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Tian Z, Feng B, Wang XQ, Tian J. Focusing on cyclin-dependent kinases 5: A potential target for neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1030639. [PMID: 36438186 PMCID: PMC9687395 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 5 (Cdk5) is a special member of proline-directed serine threonine kinase family. Unlike other Cdks, Cdk5 is not directly involved in cell cycle regulation but plays important roles in nervous system functions. Under physiological conditions, the activity of Cdk5 is tightly controlled by p35 or p39, which are specific activators of Cdk5 and highly expressed in post-mitotic neurons. However, they will be cleaved into the corresponding truncated forms namely p25 and p29 under pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neurotoxic insults. The binding to truncated co-activators results in aberrant Cdk5 activity and contributes to the initiation and progression of multiple neurological disorders through affecting the down-stream targets. Although Cdk5 kinase activity is mainly regulated through combining with co-activators, it is not the only way. Post-translational modifications of Cdk5 including phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, sumoylation, and acetylation can also affect its kinase activity and then participate in physiological and pathological processes of nervous system. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of Cdk5 and its roles in a series of common neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, anxiety/depression, pathological pain and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xing-Qin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Infection, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, The First Batch of Key Disciplines On Public Health in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Huh SY, Kim SG, Kim HK, Han SI, Son BG. Effect of Extract of Black Sticky Rice with Giant Embryo on Alcohol Cravings of Korean Social Drinkers: A 12-Week Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Med Food 2022; 25:778-786. [PMID: 35834633 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.k.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of black sticky rice with giant embryo (BSRGE) extract known to contain high levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on alcohol cravings in social drinkers. A total of 41 subjects were divided into a BSRGE extract group (G group: n = 21) and a placebo group (P group: n = 20), and a randomized placebo-controlled experiment was performed for 12 weeks. The G group took the BSRGE extracts that contained 30 mg of GABA per day. (1) In the Pennsylvania Alcohol Craving Scale, there was a tendency for time and group interaction between the two groups (P = .087) on the total score. (2) In the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), there was a significance for time and group interaction between the G and P groups (P = .011) on the obsessive subscale. The total score of the OCDS showed significant time and group interactions between the G and P groups (P = .011). Our results showed that the extract of BSRGE containing a high level of GABA significantly reduced alcohol cravings in Korean social drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Young Huh
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan-si, Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan-si, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Kyeong Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Han
- Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Milyang, Korea
| | - Beung-Gu Son
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
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Xie Y, Wang P, Cui X, Liu L, Wang P, Jing S, Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang S. Dopaminergic neurons project to the nucleus accumbens regulates anxiety-like behaviors through dopamine D 1 signaling. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113540. [PMID: 34419513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission is important in the regulation of mood and anxiety behaviors. However, how specific dopaminergic signaling pathways respond to anxiogenic stimuli as well as regulate behaviors remains unknown. To understand how DA regulates the animal behaviors under anxiety we performed retrograde labeling and c-Fos staining of midbrain DA neurons. Our c-Fos labeling results showed that DA neurons projected to nucleus accumbens (NAc) are activated in animals treated with the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Real-time measurement of DA release using fast scanning cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in NAc of freely behaving mice showed that increased DA release and more DA transients in the close arms than the open arms in the EPM. Meanwhile, we also observed a reduction of DA level from the close arms to the open arms. Local infusion of DA D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 in the core of NAc, leads to an anxiolytic-like effect in the open-field and EPM. These anxiolytic effects were not observed in animals received D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride infusion in the core of NAc. Taken together, our results reveal a novel function of the mesolimbic DA pathway through the D1 receptor in the regulation of anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingliang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St., Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Peizhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Qixia Hospital of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, 25 Minsheng St., Yantai, 265300, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changle Hospital of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, 25 Hengan St., Weifang, 262400, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changle Hospital of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, 25 Hengan St., Weifang, 262400, Shandong, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St., Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Shimei Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St., Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St., Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St., Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St., Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China.
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Wang SN, Yao ZW, Zhao CB, Ding YS, Bian LH, Li QY, Wang XM, Shi JL, Guo JY, Wang CG. Discovery and proteomics analysis of effective compounds in Valeriana jatamansi jones for the treatment of anxiety. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113452. [PMID: 33069789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zhizhu Xiang (ZZX for short) is the root and rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi Jones, which is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) used to treat various mood disorders for more than 2000 years, especially anxiety. However, there have been few investigations to clarify the compounds in ZZX for the treatment of anxiety. AIM OF THE STUDY Our previous study has identified five anti-anxiety components, including hesperidin, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B and isochlorogenic acid C and chlorogenic acid, from extract of ZZX. In order to find the optimal combination and the underlying mechanism of these five components in the treatment of anxiety disorder, researches were designed based on uniform design method and proteomic technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples with different proportion and content of the five active components were arranged by uniform design method. Then a mathematical model was formulated using partial least square method and stepwise regression analysis. Moreover, the empty bottle stress-induced anxiety rat model was established, and the anti-anxiety effect was recorded by the unconditioned reflex elevated maze test and the open field test. In addition, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique, along with the multidimensional liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry were applied in proteomic study. At last, the result of proteomic analysis was further confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS The optimal combination of the components from the extract of ZZX was 1.153 mg/kg hesperidin, 2.197 mg/kg Isochlorogenic acid A, 0.699 mg/kg Isochlorogenic acid B and 1.249 mg/kg Chlorogenic acid. Total 6818 proteins were identified using proteomic analysis and 80 differentially expressed proteins were used for further bioinformatic analysis. These proteins were involved in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, protein digestion and absorption, cholesterol metabolism, Chagas disease, and AGE/RAGE signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The composition and proportion of anti-anxiety components in extract of ZZX was disclosed, and there was an anti-anxiety effect for the combined components of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Through proteomic analysis and Western blot, it was found that the effective components of extract of ZZX can exert synergistic anti-anxiety effects via the regulation of multi-signaling pathways. These findings could provide a preliminary research basis for the development of new low-toxic, efficient, stable and controllable anti-anxiety drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 3 Xingyuan Road, Luquan District, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, 050200, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Cheng-Bowen Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yong-Sheng Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Li-Hua Bian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qiu-Yu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jin-Li Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jian-You Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4A DatunRoad, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Chun-Guo Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Jung WY, Kim SG, Kim HK, Huh SY, Kim DW, Yoon DU, Yang CH, Kim HY, Jang EY. The Effect of Oral Administration of Black Sticky Rice with Giant Embryo on Brain GABA Concentrations. