1
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Lukoyanov N, Watanabe H, Carvalho LS, Kononenko O, Sarkisyan D, Zhang M, Andersen MS, Lukoyanova EA, Galatenko V, Tonevitsky A, Bazov I, Iakovleva T, Schouenborg J, Bakalkin G. Left-right side-specific endocrine signaling complements neural pathways to mediate acute asymmetric effects of brain injury. eLife 2021; 10:e65247. [PMID: 34372969 PMCID: PMC8354641 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries can interrupt descending neural pathways that convey motor commands from the cortex to spinal motoneurons. Here, we demonstrate that a unilateral injury of the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex of rats with completely transected thoracic spinal cord produces hindlimb postural asymmetry with contralateral flexion and asymmetric hindlimb withdrawal reflexes within 3 hr, as well as asymmetry in gene expression patterns in the lumbar spinal cord. The injury-induced postural effects were abolished by hypophysectomy and were mimicked by transfusion of serum from animals with brain injury. Administration of the pituitary neurohormones β-endorphin or Arg-vasopressin-induced side-specific hindlimb responses in naive animals, while antagonists of the opioid and vasopressin receptors blocked hindlimb postural asymmetry in rats with brain injury. Thus, in addition to the well-established involvement of motor pathways descending from the brain to spinal circuits, the side-specific humoral signaling may also add to postural and reflex asymmetries seen after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Lukoyanov
- Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularPortoPortugal
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Liliana S Carvalho
- Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularPortoPortugal
| | - Olga Kononenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | | | - Elena A Lukoyanova
- Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularPortoPortugal
| | - Vladimir Galatenko
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Alex Tonevitsky
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscowRussian Federation
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RASMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Tatiana Iakovleva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jens Schouenborg
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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2
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Watanabe H, Nosova O, Sarkisyan D, Storm Andersen M, Carvalho L, Galatenko V, Bazov I, Lukoyanov N, Maia GH, Hallberg M, Zhang M, Schouenborg J, Bakalkin G. Left-Right Side-Specific Neuropeptide Mechanism Mediates Contralateral Responses to a Unilateral Brain Injury. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0548-20.2021. [PMID: 33903183 PMCID: PMC8152370 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0548-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are implicated in control of lateralized processes in the brain. A unilateral brain injury (UBI) causes the contralesional sensorimotor deficits. To examine whether opioid neuropeptides mediate UBI induced asymmetric processes we compared effects of opioid antagonists on the contralesional and ipsilesional hindlimb responses to the left-sided and right-sided injury in rats. UBI induced hindlimb postural asymmetry (HL-PA) with the contralesional hindlimb flexion, and activated contralesional withdrawal reflex of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) evoked by electrical stimulation and recorded with EMG technique. No effects on the interossei (Int) and peroneaus longus (PL) were evident. The general opioid antagonist naloxone blocked postural effects, did not change EDL asymmetry while uncovered cryptic asymmetry in the PL and Int reflexes induced by UBI. Thus, the spinal opioid system may either mediate or counteract the injury effects. Strikingly, effects of selective opioid antagonists were the injury side-specific. The μ-antagonist β-funaltrexamine (FNA) and κ-antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (BNI) reduced postural asymmetry after the right but not left UBI. In contrast, the δ-antagonist naltrindole (NTI) inhibited HL-PA after the left but not right-side brain injury. The opioid gene expression and opioid peptides were lateralized in the lumbar spinal cord, and coordination between expression of the opioid and neuroplasticity-related genes was impaired by UBI that together may underlie the side-specific effects of the antagonists. We suggest that mirror-symmetric neural circuits that mediate effects of left and right brain injury on the contralesional hindlimbs are differentially controlled by the lateralized opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 751 24
| | - Olga Nosova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 751 24
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 751 24
| | | | - Liliana Carvalho
- Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal, 4200-135
| | - Vladimir Galatenko
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 751 24
| | - Nikolay Lukoyanov
- Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal, 4200-135
- Medibrain, Vila do Conde, Porto, Portugal, 4480-807
- Brain Research Institute, Porto, Portugal, 4200-135
| | - Gisela H Maia
- Medibrain, Vila do Conde, Porto, Portugal, 4480-807
- Brain Research Institute, Porto, Portugal, 4200-135
- Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal, 4200-135
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 751 24
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, 5230
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 223 81
| | - Jens Schouenborg
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 223 81
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 751 24
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3
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Nakagawa Y, Matsui T, Konno R, Kawashima Y, Sato T, Itakura M, Kodera Y. A highly efficient method for extracting peptides from a single mouse hypothalamus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 548:155-160. [PMID: 33640609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms contain a variety of endogenous peptides that function as significant regulators of many biological processes. Endogenous peptides are typically analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, due to the low efficiency of peptide extraction and low abundance of peptides in a single animal, LC-MS-based peptidomics studies have not facilitated an understanding of the individual differences and tissue specificity of peptide abundance. In this study, we developed a peptide extraction method followed by nano-flow LC-MS/MS analysis. This method enabled highly efficient and reproducible peptide extraction from sub-milligram quantities of hypothalamus dissected from a single animal. Diverse bioactive and authentic peptides were detected from a sample volume equivalent to 135 μg of hypothalamus. This method may be useful for elucidating individual differences and tissue specificity, as well as for facilitating the discovery of novel bioactive peptides and biomarkers and developing peptide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Nakagawa
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Center for Disease Proteomics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryo Konno
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-5-23 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sato
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Center for Genetic Studies of Integrated Biological Functions, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Center for Disease Proteomics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Center for Disease Proteomics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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4
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Yang N, Anapindi KDB, Romanova EV, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Improved identification and quantitation of mature endogenous peptides in the rodent hypothalamus using a rapid conductive sample heating system. Analyst 2018; 142:4476-4485. [PMID: 29098220 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01358b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Measurement, identification, and quantitation of endogenous peptides in tissue samples by mass spectrometry (MS) contribute to our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of numerous biological phenomena. For accurate results, it is essential to arrest the postmortem degradation of ubiquitous proteins in samples prior to performing peptidomic measurements. Doing so ensures that the detection of endogenous peptides, typically present at relatively low levels of abundance, is not overwhelmed by protein degradation products. Heat stabilization has been shown to inactivate the enzymes in tissue samples and minimize the presence of protein degradation products in the subsequent peptide extracts. However, the efficacy of different heat treatments to preserve the integrity of full-length endogenous peptides has not been well documented; prior peptidomic studies of heat stabilization methods have not distinguished between the full-length (mature) and numerous truncated (possible artifacts of sampling) forms of endogenous peptides. We show that thermal sample treatment via rapid conductive heat transfer is effective for detection of mature endogenous peptides in fresh and frozen rodent brain tissues. Freshly isolated tissue processing with the commercial Stabilizor T1 heat stabilization system resulted in the confident identification of 65% more full-length mature neuropeptides compared to widely used sample treatment in a hot water bath. This finding was validated by a follow-up quantitative multiple reaction monitoring MS analysis of select neuropeptides. The rapid conductive heating in partial vacuum provided by the Stabilizor T1 effectively reduces protein degradation and decreases the chemical complexity of the sample, as assessed by determining total protein content. This system enabled the detection, identification, and quantitation of neuropeptides related to 22 prohormones expressed in individual rat hypothalami and suprachiasmatic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA.
