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Nickols JER, Dursun SM, Taylor AMW. Preclinical evidence for the use of the atypical antipsychotic, brexpiprazole, for opioid use disorder. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109546. [PMID: 37068603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Opioid addiction is characterized by adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine system that occur during chronic opioid use. Alterations in dopaminergic transmission contribute to pathological drug-seeking behavior and other symptoms associated with opioid withdrawal following drug discontinuation, making drug abstinence challenging and contributing to high rates of relapse among those suffering from substance use disorder. Recently, the use of dopamine partial agonists has been proposed as a potential strategy to restore dopaminergic signalling during drug withdrawal, while avoiding the adverse side effects associated with stronger modulators of dopaminergic transmission. We investigated the effects of the atypical antipsychotic brexpiprazole, which is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, in a mouse model of opioid dependence. The development of opioid dependence in mice is characterized by locomotor sensitization, analgesic tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and drug-seeking behavior. We set up four paradigms to model the effects of brexpiprazole on each of these adaptations that occur during chronic opioid use in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Concomitant treatment of brexpiprazole during chronic morphine administration attenuated the development of locomotor sensitization. Brexpiprazole treatment abolished morphine place preference and blocked reinstatement of this behavior following extinction. Brexpiprazole treatment did not alter morphine analgesia, nor did it impact the development of morphine tolerance. However, brexpiprazole treatment did prevent the expression of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in a tail-withdrawal assay, while failing to improve somatic withdrawal symptoms. Altogether, these results provide preclinical evidence for the efficacy of brexpiprazole as a modulator of dopamine-dependent behaviors during opioid use and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anna M W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Ma X, Bracciano B, Hoppas N, Zimmerman S, Pickens CL. Longer duration intertrial intervals without visual stimuli have reinforcement value and increase the rate of reinforcement and punishment learning in computer-based discriminations in humans. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Girotti M, Carreno FR, Morilak DA. Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex and Differential Effects of Acute and Chronic Stress on Motor Impulsivity Measured With 1-Choice Serial Reaction Time Test in Male Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:1026-1036. [PMID: 36087292 PMCID: PMC9743967 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in motor impulsivity, that is, the inability to inhibit a prepotent response, are frequently observed in psychiatric conditions. Several studies suggest that stress often correlates with higher impulsivity. Among the brain areas affected by stress, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is notable because of its role in impulse control. OFC subregions with unique afferent and efferent circuitry play distinct roles in impulse control, yet it is not clear what OFC subregions are engaged during motor impulsivity tasks. METHODS In this study we used a rodent test of motor impulsivity, the 1-choice serial reaction time test, to explore activation of OFC subregions either during a well-learned motor impulsivity task or in a challenge task with a longer wait time that increases premature responding. We also examined the effects of acute inescapable stress, chronic intermittent cold stress and chronic unpredictable stress on motor impulsivity. RESULTS Fos expression increased in the lateral OFC and agranular insular cortex during performance in both the mastered and challenge conditions. In the ventral OFC, Fos expression increased only during challenge, and within the medial OFC, Fos was not induced in either condition. Inescapable stress produced a transient effect on premature responses in the mastered task, whereas chronic intermittent cold stress and chronic unpredictable stress altered premature responses in both conditions in ways specific to each stressor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that different OFC subregions have different roles in motor impulse control, and the effects of stress vary depending on the nature and duration of the stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Girotti
- Correspondence: Milena Girotti, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Mail Code 7764, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA ()
| | - Flavia R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David A Morilak
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Singh A, Xie Y, Davis A, Wang ZJ. Early social isolation stress increases addiction vulnerability to heroin and alters c-Fos expression in the mesocorticolimbic system. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1081-1095. [PMID: 34997861 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adverse psychosocial factors during early childhood or adolescence compromise neural structure and brain function, inducing susceptibility for many psychiatric disorders such as substance use disorder. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying early life stress-induced addiction vulnerability is still unclear, especially for opioids. OBJECTIVES To address this, we used a mouse heroin self-administration model to examine how chronic early social isolation (ESI) stress (5 weeks, beginning at weaning) affects the behavioral and neural responses to heroin during adulthood. RESULTS We found that ESI stress did not alter the acquisition for sucrose or heroin self-administration, nor change the motivation for sucrose on a progressive ratio schedule. However, ESI stress induced an upward shift of heroin dose-response curve in female mice and increased motivation and seeking for heroin in both sexes. Furthermore, we examined the neuronal activity (measured by c-Fos expression) within the key brain regions of the mesocorticolimbic system, including the prelimbic cortex (PrL), infralimbic cortex (IL), nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell, caudate putamen, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). We found that ESI stress dampened c-Fos expression in the PrL, IL, and VTA after 14-day forced abstinence, while augmented the neuronal responses to heroin-predictive context and cue in the IL and NAc core. Moreover, ESI stress disrupted the association between c-Fos expression and attempted infusions during heroin-seeking test in the PrL. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that ESI stress leads to increased seeking and motivation for heroin, and this may be associated with distinct changes in neuronal activities in different subregions of the mesocorticolimbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Ashton Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Deak T. Adolescent neuroimmune function and its interaction with alcohol. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:167-208. [PMID: 34801169 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is an evolutionarily conserved developmental period associated with behavioral change, including increased risk-taking and alcohol use. Experimentation with alcohol typically begins in adolescence and transitions to binge-like patterns of consumption. Alcohol exposure during adolescence can alter normative changes in brain structure and function. Understanding mechanisms by which ethanol impacts neurodevelopmental processes is important for preventing and ameliorating the deleterious consequences of adolescent alcohol abuse. This review focuses on the neuroimmune system as a key contributor to ethanol-induced changes in adolescent brain and behavior. After brief review of neuroimmune system development, acute and chronic effects of ethanol on adolescent neuroimmune functioning are addressed. Comparisons between stress/immunological challenges and ethanol on adolescent neuroimmunity are reviewed, as cross-sensitization is relevant during adolescence. The mechanisms by which ethanol alters neuroimmune functioning are then discussed, as they may portend development of neuropathological consequences and thus increase vulnerability to subsequent challenges and potentiate addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Department of Psychology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, United States; Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton, NY, United States.
| | - T Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton, NY, United States; Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
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Hammerslag LR, Denehy ED, Carper B, Nolen TL, Prendergast MA, Bardo MT. Effects of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist PT150 on stress-induced fentanyl seeking in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2439-2447. [PMID: 34008048 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly comorbid with stress-related disorders, and stress can serve as a trigger for reinstatement of drug seeking. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists such as mifepristone (RU-486) may be effective against stress-induced drug seeking. In the current study, PT150 (formerly ORG-34517), a more selective GR antagonist, was tested using two models of stress-induced drug seeking, namely footshock and yohimbine. METHODS Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer fentanyl (2.5 μg/kg/infusion, i.v.) in a model of escalation. Rats then received 7 days of abstinence, followed by extinction; PT150 (0, 50 or 100 mg/kg in Nutella®; p.o.) treatment started on the first day of extinction training and continued daily until the end of the study. Following 14 days of extinction, rats were tested for reinstatement following footshock and yohimbine (0, 1, or 2 mg/kg; i.p.), tested in counterbalanced order; PT150 or placebo treatment occurred prior to each extinction and reinstatement session. RESULTS Prior to initiation of PT150 treatment, females self-administered greater levels of fentanyl during 1-h sessions compared to males; however, when switched to 6-h sessions, males and females self-administered similar levels of fentanyl and showed a similar escalation of intake over time. PT150 had no effect on extinction of self-administration. While both footshock and yohimbine reinstated fentanyl seeking, only footshock-induced reinstatement was decreased by PT150 (50 and 100 mg/kg). The effect of PT150 on footshock-induced reinstatement was driven primarily by males. CONCLUSION The glucocorticoid antagonist PT150 reduces shock-induced fentanyl seeking, suggesting it may be effective against stress-induced relapse, although the sex difference in response may need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Hammerslag
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, BBSRB Room 447, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Emily D Denehy
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, BBSRB Room 447, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Benjamin Carper
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tracy L Nolen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark A Prendergast
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, BBSRB Room 447, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, BBSRB Room 447, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
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CRF-5-HT interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus and motivation for stress-induced opioid reinstatement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:29-40. [PMID: 33231727 PMCID: PMC7796902 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system plays an important role in stress-related psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Our previous data show that stressors can inhibit 5-HT neuronal activity and release by stimulating the release of the stress neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) within the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The inhibitory effects of CRF on 5-HT DRN neurons are indirect, mediated by CRF-R1 receptors located on GABAergic afferents. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that DRN CRF-R1 receptors contribute to stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference (CPP). We also examined the role of this circuitry in stress-induced negative affective state with 22-kHz distress ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which are naturally emitted by rats in response to environmental challenges such as pain, stress, and drug withdrawal. METHODS First, we tested if activation of CRF-R1 receptors in the DRN with the CRF-R1-preferring agonist ovine CRF (oCRF) would reinstate morphine CPP and then if blockade of CRF-R1 receptors in the DRN with the CRF-R1 antagonist NBI 35965 would attenuate swim stress-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP. Second, we tested if intra-DRN pretreatment with NBI 35965 would attenuate foot shock stress-induced 22-kHz USVs. RESULTS Intra-DRN injection of oCRF reinstated morphine CPP, while intra-DRN injection of NBI 35965 attenuated swim stress-induced reinstatement. Moreover, intra-DRN pretreatment with NBI 35965 significantly reduced 22-kHz distress calls induced by foot shock. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that stress-induced negative affective state is mediated by DRN CRF-R1 receptors and may contribute to reinstatement of morphine CPP.