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:615-620. [PMID: 31352770 PMCID: PMC6710419 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.05.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Black sticky rice with giant embryo (BSRGE) contains high GABA content and affects alcohol-related indices among social drinkers, and alcohol intake and anxiety-related behavior of mice. However, it is unknown whether the intake of BSRGE affects GABAergic activity of brain directly. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effect of oral administration of BSRGE on brain GABA concentrations compared with commercially available GABA compound and regular feeds. METHODS Twenty-one male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to BSRGE, a regular feed (AIN-76) lacking GABA, and a regular feed containing GABA compound. After feeding freely for 48 h, the cortex and striatum were separated from the brain. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to measure GABA and glutamate concentrations in mouse brain. RESULTS The GABA concentration of the BSRGE group was higher than that of regular feed and GABA compound group (p<0.001). However, the GABA compound group showed no significant difference from the regular feed group (p=0.50). CONCLUSION Intake of BSRGE containing high GABA content increased GABA concentrations in mouse brain compared with regular feed unlike GABA compound. The results of this study constitute an important basis for further investigations into the clinical applications of BSRGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Kyeong Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Young Huh
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Wook Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daegeon, Republic of Korea
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Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Effect of Vitex agnus-castus on Female Mice and Possible Role of Estrogen Receptors. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.63570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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7
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Ahmed S, Bachu R, Kotapati P, Adnan M, Ahmed R, Farooq U, Saeed H, Khan AM, Zubair A, Qamar I, Begum G. Use of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:228. [PMID: 31133886 PMCID: PMC6514433 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Gabapentin (GBP) is an anticonvulsant medication that is also used to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS) and posttherapeutic neuralgia. GBP is commonly prescribed off-label for psychiatric disorders despite the lack of strong evidence. However, there is growing evidence that GBP may be effective and clinically beneficial in both psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. This review aimed to perform a systematic analysis of peer-reviewed published literature on the efficacy of GBP in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. Methods: This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE literature databases were screened and filtered by using specific search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria. The full texts of selected studies were subsequently retrieved and reviewed. The search terms generated 2,604 results from the databases. After excluding all duplicates, 1,088 citations were left. Thereafter, we applied inclusion and exclusion criteria; a total of 54 papers were retained for detailed review. Results: This literature review concludes that GBP appears to be effective in the treatment of various forms of anxiety disorders. It shows some effectiveness in bipolar disorder as an adjunctive therapeutic agent, while the evidence for monotherapy is inconclusive. In substance use disorders, GBP is effective for acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) with mild to moderate severity; it reduces cravings, improves the rate of abstinence, and delays return to heavy drinking. GBP may have some therapeutic potential in the treatment of opioid addiction and cannabis dependence, but there is limited evidence to support its use. No significant benefit of GBP has been conclusively observed in the treatment of OCD, PTSD, depression, or cocaine and amphetamine abuse. Conclusion: GBP appears to be effective in some forms of anxiety disorders such as preoperative anxiety, anxiety in breast cancer survivors, and social phobia. GBP has shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of alcohol dependence. However, the literature suggests that GBP is effective as an adjunctive medication rather than a monotherapy. More clinical trials with larger patient populations are needed to support gabapentin's off-label use in psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. It is worth noting that numerous clinical studies that are discussed in this review are open-label trials, which are inherently less rigorously analyzed. Therefore, more extensive investigations are required to examine not only the efficacy of GBP, but also its safety and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmed
- Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY, United States
| | - Ramya Bachu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baptist Health-UAMS, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Padma Kotapati
- Manhattan Psychiatric Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Rizwan Ahmed
- Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Umer Farooq
- John T. Mather Memorial Hospital, Port Jefferson, NYUSA
| | - Hina Saeed
- Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Mahmood Khan
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Edinburg, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Aarij Zubair
- St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Iqra Qamar
- Department of Cardiology Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gulshan Begum
- Department of Psychiatry, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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Tashev R, Ivanova M. Involvement of hippocampal angiotensin 1 receptors in anxiety-like behaviour of olfactory bulbectomized rats. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:847-852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Pote W, Musarira S, Chuma D, Gadaga LL, Mwandiringana E, Tagwireyi D. Effects of a hydroethanolic extract of Boophone disticha bulb on anxiety-related behaviour in naive BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 214:218-224. [PMID: 29223391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Boophone disticha is one of the most important medicinal bulbs of Southern Africa. Previous in vitro studies have shown that it's crude ethanolic extracts and some alkaloidal phytoconstituents possesses high affinity for the serotonin transporter protein (SERT) and serotonin receptor 1a (5HT1a) which are both implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of anxiety disorders. However, there are no in vivo studies that validates the anxiolytic actions of the plant. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was therefore set to determine the anxiolytic-like activity of an orally administered hydroethanolic extract of B. disticha bulbs in naive mice using the behavioural tests of anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS Naïve adult male BALB/c mice were randomly placed into five treatment groups (n=6-10): vehicle control (10ml/kg 0.9% NaCl), positive control (1mg/kg diazepam) and the hydroethanolic extract of B. disticha (10, 25 and 40mg/kg p.o.). Souk test, elevared plus maze and open field tests were used to evaluate the anxiolytic-like activity of the B. disticha extract. RESULTS Diazepam-treated mice exhibited higher number of sector visits and line crossings in the ST, rearings in the OF and head dips in the EPM than the control (p<0.05). B. disticha extract treated groups expressed higher sector visits at 10mg/kg, and, unprotected head dips at 25mg/kg in the ST, as well as, open arm time entries at 10mg/kg dose, and unprotected head dips at all doses in the EPM than the control group (p<0.05). The 25mg/kg B. disticha dose group exhibited highest anxiolytic-like activity in both the ST and OF, while the 10mg/kg was most active in the EPM. CONCLUSION The extract of B. disticha exerted good anxiolytic-like activity in both the ST and OF at medium dose (25mg/kg), while the low dose (10mg/kg) showed prominent anxiolytic-like activity in the EPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Pote
- Drug and Toxicology Information Service (DaTIS), School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Preclinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Midlands State University, Private Bag 9055, Senga, Gweru, Zimbabwe.