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5
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Granholm L, Segerström L, Nylander I. Episodic Ethanol Exposure in Adolescent Rats Causes Residual Alterations in Endogenous Opioid Peptides. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:425. [PMID: 30250435 PMCID: PMC6139348 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent binge drinking is associated with an increased risk of substance use disorder, but how ethanol affects the central levels of endogenous opioid peptides is still not thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of repeated episodic ethanol exposure during adolescence on the tissue levels of three different endogenous opioid peptides in rats. Outbred Wistar rats received orogastric (i.e., gavage) ethanol for three consecutive days per week between 4 and 9 weeks of age. At 2 h and 3 weeks, respectively, after the last exposure, beta-endorphin, dynorphin B and Met-enkephalin-Arg6Phe7 (MEAP) were analyzed with radioimmunoassay. Beta-endorphin levels were low in the nucleus accumbens during ethanol intoxication. Remaining effects of adolescent ethanol exposure were found especially for MEAP, with low levels in the amygdala, and high in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area three weeks after the last exposure. In the hypothalamus and pituitary, the effects of ethanol on beta-endorphin were dependent on time from the last exposure. An interaction effect was also found in the accumbal levels of MEAP and nigral dynorphin B. These results demonstrate that repeated episodic exposure to ethanol during adolescence affected opioid peptide levels in regions involved in reward and reinforcement as well as stress response. These alterations in opioid networks after adolescent ethanol exposure could explain, in part, the increased risk for high ethanol consumption later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Granholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lova Segerström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Kononenko O, Bazov I, Watanabe H, Gerashchenko G, Dyachok O, Verbeek DS, Alkass K, Druid H, Andersson M, Mulder J, Svenningsen ÅF, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA, Krishtal O, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Opioid precursor protein isoform is targeted to the cell nuclei in the human brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:246-255. [PMID: 27838394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide precursors are traditionally viewed as proteins giving rise to small neuropeptide molecules. Prodynorphin (PDYN) is the precursor protein to dynorphins, endogenous ligands for the κ-opioid receptor. Alternative mRNA splicing of neuropeptide genes may regulate cell- and tissue-specific neuropeptide expression and produce novel protein isoforms. We here searched for novel PDYN mRNA and their protein product in the human brain. METHODS Novel PDYN transcripts were identified using nested PCR amplification of oligo(dT) selected full-length capped mRNA. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR, PDYN protein by western blotting and confocal imaging, dynorphin peptides by radioimmunoassay. Neuronal nuclei were isolated using fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) from postmortem human striatal tissue. Immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy was performed for human caudate nucleus. RESULTS Two novel human PDYN mRNA splicing variants were identified. Expression of one of them was confined to the striatum where its levels constituted up to 30% of total PDYN mRNA. This transcript may be translated into ∆SP-PDYN protein lacking 13 N-terminal amino acids, a fragment of signal peptide (SP). ∆SP-PDYN was not processed to mature dynorphins and surprisingly, was targeted to the cell nuclei in a model cellular system. The endogenous PDYN protein was identified in the cell nuclei in human striatum by western blotting of isolated neuronal nuclei, and by confocal imaging. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE High levels of alternatively spliced ∆SP-PDYN mRNA and nuclear localization of PDYN protein suggests a nuclear function for this isoform of the opioid peptide precursor in human striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kononenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden; State Key Lab for Molecular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden.
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Ganna Gerashchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden; Department of Functional Genomics, Institute Molecular Biology, Kiev 03680, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Dyachok
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23, Sweden
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 30001, Netherlands
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Malin Andersson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 2500, USA
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 2500, USA
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- State Key Lab for Molecular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
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7
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Secher A, Kelstrup CD, Conde-Frieboes KW, Pyke C, Raun K, Wulff BS, Olsen JV. Analytic framework for peptidomics applied to large-scale neuropeptide identification. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11436. [PMID: 27142507 PMCID: PMC4857386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale mass spectrometry-based peptidomics for drug discovery is relatively unexplored because of challenges in peptide degradation and identification following tissue extraction. Here we present a streamlined analytical pipeline for large-scale peptidomics. We developed an optimized sample preparation protocol to achieve fast, reproducible and effective extraction of endogenous peptides from sub-dissected organs such as the brain, while diminishing unspecific protease activity. Each peptidome sample was analysed by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and the resulting data set was integrated with publically available databases. We developed and applied an algorithm that reduces the peptide complexity for identification of biologically relevant peptides. The developed pipeline was applied to rat hypothalamus and identifies thousands of neuropeptides and their post-translational modifications, which is combined in a resource format for visualization, qualitative and quantitative analyses. Neuropeptide research is challenged by technical difficulties in identifying new bioactive peptides. Here the authors present an analytical pipeline for large-scale peptidomics applied to the rat hypothalamus, identifying thousands of endogenous neuropeptides and their post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Secher
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Histology and Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Christian D Kelstrup
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Charles Pyke
- Histology and Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Incretin &Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Wulff
- Incretin &Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Lee JE. Neuropeptidomics: Mass Spectrometry-Based Identification and Quantitation of Neuropeptides. Genomics Inform 2016; 14:12-9. [PMID: 27103886 PMCID: PMC4838524 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2016.14.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides produced from prohormones by selective action of endopeptidases are vital signaling molecules, playing a critical role in a variety of physiological processes, such as addiction, depression, pain, and circadian rhythms. Neuropeptides bind to post-synaptic receptors and elicit cellular effects like classical neurotransmitters. While each neuropeptide could have its own biological function, mass spectrometry (MS) allows for the identification of the precise molecular forms of each peptide without a priori knowledge of the peptide identity and for the quantitation of neuropeptides in different conditions of the samples. MS-based neuropeptidomics approaches have been applied to various animal models and conditions to characterize and quantify novel neuropeptides, as well as known neuropeptides, advancing our understanding of nervous system function over the past decade. Here, we will present an overview of neuropeptides and MS-based neuropeptidomic strategies for the identification and quantitation of neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
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9
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Segerström L, Gustavsson J, Nylander I. Minimizing Postsampling Degradation of Peptides by a Thermal Benchtop Tissue Stabilization Method. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:172-9. [PMID: 27007059 PMCID: PMC4834486 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation is a major concern in peptide analysis. Postmortem metabolism in biological samples entails considerable risk for measurements misrepresentative of true in vivo concentrations. It is therefore vital to find reliable, reproducible, and easy-to-use procedures to inhibit enzymatic activity in fresh tissues before subjecting them to qualitative and quantitative analyses. The aim of this study was to test a benchtop thermal stabilization method to optimize measurement of endogenous opioids in brain tissue. Endogenous opioid peptides are generated from precursor proteins through multiple enzymatic steps that include conversion of one bioactive peptide to another, often with a different function. Ex vivo metabolism may, therefore, lead to erroneous functional interpretations. The efficacy of heat stabilization was systematically evaluated in a number of postmortem handling procedures. Dynorphin B (DYNB), Leu-enkephalin-Arg6 (LARG), and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (MEAP) were measured by radioimmunoassay in rat hypothalamus, striatum (STR), and cingulate cortex (CCX). Also, simplified extraction protocols for stabilized tissue were tested. Stabilization affected all peptide levels to varying degrees compared to those prepared by standard dissection and tissue handling procedures. Stabilization increased DYNB in hypothalamus, but not STR or CCX, whereas LARG generally decreased. MEAP increased in hypothalamus after all stabilization procedures, whereas for STR and CCX, the effect was dependent on the time point for stabilization. The efficacy of stabilization allowed samples to be left for 2 hours in room temperature (20°C) without changes in peptide levels. This study shows that conductive heat transfer is an easy-to-use and efficient procedure for the preservation of the molecular composition in biological samples. Region- and peptide-specific critical steps were identified and stabilization enabled the optimization of tissue handling and opioid peptide analysis. The result is improved diagnostic and research value of the samples with great benefits for basic research and clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lova Segerström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behavior, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Gustavsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behavior, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behavior, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Engel JA, Nylander I, Jerlhag E. A ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) antagonist attenuates the rewarding properties of morphine and increases opioid peptide levels in reward areas in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2364-71. [PMID: 26508707 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gut-brain hormones such as ghrelin have recently been suggested to have a role in reward regulation. Ghrelin was traditionally known to regulate food intake and body weight homoeostasis. In addition, recent work has pin-pointed that this peptide has a novel role in drug-induced reward, including morphine-induced increase in the extracellular levels of accumbal dopamine in rats. Herein the effect of the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) antagonist, JMV2959, on morphine-induced activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system was investigated in mice. In addition, the effects of JMV2959 administration on opioid peptide levels in reward related areas were investigated. In the present series of experiment we showed that peripheral JMV2959 administration, at a dose with no effect per se, attenuates the ability of morphine to cause locomotor stimulation, increase the extracellular levels of accumbal dopamine and to condition a place preference in mice. JMV2959 administration significantly increased tissue levels of Met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7) in the ventral tegmental area, dynorphin B in hippocampus and Leu-enkephalin-Arg(6) in striatum. We therefore hypothesise that JMV2959 prevents morphine-induced reward via stimulation of delta receptor active peptides in striatum and ventral tegmental areas. In addition, hippocampal peptides that activate kappa receptor may be involved in JMV2959׳s ability to regulate memory formation of reward. Given that development of drug addiction depends, at least in part, of the effects of addictive drugs on the mesolimbic dopamine system the present data suggest that GHS-R1A antagonists deserve to be elucidated as novel treatment strategies of opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen A Engel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Sarkisyan D, Hussain MZ, Watanabe H, Kononenko O, Bazov I, Zhou X, Yamskova O, Krishtal O, Karpyak VM, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Downregulation of the endogenous opioid peptides in the dorsal striatum of human alcoholics. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:187. [PMID: 26029055 PMCID: PMC4428131 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous opioid peptides dynorphins and enkephalins may be involved in brain-area specific synaptic adaptations relevant for different stages of an addiction cycle. We compared the levels of prodynorphin (PDYN) and proenkephalin (PENK) mRNAs (by qRT-PCR), and dynorphins and enkephalins (by radioimmunoassay) in the caudate nucleus and putamen between alcoholics and control subjects. We also evaluated whether PDYN promoter variant rs1997794 associated with alcoholism affects PDYN expression. Postmortem specimens obtained from 24 alcoholics and 26 controls were included in final statistical analysis. PDYN mRNA and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, a marker of PENK were downregulated in the caudate of alcoholics, while PDYN mRNA and Leu-enkephalin-Arg, a marker of PDYN were decreased in the putamen of alcoholics carrying high risk rs1997794 C allele. Downregulation of opioid peptides in the dorsal striatum may contribute to development of alcoholism including changes in goal directed behavior and formation of a compulsive habit in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Sarkisyan
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Kononenko
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden ; Department for Cellular Membranology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Igor Bazov
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Yamskova
- Department of Functional Pharmacology, Institute for Neuroscience, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- Department for Cellular Membranology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Victor M Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Proteolytic Processing of Neuropeptides. ANALYSIS OF POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS AND PROTEOLYSIS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7657_2015_87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Granholm L, Roman E, Nylander I. Single housing during early adolescence causes time-, area- and peptide-specific alterations in endogenous opioids of rat brain. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:606-14. [PMID: 24821004 PMCID: PMC4292972 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A number of experimental procedures require single housing to assess individual behaviour and physiological responses to pharmacological treatments. The endogenous opioids are closely linked to social interaction, especially early in life, and disturbance in the social environment may affect opioid peptides and thereby confound experimental outcome. The aim of the present study was to examine time-dependent effects of single housing on opioid peptides in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Early adolescent Sprague Dawley rats (post-natal day 22) were subjected to either prolonged (7 days) or short (30 min) single housing. Several brain regions were dissected and immunoreactive levels of Met-enkephalin-Arg(6) Phe(7) (MEAP), dynorphin B and nociception/orphanin FQ, as well as serum corticosterone were measured using RIA. KEY RESULTS Prolonged single housing reduced immunoreactive MEAP in hypothalamus, cortical regions, amygdala, substantia nigra and periaqueductal grey. Short single housing resulted in an acute stress response as indicated by high levels of corticosterone, accompanied by elevated immunoreactive nociceptin/orphanin FQ in medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Neither short nor prolonged single housing affected dynorphin B. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Disruption in social environmental conditions of rats, through single housing during early adolescence, resulted in time-, area- and peptide-specific alterations in endogenous opioids in the brain. These results provide further evidence for an association between early life social environment and opioids. Furthermore, the results have implications for experimental design; in any pharmacological study involving opioid peptides, it is important to distinguish between effects induced by housing and treatment. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Granholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Palm S, Nylander I. Alcohol-induced changes in opioid peptide levels in adolescent rats are dependent on housing conditions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2978-87. [PMID: 25515651 PMCID: PMC4312983 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Endogenous opioids are implicated in the mechanism of action of alcohol and alcohol affects opioids in a number of brain areas, although little is known about alcohol's effects on opioids in the adolescent brain. One concern, in particular when studying young animals, is that alcohol intake models often are based on single housing that may result in alcohol effects confounded by the lack of social interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate short- and long-term alcohol effects on opioids and the influence of housing conditions on these effects. Methods In the first part, opioid peptide levels were measured after one 24-hour session of single housing and 2-hour voluntary alcohol intake in adolescent and adult rats. In the second part, a model with a cage divider inserted during 2-hour drinking sessions was tested and the effects on opioids were examined after 6 weeks of adolescent voluntary intake in single-and pair-housed rats, respectively. Results The effects of single housing were age specific and affected Met-enkephalin-Arg6Phe7 (MEAP) in particular. In adolescent rats, it was difficult to distinguish between effects induced by alcohol and single housing, whereas alcohol-specific effects were seen in dynorphin B (DYNB), beta-endorphin (BEND), and MEAP levels in adults. Voluntary drinking affected several brain areas and the majority of alcohol-induced effects were not dependent on housing. However, alcohol effects on DYNB and BEND in the amygdala were dependent on housing. Housing alone affected MEAP in the cingulate cortex. Conclusions Age-specific housing- and alcohol-induced effects on opioids were found. In addition, prolonged voluntary alcohol intake under different housing conditions produced several alcohol-induced effects independent of housing. However, housing-dependent effects were found in areas implicated in stress, emotionality, and alcohol use disorder. Housing condition and age may therefore affect the reasons and underlying mechanisms for drinking and could potentially affect the outcome of a number of end points in research on alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palm
- Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Schrader M, Schulz-Knappe P, Fricker LD. Historical perspective of peptidomics. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Palm S, Daoura L, Roman E, Nylander I. Effects of rearing conditions on behaviour and endogenous opioids in rats with alcohol access during adolescence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76591. [PMID: 24098535 PMCID: PMC3788749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Causal links between early-life stress, genes and later psychiatric diagnoses are not possible to fully address in human studies. Animal models therefore provide an important complement in which conditions can be well controlled and are here used to study and distinguish effects of early-life stress and alcohol exposure. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of rearing conditions on behaviour in young rats and if these changes could be followed over time and to examine interaction effects between early-life environment and adolescent alcohol drinking on behaviour and immunoreactive levels of the opioid peptides dynorphin B, met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7) and beta-endorphin. We employed a rodent model, maternal separation, to study the impact of rearing conditions on behaviour, voluntary alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced effects. The consequences of short, 15 min (MS 15), and long, 360 min (MS 360), maternal separation in combination with adolescent voluntary alcohol consumption on behaviour and peptides were examined. A difference in the development of risk taking behaviour was found between the MS15 and MS360 while the development of general activity was found to differ between intake groups. Beta-endorphin levels in the pituitary and the periaqueductal gray area was found to be higher in the MS15 than the MS360. Adolescent drinking resulted in higher dynorphin B levels in the hippocampus and higher met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7) levels in the amygdala. Amygdala and hippocampus are involved in addiction processes and changes in these brain areas after adolescent alcohol drinking may have consequences for cognitive function and drug consumption behaviour in adulthood. The study shows that individual behavioural profiling over time in combination with neurobiological investigations provides means for studies of causality between early-life stress, behaviour and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palm
- Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Loudin Daoura
- Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Roman
- Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Watanabe H, Fitting S, Hussain MZ, Kononenko O, Iatsyshyna A, Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Alkass K, Druid H, Wadensten H, Andren PE, Nylander I, Wedell DH, Krishtal O, Hauser KF, Nyberg F, Karpyak VM, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Asymmetry of the endogenous opioid system in the human anterior cingulate: a putative molecular basis for lateralization of emotions and pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:97-108. [PMID: 23960211 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lateralization of the processing of positive and negative emotions and pain suggests an asymmetric distribution of the neurotransmitter systems regulating these functions between the left and right brain hemispheres. By virtue of their ability to selectively mediate euphoria, dysphoria, and pain, the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands may subserve these lateralized functions. We addressed this hypothesis by comparing the levels of the opioid receptors and peptides in the left and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key area for emotion and pain processing. Opioid mRNAs and peptides and 5 "classical" neurotransmitters were analyzed in postmortem tissues from 20 human subjects. Leu-enkephalin-Arg (LER) and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, preferential δ-/μ- and κ-/μ-opioid agonists, demonstrated marked lateralization to the left and right ACC, respectively. Dynorphin B (Dyn B) strongly correlated with LER in the left, but not in the right ACC suggesting different mechanisms of the conversion of this κ-opioid agonist to δ-/μ-opioid ligand in the 2 hemispheres; in the right ACC, Dyn B may be cleaved by PACE4, a proprotein convertase regulating left-right asymmetry formation. These findings suggest that region-specific lateralization of neuronal networks expressing opioid peptides underlies in part lateralization of higher functions, including positive and negative emotions and pain in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences
| | | | - Muhammad Z Hussain
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences
| | - Olga Kononenko
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Key State Laboratory, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Iatsyshyna
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Pharmacological Neurochemistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
| | - Jan Kehr
- Pharmacological Neurochemistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Forensic Medicine, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Forensic Medicine, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Wadensten
- Medical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per E Andren
- Medical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences
| | - Douglas H Wedell
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA and
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- Key State Laboratory, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fred Nyberg
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences
| | - Victor M Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tatjana Yakovleva
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences
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18
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Sturm RM, Greer T, Woodards N, Gemperline E, Li L. Mass spectrometric evaluation of neuropeptidomic profiles upon heat stabilization treatment of neuroendocrine tissues in crustaceans. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:743-52. [PMID: 23227893 DOI: 10.1021/pr300805f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue heat stabilization is a vital component in successful mammalian neuropeptidomic studies. Heat stabilization using focused microwave irradiation, conventional microwave irradiation, boiling, and treatment with the Denator Stabilizor T1 have all proven effective in arresting post-mortem protein degradation. Although research has reported the presence of protein fragments in crustacean hemolymph when protease inhibitors were not added to the sample, the degree to which post-mortem protease activity affects neuropeptidomic tissue studies in crustacean species has not been investigated in depth. This work examines the need for Stabilizor T1 or boiling tissue stabilization methods for neuropeptide studies of Callinectes sapidus (blue crab) pericardial organ tissue. Neuropeptides in stabilized and nonstabilized tissue were extracted using acidified methanol or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and analyzed by MALDI-TOF and nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS platforms. Post-mortem fragments did not dramatically affect MALDI analysis in the range m/z 650-1600, but observations in ESI MS/MS experiments suggest that putative post-mortem fragments can mask neuropeptide signal and add spectral complexity to crustacean neuropeptidomic studies. The impact of the added spectral complexity did not dramatically affect the number of detected neuropeptides between stabilized and nonstabilized tissues. However, it is prudent that neuropeptidomic studies of crustacean species include a preliminary experiment using the heat stabilization method to assess the extent of neuropeptide masking by larger, highly charged molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Sturm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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19
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Palm S, Roman E, Nylander I. Differences in basal and ethanol-induced levels of opioid peptides in Wistar rats from five different suppliers. Peptides 2012; 36:1-8. [PMID: 22564490 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One major cause for discrepancies in results from animal experimental studies is the use of different animal strains and suppliers. We have previously reported that Wistar rats from five different suppliers display profound differences in ethanol intake and behavior. One of the neurobiological processes that could be underlying these differences is the endogenous opioid system, which has been implicated in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of alcohol. We therefore hypothesized that the differences between the supplier groups would also be evident in the endogenous opioid system. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the levels of the opioid peptides Met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7) and dynorphin B in several brain areas of ethanol-drinking and ethanol naïve Wistar rats from five different suppliers. In the ethanol naïve animals, differences between the supplier groups were found in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, frontal cortex, dorsal striatum and hippocampus. In the ethanol-drinking rats, differences were found in the same structures, with the addition of medial prefrontal cortex and substantia nigra. Correlations between ethanol intake and peptide levels were also found in several of the areas examined. The structures in which differences were found have all been implicated in the transition from drug use to addiction and these differences may lead to different propensities and vulnerability to this transition. Because the endogenous opioids have been suggested to be involved in a number of neurobiological disorders the results do not only have implications for research on alcohol or drug addiction, but many other fields as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behavior, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Tejeda HA, Shippenberg TS, Henriksson R. The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system and its role in psychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:857-96. [PMID: 22002579 PMCID: PMC11114766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. In the present review, we present evidence indicating a key role for this system in modulating neurotransmission in brain circuits that subserve mood, motivation, and cognitive function. We overview the pharmacology, signaling, post-translational, post-transcriptional, transcriptional, epigenetic and cis regulation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system, and critically review functional neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological evidence, suggesting that alterations in this system may contribute to affective disorders, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. We also overview the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system in the genetics of psychiatric disorders and discuss implications of the reviewed material for therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Tejeda
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - T. S. Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - R. Henriksson
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, L8:04, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Ljungdahl A, Hanrieder J, Fälth M, Bergquist J, Andersson M. Imaging mass spectrometry reveals elevated nigral levels of dynorphin neuropeptides in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25653. [PMID: 21984936 PMCID: PMC3184165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is a troublesome complication of L-DOPA pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease and has been associated with disturbed brain opioid transmission. However, so far the results of clinical and preclinical studies on the effects of opioids agonists and antagonists have been contradictory at best. Prodynorphin mRNA levels correlate well with the severity of dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson's disease; however the identities of the actual neuroactive opioid effectors in their target basal ganglia output structures have not yet been determined. For the first time MALDI-TOF imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) was used for unbiased assessment and topographical elucidation of prodynorphin-derived peptides in the substantia nigra of a unilateral rat model of Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. Nigral levels of dynorphin B and alpha-neoendorphin strongly correlated with the severity of dyskinesia. Even if dynorphin peptide levels were elevated in both the medial and lateral part of the substantia nigra, MALDI IMS analysis revealed that the most prominent changes were localized to the lateral part of the substantia nigra. MALDI IMS is advantageous compared with traditional molecular methods, such as radioimmunoassay, in that neither the molecular identity analyzed, nor the specific localization needs to be predetermined. Indeed, MALDI IMS revealed that the bioconverted metabolite leu-enkephalin-arg also correlated positively with severity of dyskinesia. Multiplexing DynB and leu-enkephalin-arg ion images revealed small (0.25 by 0.5 mm) nigral subregions with complementing ion intensities, indicating localized peptide release followed by bioconversion. The nigral dynorphins associated with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia were not those with high affinity to kappa opioid receptors, but consisted of shorter peptides, mainly dynorphin B and alpha-neoendorphin that are known to bind and activate mu and delta opioid receptors. This suggests that mu and/or delta subtype-selective opioid receptor antagonists may be clinically relevant for reducing L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ljungdahl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Safety and Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Zhou Q, Carlsson A, Hallberg M, Nyberg F. Substance P N-terminal fragment SP(1-7) attenuates chronic morphine tolerance and affects dynorphin B and nociceptin in rats. Peptides 2011; 32:1661-5. [PMID: 21763376 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal substance P fragment SP(1-7) is known to modulate hyperalgesia and opioid withdrawal in animal models. This study examined the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of SP(1-7) on chronic morphine tolerance and on the levels of dynorphin B (DYN B) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) in various brain areas of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Morphine tolerance was induced by subcutaneous injections of the opioid (10mg/kg) twice daily for 7 days. SP(1-7) injected i.p. (185 nmol/kg) 30 min prior to morphine reduced the development of morphine tolerance. Immunoreactive (ir) DYN B and N/OFQ peptide levels were measured in several areas of the central nervous system. Levels of ir DYN B in rats treated with SP(1-7) and morphine were decreased in the nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area and increased in the frontal cortex. The ir N/OFQ levels were increased in the periaqueductal gray and decreased in the nucleus accumbens. Since the concentration profiles of the two peptides were altered by SP(1-7) in the areas that are implicated in the modulation of opioid tolerance and analgesia, it is suggested that DYN B and N/OFQ systems may be involved in the effects of SP(1-7) on opioid tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. 591, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Oreland S, Gustafsson-Ericson L, Nylander I. Short- and long-term consequences of different early environmental conditions on central immunoreactive oxytocin and arginine vasopressin levels in male rats. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:391-8. [PMID: 20591479 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have provided evidence for an important role for the neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in establishment of social behaviour early in life, such as mother-pup interactions. However, there are few reports examining the consequences of early-life experiences on OT and AVP in male offspring. We have used the maternal separation (MS) model to study the effect of different early environmental conditions in rats. The purpose was to study OT and AVP in rats subjected to prolonged daily MS (360 min, MS360), short daily MS (15 min, MS15) and conventional animal facility rearing (AFR) during postnatal days 1-21. In addition, the influence of the presence or absence of littermates during MS, i.e. litter-wise (l) or individual (i) MS, was assessed. The immunoreactive (ir) peptide levels were measured in the hypothalamus, amygdala and pituitary gland of 3 and 10 weeks old male rats. Assessment in 3-week-old rats revealed that MS15 was associated with low ir OT levels in the hypothalamus and amygdala and high levels in the pituitary gland compared with the MS360 and AFR condition. In the amygdala, differences between groups were also detected in adulthood. MS studies commonly use either MS15 or AFR as a control for prolonged MS. The present results show differences in MS360 rats as compared to MS15 but not AFR rats. Consequently, comparisons between prolonged MS with either short periods of MS or AFR will generate divergent results, hence, making the outcome of MS difficult to compare between studies. Moreover, the different early environments had no effect on ir AVP levels. In conclusion, OT in the amygdala was most sensitive to MS. Besides both short- and long-term consequences, distinct effects were seen after litter and individual separation, respectively. We propose that environmentally induced alterations in OT transmission due to disrupted mother-pup interactions early in life may cause altered susceptibility to challenges later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Oreland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Grassl J, Westbrook JA, Robinson A, Borén M, Dunn MJ, Clyne RK. Preserving the yeast proteome from sample degradation. Proteomics 2010; 9:4616-26. [PMID: 19824011 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sample degradation is a common problem in all types of proteomic analyses as it generates protein and peptide fragments that can interfere with analytical results. An important step in preventing such artefacts is to preserve the native, intact proteome as early as possible during sample preparation prior to proteomic analysis. Using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have evaluated the effects of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and thermal treatments prior to protein extraction as a means to minimise proteolysis. TCA precipitation is commonly used to inactivate proteases; thermal stabilisation is used to heat samples to approximately 95 degrees C to inactivate enzyme activity. The efficacy of these methods was also compared with that of protease inhibitors and lyophilisation. Sample integrity was assessed by 2-D PAGE and a selection of spots was identified by MS/MS. The analysis showed that TCA or thermal treatment significantly reduced the degree of degradation and that these pre-treatment protocols were more effective than treatment with either protease inhibitors or lyophilisation. This study establishes standardised sample preparation methods for the reproducible analysis of protein patterns by 2-D PAGE in yeast, and may also be applicable to other proteomic analyses such as gel-free-based quantitation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grassl
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Sturm RM, Dowell JA, Li L. Rat brain neuropeptidomics: tissue collection, protease inhibition, neuropeptide extraction, and mass spectrometric analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 615:217-26. [PMID: 20013212 PMCID: PMC2933794 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-535-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of the mammalian central nervous system, neuropeptidomic studies in mammals often yield very complicated mass spectra that make data analysis difficult. Careful sample preparation and extraction protocols must be employed in order to minimize spectral complexity and enable extraction of useful information on neuropeptides from a given sample. Controlling post-mortem protease activity is essential to simplifying mass spectra and to identifying low-abundance neuropeptides in tissue samples. Post-mortem microwave-irradiation coupled with cryostat dissection has proven to be effective in arresting protease activity to allow detection of endogenous neuropeptides instead of protein degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Sturm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
| | - James A. Dowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. . Phone: (608)265-8491, Fax: (608)262-5345
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26
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Combination of snap freezing, differential pH two-dimensional reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and iTRAQ technology for the peptidomic analysis of the effect of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition in the rat brain. Anal Biochem 2009; 393:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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Altelaar AFM, Mohammed S, Brans MAD, Adan RAH, Heck AJR. Improved identification of endogenous peptides from murine nervous tissue by multiplexed peptide extraction methods and multiplexed mass spectrometric analysis. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:870-6. [PMID: 19152261 DOI: 10.1021/pr800449n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, mass spectrometry (MS) based techniques have made their entrance in the analysis of endogenous peptides extracted from nervous tissue. In this study, we introduce a novel peptide extraction procedure using 8 M urea, next to the more established extraction method that uses acetic acid. The extracted peptide mixtures are analyzed by both high-resolution nanoLC MS/MS using collision induced dissociation (CID) on an LTQ-Orbitrap and nanoLC electron transfer induced dissociation (ETD) on a linear ion trap. The combined use of the two extraction methods significantly increased the yield of identified endogenous neuropeptides. The multiplexed use of high mass accuracy mass spectrometry and the ETD fragmentation technique further increased the yield and confidence of peptide identifications. Furthermore, reduction of disulfide bridges during sample preparation was essential in the identification of several endogenous peptides containing cysteine disulfide bonds. Through this study, we identified in total 142 peptides in extracts of the mouse pituitary tissue, whereby 43 uniquely in the urea extract and 11 uniquely in the acetic acid extract. A large number of detected endogenous peptides were reported previously, but we confidently identified 22 unreported peptides that possess characteristics of endogenous peptides and are thus interesting targets to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Maarten Altelaar
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Bora A, Annangudi SP, Millet LJ, Rubakhin SS, Forbes AJ, Kelleher NL, Gillette MU, Sweedler JV. Neuropeptidomics of the supraoptic rat nucleus. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4992-5003. [PMID: 18816085 PMCID: PMC2646869 DOI: 10.1021/pr800394e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a neuroendocrine center in the brain regulating a variety of physiological functions. Within the SON, peptidergic magnocellular neurons that project to the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) are involved in controlling osmotic balance, lactation, and parturition, partly through secretion of signaling peptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin into the blood. An improved understanding of SON activity and function requires identification and characterization of the peptides used by the SON. Here, small-volume sample preparation approaches are optimized for neuropeptidomic studies of isolated SON samples ranging from entire nuclei down to single magnocellular neurons. Unlike most previous mammalian peptidome studies, tissues are not immediately heated or microwaved. SON samples are obtained from ex vivo brain slice preparations via tissue punch and the samples processed through sequential steps of peptide extraction. Analyses of the samples via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry result in the identification of 85 peptides, including 20 unique peptides from known prohormones. As the sample size is further reduced, the depth of peptide coverage decreases; however, even from individually isolated magnocellular neuroendocrine cells, vasopressin and several other peptides are detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bora
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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29
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Gustafsson L, Oreland S, Hoffmann P, Nylander I. The impact of postnatal environment on opioid peptides in young and adult male Wistar rats. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:177-91. [PMID: 18082882 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Early environmental influences can change the neuronal development and thereby affect behavior in adult life. The aim in the present study was to thoroughly examine the impact of early environmental factors on endogenous opioids by using a rodent maternal separation (MS) model. The endogenous opioid peptide system is not fully developed at birth, and short- and/or long-term alterations may occur in these neural networks in animals exposed to manipulation of the postnatal environment. Rat pups were subjected to one of five rearing conditions; 15 min (MS15) litter (l) or individual (i), 360 min (MS360) l or i daily MS, or housed under normal animal facility rearing (AFR) conditions during postnatal days 1-21. Measurements of immunoreactive (ir) Met-enkephalin-Arg6Phe7 (MEAP) and dynorphin B (DYNB) peptide levels in the pituitary gland and in a number of brain areas, were performed at three and 10 weeks of age, respectively. MS-induced changes were more pronounced in ir MEAP levels, especially in individually separated rats at three weeks of age and in litter-separated rats at 10 weeks of age. The enkephalin and dynorphin systems have different developmental patterns, dynorphin appearing earlier, which may point at a more sensitive enkephalin system during the early postnatal weeks. The results provide evidence that opioid peptides are sensitive for early environmental factors and show that the separation conditions are critical and also result in changes manifesting at different time points. MS-induced effects were observed in areas related to stress, drug reward and dependence mechanisms. By describing effects on opioid peptides, the study addresses the possible role of a deranged endogenous opioid system in the previously described behavioral consequences of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gustafsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Che FY, Zhang X, Berezniuk I, Callaway M, Lim J, Fricker LD. Optimization of neuropeptide extraction from the mouse hypothalamus. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:4667-76. [PMID: 17979226 DOI: 10.1021/pr060690r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation for neuropeptidomic studies is a critical issue since protein degradation can produce high levels of peptides that obscure the endogenous neuropeptides. We compared different extraction conditions for the recovery of neuropeptides and the formation of protein breakdown fragments from mouse hypothalami. Sonication and heating in water (70 degrees C for 20 min) followed by cold acid and centrifugation enabled the efficient extraction of many neuropeptides without the formation of protein degradation fragments seen with hot acid extractions. The hot water/cold acid extraction procedure resulted in the reproducible recovery of many hypothalamic peptides, including several novel peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Yun Che