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Kaminska B, Czerwinska J, Bogacka I, Chojnowska K, Smolinska N, Dobrzyn K, Kiezun M, Zaobidna E, Myszczynski K, Nowakowski JJ, Kaminski T. Sex- and season-dependent differences in the expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 298:113575. [PMID: 32739435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin, a product of the Adipoq gene, is an adipocyte-derived protein hormone of the cytokine family and the most abundantly expressed adipokine. Adiponectin and its receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 (collectively referred to as the adiponectin system) are widely expressed in the central nervous system and other tissues, which suggests that this hormone has pleiotropic effects. Adiponectin could also play a role in the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) hormonal regulatory axis. There is a general scarcity of data on the adiponectin system in wild animals where annual changes in reproductive activity are linked with fluctuations in the activity of the HPA axis. The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) could be an interesting and suitable model for investigating the above processes. We hypothesized that the expression of the adiponectin system in the tissues of the beaver HPA axis is sex- and season-dependent. The study was performed on adult animals harvested during three different stages of reproductive activity: April ('breeding'), July ('post-breeding') and November ('pre-breeding'). The expression of the adiponectin system was confirmed in all branches (mediobasal hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex) of the HPA axis in both sexes and during all periods of reproductive activity. The expression of Adipoq, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 was generally dependent on sex and the period of the reproductive season. The expression of adiponectin system genes was particularly pronounced in the adrenal cortex. These findings suggest that the adiponectin system in the Eurasian beaver could link reproductive processes with stress responses and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kaminska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Joanna Czerwinska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Iwona Bogacka
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnowska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Nina Smolinska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Kamil Dobrzyn
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Marta Kiezun
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaobidna
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Kamil Myszczynski
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Lodzki 1, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Jacek J Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Lodzki 3, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
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McConnell SA, Brandner AJ, Blank BA, Kearns DN, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF, Tunstall BJ. Demand for fentanyl becomes inelastic following extended access to fentanyl vapor self-administration. Neuropharmacology 2020; 182:108355. [PMID: 33091459 PMCID: PMC7747488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder imposes great societal harm in the United States and in countries worldwide. Animal models that accurately capture motivational changes that occur in opioid dependence are critical to studying this disorder. The present study used a model of opioid vapor self-administration combined with a behavioral economics approach to determine whether rats would be more motivated to "work" to defend their baseline intake of fentanyl (i.e., more inelastic demand) following sufficiently frequent, intense, and chronic exposure to self-administered vaporized fentanyl. Male rats were allowed to respond for deliveries of 1.5-s of vaporized 10 mg/ml fentanyl solution. Following 15 sessions of short access (ShA; 1 h) vs. long access (LgA; 12 h) to self-administration, we conducted a between-sessions demand curve procedure, and observed significantly more inelastic demand for fentanyl (Essential Value; EV), and increased maximal response output (Omax) in LgA compared with ShA rats. In a subsequent phase, the unit-dose was doubled to 3 s of fentanyl vaporization. After seven ShA vs. LgA sessions, we assessed demand again and found that LgA rats, contrasted to ShA rats, demonstrated significantly higher baseline intake or "hedonic setpoint" (Q0), in addition to significantly increased EV and Omax. These results demonstrate that extended access to self-administration of a vaporized opioid causes changes in behavioral economic metrics consistent with development of an addiction-like state in rats. The combination of the vapor model with a translationally relevant behavioral economics framework opens new avenues to study dysregulated motivational processes in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A McConnell
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Adam J Brandner
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Brandon A Blank
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - David N Kearns
- Psychology Department, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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10
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Guerin AA, Zbukvic IC, Luikinga SJ, Drummond KD, Lawrence AJ, Madsen HB, Kim JH. Extinction and drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking following self-administration or conditioned place preference in adolescent and adult rats. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:125-137. [PMID: 32666555 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence marks a particularly vulnerable period to developing substance use disorders, and people who start using drugs in adolescence are more likely to relapse. A limited number of studies have investigated age difference in relapse following re-exposure to the drug after a period of abstinence. Using a cocaine self-administration paradigm, we showed no age difference in acquisition or extinction of self-administration. Interestingly, adolescent rats displayed impaired cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Using the same dose as that self-administered in the first experiment, we then investigated age differences in acquisition and extinction of conditioned place preference, as well as locomotor sensitization. While there were no differences in locomotor activity or acquisition of preference, adolescents failed to extinguish their preference, even when the number of extinction sessions was doubled from what adults received. Taken together, these results suggest that while cocaine has similar rewarding and reinforcing effects regardless of age, adolescents may attribute stronger salience to the drug-associated context. In addition, re-exposure to cocaine itself may not be a strong relapse trigger in adolescence. Overall, these findings suggest that we should focus more on alleviating drug-context salience compared to re-exposure to substance in order to reduce relapse of drug seeking in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Guerin
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Isabel C Zbukvic
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia J Luikinga
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine D Drummond
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather B Madsen
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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11
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Chisholm A, Iannuzzi J, Rizzo D, Gonzalez N, Fortin É, Bumbu A, Batallán Burrowes AA, Chapman CA, Shalev U. The role of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus in the augmentation of heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12708. [PMID: 30623532 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic disorder that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and involves cycling between periods of compulsive drug use, abstinence, and relapse. In both human addicts and animal models of addiction, chronic food restriction has been shown to increase rates of relapse. Previously, our laboratory has demonstrated a robust increase in drug seeking following a period of withdrawal in chronically food-restricted rats compared with sated rats. To date, the neural mechanisms that mediate the effect of chronic food restriction on drug seeking have not been elucidated. However, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) appears to be a promising target to investigate. The objective of the current study was to examine the role of the PVT in the augmentation of heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction. Male Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer heroin for 10 days. Rats were then removed from the training chambers and experienced a 14-day withdrawal period with either unrestricted (sated) or mildly restricted (FDR) access to food. On day 14, rats underwent a 1-hour heroin-seeking test under extinction conditions, during which neural activity in the PVT was either inhibited or increased using pharmacological or chemogenetic approaches. Unexpectedly, inhibition of the PVT did not alter heroin seeking in food-restricted or sated rats, while enhancing neural activity in the PVT-attenuated heroin seeking in food-restricted rats. These results indicate that PVT activity can modulate heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chisholm
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
| | - Jessica Iannuzzi
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
| | - Damaris Rizzo
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
| | - Natasha Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
| | - Émilie Fortin
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
| | - Alexandra Bumbu
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
| | - Ariel A. Batallán Burrowes
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