| | - Shamiso Musarira
- Drug and Toxicology Information Service (DaTIS), School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Donald Chuma
- Drug and Toxicology Information Service (DaTIS), School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Louis L Gadaga
- Drug and Toxicology Information Service (DaTIS), School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Ellen Mwandiringana
- Department of Preclinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Dexter Tagwireyi
- Drug and Toxicology Information Service (DaTIS), School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Korotkova T, Ponomarenko A, Monaghan CK, Poulter SL, Cacucci F, Wills T, Hasselmo ME, Lever C. Reconciling the different faces of hippocampal theta: The role of theta oscillations in cognitive, emotional and innate behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 85:65-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Jung WY, Kim SG, Lee JS, Kim HK, Son BG, Kim JW, Suh JW. Effect of Feeding High Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Containing Giant Embryo Black Sticky Rice (Oryza sativa L.) on Anxiety-Related Behavior of C57BL/6 Mice. J Med Food 2017; 20:777-781. [PMID: 28704125 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding high gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing black sticky rice giant embryo (BSRGE, Oryza sativa L.) on anxiety-related behavior of C57BL/6 mice. Experimental feedstuff (BSRGE with high GABA+AIN-76A) and control (AIN-76A) were provided to C57BL/6 mouse for 10 days. Antianxiety effects of BSRGE with high GABA were measured using an elevated plus maze. On day 8, the number of open arm entries by GABA and control groups were 1.10 ± 1.60 (mean ± SD) and 0.00 ± 0.00 (P = .030). On day 10, the number of open arm entries by the GABA group was 2.00 ± 1.89, which was significantly (P = .025) higher than that in the control group (0.40 ± 0.84). On day 8, the time the mice spent in open arm in the GABA group and control group was 3.60 ± 7.06 and 0.00 ± 0.00 sec (P = .068), respectively. On day 10, the time the mice in the GABA and control groups spent in open arm was 6.20 ± 5.35 sec and 1.80 ± 3.82 sec (P = .042), respectively. In repeated analysis of variance for the number of entries into open arm and time spent in open arm, significant differences were found between the two groups. Therefore, BSRGE with high GABA content might have an antianxiety effect. This study can serve as a preliminary study so that further antianxiety effects of BSRGE can be determined in more extended animal or clinical research studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Jung
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Kim
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Korea.,2 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Lee
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Kyeong Kim
- 3 Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Beung-Gu Son
- 4 Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Kim
- 5 Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, KyungHee University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Suh
- 6 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Yang-San Neuropsychiatric Hospital , Yangsan, Korea
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Mechanisms of comorbidity, continuity, and discontinuity in anxiety-related disorders. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1053-1069. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe discuss comorbidity, continuity, and discontinuity of anxiety-related disorders from the perspective of a two-dimensional neuropsychology of fear (threat avoidance) and anxiety (threat approach). Pharmacological dissection of the “neurotic” disorders justifies both a categorical division between fear and anxiety and a subdivision of each mapped to a hierarchy of neural modules that process different immediacies of threat. It is critical that each module can generate normal responses, symptoms of another syndrome, or syndromal responses. We discuss the resultant possibilities for comorbid dysfunction of these modules both with each other and with some disorders not usually classified as anxiety related. The simplest case is symptomatic fear/anxiety comorbidity, where dysfunction in one module results in excess activity in a second, otherwise normal, module to generate symptoms and apparent comorbidity. More complex is syndromal fear/anxiety comorbidity, where more than one module is concurrently dysfunctional. Yet more complex are syndromal comorbidities of anxiety that go beyond the two dimensional fear/anxiety systems: depression, substance use disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Our account of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–anxiety comorbidity entails discussion of the neuropsychology of externalizing disorders to account for the lack of anxiety comorbidity in some of these. Finally, we link the neuropsychology of disorder to personality variation, and to the development of a biomarker of variation in the anxiety system among individuals that, if extreme, may provide a means of unambiguously identifying the first of a range of anxiety syndromes.
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Li YH, Li F, Liu M, Yin JJ, Cheng BJ, Shi BM, Shan AS. Effect of γ-aminobutyric acid on growth performance, behavior and plasma hormones in weaned pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Li, Y. H., Li, F., Liu, M., Yin, J. J., Cheng, B. J., Shi, B. M. and Shan, A. S. 2015. Effect of γ-aminobutyric acid on growth performance, behavior and plasma hormones in weaned pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 165–171. The study was conducted the effects of dietary γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 0 and 30 mg kg−1) on average daily intake, growth performance, behavior and plasma hormone levels in weaned pigs. A total of 96 28-d-old healthy weaned male pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with similar weight were randomly assigned into two groups. Six units were included in each treatment, with eight pigs in each unit. The trial lasted 35 d. Four pigs were exchanged between every two pens in the same treatment on day 28. No difference was observed on average daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed-to-gain ratio between the pigs fed 30 mg kg−1 GABA diets and the pigs fed basal diet, respectively. Longer feed consumption time and lower biting incidences were observed in pigs fed GABA, compared with those fed basal diet, respectively. Plasma growth hormone concentration was significantly increased and the plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol were lower in weaned pigs in the GABA supplementation group on day 35. Dietary GABA significantly increased the plasma neuropeptide Y concentration on day 14 and day 35. It is indicated that dietary GABA reduced aggressive behavior and regulated endocrine hormones in weaned pigs, ultimately reducing the negative influences of stress (weaning and mixing) on the pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. H. Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - F. Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - M. Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - J. J. Yin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - B. J. Cheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - B. M. Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - A. S. Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
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Harsha SN, Anilakumar KR. Anxiolytic property of Lactuca sativa, effect on anxiety behaviour induced by novel food and height. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:532-6. [PMID: 23768824 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study anxiolytic property of hydro alchohol extract and to estimate polyphenols present in the extract by HPLC. METHODS To evaluate anxiolytic property two animal models were used viz. Elevated T maze and hyponeophagia. Diazepam (1 mg/kg body wt.) served as the standard anxiolytic agent for all the tests. The dried extract of the plant leaf in doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to mice for duration of 15 or 30 days and locomotor and anxiolytic activities were performed. Polyphenols was estimated using HPLC. RESULTS The HPLC analysis of the polyphenols revealed the presence chlorogenic acid, vanillin, epicatechin, caffeic acid, rutin hydrate, sinapic acid, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, p-coumeric acid and quercitin. Time spent and number of entries into the open arm was improved in 30 days treated animals than that of 15 days treated groups, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight treated group showed significant results when comparing with the control group. CONCLUSIONS The hydro alcohol extract rich in Polyphenols and other secondary metabolites is a potent anxiolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Harsha
- Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory Mysore-570011, India.