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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31
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Svensson M, Sköld K, Nilsson A, Fälth M, Svenningsson P, Andrén PE. Neuropeptidomics: expanding proteomics downwards. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:588-93. [PMID: 17511658 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological function is mainly carried out by a dynamic population of proteins and peptides which may be used as markers for disease diagnosis, prognosis and as a guide for effective treatment. The study of proteins is called proteomics and it is generally performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric methods. However, gel-based proteomics is methodologically restricted from the low mass region, which includes important endogenous peptides. The study of endogenous peptides, peptidomics, is complicated by protein fragments produced post-mortem during conventional sample handling. Nanoflow liquid chromatography and MS, together with improved methods for sample preparation, have been used to semi-quantitatively monitor endogenous peptides in brain tissue. When rapidly heat-denatured brain tissue was analysed, these methods enabled simultaneous detection of hundreds of peptides and the identification of several endogenous peptides not previously described in the literature. In an application of the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) model for Parkinson's disease, the expression of the small protein PEP-19 was compared with controls. The levels were found to be significantly decreased in the striatum of MPTP-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Svensson
- Laboratory for Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Box 583 Biomedical Centre, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Gustafsson L, Zhou Q, Nylander I. Ethanol-induced effects on opioid peptides in adult male Wistar rats are dependent on early environmental factors. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1137-49. [PMID: 17391858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vulnerability to develop alcoholism is dependent on both genetic and environmental factors. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these factors are not fully understood but individual divergence in the endogenous opioid peptide system may contribute. We have previously reported that early-life experiences can affect endogenous opioids and also adult voluntary ethanol intake. In the present study, this line of research was continued and the effects of long-term voluntary ethanol drinking on the opioid system are described in animals reared in different environmental settings. Rat pups were subjected to 15 min (MS15) or 360 min (MS360) of daily maternal separation during postnatal days 1-21. At 10 weeks of age, male rats were exposed to voluntary ethanol drinking in a four-bottle paradigm with 5%, 10% and 20% ethanol solution in addition to water for 2 months. Age-matched controls received water during the same period. Immunoreactive (ir) Met-enkephalin-Arg6Phe7 (MEAP) and dynorphin B (DYNB) peptide levels were thereafter measured in the pituitary gland and several brain areas. In water-drinking animals, lower ir MEAP levels were observed in the MS360 rats in the hypothalamus, medial prefrontal cortex, striatum and the periaqueductal gray, whereas no differences were seen in ir DYNB levels. Long-term ethanol drinking induced lower ir MEAP levels in MS15 rats in the medial prefrontal cortex and the periaqueductal gray, whereas higher levels were detected in MS360 rats in the hypothalamus, striatum and the substantia nigra. Chronic voluntary drinking affected ir DYNB levels in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and the substantia nigra, with minor differences between MS15 and MS360. In conclusion, manipulation of the early environment caused changes in the opioid system and a subsequent altered response to ethanol. The altered sensitivity of the opioid peptides to ethanol may contribute to the previously reported differences in ethanol intake between MS15 and MS360 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gustafsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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33
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Drabik A, Bierczynska-Krzysik A, Bodzon-Kulakowska A, Suder P, Kotlinska J, Silberring J. Proteomics in neurosciences. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:432-50. [PMID: 17405153 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an outline of the most important proteomic applications in the study of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's (HD), and prion diseases, and also discusses advances in cancer and addiction. One of the scopes is to illustrate the potential of proteomics in the biomarkers discovery of these diseases. Finally, this article comments the advantages and drawbacks of the most commonly used techniques and methods for samples preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drabik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Regional Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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34
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Dowell JA, Heyden WV, Li L. Rat Neuropeptidomics by LC−MS/MS and MALDI−FTMS: Enhanced Dissection and Extraction Techniques Coupled with 2D RP-RP HPLC. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:3368-75. [PMID: 17137338 DOI: 10.1021/pr0603452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently developed sample preparation techniques employing microwave irradiation have enabled the comprehensive study of endogenous mammalian neuropeptides. These methods reduce interference from post-mortem protein degradation by deactivating proteases via heat denaturation. Alternatively, we have developed a protocol using cryostat dissection and a boiling extraction buffer to achieve a similar effect. This novel methodology greatly reduces post-mortem protein contamination and increases neuropeptide identification without the use of specialized equipment. In addition, a 2D HPLC scheme employing differential pH selectivity in the first and second dimensions has been used to enhance neuropeptidome coverage. By using our novel dissection protocol in tandem with 2D RP-RP HPLC, we were able to identify a total of 56 peptides from known neuropeptide precursors, including 17 previously unidentified peptides. The use of cryostat dissection and two-dimensional RP-RP HPLC enhances the detection of novel neuropeptides by deactivating proteases and reducing sample complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Dowell
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
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35
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Wei H, Nolkrantz K, Parkin MC, Chisolm CN, O'Callaghan JP, Kennedy RT. Identification and quantification of neuropeptides in brain tissue by capillary liquid chromatography coupled off-line to MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4342-51. [PMID: 16808441 DOI: 10.1021/ac052196x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Capillary liquid chromatography (CLC) coupled off-line with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and TOF/TOF-MS were explored for identification and quantification of neuropeptides in microwave-fixed rat brain tissue. Sample was separated by gradient elution on 50-mum-inner diameter reversed-phase columns at 180 nL/min. Effluent was mixed with matrix solution and transferred to a MALDI target plate by pulsed electric field deposition, yielding sample spots with 200-300-mum diameter. Mass detection limits as low as 2 amol, corresponding to 1 pM concentration, were achieved for neuropeptides. CLC-MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of microwave-fixed rat striatum tissue yielded detection of over 400 distinctive peaks. CLC-MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS allowed identification of 10 peptides including 3 novel peptides. Quantification was evaluated using substance P as analyte and 15N3-labeled substance P as an internal standard. Quantification of substance P revealed approximately 6.8-fold higher levels than previously reported in the rat striatum. This increase is attributed to use of microwave fixation, which prevented degradation of the peptide, aggressive extraction procedures, and accounting for oxidation of substance P in the analysis. These results demonstrate that CLC-MALDI-TOF-MS is a versatile tool for neuropeptide analysis in brain tissue by allowing for detection, identification, and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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36
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Roman E, Ploj K, Gustafsson L, Meyerson BJ, Nylander I. Variations in opioid peptide levels during the estrous cycle in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neuropeptides 2006; 40:195-206. [PMID: 16540166 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The estrous cycle, with its various hormonal conditions, may provide us with the means of understanding how endocrine states relate to opioid mechanisms. There has been increasing experimental support for interaction between sex steroids and opioid peptides in the central nervous system. Here, we describe fluctuations in endogenous brain immunoreactive (ir) peptide levels during various phases of the estrous cycle in the female Sprague-Dawley rat. Ir levels of dynorphin A, dynorphin B, Leu-enkephalin-Arg(6), Met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ were measured in the pituitary gland and in 10 areas of the brain during the diestrus, proestrus and estrus phase. In several areas of the brain, basal levels of endogenous opioid peptides showed variation during the course of the estrous cycle. Significant differences were found between the diestrus state and the proestrus and/or estrus conditions, particularly in the nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen and the substantia nigra. The ir levels of the endogenous peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ became altered in only one of the areas measured, indicating less variance during the estrous cycle. Correlation analyses revealed that significant associations between dynorphin A or dynorphin B and Leu-enkephalin-Arg(6) were found more often during estrus than during the diestrus and proestrus conditions. The ratio between the ir levels of Leu-enkephalin-Arg(6), a cleavage product of the enzymatic conversion of dynorphin peptides into shorter peptides in vivo, and dynorphin peptides was calculated. The significantly lower ratio between Leu-enkephalin-Arg(6) and dynorphin B in diestrus than in proestrus and estrus also indicates cyclic fluctuations in the enzymatic cleavage of dynorphin. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible role of interactions between sex steroids and opioid peptide mechanisms during the normal estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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37
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Drakenberg K, Nikoshkov A, Horváth MC, Fagergren P, Gharibyan A, Saarelainen K, Rahman S, Nylander I, Bakalkin G, Rajs J, Keller E, Hurd YL. Mu opioid receptor A118G polymorphism in association with striatal opioid neuropeptide gene expression in heroin abusers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7883-8. [PMID: 16682632 PMCID: PMC1472539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600871103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mu opioid receptors are critical for heroin dependence, and A118G SNP of the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) has been linked with heroin abuse. In our population of European Caucasians (n = 118), approximately 90% of 118G allelic carriers were heroin users. Postmortem brain analyses showed the OPRM1 genotype associated with transcription, translation, and processing of the human striatal opioid neuropeptide system. Whereas down-regulation of preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin genes was evident in all heroin users, the effects were exaggerated in 118G subjects and were most prominent for preproenkephalin in the nucleus accumbens shell. Reduced opioid neuropeptide transcription was accompanied by increased dynorphin and enkephalin peptide concentrations exclusively in 118G heroin subjects, suggesting that the peptide processing is associated with the OPRM1 genotype. Abnormal gene expression related to peptide convertase and ubiquitin/proteosome regulation was also evident in heroin users. Taken together, alterations in opioid neuropeptide systems might underlie enhanced opiate abuse vulnerability apparent in 118G individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Cs Horváth