| | - C. Andrew Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
| | - Uri Shalev
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie ComportementaleConcordia University Montreal Canada
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12
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Kawa AB, Valenta AC, Kennedy RT, Robinson TE. Incentive and dopamine sensitization produced by intermittent but not long access cocaine self-administration. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2663-2682. [PMID: 30968487 PMCID: PMC6742545 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The temporal pattern of drug use (pharmacokinetics) has a profound effect on the ability of self-administered cocaine to produce addiction-like behavior in rodents, and to change the brain. To further address this issue, we compared the effects of long access (LgA) cocaine self-administration, which is widely used to model the transition to addiction, with intermittent access (IntA), which is thought to better reflect the pattern of drug use in humans, on the ability of a single, self-administered injection of cocaine to increase dopamine (DA) overflow in the core of the nucleus accumbens (using in vivo microdialysis), and to produce addiction-like behavior. IntA experience was more effective than LgA in producing addiction-like behavior-a drug experience-dependent increase in motivation for cocaine assessed using behavioral economic procedures, and cue-induced reinstatement-despite much less total drug consumption. There were no group differences in basal levels of DA in dialysate [DA], but a single self-administered IV injection of cocaine increased [DA] in the core of the nucleus accumbens to a greater extent in rats with prior IntA experience than those with LgA or limited access experience, and the latter two groups did not differ. Furthermore, high motivation for cocaine was associated with a high [DA] response. Thus, IntA, but not LgA, produced both incentive and DA sensitization. This is consistent with the notion that a hyper-responsive dopaminergic system may contribute to the transition from casual patterns of drug use to the problematic patterns that define addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B. Kawa
- Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alec C. Valenta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Terry E. Robinson
- Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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Kaski SW, Brooks S, Wen S, Haut MW, Siderovski DP, Berry JH, Lander LR, Setola V. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in neuronal signaling are associated with Opioid Use Disorder in West Virginia. J Opioid Manag 2019; 15:103-109. [PMID: 31057342 DOI: 10.5055/jom.2019.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Pilot study to assess utility in opioid use disorder (OUD) of a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes previously related to substance use disorder (SUD) and/or phenotypes that predispose individuals to OUD/SUD. Design Genetic association study. Setting West Virginia University's Chestnut Ridge Center Comprehensive Opioid Abuse Treatment (COAT) clinic for individuals diagnosed with OUD. Patients Sixty patients 18 years of age or older with OUD undergoing medication (buprenorphine/naloxone)-assisted treatment (MAT); all sixty patients recruited contributed samples for genetic analysis. Outcome Measures Minor allele frequencies for single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results Four of the fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms examined were present at frequencies that are statistically significantly different than in a demographically-matched general population. Conclusions For the purposes of testing WV individuals via genetic means for predisposition to OUD, at least four single nucleotide polymorphisms in three genes are likely to have utility in predicting susceptibility. Additional studies with larger populations will need to be conducted to confirm these results before use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W Kaski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | | | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Marc W Haut
- Department of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - David P Siderovski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - James H Berry
- Chestnut Ridge Center and Inpatient Acute Dual Diagnosis Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Laura R Lander
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Vincent Setola
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
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14
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Ferrer-Pérez C, Martinez TE, Montagud-Romero S, Ballestín R, Reguilón MD, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Indomethacin blocks the increased conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine induced by repeated social defeat. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209291. [PMID: 30557308 PMCID: PMC6296503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that repeated social defeat stress can induce negative long-term consequences such as increased anxiety-like behavior and enhances the reinforcing effect of psychostimulants in rodents. In the current study, we evaluated how the immune system may play a role in these long-term effects of stress. A total of 148 OF1 mice were divided into different experimental groups according to stress condition (exploration or social defeat) and pre-treatment (saline, 5 or 10 mg/kg of the anti-inflammatory indomethacin) before each social defeat or exploration episode. Three weeks after the last social defeat, anxiety was evaluated using an elevated plus maze paradigm. After this test, conditioned place preference (CPP) was induced by a subthreshold dose of cocaine (1 mg/kg). Biological samples were taken four hours after the first and the fourth social defeat, 3 weeks after the last defeat episode, and after the CPP procedure. Plasma and brain tissue (prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus) were used to determine the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Results showed an increase of peripheral and brain IL-6 levels after the first and fourth social defeat that was reverted three weeks later. Intraperitoneal administration of the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin before each episode of stress prevented this enhancement of IL-6 levels and also reversed the increase in the rewarding effects of cocaine in defeated mice. Conversely, this protective effect was not observed with respect to the anxiogenic consequences of social stress. Our results confirm the hypothesis of a modulatory proinflammatory contribution to stress-induced vulnerability to drug abuse disorders and highlight anti-inflammatory interventions as a potential therapeutic tool to treat stress-related addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ferrer-Pérez
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tamara Escrivá Martinez
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Ballestín
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina D. Reguilón
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Mitchell SJ, Maguire EP, Cunningham L, Gunn BG, Linke M, Zechner U, Dixon CI, King SL, Stephens DN, Swinny JD, Belelli D, Lambert JJ. Early-life adversity selectively impairs α2-GABA A receptor expression in the mouse nucleus accumbens and influences the behavioral effects of cocaine. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:98-112. [PMID: 30138693 PMCID: PMC6178871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Haplotypes of the Gabra2 gene encoding the α2-subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) are associated with drug abuse, suggesting that α2-GABAARs may play an important role in the circuitry underlying drug misuse. The genetic association of Gabra2 haplotypes with cocaine addiction appears to be evident primarily in individuals who had experienced childhood trauma. Given this association of childhood trauma, cocaine abuse and the Gabra2 haplotypes, we have explored in a mouse model of early life adversity (ELA) whether such events influence the behavioral effects of cocaine and if, as suggested by the human studies, α2-GABAARs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are involved in these perturbed behaviors. In adult mice prior ELA caused a selective decrease of accumbal α2-subunit mRNA, resulting in a selective decrease in the number and size of the α2-subunit (but not the α1-subunit) immunoreactive clusters in NAc core medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Functionally, in adult MSNs ELA decreased the amplitude and frequency of GABAAR-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs), a profile similar to that of α2 "knock-out" (α2-/-) mice. Behaviourally, adult male ELA and α2-/- mice exhibited an enhanced locomotor response to acute cocaine and blunted sensitisation upon repeated cocaine administration, when compared to their appropriate controls. Collectively, these findings reveal a neurobiological mechanism which may relate to the clinical observation that early trauma increases the risk for substance abuse disorder (SAD) in individuals harbouring haplotypic variations in the Gabra2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Mitchell
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Edward P Maguire
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Cunningham
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G Gunn
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Linke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Mainz University, Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Mainz University, Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claire I Dixon
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L King
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - David N Stephens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome D Swinny
- Institute for Biomedical & Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom.