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Valente MF, Romariz S, Calcagnotto ME, Ruiz L, Mello LE, Frussa-Filho R, Longo BM. Postnatal Transplantation of Interneuronal Precursor Cells Decreases Anxiety-Like Behavior in Adult Mice. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1237-47. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The GABAergic system is critically involved in the modulation of anxiety levels, and dysfunction of GABAergic neurotransmission appears to be involved in the development of generalized anxiety disorder. Precursor cells from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) have the ability to migrate and differentiate into inhibitory GABAergic interneurons after being transplanted into the mouse brain. Thus, transplantation of interneuronal precursor cells derived from the MGE into a postnatal brain could modify the neuronal circuitry, increasing GABAergic tone and decreasing anxiety-like behavior in animals. Our aim was to verify the in vivo effects of transplanted MGE cells by evaluating anxiety-like behavior in mice. MGE cells from 14-day green fluorescent protein (GFP) embryos were transplanted into newborn mice. At 15, 30, and 60 days posttransplant, the animals were tested for anxiety behavior with the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Our results show that transplanted cells from MGE were able to migrate to different regions of the brain parenchyma and to differentiate into inhibitory interneurons. The neuronal precursor cell transplanted animals had decreased levels of anxiety, indicating a specific function of these cells in vivo. We suggested that transplantation of MGE-derived neuronal precursors into neonate brain could strengthen the inhibitory function of the GABAergic neuronal circuitry related to anxiety-like behavior in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Valente
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S. Romariz
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. E. Calcagnotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L. Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. E. Mello
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. Frussa-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B. M. Longo
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Behavioural and neurochemical changes induced by stress-related conditions are counteracted by the neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist saredutant. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:813-23. [PMID: 22695046 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
These experiments were undertaken to assess the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effects of the neurokinin-2 (NK(2)) receptor antagonist saredutant (SR48968) in rats tested in the forced swim test (FST), by analysing hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and plasma corticosterone [as index of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity]. Male Wistar rats received three intraperitoneal injections over 24 h of vehicle, saredutant (5 mg/kg), citalopram (15 mg/kg), clomipramine (50 mg/kg). Rats were subjected to restraint stress (4 h) 24 h prior to the FST procedure. This stress procedure increased immobility and decreased swimming behaviour in the FST; furthermore, it lowered hippocampal BDNF protein expression and increased plasma corticosterone levels. Saredutant and clomipramine or citalopram, used here as positive controls, reduced the immobility time in the FST both under basal conditions and after stress exposure. This effect was not attributable to changes in locomotion, because locomotor activity was unchanged when assessed in the open field test. Pretreatment with para-cholorophenylalanine (150 mg/kg, 72 h and 48 h prior to FST) abolished the effect of citalopram and saredutant on immobility time. At neurochemical level, saredutant attenuated activation of HPA axis in stressed animals more than clomipramine or citalopram. The behavioural effects of saredutant support the hypothesis that NK(2) receptor activity is involved in stress-related disorders. These effects of saredutant may be related to normalization of the HPA axis. Moreover, saredutant increases BDNF expression in the hippocampus, confirming the role of NK(2) receptor blockade in BDNF activation following stressor application.
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Seo JH, Kim TW, Kim CJ, Sung YH, Lee SJ. Treadmill exercise during pregnancy ameliorates post‑traumatic stress disorder‑induced anxiety‑like responses in maternal rats. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:389-95. [PMID: 23174863 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Post‑traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder triggered by life‑threatening events that cause intense fear. Exercise is known to have protective effects on neuropsychiatric diseases. The present study investigated whether treadmill exercise during pregnancy reduced or alleviated symptoms of PTSD in maternal rats. To induce predator stress in pregnant rats, rats were exposed to a hunting dog in an enclosed room. Exposure time was three 10‑min daily sessions separated by 1 h, starting at week 1 of pregnancy until delivery. Pregnant rats in the exercise group were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day, starting one week following pregnancy until delivery. Rats receiving predator stress during pregnancy exhibited PTSD anxiety‑like behaviors following delivery. Expression of 5‑hydroxytryptamine (5‑HT) and its synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe was increased compared with unstressed rats. Expression of c‑Fos and neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS) in the hypothalamus and locus coeruleus were higher in the rats receiving stress during pregnancy compared with unstressed rats. By contrast, treadmill exercise during pregnancy ameliorated anxiety‑like behaviors and reduced the expression of 5‑HT, TPH, c‑Fos and nNOS in the PTSD maternal rats. The results of the present study indicate that exercise during pregnancy is suitable for use as a therapeutic strategy to reduce anxiety‑related disorders, including PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Seo
- Division of Sports Science, Baekseok University, Cheonan 330‑704, Republic of Korea
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You JS, Peng M, Shi JL, Zheng HZ, Liu Y, Zhao BS, Guo JY. Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of compound Valeriana jatamansi Jones in mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:223. [PMID: 23171285 PMCID: PMC3526556 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Compound Valeriana jatamansi Jones is a formula for treating anxiety-related diseases in the clinic, which is composed of Valeriana jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, Albiziae Cortex and Junci Medulla. The purpose of this study was to explore the anxiolytic properties of this compound in mice. Methods Male ICR mice were treated with compound Valerianae Jatamansi Jones (1.2 g/kg, 2.4 g/kg, 4.8 g/kg), saline, diazepam (2 mg/kg) orally for 10 days and then exposed to elevated maze-plus (EPM) and light–dark box (LDB). The effects of the compound on spontaneous activity were evaluated by locomotor activity test. We further investigated the mechanism of action underlying the anxiolytic-like effect of compound by pre-treating animals with antagonists of benzodiazepine (flumazenil, 3mg/kg) prior to evaluation using EPM and LDB. Results Compound Valerianae Jatamansi Jones (2.4, 4.8 g/kg, p.o.) significantly increased entries (P<0.05) into and time spent (P<0.05) on the open arms of the EPM, and number of transitions (P<0.05) and time spent (P<0.05) in the light compartment of the LDB. However, the anxiolytic-like effects of compound were significantly reduced by pre-treatment with flumazenil (P>0.05). In addition, compound Valerianae Jatamansi Jones treatment didn’t affect the spontaneous activity in mice (P> 0.05). Conclusions The present study supports the hypothesis that compound Valeriana jatamansi Jones exert anxiolytic action but no sedative effects in mice and that this effect might be mediated by benzodiazepine receptors.
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Sinclair LI, Nutt DJ. Anxiolytics. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:669-79. [PMID: 22608651 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
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Moreira FA, Aguiar DC, Resstel LB, Lisboa SF, Campos AC, Gomes FV, Guimarães FS. Neuroanatomical substrates involved in cannabinoid modulation of defensive responses. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:40-55. [PMID: 21616976 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111400651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Administration of Cannabis sativa derivatives causes anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects in humans and laboratory animals, depending on the specific compound and dosage used. In agreement with these findings, several studies in the last decade have indicated that the endocannabinoid system modulates neuronal activity in areas involved in defensive responses. The mechanisms of these effects, however, are still not clear. The present review summarizes recent data suggesting that they involve modulation of glutamate and GABA-mediated neurotransmission in brain sites such as the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdaloid complex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hippocampus and dorsal periaqueductal gray. Moreover, we also discuss results indicating that, in these regions, the endocannabinoid system could be particularly engaged by highly stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Sedláčková N, Ponechalová V, Ujházy E, Dubovický M, Mach M. Anxiolytic activity of pyridoindole derivatives SMe1EC2 and SMe1M2: behavioral analysis using rat model. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 4:211-5. [PMID: 22319256 PMCID: PMC3274730 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-011-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and mood disorders have become very significant affections in the last decades. According to WHO at least one mental disease occurred per year in 27% of EU inhabitants (more than 82 mil. people). It is estimated that by 2020, depression will be the main cause of morbidity in the developed countries. These circumstances call for research for new prospective drugs with anxiolytic and antidepressive properties exhibiting no toxicity and withdrawal effect and possessing beneficial properties, like antioxidant and/or neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to obtain information about psychopharmacological properties of pyridoindole derivatives SMe1EC2 and SMe1M2, using non-invasive behavioral methods in rats.The battery of ethological tests (open field, elevated plus-maze, light/dark box exploration, forced swim test) was used to obtain information about anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of the pyridoindole derivatives. The substances were administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes before the tests at doses of 1, 10 and 25 mg/kg.In the behavioral tests, SMe1EC2 was found to exert anxiolytic activity in elevated plus maze with no affection of locomotor activity. The highest dose of SMe1M2 increased the time spent in the lit part of the Light/Dark box, however this result was influenced by inhibition of motor activity of the rats. Similar findings were observed also in elevated plus-maze, although these results were not statistically significant.In conclusion, from the results of our study it is evident that both pyridoindoles acted on the CNS. In the highest dose, SMe1M2 was found to possess rather sedative than anxiolytic or antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Sedláčková
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Ponechalová
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eduard Ujházy
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Dubovický
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mojmír Mach
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Burrows EL, McOmish CE, Hannan AJ. Gene-environment interactions and construct validity in preclinical models of psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1376-82. [PMID: 21168465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of genetic risk factors to susceptibility for brain disorders are often so closely intertwined with environmental factors that studying genes in isolation cannot provide the full picture of pathogenesis. With recent advances in our understanding of psychiatric genetics and environmental modifiers we are now in a position to develop more accurate animal models of psychiatric disorders which exemplify the complex interaction of genes and environment. Here, we consider some of the insights that have emerged from studying the relationship between defined genetic alterations and environmental factors in rodent models. A key issue in such animal models is the optimization of construct validity, at both genetic and environmental levels. Standard housing of laboratory mice and rats generally includes ad libitum food access and limited opportunity for physical exercise, leading to metabolic dysfunction under control conditions, and thus reducing validity of animal models with respect to clinical populations. A related issue, of specific relevance to neuroscientists, is that most standard-housed rodents have limited opportunity for sensory and cognitive stimulation, which in turn provides reduced incentive for complex motor activity. Decades of research using environmental enrichment has demonstrated beneficial effects on brain and behavior in both wild-type and genetically modified rodent models, relative to standard-housed littermate controls. One interpretation of such studies is that environmentally enriched animals more closely approximate average human levels of cognitive and sensorimotor stimulation, whereas the standard housing currently used in most laboratories models a more sedentary state of reduced mental and physical activity and abnormal stress levels. The use of such standard housing as a single environmental variable may limit the capacity for preclinical models to translate into successful clinical trials. Therefore, there is a need to optimize 'environmental construct validity' in animal models, while maintaining comparability between laboratories, so as to ensure optimal scientific and medical outcomes. Utilizing more sophisticated models to elucidate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors will allow for improved construct, face and predictive validity, thus facilitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Burrows
- Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Miyagawa K, Tsuji M, Fujimori K, Saito Y, Takeda H. Prenatal stress induces anxiety-like behavior together with the disruption of central serotonin neurons in mice. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:111-7. [PMID: 21320553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Most pregnant women are at risk of showing some emotional abnormality, since some biological functions such as hormonal systems may dramatically change in pregnancy. Some of them may be exposed to strong stress as hesitation of positive drug therapies because of worries regarding adverse effects on the embryo. A growing body of evidence suggests that prenatal stress increases the vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. However, the mechanisms involved are still unknown. To clarify the influence of exposure to prenatal stress on emotional development, we examined behavioral responses in offspring exposed to weak- or strong-prenatal restraint stress. We found that offspring that had been exposed to strong stress displayed anxiety-like behavior as determined by the elevated plus-maze test. It has been widely accepted that central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurons play a critical role in emotional behaviors. Immunohistochemical studies showed that exposure to strong-prenatal restraint stress increased the expression of 5-HT-positive cells in the dorsal raphe nuclei in mice. Moreover, under these conditions, tryptophan hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities were also dramatically increased. In contrast, these behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities were not observed in offspring that had been exposed to weak-prenatal restraint stress. These findings indicate that exposure to excessive prenatal stress induces anxiety-like behavior together with disruption of the development of 5-HT neurons in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyagawa
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanamaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
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Freeman-Daniels E, Beck SG, Kirby LG. Cellular correlates of anxiety in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells of 5-HT1A receptor knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:453-63. [PMID: 20981413 PMCID: PMC3110650 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout (1AKO) mice have a robust anxiety phenotype. Tissue-specific "rescue" strategies and electrophysiology have implicated a critical role for postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors, particularly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated differences in membrane properties and synaptic activity in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells between 1AKOs and wild-type (WT) controls to better understand the cellular correlates of anxiety in this mouse model. METHODS Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were conducted in CA1 pyramidal cells in hippocampal brain slices from 1AKOs and WTs that had previously been screened for anxiety with the elevated-plus maze. Spontaneous miniature inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs and EPSCs) and stimulus-evoked eIPSCs and eEPSCs were recorded in addition to the effect of the benzodiazepine agonist diazepam or the inverse agonist FG 7142 on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic eIPSCs. RESULTS Evoked EPSC amplitude was greater in 1AKOs than WTs. When subjects were pooled across genotypes, anxiety measures correlated with eEPSC amplitude, indicating enhanced postsynaptic glutamate synaptic activity under conditions of synaptic activation in anxious subjects. While GABA synaptic activity and sensitivity to diazepam were not affected by genotype or correlated with anxiety, sensitivity to the anxiogenic FG 7142 was smaller in anxious subjects. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate enhanced postsynaptic glutamate receptor sensitivity and decreased GABAergic inhibition by a benzodiazepine inverse agonist in CA1 hippocampal neurons of anxious mice are produced by deletion of the 5-HT(1A) receptor. These data provide new information about interactions between 5-HT, GABA, and glutamate systems during the expression of chronic anxiety.
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Abstract
There is growing evidence to show that atypical antipsychotic quetiapine might exert an anxiolytic effect in patients. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying this effect has not yet been fully explored. Like other anxiolytic drugs, quetiapine exhibits partial agonistic activity toward serotonergic 1A (5HT1A) receptors. The involvement of the serotonin system in anxiety, particularly of 5HT1A receptors, has been widely documented. In this study we have investigated whether different doses of quetiapine (5, 10, and 30 mg/kg, oral gavage) administered to C57BL6/N mice could produce an anxiolytic effect in the Vogel conflict test, a classical model of anxiety, and whether or not the selective 5HT1A antagonist WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) might prevent such an effect. Our results show that 10 mg/kg quetiapine exhibits an anxiolytic effect, that is, at least in part, 5HT1A-mediated, because it is completely eliminated by WAY100635.