- Sections of *Psychiatry and
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | | | - Anna Gharibyan
- Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, and
| | | | - Sadia Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, and
| | - Jovan Rajs
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Keller
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Semmelweis University, HU 1091, Budapest, Hungary
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38
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Fricker LD, Lim J, Pan H, Che FY. Peptidomics: identification and quantification of endogenous peptides in neuroendocrine tissues. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:327-44. [PMID: 16404746 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides perform a large variety of functions as intercellular signaling molecules. While most proteomic studies involve digestion of the proteins with trypsin or other proteases, peptidomics studies usually analyze the native peptide forms. Neuropeptides can be studied by using mass spectrometry for identification and quantitation. In many cases, mass spectrometry provides an understanding of the precise molecular form of the native peptide, including post-translational cleavages and other modifications. Quantitative peptidomics studies generally use differential isotopic tags to label two sets of extracted peptides, as done with proteomic studies, except that the Cys-based reagents typically used for quantitation of proteins are not suitable because most peptides lack Cys residues. Instead, a number of amine-specific labels have been created and some of these are useful for peptide quantitation by mass spectrometry. In this review, peptidomics techniques are discussed along with the major findings of many recent studies and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd D Fricker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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39
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Che FY, Lim J, Pan H, Biswas R, Fricker LD. Quantitative Neuropeptidomics of Microwave-irradiated Mouse Brain and Pituitary. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1391-405. [PMID: 15970582 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.t500010-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuropeptidomics, the degradation of a small fraction of abundant proteins overwhelms the low signals from neuropeptides, and many neuropeptides cannot be detected by mass spectrometry without extensive purification. Protein degradation was prevented when mice were sacrificed with focused microwave irradiation, permitting the detection of hypothalamic neuropeptides by mass spectrometry. Here we report an alternative and very simple method utilizing an ordinary microwave oven to inhibit enzymatic degradation. We used this technique to identify brain and pituitary neuropeptides. Quantitative analysis using mass spectrometry in combination with stable isotopic labeling was performed to determine the effect of microwave irradiation on relative levels of neuropeptides and protein degradation fragments. Microwave irradiation greatly reduced the levels of degradation fragments of proteins. In contrast, neuropeptide levels were increased about 2-3 times in hypothalamus by the microwave irradiation but not increased in pituitary. In a second experiment, three brain regions (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and striatum) from microwave-irradiated mice were analyzed. Altogether 41 neuropeptides or fragments of secretory pathway proteins were identified after microwave treatment; some of these are novel. These peptides were derived from 15 proteins: proopiomelanocortin, proSAAS, proenkephalin, preprotachykinins A and B, provasopressin, prooxytocin, melanin-concentrating hormone, proneurotensin, chromogranins A and B, secretogranin II, prohormone convertases 1 and 2, and peptidyl amidating monooxygenase. Although some protein degradation fragments were still found after microwave irradiation, these appear to result from protein breakdown during the extraction and not to an enzymatic reaction during the postmortem period. Two of the protein fragments corresponded to novel protein forms: VAP-33 with a 7-residue N-terminal extension and beta tubulin with a glutathione on the Cys near the N terminus. In conclusion, microwave irradiation with an ordinary microwave oven effectively inhibits enzymatic postmortem protein degradation, increases the recovery of neuropeptides, and makes it possible to conduct neuropeptidomic studies with mouse brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Yun Che
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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40
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Marmendal M, Roman E, Eriksson CJP, Nylander I, Fahlke C. Maternal separation alters maternal care, but has minor effects on behavior and brain opioid peptides in adult offspring. Dev Psychobiol 2004; 45:140-52. [PMID: 15505796 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of repeated maternal separation (MS; 4 hr per day) during postnatal Days 1 to 15 on emotionality and voluntary ethanol intake in adult male and female Wistar rat offspring relative to controls exposed to a brief (5-min) daily handling procedure. Brain immunoreactive opioid peptide levels and plasma levels of corticosterone also were measured. There were mainly no alterations in any of the tested behaviors (i.e., fleeing and freezing responses, exploratory behavior, spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and competitive behavior), ethanol intake, or immunoreactive opioid peptide levels in MS offspring, either in males or females, compared to their respective controls nor were there any differences in plasma corticosterone between groups. In addition, the dams' retrieval behavior of the pups also was studied, showing that MS dams spent more time in the nest with the pups after the 4-hr separation period compared to control dams. With respect to the used protocol of the MS procedure in the present study, our results do not provide support for the suggestion that this procedure is a relevant model for studying development of psychopathology and vulnerability to drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Marmendal
- Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 500, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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41
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Svensson M, Sköld K, Svenningsson P, Andren PE. Peptidomics-based discovery of novel neuropeptides. J Proteome Res 2003; 2:213-9. [PMID: 12716136 DOI: 10.1021/pr020010u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modern proteomic methodologies have significantly improved the possibilities of large-scale identification of proteins. However, these methodologies are limited by their inability to reliably detect endogenously expressed peptides. We describe a novel approach of combining sample preparation, comprising focused microwave irradiation and mass spectrometric peptide profiling that has enabled us to simultaneously detect more than 550 endogenous neuropeptides in 1 mg of hypothalamic extracts. Automatic switching tandem mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence determination of the peptides showed that they consist of both novel and previously described neuropeptides. The methodology includes virtual visualization of the peptides as two- and three-dimensional image maps. In addition, several novel and known post-translational modifications of the neuropeptides were identified. The peptidomic approach proved to be a powerful method for investigating endogenous peptides and their post-translational modifications in complex tissues such as the brain. It is anticipated that this approach will complement proteomic methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Svensson
- Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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42
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Thorsell A, Gruber SH, Mathé AA, Heilig M. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA in rat brain tissue: effects of decapitation and high-energy microwave irradiation on post mortem stability. Neuropeptides 2001; 35:168-73. [PMID: 11884207 DOI: 10.1054/npep.2001.0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
mRNA recovery from brain tissue is affected by time-interval from death to inactivation of tissue, and may depend on sacrificial method. Sacrifice by high-energy microwave irradiation increases recovery of intact neuropeptides and proteins, and it has been suggested that this may be valid also for neuropeptide mRNAs. We therefore compared post-mortem NPY mRNA recovery following decapitation or microwave irradiation. Total RNA yield was significantly higher in tissue from decapitated rats. A decline in NPY mRNA (amol/mg tissue) over time, presumably reflecting degradation, was found in frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Following high-energy microwaves, NPY message levels were higher in occipital cortex, lower in the hypothalamus, and unaltered in the other brain regions examined. These results show that post-mortem processes contribute to estimates of NPY mRNA levels obtained using standard methods for obtaining brain tissue from experimental animals and raise the question whether different pools of NPY mRNA might be differentially affected by post-mortem degradation. A general protective effect of high-energy radiation against degradation is not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thorsell
- Department of NEUROTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lindholm S, Ploj K, Franck J, Nylander I. Repeated ethanol administration induces short- and long-term changes in enkephalin and dynorphin tissue concentrations in rat brain. Alcohol 2000; 22:165-71. [PMID: 11163124 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(00)00118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that rats repeatedly treated with ethanol and/or cocaine have decreased kappa-opioid receptor mRNA levels in the mesolimbic system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the short- and long-term effects of repeated ethanol administration on opioid peptide concentrations in brain tissue of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Dynorphin B (1-13) (Dyn B) and Met-enkephalinArg(6)Phe(7) (MEAP), endogenous ligands to kappa- and delta-opioid receptors, respectively, were measured using radioimmunoassays. The rats were given either ethanol [intraperitoneal (ip), twice daily, 2 g/kg bw/dose] or saline for 13 consecutive days. Thirty minutes after the last ethanol dose on Day 13, the Dyn B tissue concentration was significantly decreased in the cingulate cortex. The MEAP tissue concentration was decreased in the hippocampus 5 days after the last ethanol injection as compared to saline-treated controls. Furthermore, the Dyn B and the MEAP concentrations were increased in the periaqueductal grey area (PAG) at this time point. Of particular interest were the significant increases in Dyn B tissue concentrations found in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) at 30 min and at 21 days after the last ethanol dose. The results suggest that repeated ethanol administration induces both short- and long-term changes in the tissue concentrations of opioids in certain brain regions associated with motivation and reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lindholm