| | - Delia Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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16
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Endocannabinoid system, stress and HPA axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:230-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Sweis BM, Thomas MJ, Redish AD. Beyond simple tests of value: measuring addiction as a heterogeneous disease of computation-specific valuation processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:501-512. [PMID: 30115772 PMCID: PMC6097760 DOI: 10.1101/lm.047795.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is considered to be a neurobiological disorder of learning and memory because addiction is capable of producing lasting changes in the brain. Recovering addicts chronically struggle with making poor decisions that ultimately lead to relapse, suggesting a view of addiction also as a neurobiological disorder of decision-making information processing. How the brain makes decisions depends on how decision-making processes access information stored as memories in the brain. Advancements in circuit-dissection tools and recent theories in neuroeconomics suggest that neurally dissociable valuation processes access distinct memories differently, and thus are uniquely susceptible as the brain changes during addiction. If addiction is to be considered a neurobiological disorder of memory, and thus decision-making, the heterogeneity with which information is both stored and processed must be taken into account in addiction studies. Addiction etiology can vary widely from person to person. We propose that addiction is not a single disease, nor simply a disorder of learning and memory, but rather a collection of symptoms of heterogeneous neurobiological diseases of distinct circuit-computation-specific decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Sweis
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Mark J Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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18
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Glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala mediated the restraint stress-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behaviors in rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:150-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Tomek SE, Olive MF. Social Influences in Animal Models of Opiate Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 140:81-107. [PMID: 30193710 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Opiate addiction has reached an epidemic prevalence in recent years, yet social influences on the use and abuse of opiates has been widely understudied. In particular, the neurobiological substrates of opiate addiction and their modulation by social influences are largely unknown, perhaps due to the lack of widespread incorporation of social variables into animal models of opiate addiction. As reviewed here, animal models such as oral and intravenous drug self-administration, conditioned place preference, behavioral sensitization, and the effects of various stressors, have been useful in identifying some of the neurochemical circuitry that mediate social influences on opiate addiction. However, it is clear from our review that newer paradigms that incorporate various social elements are greatly needed to provide more translational insights into the neurobiological basis of opiate addiction. These elements include social and environmental enrichment, presence of conspecifics, and procedures that require subjects to exert effort to engage in prosocial behavior. A wider implementation of social variables into animal models of opiate addiction will help inform neurobehavioral strategies to increase the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seven E Tomek
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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20
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Liu J, Scira J, Donaldson S, Kajiji N, Dash GH, Donaldson ST. Sex and Trait Anxiety Differences in Psychological Stress are Modified by Environment. Neuroscience 2018; 383:178-190. [PMID: 29751056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Evidence-based research has revealed how physiological and emotional responses to acute stress are adaptive. However, under conditions of unpredictable or protracted stress, health and drug vulnerability can be compromised. In this study, we examined anxiety-like behavioral responses of 4th generation adolescent male and female Long Evans rats selectively bred for high (HAn) and low (LAn) anxiety-like behavior when housed in an isolated environment (IE) versus a social environment (SE). After 35 days in IE or SE, animals were tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM), injected with amphetamine (AMPH: 0.5 mg/kg, IP) in the locomotor activity (LMA) chamber, measured for basal and post air puff-stressor core body temperature and blood pressure. Following select rearing, SE reduced the anxiogenic response in HAn rats with females displaying the lowest anxiety-like behavior in the EPM. During habituation in the LMA, IE rats remained active, while post-AMPH injection HAn females were hyperactive, followed closely by LAn females. Our findings from the post-stressor physiological measurements indicate that temperature differences due to environment are observed only in the SE females. We also observed group differences for diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressure. HAn IE males experienced higher DBP and SBP but LAn IE females only experienced higher SBP. Not only do our findings corroborate earlier work on HAn/LAn lines but the findings obtained from this research offer new insights about the role of environment and the role of sex in (1) modulation of anxiety-like behavior, (2) AMPH sensitivity, and (3) basal and stress-induced physiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Liu
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, United States
| | - John Scira
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, United States
| | - Simone Donaldson
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, United States
| | - Nina Kajiji
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Gordon H Dash
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, and Finance Area, College of Business, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - S Tiffany Donaldson
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, United States.
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21
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Blanco-Gandía MC, Aguilar MA, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm. J Vis Exp 2018:56983. [PMID: 29939175 PMCID: PMC6101638 DOI: 10.3791/56983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place. The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Blanco-Gandía
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València
| | - María A Aguilar
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València
| | - José Miñarro
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València;
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22
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Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Paniccia JE, Gano A, Vore A, Deak T. Differential effects of acute versus chronic stress on ethanol sensitivity: Evidence for interactions on both behavioral and neuroimmune outcomes. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:141-156. [PMID: 29458194 PMCID: PMC5953812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute alcohol intoxication induces significant alterations in brain cytokines. Since stress challenges also profoundly impact central cytokine expression, these experiments examined the influence of acute and chronic stress on ethanol-induced brain cytokine responses. In Experiment 1, adult male rats were exposed to acute footshock. After a post-stress recovery interval of 0, 2, 4, or 24 h, rats were administered ethanol (4 g/kg; intragastric), with trunk blood and brains collected 3 h later. In non-stressed controls, acute ethanol increased expression of Il-6 and IκBα in the hippocampus. In contrast, rats exposed to footshock 24 h prior to ethanol demonstrated potentiation of hippocampal Il-6 and IκBα expression relative to ethanol-exposed non-stressed controls. Experiment 2 subsequently examined the effects of chronic stress on ethanol-related cytokine expression. Following a novel chronic escalating stress procedure, rats were intubated with ethanol. As expected, acute ethanol increased Il-6 expression in all structures examined, yet the Il-6 response was attenuated exclusively in the hippocampus in chronically stressed rats. Later experiments determined that neither acute nor chronic stress affected ethanol pharmacokinetics. When ethanol hypnosis was examined, however, rats exposed to chronic stress awoke at significantly lower blood ethanol levels compared to acutely stressed rats, despite similar durations of ethanol-induced sedation. These data indicate that chronic stress may increase sensitivity to ethanol hypnosis. Together, these experiments demonstrate an intriguing interaction between recent stress history and ethanol-induced increases in hippocampal Il-6, and may provide insight into novel pharmacotherapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of alcohol-related health outcomes based on stress susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline E. Paniccia
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton NY 13902-6000
| | - Anny Gano
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton NY 13902-6000
| | - Andrew Vore
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton NY 13902-6000
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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23
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Taslimi Z, Komaki A, Haghparast A, Sarihi A. Effects of Acute and Chronic Restraint Stress on Reinstatement of Extinguished Methamphetamine-induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:157-166. [PMID: 30034646 PMCID: PMC6037431 DOI: 10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Methamphetamine (METH) is a neurotoxic psychostimulant with highly addictive potential that leads to compulsive drug use and vulnerability to relapse. Environmental cues, such as drug exposure, peer influence, and social stress, are the powerful triggers of drug relapse. In this study, we tried to find out the effect of acute and chronic restraint stress on reinstatement of extinguished METH-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) in rats. Methods: Subcutaneous (SC) administration of METH (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) could induce CPP and it was found that METH with the dose of 0.5 mg/kg was more potent than other doses. In extinction phase, rats were put in the CPP box for 30 min per day for 8 consecutive days. After extinction, animals were exposed to restraint stress (3-h period, as an acute stress) 60 min before subcutaneous administration of ineffective dose of METH (0.125 mg/kg) in order to reinstate the extinguished METH-induced CPP. For induction of the chronic stress during extinction phase, the animals were exposed to the restraint stress for one hour per day. Results: The results showed that the effective dose of METH to induce CPP was 0.5 mg/kg. Based on the results, physical stress (restraint stress) whether acute and chronic, can significantly induce reinstatement of METH-induced CPP (P˂0.001) in extinguished animals. Conclusion: Additionally, the chronic restraint stress could reduce duration of extinction (maintenance) of METH-induced CPP. It seems that exposure to the stress induces the relapse in abstinent amphetamine, but acute and chronic situation have a different reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Taslimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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24