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Canteras NS, Resstel LB, Bertoglio LJ, Carobrez ADP, Guimarães FS. Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 2:77-96. [PMID: 21309107 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2009_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary approach to human anxiety is based on the defensive responses that nonhuman animals show to fear-provoking stimuli. Studies performed mostly on rodents have related areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdaloid and hypothalamic nuclei, hipoccampal formation, and midbrain central gray to these responses. It is clear, however, that animals show different and sometimes opposite responses according to the threatening stimulus. These responses include immediate reactions such as freezing or flight, behavioral inhibition or avoidance, which are organized by at least partially distinct brain systems. As discussed in this chapter, several pieces of evidence indicate that these brain systems are similar in rodents and primates. In addition, recent neuroimaging studies also suggest dysfunctions in these systems are probably related to anxiety disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newton Sabino Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Understanding the neurochemistry of anxiety is of fundamental importance in the development and use of novel anxiolytics. Through measuring peripheral markers of brain biochemistry, direct pharmacological challenges and brain neuroimaging techniques our understanding of this field has increased substantially in the past few decades. We review the four most studied neurotransmitter systems with respect to in anxiety disorders: gamma amino-butyric acid, serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. We have focussed upon clinical studies to highlight the current techniques used to determine brain neurochemistry in vivo. Future research in this field will greatly benefit from recent advances in neuroimaging techniques and the discovery of novel ligands targeting specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Durant
- Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
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Lee CH, Yoon BH, Ryu JH, Jung JW. Anxiolytic-like effects of Portulaca oleraceae L. using the elevated plus-maze in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3742/opem.2009.9.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cagni P, Gonçalves I, Ziller F, Emile N, Barros M. Humans and natural predators induce different fear/anxiety reactions and response pattern to diazepam in marmoset monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93:134-40. [PMID: 19414027 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral response of marmoset monkeys in the Human Threat (HT) test of anxiety, and the effects of diazepam (DZP), were compared to those in the Predator Confrontation (PC) procedure. Subjects (n=13) were initially submitted to four habituation trials, followed by four random confrontation sessions for each test (DZP 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg). Each trial was divided into three consecutive 5-min intervals: pre-exposure, exposure (human observer, taxidermized oncilla cat) and post-exposure. As DZP induced sedation, marmosets (n=10) were re-tested in a second experiment, consisting of two habituation trials and four confrontation sessions per stimulus, with lower DZP doses (0, 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg). Exposure to both stimuli significantly increased direct gazes and alarm calls, being dose-dependently reduced by DZP only in the PC test. In the HT protocol, the significant decrease in aerial scans was not detected with 0.10 mg/kg DZP. Locomotion, proximity, displacement activities and vigilance were not consistently influenced by the stimuli and/or DZP. The results thus suggest that the HT test had a greater impact on the marmosets' behavior, while DZP was more effective on the reactions observed in the PC test, possibly due to the inherent nature of each stimulus, distinct threat levels and/or presentation order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Cagni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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Estrogen decreases 5-HT1B autoreceptor mRNA in selective subregion of rat dorsal raphe nucleus: inverse association between gene expression and anxiety behavior in the open field. Neuroscience 2008; 158:456-64. [PMID: 19049819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that estrogen decreases anxiety and increases expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis. However, the effects of estrogen on 5-HT release and reuptake may also affect the overall availability of 5-HT in the forebrain. Estrogen has been previously shown to have no effect on the inhibitory 5-HT 1A autoreceptor (5-HT(1A)) in the rat dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN); however the regulation of the inhibitory 5-HT 1B autoreceptor (5-HT(1B)) in the midbrain raphe by estrogen has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we examined the effects of estrogen on 5-HT(1B) mRNA in the rat DRN, focusing on specific subregions, and whether 5-HT(1B) mRNA levels correlated with TPH2 mRNA levels and with anxiety-like behavior. Ovariectomized rats were treated for 2 weeks with estrogen or placebo, exposed to the open field test, and 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) mRNA was quantified by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Estrogen had no effect on 5HT(1A) mRNA in any of the DRN subregions examined, confirming a previous report. In contrast, estrogen selectively decreased 5-HT(1B) mRNA in the mid-ventromedial subregion of the DRN, where 5-HT(1B) mRNA was associated with higher anxiety-like behavior and inversely correlated with TPH2 mRNA levels. These results suggest that estrogen may reduce 5-HT(1B) autoreceptor and increase TPH2 synthesis in a coordinated fashion, thereby increasing the capacity for 5-HT synthesis and release in distinct forebrain regions that modulate specific components of anxiety behavior.
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Araújo AC, Nicotra F, Costa B, Giagnoni G, Cipolla L. Fructose-fused γ-butyrolactones and lactams, synthesis and biological evaluation as GABA receptor ligands. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1840-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
This review assesses the parallel data on the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in depression and anxiety. We review historical and new data from both animal and human experimentation which have helped define the key role for this transmitter in both these mental pathologies. By exploring the overlap in these conditions in terms of GABAergic neurochemistry, neurogenetics, brain circuitry, and pharmacology, we develop a theory that the two conditions are intrinsically interrelated. The role of GABAergic agents in demonstrating this interrelationship and in pointing the way to future research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Chapter 4.4 The glutamatergic system as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of anxiety disorders. HANDBOOK OF ANXIETY AND FEAR 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(07)00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Konno K, Matsumoto M, Togashi H, Yamaguchi T, Izumi T, Watanabe M, Iwanaga T, Yoshioka M. Early postnatal stress affects the serotonergic function in the median raphe nuclei of adult rats. Brain Res 2007; 1172:60-6. [PMID: 17825274 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on the serotonergic mechanism mediated via serotonin (5-HT) receptors underlying regulation of emotional stress during the developmental period. The present study was undertaken to elucidate whether early postnatal stress affects rat brain development and influences the serotonergic function in the midbrain median raphe nuclei (MRN) and dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) in the adult, focusing on the response to unconditioned fear stress. Rats received aversive foot shock (FS) stimuli at the third week of the postnatal period (3wFS), but not those at the second week (2wFS), had increased percentage of time spent on open arms, estimated by the elevated plus maze test, at the postadolescent period (10-12 weeks old). The anxiolytic behavior observed in 3wFS was similar to that in rats having electrolytic lesion of the MRN, but not the DRN. In addition, the number of MRN 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in 3wFS remarkably was reduced compared to the non-FS control and 2wFS groups. These data suggest that aversive stress at the third week is attributable to the serotonergic function in the MRN underlying regulation of unconditioned fear stress. In other words, the "critical period" appears to be the time of neural circuit development of the MRN serotonergic system, which may be implicated in lifelong susceptibility to emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Sapporo, Japan
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Yu HS, Lee SY, Jang CG. Involvement of 5-HT1A and GABAA receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of Cinnamomum cassia in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87:164-70. [PMID: 17512974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An elevated plus maze (EPM) test was used to determine if the 5-HT1A, GABAA, and benzodiazepine receptors play a role in the anxiolytic-like effects of a 50% EtOH extract of Cinnamomum cassia (C. cassia) in mice. A single treatment with C. cassia (750 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the number of entries into and the time spent in the open arms of the EPM compared with the controls. A repeated treatment with C. cassia (100 mg/kg, 5 days, p.o.) significantly increased the time spent in the open arms of the EPM. Moreover, WAY 100635, (+)-bicuculline, and flumazenil blocked the effect of C. cassia. However, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and horizontal wire test observed in any group compared with the controls. Taken together, these results show that C. cassia has no adverse effects, such as myorelaxant effects, and might be an effective anxiolytic agent by regulating the serotonergic and GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sook Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Gilles C, Luthringer R. Pharmacological models in healthy volunteers: their use in the clinical development of psychotropic drugs. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21:272-82. [PMID: 17591655 DOI: 10.1177/0269881107077733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of diseases are widely used in the preclinical phase of drug development. They have a place in early human clinical psychopharmacology as well, in order to get early clues that contribute to establish the proof of concept (POC) already in healthy volunteers (HV). Different types of models are available (pharmacological or non-pharmacological provocation, models based on age-related characteristics). This review is focused on pharmacological models in HV, with the aim to identify the main issues raised by their use in pharmaceutical trials. The available models unevenly fulfil the requirements of face validity, sufficient response rate, test-retest consistence and responsiveness to reference drugs. Most of them have been developed in the purpose of pathophysiology studies, using rating instruments validated for clinical practice. Substantial progress could be made by adapting models to the specific requirements of pharmaceutical trials, including wider use of biomarkers. Characteristics that make models, as well as biomarkers, suitabLe for use in drug development are proposed. Despite obvious limitations, human models can significantly enhance the way phase I studies contribute to establish the POC, provided they are integrated into adapted phase I development plans. Their use as industrial tools for drug evaluation requires specific, dedicated development.