- Clinical Alcohol and Drug Addiction Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Magnus Huss, M4:02, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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44
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Johansson P, Lindqvist A, Nyberg F, Fahlke C. Anabolic androgenic steroids affects alcohol intake, defensive behaviors and brain opioid peptides in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 67:271-9. [PMID: 11124391 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether a relationship exists between nandrolone decanoate and voluntary ethanol intake in laboratory rats. Animals were subjected to daily subcutaneous injections with nandrolone decanoate (15 mg/kg) during 2 weeks. One group of animals was tested for voluntary alcohol intake 1 week after the end of the 2-week treatment period and another group received alcohol 3 weeks after the treatment. In addition, assessment of defensive behaviors and immunoreactivity (ir) levels of the brain opioid peptides dynorphin B and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe (MEAP) were performed. The nandrolone decanoate-treated animals were significantly more aggressive and showed lower fleeing and freeezing reaction than the oil-treated controls. Treatment with nandrolone decanoate enhanced voluntary alcohol intake, regardless if it was presented 1 or 3 weeks after end of the treatment period. These animals had a decreased activity of dynorphin B-ir in the nucleus accumbens, decreased levels of MEAP-ir in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and higher levels of MEAP-ir in the hypothalamus compared to controls. In line with previous studies, this suggests that the altered dynorphin B-ir activity may promote the rewarding effects of ethanol and thereby increasing alcohol intake, whereas MEAP-ir may be associated with the ability to control the aggressive reaction. Abuse of nandrolone decanoate may thus constitute a risk factor for increased alcohol consumption and defensive aggression. In human, this constellation of behavioral symptoms is closely related to acts of crimes and violence and is often observed among those abusing anabolic androgenic steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Johansson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Ploj K, Roman E, Gustavsson L, Nylander I. Basal levels and alcohol-induced changes in nociceptin/orphanin FQ, dynorphin, and enkephalin levels in C57BL/6J mice. Brain Res Bull 2000; 53:219-26. [PMID: 11044599 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the involvement of the opioid and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) system in alcohol drinking behaviour, N/OFQ and the opioid peptides dynorphin B (DYNB) and Met-enkephalin-Arg(6) Phe(7) (MEAP) were examined in the alcohol-preferring C57BL/6J mice. Basal peptide levels were compared in the brain and the pituitary gland with basal levels in the alcohol-avoiding DBA/2J mice. Furthermore, the effects of chronic alcohol self-administration on peptides were studied in the C57BL/6J mice. Compared to the DBA/2J mice, C57BL/6J mice had low immunoreactive (ir) levels of DYNB and MEAP in the nucleus accumbens, the hippocampus, and the substantia nigra, low ir-DYNB levels in the striatum and low ir-MEAP levels in the frontal cortex. Higher ir-DYNB levels in the pituitary gland and in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and higher ir-N/OFQ levels in the frontal cortex and in the hippocampus were detected in C57BL/6J mice compared to the DBA/2J mice. After 4 weeks of voluntary alcohol consumption, only minor changes in steady-state peptide levels were identified. However, 5 days after the alcohol-drinking period, lower levels of all peptides were detected in the ventral tegmental area and ir-DYNB levels were also lower in the amygdala and in the substantia nigra. Twenty-one days after cessation of alcohol self-administration, the opioid peptides in alcohol-consuming C57BL/6J mice were lower in the PAG, the N/OFQ was lower in the frontal cortex and DYNB was higher in the amygdala and substantia nigra as compared to control C57BL/6J mice. This study demonstrates strain differences between C57BL/6J mice and DBA/2J mice that could contribute to divergent drug-taking behaviour, and it also demonstrates time- and structure-specific changes in neuropeptide levels after alcohol self-administration in the C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ploj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Johansson P, Hallberg M, Kindlundh A, Nyberg F. The effect on opioid peptides in the rat brain, after chronic treatment with the anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate. Brain Res Bull 2000; 51:413-8. [PMID: 10715562 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an increase in abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been seen among individuals not directly connected to sports. Clinical evidence suggests that abuse of these steroids may result in profound changes in personality, expressed by depressive symptoms, irritability and increased aggression. It is still unknown whether these alterations are related to changes in any particular transmitter system or whether they are persistent or reversible. In this study we focused on AAS effect on the endogenous dynorphin and enkephalin system in the brain. Male rats were given intramuscular injections of the AAS nandrolone decanoate (15 mg/kg), once daily for 2 weeks. The levels of the opioid peptide immunoreactivities (ir) were assessed by radioimmunoassay in two groups immediately after the treatment and in two other groups after additional 3 weeks without any drug treatment (recovery period). The result indicates that chronic AAS treatment increased the activity in the dynorphin B- and Met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7)-ir in the hypothalamus, striatum and periaqueductal gray (PAG) compared to controls. In addition, the steroid induced an imbalance between the dynorphin and the enkephalin opioid system in the nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus and PAG. This imbalance remained after the recovery period. Since increased peptide activity was found in brain regions regulating emotions, dependence, defensive reactions and aggression, it was suggested that the actual endogenous opioid systems are involved in previously reported AAS-induced changes in these behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Johansson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rosén A, Lundeberg T, Bytner B, Nylander I. Central changes in nociceptin dynorphin B and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe in different models of nociception. Brain Res 2000; 857:212-8. [PMID: 10700570 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The newly identified neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOC) was measured in different rat brain areas related to the descending anti-nociceptive pathways and compared to two opioid peptides, dynorphin B (DYN B) and Met-enkephalinArgPhe (MEAP). Two experimental models of chronic nociception, one neurogenic and one inflammatory, used in this study, reveal how different pathological conditions may influence these endogenous systems. Nerve injury is induced by ligation of the sciatic nerve and inflammation by a carrageenan injection in the gluteal muscle, 2 weeks prior to decapitation. Selected brain areas were dissected out and frozen. NOC-, DYN B- and MEAP-like immunoreactivity (LI) is determined by radioimmunoassay. Nerve injury increased the NOC-LI levels in the cortex cinguli, DYN B-LI levels in the dorsal and the ventral part of the spinal cord, whereas a decrease in the MEAP-LI levels is seen in the dorsal part of the periaqueductal grey (PAG). After inflammation, the NOC-LI levels increased in cortex cinguli, hypothalamus and in the dorsal spinal cord, whereas DYN B-LI levels increased in the dorsal part of the PAG. A general increase in MEAP-LI levels is found after inflammation in all analyzed brain areas except in hippocampus. In conclusion, increased levels of NOC-LI were found in cortex cinguli in both treatment groups and in hypothalamus and spinal cord following carrageenan treatment. The changes in the NOC-LI concentrations were not parallelled by changes in DYN B-LI and MEAP-LI, suggesting that NOC and opioid peptides elicit different reactions in the systems of nociception/antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rosén
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Ploj K, Pham TM, Bergström L, Mohammed AH, Henriksson BG, Nylander I. Neonatal handling in rats induces long-term effects on dynorphin peptides. Neuropeptides 1999; 33:468-74. [PMID: 10657526 DOI: 10.1054/npep.1999.0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of neonatal handling on the opioid dynorphin peptides in the brain and pituitary gland of Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. Ten weeks after the neonatal handling, handled rats had higher tissue levels of dynorphin A and B in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and striatum and slightly higher dynorphin B levels in the hippocampus, medulla oblongata and midbrain as compared with non-handled controls. The results indicate a persistent upregulation of the dynorphin system in certain brain areas after neonatal handling, which could contribute to the behavioural changes in these rats observed later in life. Observation in the open field and the elevated plus-maze tests confirmed behavioural effects of neonatal handling, i.e. showing that handled rats exhibit attenuated fearfulness in novel environments as compared with non-handled rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ploj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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49
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Wikström LM, Rökaeus A, Fried G. Effects of acute stress on the contents of catecholamines and neuropeptides in chromaffin tissues of the newborn rabbit. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1998; 78:125-31. [PMID: 9879755 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(98)00142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides enkephalin (ENK), galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are abundantly expressed in the paraaortic body (PAB) and adrenal glands of the newborn rabbit. To examine whether these neuropeptides are affected by acute stress, we exposed neonatal rabbits to asphyxia, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and reserpine. Asphyxia, caused by rebreathing for 60 min in an airtight box, reduced the content of catecholamines (CAs) in the adrenal glands and increased ENK-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the PAB. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia reduced the content of CAs as well as ENK-LI in the adrenal glands. Reserpine caused a marked depletion of the CAs both in the PAB and in the adrenal glands. In contrast, reserpine did not cause any change in the contents of the neuropeptides in either organ. These data indicate that tissue levels of the neuropeptides GAL-LI and NPY-LI, coexisting with CA in the PAB and the adrenal glands, are not biochemically affected by asphyxia, hypoglycemia or reserpine, whereas tissue levels of ENK-LI are reduced by hypoglycemia and, to some extent, are increased by asphyxia. Furthermore, even the CAs in the PAB were unaffected by asphyxia and hypoglycemia. Also, while reserpine reduces CA content, peptide levels are unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Wikström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Abstract
This paper is the twentieth installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1997 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; eating and drinking; alcohol; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; sex, pregnancy, and development; immunologic responses; and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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