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Mai HN, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Nguyen BT, Nguyen PT, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Cho EH, Nah SY, Kim NH, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Exposure to far-infrared rays attenuates methamphetamine-induced recognition memory impairment via modulation of the muscarinic M1 receptor, Nrf2, and PKC. Neurochem Int 2018; 116:63-76. [PMID: 29572053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) and inactivation of the glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1)-dependent systems are critical for methamphetamine (MA)-induced recognition memory impairment. We also demonstrated that exposure to far-infrared rays (FIR) causes induction of the glutathione (GSH)-dependent system, including induction of the GPx-1 gene. Here, we investigated whether exposure to FIR rays affects MA-induced recognition memory impairment and whether it modulates PKC, cholinergic receptors, and the GSH-dependent system. Because the PKC activator bryostatin-1 mainly induces PKCα, PKCε, and PKCδ, we assessed expression of these proteins after MA treatment. MA treatment selectively increased PKCδ expression and its phosphorylation. Exposure to FIR rays significantly attenuated MA-induced increases in PKCδ phosphorylation. Importantly, bryostatin-1 potentiated MA-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ. MA treatment significantly decreased M1, M3, and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression. Of these, the decrease was most pronounced in M1 mAChR. Exposure to FIR significantly attenuated MA-induced decreases in the M1 mAChR and phospho-ERK1/2, while it facilitated Nrf2-dependent GSH induction. Dicyclomine, an M1 mAChR antagonist, and l-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, counteracted against the protective potentials mediated by FIR. More importantly, the memory-enhancing potential of FIR rays was significantly counteracted by bryostatin-1, dicyclomine, and BSO. Our results suggest that exposure to FIR rays attenuates MA-induced impairment in recognition memory via up-regulation of M1 mAChR, Nrf2-dependent GSH induction, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by inhibiting PKCδ phosphorylation by bryostatin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Tram Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, KonKuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hun Kim
- College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; Aino University, Ibaragi, 567-0012, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Mai HN, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Nguyen BT, Nguyen PT, Jeong JH, Cho EH, Lee YJ, Kim NH, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Exposure to far-infrared ray attenuates methamphetamine-induced impairment in recognition memory through inhibition of protein kinase C δ in male mice: Comparison with the antipsychotic clozapine. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1294-1310. [PMID: 29476655 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that repeated treatment with methamphetamine (MA) results in a recognition memory impairment via upregulation of protein kinase C (PKC) δ and downregulation of the glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1)-dependent antioxidant system. We also demonstrated that far-infrared ray (FIR) attenuates acute restraint stress via induction of the GPx-1 gene. Herein, we investigated whether exposure to FIR modulates MA-induced recognition memory impairment in male mice, and whether cognitive potentials mediated by FIR require modulation of the PKCδ gene, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and glutathione-dependent system. Repeated treatment with MA significantly increased PKCδ expression and its phosphorylation out of PKC isoenzymes (i.e., PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCζ, and PKCδ expression) in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Exposure to FIR significantly attenuated MA-induced increase in phospho-PKCδ and decrease in phospho-ERK 1/2. In addition, FIR further facilitated the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent glutathione synthetic system. Moreover, L-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, counteracted the FIR-mediated phospho-ERK 1/2 induction and memory-enhancing activity against MA insult. More important, positive effects of FIR are comparable to those of genetic depletion of PKCδ or the antipsychotic clozapine. Our results indicate that FIR protects against MA-induced memory impairment via activations of the Nrf2-dependent glutathione synthetic system, and ERK 1/2 signaling by inhibition of the PKCδ gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Tram Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeung Lee
- Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hun Kim
- College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon, Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Aino University, Ibaragi, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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Ferrer-Pérez C, Reguilón MD, Manzanedo C, Aguilar MA, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor CRF 1 receptors blocks the enhanced response to cocaine after social stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 823:87-95. [PMID: 29391155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that social defeat stress induces an increase in the rewarding effects of cocaine. In this study we have investigated the role played by the main hypothalamic stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), in the effects that repeated social defeat (RSD) induces in the conditioned rewarding effects and locomotor sensitization induced by cocaine. A total of 220 OF1 mice were divided into experimental groups according to the treatment received before each social defeat: saline, 5 or 10 mg/kg of the nonpeptidic corticotropin-releasing factor CRF1 receptor antagonist CP-154,526, or 15 or 30 µg/kg of the peptidic corticotropin-releasing factor CRF2 receptor antagonist Astressin2-B. Three weeks after the last defeat, conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by 1 mg/kg of cocaine was evaluated. Motor response to 10 mg/kg of cocaine was also studied after a sensitization induction. Blockade of corticotropin-releasing factor CRF1 receptor reversed the increase in cocaine CPP induced by social defeat. Conversely, peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor CRF2 receptor blockade produced similar effects to those observed in socially stressed animals. The effect of RSD on cocaine sensitization was again blocked by the corticotropin-releasing factor CRF1 receptor antagonist, while peripheral CRF2 receptor antagonist did not show effect. Acute administration of Astressin2-B induced an anxiogenic response. Our results confirm that CRF modulates the effects of social stress on reinforcement and sensitization induced by cocaine in contrasting ways. These findings highlight CRF receptors as potential therapeutic targets to be explored by research about stress-related addiction problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ferrer-Pérez
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina D Reguilón
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Manzanedo
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Asunción Aguilar
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Social Stress-Induced Alterations in CRF Signaling in the VTA Facilitate the Emergence of Addiction-like Behavior. J Neurosci 2018; 36:8780-2. [PMID: 27559161 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1815-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Turkin AM, Pogosbekyan EL, Tonoyan AC, Shults EI, Maximov II, Dolgushin MB, Khachanova NV, Fadeeva LM, Melnikova-Pitskhelauri TV, Pitskhelauri DI, Pronin IN, Kornienko VN. Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging in the Assessment of Peritumoral Brain Edema in Glioblastomas and Brain Metastases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.24835/1607-0763-2017-4-97-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aim: to explore the opportunities of application of diffusionkurtosis imaging (DKI) for assessment and estimation of diffusion scalar metrics in different locations of peritumoral edema for extra- and intracerebral tumors and in contralateral normal tissue.Materials and methods. 38 patients with supratentorial brain tumors were investigated: 24 (63%) patients with primarily revealed glioblastomas (GB) and 14 (37%) patients with solitary cancer brain metastasis (MTS). MRI was performed on 3.0 T MR-scanner (Signa HDxt, General Electric, USA) with the standard protocols for brain tumor and additional protocol for DKI. The standard protocol for brain tumor included: T1-, T2-weighted images, T2-FLAIR, DWI, T1 with contrast enhancement. Diffusion kurtosis MRI based on SE EPI with TR = 10000 ms, TE = 102 ms, FOV = 240 mm, isotropic voxel size 3 × 3 × 3 mm3, 60 noncoplanar diffusion directions. We used three b-values: 0, 1000 and 2500 s/mm2. Аcquisition time was 22 min. Total acquisition time was near 40 min. This study was approved by Ethical committee of Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery. Parametric maps were constructed for the following diffusion coefficients: mean (MK), transverse / radial (RK), longitudinal / axial (AK) kurtozis; medium (MD), transverse / radial (RD) and longitudinal / axial (AD) diffusion; fractional anisotropy (FA) and a bi-exponential diffusion model coefficients: axonal water fractions (AWF), axial (AxEAD) and radial (RadEAD) extra-axonal water diffusion and the water molecules trajectory tortuosity index (TORT). Normative quantitative indicators were obtained for the six regions of the peritumoral zone as they moved away from the tumor (region 2) to the edema periphery (regions 4–5), as well as in the normal brain on the contralateral hemisphere (C/L) (zone 7). A comparative analysis of these indicators was conducted for cases with GB and MTS. DKI scalar metrics were estimated using Explore DTI (http://www.exploredti.com/).Results. Anatomic MRI (T1 without/with contrast enhancement) for all cases with GB and MTS visualized a contrast enhancement tumor. The peritumoral edema, spreading mainly over the brain white matter, was well visualized on T2-FLAIR. Diffusion kurtosis coefficients decreased in the near peritumoral edema (regions 2–3) and a gradually increased to the edema periphery (regions 5–6). In Region 2, MK in both GB and MTS groups were MKGB(2) = 0.637 ± 0.140 and MKMTS(2) = 0.550 ± 0.046; RK in this region were RKGB(2) = 0.690 ± 0.154 and RKMTS (2) = 0.584 ± 0.051. Differences both MK and RK coefficients in patients with GB and MTS of region 2 were significant (p < 0.001). There were no differences in AK values for GB and MTS in region 2 (p > 0.05), but in regions 3 and 4 differences were observed (p < 0.01). The minimum value of AK in the central edema (regions 3–4) was AKMTS(3–4) = 0.433 ± 0.063 in patients with MTS. The values of MK and RK on the contralateral side in patients with MTS were significantly higher than in the GB group (p < 0.02); MKC/LMTC = 0.954 ± 0.140, RKC/LMTC = 1.257 ± 0.308 and MKC/LGB = 0.829 ± 0.146, RKc/LGB = 0.989 ± 0.282. There was no significant difference for contralateral AK between the groups.Conclusions. We found that DKI scalar metrics are the sensitive tumor biomarkers. It allows us to perform a robust differentiation between the infiltrating GB tumor and purely vasogenic edema of МТS. The obtained results will allow further differential diagnosis of extra- and intracerebral tumors and can be used to plan surgical / radiosurgical treatment for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Turkin
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery
| | - E. L. Pogosbekyan
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery
| | - A. C. Tonoyan
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery
| | - E. I. Shults
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery
| | | | | | | | - L. M. Fadeeva
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery
| | | | | | - I. N. Pronin
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery
| | - V. N. Kornienko
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery