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Meziane H, Ouagazzal AM, Aubert L, Wietrzych M, Krezel W. Estrous cycle effects on behavior of C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ female mice: implications for phenotyping strategies. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2007; 6:192-200. [PMID: 16827921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systematic behavioral phenotyping of genetically modified mice is a powerful method with which to identify the molecular factors implicated in control of animal behavior, with potential relevance for research into neuropsychiatric disorders. A number of such disorders display sex differences, yet the use of female mice in phenotyping strategies has been a rare practice because of the potential variability related to the estrous cycle. We have now investigated the behavioral effects of the estrous cycle in a battery of behavioral tests in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ inbred strains of mice. Whereas the performance of BALB/cByJ female mice varied significantly depending on the phase of the estrous cycle in the open field, tail flick and tail suspension tests, the behavior of C57BL/6J females, with the exception of the tail suspension performance, remained stable across all four phases of the estrous cycle in all of the tests including open field, rotarod, startle reflex and pre-pulse inhibition, tail flick and hot plate. We also found that irrespective of the estrous cycle, the behavior of C57BL/6J females was different from that of BALB/cByJ groups in all of the behavioral paradigms. Such strain differences were previously reported in male comparisons, suggesting that the same inter-group differences can be revealed by studying female or male mice. In addition, strain differences were evident even for behaviors that were susceptible to estrous cycle modulations, although their detection might necessitate the constitution of large experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meziane
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Wu LJ, Ko SW, Toyoda H, Zhao MG, Xu H, Vadakkan KI, Ren M, Knifed E, Shum F, Quan J, Zhang XH, Zhuo M. Increased anxiety-like behavior and enhanced synaptic efficacy in the amygdala of GluR5 knockout mice. PLoS One 2007; 2:e167. [PMID: 17245443 PMCID: PMC1766473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic transmission in the amygdala modulates the expression of anxiety. Understanding the interplay between GABAergic transmission and excitatory circuits in the amygdala is, therefore, critical for understanding the neurobiological basis of anxiety. Here, we used a multi-disciplinary approach to demonstrate that GluR5-containing kainate receptors regulate local inhibitory circuits, modulate the excitatory transmission from the basolateral amygdala to the central amygdala, and control behavioral anxiety. Genetic deletion of GluR5 or local injection of a GluR5 antagonist into the basolateral amygdala increases anxiety-like behavior. Activation of GluR5 selectively depolarized inhibitory neurons, thereby increasing GABA release and contributing to tonic GABA current in the basolateral amygdala. The enhanced GABAergic transmission leads to reduced excitatory inputs in the central amygdala. Our results suggest that GluR5 is a key regulator of inhibitory circuits in the amygdala and highlight the potential use of GluR5-specific drugs in the treatment of pathological anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shanelle W. Ko
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kunjumon I. Vadakkan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Ren
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Knifed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fanny Shum
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Quan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xue-Han Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Min Zhuo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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40
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Kalueff AV. Neurobiology of memory and anxiety: from genes to behavior. Neural Plast 2007; 2007:78171. [PMID: 17502911 PMCID: PMC1847471 DOI: 10.1155/2007/78171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction of anxiety and memory represents an essential feature of CNS functioning. This paper reviews experimental data coming from neurogenetics, neurochemistry, and behavioral pharmacology (as well as parallel clinical findings) reflecting different mechanisms of memory-anxiety interplay, including brain neurochemistry, circuitry, pharmacology, neuroplasticity, genes, and gene-environment interactions. It emphasizes the complexity and nonlinearity of such interplay, illustrated by a survey of anxiety and learning/memory phenotypes in various genetically modified mouse models that exhibit either synergistic or reciprocal effects of the mutation on anxiety levels and memory performance. The paper also assesses the putative role of different neurotransmitter systems and neuropeptides in the regulation of memory processes and anxiety, and discusses the role of neural plasticity in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-1264, USA.
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Kalueff AV. Mapping convulsants' binding to the GABA-A receptor chloride ionophore: a proposed model for channel binding sites. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:61-8. [PMID: 16959376 PMCID: PMC1939818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors play a key role in brain inhibitory neurotransmission, and are ligand-activated chloride channels blocked by numerous convulsant ligands. Here we summarize data on binding of picrotoxin, tetrazoles, beta-lactams, bicyclophosphates, butyrolactones and neurotoxic pesticides to GABA-A ionophore, and discuss functional and structural overlapping of their binding sites. The paper reviews data on convulsants' binding sensitivity to different point mutations in ionophore-lining second trans-membrane domains of GABA-A subunits, and maps possible location of convulsants' sites within the chloride ionophore. We also discuss data on inhibition of glycine, glutamate, serotonin (5-HT3) and N-acetylcholine receptors by GABA-A channel blockers, and examine the applicability of this model to other homologous ionotropic receptors. Positioning various convulsant-binding sites within ionophore of GABA-A receptors, this model enables a better understanding of complex architectonics of ionotropic receptors, and may be used for developing new channel-modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kalueff
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, Building 10, Room 3D41, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, 10 Center Dr. MSC 1264, Bethesda, MD 20892-1264, USA.
