 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous studies demonstrating that reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase (ND) activity is modulated by estradiol and the discovery of a new subtype of estrogen receptor highly expressed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), a possible estrogen influence on this activity was investigated in the neuronal populations (magno- and parvicellular) of this nucleus. Cryostat sections were cut and processed for the histochemical detection of the ND activity. Following ovariectomy (14 days), numerical data displayed a slight decrease in the number of ND-neurons, especially in the posterior magnocellular and the medial parvicellular subdivisions, which was reversed after daily treatment with estradiol benzoate. Administration of estradiol benzoate to male rats (14 days) induced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the number of ND-neurons, mainly at the level of the posterior magnocellular subdivision. These data indicate that paraventricular ND-neurons are influenced by estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.
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Lee S, Rivier C. Interaction between corticotropin-releasing factor and nitric oxide in mediating the response of the rat hypothalamus to immune and non-immune stimuli. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 57:54-62. [PMID: 9630512 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) influences the steady-state gene expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat hypothalamus and conversely, whether CRF alters the activity of PVN neurons containing NO synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO formation. Adult male rats exposed to a 30-min session of mild electrofootshocks displayed a significant (P<0.01) increase in mRNA levels of the immediate early gene NGFI-B in the parvocellular portion of the PVN, which contains neurons expressing CRF. This response was decreased (P<0.01) by pretreatment with l-NAME, an arginine derivative that blocks NOS activity. In contrast, the stimulatory effect of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) 45 and 15 min earlier, on NGFI-B mRNA and CRF hnRNA levels, was not. The i.c.v. injection of CRF (1 microg) significantly upregulated transcription of the neuronal isoform of NOS in the PVN, while the ability of i.c.v. IL-1beta to stimulate this signal was not significantly altered by i.c.v. injection of CRF antagonists. These results indicate that even though CRF acts centrally to increase PVN NOS mRNA concentrations, this peptide is not required for the effect of i.c.v. IL-1beta on these transcripts. On the other hand, the ability of shocks to stimulate PVN neuronal activity depends on NO formation. It therefore appears that the functional interactions between NO and CRF-dependent pathways is a function of the type of homeostatic threat to which the organism is exposed.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
- Animals
- Arginine/metabolism
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Electroshock
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Genes, Immediate-Early/physiology
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Male
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/drug effects
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/immunology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Steroid
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Vasopressins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Crespo C, Sánchez F, Alonso JR, Arévalo R, Carretero J, Aijón J, Vázquez R. Partial co-existence of NADPH-diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase in the hypothalamic magnocellular secretory nuclei of the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 1998; 14:71-8. [PMID: 9625351 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(97)10014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Co-localization of NADPH-diaphorase (ND) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were explored in the magnocellular secretory nuclei of the rat hypothalamus by means of a double histochemical staining of the same sections. Partial co-existence was found in all the nuclei studied (paraventricular, supraoptic, fornicals and circular nuclei). No particular location of the neurons expressing both markers was found, although in the paraventricular nucleus all of them (ND +, AChE + and neurons expressing both markers) were preferentially located in the magnocellular subdivisions whereas in the parvicellular ones only some neurons belonging to all three types were detected, mainly located in the periventricular and medial subdivisions. The lowest degree of co-existence was found at the level of the main magnocellular nuclei (supraoptic and paraventricular) when compared with the accessory magnocellular nuclei, especially the posterior fornical and the circular nuclei. These results extend previous data on the chemical nature of the neurons producing nitric oxide in the neurosecretory nuclei and the possible functional role of this atypical messenger in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Crespo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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