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Roberto M, Spierling SR, Kirson D, Zorrilla EP. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and Addictive Behaviors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 136:5-51. [PMID: 29056155 PMCID: PMC6155477 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a complex disorder that is characterized by compulsivity to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake of the drug, and emergence of a withdrawal syndrome in the absence of the drug. The transition from casual drug use to dependence is mediated by changes in reward and brain stress functions and has been linked to a shift from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement. The recruitment of brain stress systems mediates the negative emotional state produced by dependence that drives drug seeking through negative reinforcement mechanisms, defined as the "dark side" of addiction. In this chapter we focus on behavioral and cellular neuropharmacological studies that have implicated brain stress systems (i.e., corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) in the transition to addiction and the predominant brain regions involved. We also discuss the implication of CRF recruitment in compulsive eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | | | - Dean Kirson
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Liu S, Wang Z, Li Y, Sun X, Ge F, Yang M, Wang X, Wang N, Wang J, Cui C. CRFR1 in the ventromedial caudate putamen modulates acute stress-enhanced expression of cocaine locomotor sensitization. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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31
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Biala G, Pekala K, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Michalak A, Kruk-Slomka M, Grot K, Budzynska B. Behavioral and Biochemical Impact of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress on the Acquisition of Nicotine Conditioned Place Preference in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3270-3289. [PMID: 28484990 PMCID: PMC5842504 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic psychiatric disease which represents a global problem, and stress can increase drug addiction and relapse. Taking into account frequent concomitance of nicotine dependence and stress, the purpose of the present study was to assess behavioral and biochemical effects of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) exposure on nicotine reward in rats measured in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Rats were submitted to the CUMS for 3 weeks and conditioned with nicotine (0.175 mg/kg) for 2 or 3 days. Our results revealed that only CUMS-exposed animals exhibited the CPP after 2 days of conditioning indicating that stressed rats were more sensitive to the rewarding properties of nicotine and that chronic stress exacerbates nicotine preference. Administration of metyrapone (50 mg/kg), a glucocorticosteroid antagonist, and imipramine (15 mg/kg), an antidepressant, abolished nicotine CPP in stressed rats after 2 days of conditioning. The biochemical experiments showed increased markers of oxidative stress after nicotine conditioning for 2 and 3 days, while the CUMS further potentiated pro-oxidative effects of nicotine. Moreover, metyrapone reversed oxidative changes caused by stress and nicotine, while imipramine was not able to overwhelm nicotine- and stress-induced oxidative damages; however, it could exert antioxidant effect if administered repeatedly. The results suggest that recent exposure to a stressor may augment the rewarding effects of nicotine through anhedonia- and stress-related mechanisms. Our study contributes to the understanding of behavioral and biochemical stress-induced modification of the rewarding effects of nicotine on the basis of the development of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Biala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - K Pekala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Michalak
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Kruk-Slomka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - K Grot
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - B Budzynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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Burke AR, McCormick CM, Pellis SM, Lukkes JL. Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:280-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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mGlu1 receptor as a drug target for treatment of substance use disorders: time to gather stones together? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1333-1345. [PMID: 28285325 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the mGlu1 receptor was repeatedly shown to inhibit various phenomena associated with exposure to abused drugs. Efficacy in preclinical models was observed with both positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) using essentially non-overlapping sets of experimental methods. Taken together, these data indicate that the mGlu1 receptor certainly plays a significant role in the plasticity triggered by the exposure to abused drugs and is involved in the maintenance of drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors. Understanding whether modulation of the mGlu1 receptor activity can also affect drug-seeking and drug-taking in humans could have a significant impact on the future development of medications in this field. We argue that the mGlu1 receptor NAMs have a significant value as potential tools for human experimental pharmacology that could help to validate methods used in preclinical research. Compared with the PAMs, the mGlu1 receptor NAMs appear to be better candidates for this role due to the following: (1) a number of highly potent, selective, and chemically diverse mGlu1 receptor NAMs to choose from; (2) availability of high-quality PET ligands to monitor target exposure; and (3) a rich pharmacological profile with a number of effects that can complement anti-addictive action (e.g., anxiolytic/antidepressant) and may also serve as additional pharmacodynamic readouts during the preclinical-to-clinical translation. We believe that the mGlu1 receptor NAMs have a significant value as potential tools for human experimental pharmacology that could help to validate methods used in preclinical research.
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Fredriksson I, Adhikary S, Steensland P, Vendruscolo LF, Bonci A, Shaham Y, Bossert JM. Prior Exposure to Alcohol Has No Effect on Cocaine Self-Administration and Relapse in Rats: Evidence from a Rat Model that Does Not Support the Gateway Hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1001-1011. [PMID: 27649640 PMCID: PMC5506787 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gateway hypothesis posits that initial exposure to legal drugs promotes subsequent addiction to illicit drugs. However, epidemiological studies are correlational and cannot rule out the alternative hypothesis of shared addiction vulnerability to legal and illegal drugs. We tested the gateway hypothesis using established rat alcohol exposure procedures and cocaine self-administration and reinstatement (relapse) procedures. We gave Wistar or alcohol-preferring (P) rats intermittent access to water or 20% alcohol in their homecage for 7 weeks (three 24-h sessions/week). We also exposed Wistar rats to air or intoxicating alcohol levels in vapor chambers for 14-h/day for 7 weeks. We then tested the groups of rats for acquisition of cocaine self-administration using ascending cocaine doses (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/infusion) followed by a dose-response curve after acquisition of cocaine self-administration. We then extinguished lever pressing and tested the rats for reinstatement of drug seeking induced by cocaine-paired cues and cocaine priming (0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Wistar rats consumed moderate amounts of alcohol (4.6 g/kg/24 h), P rats consumed higher amounts of alcohol (7.6 g/kg/24 h), and Wistar rats exposed to alcohol vapor had a mean blood alcohol concentration of 176.2 mg/dl during the last week of alcohol exposure. Alcohol pre-exposure had no effect on cocaine self-administration, extinction responding, and reinstatement of drug seeking. Pre-exposure to moderate, high, or intoxicating levels of alcohol had no effect on cocaine self-administration and relapse to cocaine seeking. Our data do not support the notion that alcohol is a gateway drug to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Fredriksson
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, IRP-NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sweta Adhikary
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP-NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pia Steensland
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Antonello Bonci
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, IRP-NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA,Solomon H. Snyder Neuroscience Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP-NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA,NIDA, IRP Behavioral Neuroscience Branch 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21044, USA, Tel: +1 410 740-2723, Fax: +1 410 740-2727, E-mail:
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Nesbit MO, Dias C, Phillips AG. The effects of d -govadine on conditioned place preference with d -amphetamine or food reward. Behav Brain Res 2017; 321:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mavrikaki M, Pravetoni M, Page S, Potter D, Chartoff E. Oxycodone self-administration in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:977-987. [PMID: 28127624 PMCID: PMC7250466 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxycodone is one of the most widely prescribed painkillers in the USA. However, its use is complicated by high abuse potential. As sex differences have been described in drug addiction, the present study tested for sex differences in intravenous oxycodone self-administration in rats. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with jugular vein catheters and trained to self-administer oxycodone (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) under fixed ratio 1 (FR1), FR2, and FR5 schedules of reinforcement followed by a dose-response study to assess sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of oxycodone. In separate rats, sucrose pellet self-administration was assessed under an FR1 schedule to determine whether sex differences in oxycodone self-administration could be generalized across reinforcers. In separate rats, oxycodone distribution to plasma and brain was measured after intravenous drug delivery. RESULTS In the first 3 trials under an FR1 schedule of reinforcement, male rats self-administered more oxycodone than females. In contrast, females self-administered more sucrose pellets. Under FR2 and FR5 schedules, no significant sex differences in oxycodone intake were observed, although female rats had significantly more inactive lever presses. Male and female rats showed similar inverted U-shaped dose-effect functions, with females tending to self-administer more oxycodone than males at higher doses. No significant sex differences were observed in plasma or brain oxycodone levels, suggesting that sex differences in oxycodone self-administration behavior were not due to pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSION Our results suggest subtle sex differences in oxycodone self-administration, which may influence the abuse liability of oxycodone and have ramifications for prescription opioid addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavrikaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sarah Page
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - David Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Elena Chartoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Xiao LJ, Tao R. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:261-280. [PMID: 29098677 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) has been utilized in China for more than 2,000 years, and it has been practiced in treatment of substance addiction and non-substance addictions. TCM have efficacy in the rehabilitation of abnormal physical problems induced by chronic drug use, including improving immune function, increasing working memory, and protecting against neurological disorders. Given that TCM is potentially effective in the prevention of relapse, it has been suggested that TCM may be the ideal choice in the future for the treatment of opiate addiction. This review examines the significance of effective Chinese herbs and prescriptions for Drug Addiction, Alcohol addiction and food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Xiao
- Department of Psychological Medicine, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Psychological Medicine, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
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The Effect of Compulsory and Voluntary Exercise on Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.41488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dalaveri F, Nakhaee N, Esmaeilpour K, Mahani SE, Sheibani V. Effects of maternal separation on nicotine-induced conditioned place preference and subsequent learning and memory in adolescent female rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 639:151-156. [PMID: 27931777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adverse early life experiences can potentially increase risk for drug abuse later in life. However, little research has been conducted studying the effects of maternal separation (MS), an experimental model for early life stress, on the rewarding effects of nicotine. Cognitive function may be affected by MS. So, we also investigated whether nicotine administration affect spatial learning and memory in MS adolescent female rats. Rat pups were subjected to daily MS for 15min (MS15) or 180min (MS180) during the first 2 weeks of life or reared under normal animal facility rearing (AFR) conditions. The place preference test was performed with nicotine (0.6mg/kg,s.c.) or vehicle over a period of 6 conditioning trials during adolescence. Spatial learning and memory performance was evaluated by using Morris water maze (MWM). In our study, adolescent female rats exposed to MS180 shown a significantly greater preference for a nicotine-paired compartment during the testing phase than the MS15 group. Nicotine altered the MS-induced spatial learning defects in the MS180 group. These findings suggest that MS may increase sensitivity to the rewarding effects of nicotine and also it is possible to suggest that nicotine administration may influence learning dysfunction induced by MS in adolescent female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dalaveri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nouzar Nakhaee
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili Mahani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Khan Y, Pandy V. Methanolic Extract of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) Unripe Fruit Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Conditioned Place Preferences in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:352. [PMID: 27729866 PMCID: PMC5037239 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytotherapy is an emerging field successfully utilized to treat various chronic diseases including alcohol dependence. In the present study, we examined the effect of the standardized methanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia Linn. unripe fruit (MMC), on compulsive ethanol-seeking behavior using the mouse conditioned place preference (CPP) test. CPP was established by injections of ethanol (2 g/kg, i.p.) in a 12-day conditioning schedule in mice. The effect of MMC and the reference drug, acamprosate (ACAM), on the reinforcing properties of ethanol in mice was studied by the oral administration of MMC (1, 3, and 5 g/kg) and ACAM (300 mg/kg) 60 min prior to the final CPP test postconditioning. Furthermore, CPPs weakened with repeated testing in the absence of ethanol over the next 12 days (extinction), during which the treatment groups received MMC (1, 3, and 5 g/kg, p.o.) or ACAM (300 mg/kg, p.o.). Finally, a priming injection of a low dose of ethanol (0.4 g/kg, i.p.) in the home cage (Reinstatement) was sufficient to reinstate CPPs, an effect that was challenged by the administration of MMC or ACAM. MMC (3 and 5 g/kg, p.o.) and ACAM (300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reversed the establishment of ethanol-induced CPPs and effectively facilitated the extinction of ethanol CPP. In light of these findings, it has been suggested that M. citrifolia unripe fruit could be utilized for novel drug development to combat alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayapandi Pandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Beloate LN, Omrani A, Adan RA, Webb IC, Coolen LM. Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Cell Activation during Male Rat Sexual Behavior Regulates Neuroplasticity and d-Amphetamine Cross-Sensitization following Sex Abstinence. J Neurosci 2016; 36:9949-61. [PMID: 27656032 PMCID: PMC6705564 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0937-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Experience with sexual behavior causes cross-sensitization of amphetamine reward, an effect dependent on a period of sexual reward abstinence. We previously showed that ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key mediator of this cross-sensitization, potentially via dopamine receptor activation. However, the role of mesolimbic dopamine for sexual behavior or cross-sensitization between natural and drug reward is unknown. This was tested using inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine cells. rAAV5/hSvn-DIO-hm4D-mCherry was injected into the VTA of TH::Cre adult male rats. Males received clozapine N-oxide (CNO) or vehicle injections before each of 5 consecutive days of mating or handling. Following an abstinence period of 7 d, males were tested for amphetamine conditioned place preference (CPP). Next, males were injected with CNO or vehicle before mating or handling for analysis of mating-induced cFos, sex experience-induced ΔFosB, and reduction of VTA dopamine soma size. Results showed that CNO did not affect mating behavior. Instead, CNO prevented sexual experience-induced cross-sensitization of amphetamine CPP, ΔFosB in the NAc and medial prefrontal cortex, and decreases in VTA dopamine soma size. Expression of hm4D-mCherry was specific to VTA dopamine cells and CNO blocked excitation and mating-induced cFos expression in VTA dopamine cells. These findings provide direct evidence that VTA dopamine activation is not required for initiation or performance of sexual behavior. Instead, VTA dopamine directly contributes to increased vulnerability for drug use following loss of natural reward by causing neuroplasticity in the mesolimbic pathway during the natural reward experience. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Drugs of abuse act on the neural pathways that mediate natural reward learning and memory. Exposure to natural reward behaviors can alter subsequent drug-related reward. Specifically, experience with sexual behavior, followed by a period of abstinence from sexual behavior, causes increased reward for amphetamine in male rats. This study demonstrates that activation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons during sexual experience regulates cross-sensitization of amphetamine reward. Finally, ventral tegmental area dopamine cell activation is essential for experience-induced neural adaptations in the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and ventral tegmental area. These findings demonstrate a role of mesolimbic dopamine in the interaction between natural and drug rewards, and identify mesolimbic dopamine as a key mediator of changes in vulnerability for drug use after loss of natural reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Beloate
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
| | - Azar Omrani
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A Adan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian C Webb
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, and
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Gremel CM, Lovinger DM. Associative and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia circuit roles in effects of abused drugs. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:71-85. [PMID: 27457495 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian forebrain is characterized by the presence of several parallel cortico-basal ganglia circuits that shape the learning and control of actions. Among these are the associative, limbic and sensorimotor circuits. The function of all of these circuits has now been implicated in responses to drugs of abuse, as well as drug seeking and drug taking. While the limbic circuit has been most widely examined, key roles for the other two circuits in control of goal-directed and habitual instrumental actions related to drugs of abuse have been shown. In this review we describe the three circuits and effects of acute and chronic drug exposure on circuit physiology. Our main emphasis is on drug actions in dorsal striatal components of the associative and sensorimotor circuits. We then review key findings that have implicated these circuits in drug seeking and taking behaviors, as well as drug use disorders. Finally, we consider different models describing how the three cortico-basal ganglia circuits become involved in drug-related behaviors. This topic has implications for drug use disorders and addiction, as treatments that target the balance between the different circuits may be useful for reducing excessive substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gremel
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - D M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ng E, Browne CJ, Samsom JN, Wong AHC. Depression and substance use comorbidity: What we have learned from animal studies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 43:456-474. [PMID: 27315335 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1183020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression and substance use disorders are often comorbid, but the reasons for this are unclear. In human studies, it is difficult to determine how one disorder may affect predisposition to the other and what the underlying mechanisms might be. Instead, animal studies allow experimental induction of behaviors relevant to depression and drug-taking, and permit direct interrogation of changes to neural circuits and molecular pathways. While this field is still new, here we review animal studies that investigate whether depression-like states increase vulnerability to drug-taking behaviors. Since chronic psychosocial stress can precipitate or predispose to depression in humans, we review studies that use psychosocial stressors to produce depression-like phenotypes in animals. Specifically, we describe how postweaning isolation stress, repeated social defeat stress, and chronic mild (or unpredictable) stress affect behaviors relevant to substance abuse, especially operant self-administration. Potential brain changes mediating these effects are also discussed where available, with an emphasis on mesocorticolimbic dopamine circuits. Postweaning isolation stress and repeated social defeat generally increase acquisition or maintenance of drug self-administration, and alter dopamine sensitivity in various brain regions. However, the effects of chronic mild stress on drug-taking have been much less studied. Future studies should consider standardizing stress-induction protocols, including female subjects, and using multi-hit models (e.g. genetic vulnerabilities and environmental stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Ng
- a Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , Canada.,b Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Caleb J Browne
- c Department of Psychology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,d Campbell Family Health Institute , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Canada
| | - James N Samsom
- d Campbell Family Health Institute , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Canada.,e Department of Pharmacology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- b Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,d Campbell Family Health Institute , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Canada.,e Department of Pharmacology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,f Department of Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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Abstract
Research on the neural substrates of drug reward, withdrawal and relapse has yet to be translated into significant advances in the treatment of addiction. One potential reason is that this research has not captured a common feature of human addiction: progressive social exclusion and marginalization. We propose that research aimed at understanding the neural mechanisms that link these processes to drug seeking and drug taking would help to make addiction neuroscience research more clinically relevant.
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Nucleus accumbens NMDA receptor activation regulates amphetamine cross-sensitization and deltaFosB expression following sexual experience in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:154-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leventhal AM. The Sociopharmacology of Tobacco Addiction: Implications for Understanding Health Disparities. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:110-21. [PMID: 25890832 PMCID: PMC5967296 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to reduce the public health burden of tobacco use have not equally benefited all members of society, leading to disparities in tobacco use as a function of ethnicity/race, socioeconomic position, physical/behavioral comorbidity, and other factors. Although multilevel transdisciplinary models are needed to comprehensively understand sources of tobacco-related health disparities (TRHD), the incorporation of psychopharmacology into TRHD research is rare. Similarly, psychopharmacology researchers have often overlooked the societal context in which tobacco is consumed. In an effort to facilitate transdisciplinary research agendas for studying TRHD and the psychopharmacology of tobacco use, this article introduces a novel paradigm, called "sociopharmacology." Sociopharmacology is a platform for investigating how contextual factors amplify psychopharmacological determinants of smoking to disproportionately enhance vulnerability to smoking in populations subject to TRHD. The overall goal of sociopharmacology is to identify proximal person-level psychopharmacological mechanisms that channel distal societal-level influences on TRHD. In this article I describe: (1) sociopharmacology's overarching methodology and theoretical framework; (2) example models that apply sociopharmacology to understand mechanisms underlying TRHD; (3) how sociopharmacological approaches may enhance the public health impact of basic research on the psychopharmacology of tobacco use; and (4) how understanding sociopharmacological mechanisms of TRHD might ultimately translate into interventions that reduce TRHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Avery SN, Clauss JA, Blackford JU. The Human BNST: Functional Role in Anxiety and Addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:126-41. [PMID: 26105138 PMCID: PMC4677124 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of chronic stress on brain structure and function are far reaching. Whereas stress can produce short-term adaptive changes in the brain, chronic stress leads to long-term maladaptive changes that increase vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and addiction. These two disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the United States, and are typically chronic, disabling, and highly comorbid. Emerging evidence implicates a tiny brain region-the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)-in the body's stress response and in anxiety and addiction. Rodent studies provide compelling evidence that the BNST plays a central role in sustained threat monitoring, a form of adaptive anxiety, and in the withdrawal and relapse stages of addiction; however, little is known about the role of BNST in humans. Here, we review current evidence for BNST function in humans, including evidence for a role in the production of both adaptive and maladaptive anxiety. We also review preliminary evidence of the role of BNST in addiction in humans. Together, these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the role of BNST in adaptive anxiety and stress-related disorders. Although the field is in its infancy, future investigations of human BNST function have tremendous potential to illuminate mechanisms underlying stress-related disorders and identify novel neural targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J A Clauss
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J U Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Mantsch JR, Baker DA, Funk D, Lê AD, Shaham Y. Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking: 20 Years of Progress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:335-56. [PMID: 25976297 PMCID: PMC4677117 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here, we first discuss the generality of stress-induced reinstatement to different drugs of abuse, different stressors, and different behavioral procedures. We also discuss neuropharmacological mechanisms, and brain areas and circuits controlling stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. We conclude by discussing results from translational human laboratory studies and clinical trials that were inspired by results from rat studies on stress-induced reinstatement. Our main conclusions are (1) The phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement, first shown with an intermittent footshock stressor in rats trained to self-administer heroin, generalizes to other abused drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and alcohol, and is also observed in the conditioned place preference model in rats and mice. This phenomenon, however, is stressor specific and not all stressors induce reinstatement of drug seeking. (2) Neuropharmacological studies indicate the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, kappa/dynorphin, and several other peptide and neurotransmitter systems in stress-induced reinstatement. Neuropharmacology and circuitry studies indicate the involvement of CRF and noradrenaline transmission in bed nucleus of stria terminalis and central amygdala, and dopamine, CRF, kappa/dynorphin, and glutamate transmission in other components of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system (ventral tegmental area, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens). (3) Translational human laboratory studies and a recent clinical trial study show the efficacy of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in decreasing stress-induced drug craving and stress-induced initial heroin lapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mantsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas Funk
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anh D Lê
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA-NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model to Study the Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Drug Addiction. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:229-52. [PMID: 26810004 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction takes a massive toll on society. Novel animal models are needed to test new treatments and understand the basic mechanisms underlying addiction. Rodent models have identified the neurocircuitry involved in addictive behavior and indicate that rodents possess some of the same neurobiologic mechanisms that mediate addiction in humans. Recent studies indicate that addiction is mechanistically and phylogenetically ancient and many mechanisms that underlie human addiction are also present in invertebrates. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has conserved neurobiologic systems with powerful molecular and genetic tools and a rapid rate of development that enables cost-effective translational discovery. Emerging evidence suggests that C. elegans is an excellent model to identify molecular mechanisms that mediate drug-induced behavior and potential targets for medications development for various addictive compounds. C. elegans emit many behaviors that can be easily quantitated including some that involve interactions with the environment. Ethanol (EtOH) is the best-studied drug-of-abuse in C. elegans and at least 50 different genes/targets have been identified as mediating EtOH's effects and polymorphisms in some orthologs in humans are associated with alcohol use disorders. C. elegans has also been shown to display dopamine and cholinergic system-dependent attraction to nicotine and demonstrate preference for cues previously associated with nicotine. Cocaine and methamphetamine have been found to produce dopamine-dependent reward-like behaviors in C. elegans. These behavioral tests in combination with genetic/molecular manipulations have led to the identification of dozens of target genes/systems in C. elegans that mediate drug effects. The one target/gene identified as essential for drug-induced behavioral responses across all drugs of abuse was the cat-2 gene coding for tyrosine hydroxylase, which is consistent with the role of dopamine neurotransmission in human addiction. Overall, C. elegans can be used to model aspects of drug addiction and identify systems and molecular mechanisms that mediate drug effects. The findings are surprisingly consistent with analogous findings in higher-level organisms. Further, model refinement is warranted to improve model validity and increase utility for medications development.
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Food restriction-induced augmentation of heroin seeking in female rats: manipulations of ovarian hormones. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3773-82. [PMID: 26246318 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Food restriction augments heroin seeking in chronically food-restricted male rats under withdrawal, an effect not yet examined in female rats. Importantly, women and female rats possess an increased vulnerability to drugs of abuse, which may be mediated by fluctuations in ovarian hormones. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of estradiol and progesterone in augmented heroin seeking in chronically food-restricted female rats, under withdrawal. METHODS Female rats self-administered heroin for 10-12 days and were then allowed unrestricted (sated) or restricted access to food (FDR; ∼10 % reduction in body weight) for 14 days. On day 14, rats underwent a heroin-seeking test. Exp. 1: Rats underwent ovariectomy or sham surgery and were treated with a low dose of estradiol (5.0 % in cholesterol; subcutaneous capsule). Exp. 2: Rats underwent ovariectomy and were administered with a high dose of estradiol (0.5 mg/kg; subcutaneous) for 8 days before testing. Exp. 3: Progesterone injections (2.0 mg/kg; subcutaneous) were administered 24 h and 2 h before testing. RESULTS Food restriction resulted in augmented heroin seeking, compared to sated controls. While ovariectomy had no effect, estradiol replacement attenuated the food restriction effect. Injections of progesterone had no effect on heroin seeking in either the sated or FDR groups. CONCLUSIONS The effect of food restriction on heroin seeking in female rats under withdrawal is as robust as previously found in males. Interestingly, estradiol replacement, but not progesterone, attenuates the food restriction effect in the ovariectomized rats, possibly due to its anorexic properties.
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