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Singewald N. Altered brain activity processing in high-anxiety rodents revealed by challenge paradigms and functional mapping. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:18-40. [PMID: 16620984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathological anxiety involves aberrant processing of emotional information that is hypothesized to reflect perturbations in fear/anxiety pathways. The affected neurobiological substrates in patients with different anxiety disorders are just beginning to be revealed. Important leads for this research can be derived from findings obtained in psychopathologically relevant rodent models of enhanced anxiety, by revealing where in the brain neuronal processing in response to diverse challenges is different to that in animals with lower anxiety levels. Different functional mapping methods in various rodent models, including psychogenetically selected lines or genetically modified animals, have been used for this purpose. These studies show that the divergent anxiety-related behavioral response of high-anxiety- vs. normal and/or low-anxiety rodents to emotional challenges is associated with differential neuronal activation in restricted parts of proposed fear/anxiety circuitries including brain areas thought to be important in stress, emotion and memory. The identification of neuronal populations showing differential activation depends in part on the applied emotional challenge, indicating that specific facets of elicited fear or anxiety preferentially engage particular parts of the fear/anxiety circuitry. Hence, only the use of an array of different challenges will reveal most affected brain areas. A number of the neuronal substrates identified are suggested as candidate mediators of dysfunctional brain activation in pathological anxiety. Indeed, key findings revealed in these rodent models show parallels to observations in human symptom provocation studies comparing anxiety disorder patients with healthy volunteers. Work to investigate exactly which of the changed neuronal activation patterns in high-anxiety rodents has to be modulated by therapeutic drugs to achieve effective anxiolysis and via which neurochemical pathways this can be accomplished is at its early stages but has identified a small number of promising candidates. Extending these approaches should help to provide further insight into these mechanisms, revealing new leads for therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Fan X, Warner M, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen receptor beta expression in the embryonic brain regulates development of calretinin-immunoreactive GABAergic interneurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19338-43. [PMID: 17159139 PMCID: PMC1748227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609663103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies with estrogen receptor beta knockout (ERbeta(-/-)) mice demonstrated that ERbeta is necessary for embryonic development of the brain as early as embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) and is involved in neuronal migration. Such early effects of ER were unexpected because estradiol synthesis and action in the brain occur at E18.5. In the present study, we examined the distribution of ERbeta in the developing brain and identified a population of ERbeta-regulated interneurons. ERbeta appears in the brain at E12.5, mainly localized in the wall of the midbrain, neuromere, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal plate of pons. At E15.5 and E16.5, ERbeta expression increased in the hypothalamus, thalamus, and midbrain and appeared in the limbic forebrain. At E18.5, ERbeta expression was strongly expressed throughout the brain, including the cerebellum and striatum, whereas there were very few positive cells in the ventricular region. In the paraventricular thalamic nucleus and parafascicular nucleus, most of the calretinin-immunopositive interneurons expressed ERbeta. In ERbeta(-/-) mice, calretinin expression was markedly lower than in WT mice in the hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala both at E16.5 and at E18.5. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression was lower in the cortex of ERbeta(-/-) than in WT mice at E15.5 and, unlike WT mice, was absent from the superficial marginal zone. These findings suggest that ERbeta in the embryonic brain is necessary for the development of calretinin-immunoreactive GABAergic interneurons and for neuronal migration in the cortex through modulating epidermal growth factor receptor expression at middle and later embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Fan
- Division of Medical Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Margaret Warner
- Division of Medical Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Division of Medical Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Division of Medical Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden. E-mail:
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de Visser L, van den Bos R, Kuurman WW, Kas MJH, Spruijt BM. Novel approach to the behavioural characterization of inbred mice: automated home cage observations. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 5:458-66. [PMID: 16923150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a newly developed tool for continuous recordings and analysis of novelty-induced and baseline behaviour of mice in a home cage-like environment. Aim of this study was to demonstrate the strength of this method by characterizing four inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6, DBA/2, C3H and 129S2/Sv, on locomotor activity. Strains differed in circadian rhythmicity, novelty-induced activity and the time-course of specific behavioural elements. For instance, C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice showed a much faster decrease in activity over time than C3H and 129S2/Sv mice. Principal component analysis revealed two major factors within locomotor activity, which were defined as 'level of activity' and 'velocity/stops'. These factors were able to distinguish strains. Interestingly, mice that displayed high levels of activity in the initial phase of the home cage test were also highly active during an open-field test. Velocity and the number of stops during movement correlated positively with anxiety-related behaviour in the elevated plus maze. The use of an automated home cage observation system yields temporal changes in elements of locomotor activity with an advanced level of spatial resolution. Moreover, it avoids the confounding influence of human intervention and saves time-consuming human observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Visser
- Department of Animals Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Hiroi R, McDevitt RA, Neumaier JF. Estrogen selectively increases tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA expression in distinct subregions of rat midbrain raphe nucleus: association between gene expression and anxiety behavior in the open field. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:288-95. [PMID: 16458260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian steroids modulate anxiety behavior, perhaps by regulating the serotonergic neurons in the midbrain raphe nucleus. The regulation of the brain-specific isoform of rat tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) by ovarian hormones has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we examined the effects of estrogen and progesterone on TPH2 mRNA in the rat dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DRN and MRN, respectively) and whether TPH2 mRNA levels correlated with anxiety behavior. METHODS Ovariectomized rats were treated for two weeks with placebo, estrogen or estrogen plus progesterone, exposed to the open field test, and TPH2 mRNA was quantified by in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS Estrogen increased TPH2 mRNA in the mid-ventromedial and caudal subregions of the DRN and the caudal MRN. Combined estrogen and progesterone treatment did not change TPH2 mRNA relative to ovariectomized controls. TPH2 mRNA in caudal DRN was associated with lower anxiety-like behavior, whereas TPH2 mRNA in rostral dorsomedial DRN was associated with increased anxiety-like behavior. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that estrogen may increase the capacity for serotonin synthesis in discrete subgroups of raphe neurons, and reinforce previous observations that different subregions of DRN contribute to distinct components of anxiety behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Hiroi
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Ätiologie, Symptomatik und Verlauf von Angststörungen sind multikausal zu erklären. Ein Teilaspekt der psychobiologischen Erklärungsansätze von Angststörungen sind endokrine Auffälligkeiten, anhand derer bestimmte Unterformen pathologischer Angst charakterisiert werden können. Vor allem die Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinde-Achse und das sympathiko-adrenomedulläre System werden im Zusammenhang mit Emotionsregulation und pathologischer Angst untersucht. Beide Hormonsysteme spielen bei der Anpassung an individuelle Belastungssituationen eine bedeutende Rolle und beeinflussen die psychobiologische Anpassung an angstauslösende Situationen nachhaltig. In dieser Überblicksarbeit werden endokrine Dysregulationen der o.g. Hormonsysteme für verschiedene Unterformen von Angststörungen aufgezeigt und bzgl. ihrer ätiologischen Bedeutsamkeit, auch unter Berücksichtigung genetischer Befunde, diskutiert. Darüber hinaus werden erste therapeutische Ansätze, bei denen psychoendokrinologische Methoden genutzt werden, aufgezeigt.
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Salchner P, Sartori SB, Sinner C, Wigger A, Frank E, Landgraf R, Singewald N. Airjet and FG-7142-induced Fos expression differs in rats selectively bred for high and low anxiety-related behavior. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50:1048-58. [PMID: 16620881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We reported recently that two rat lines bred for either high (HAB) or low (LAB) anxiety-related behavior display differential Fos expression in restricted parts of the fear/anxiety circuitry when exposed to mild anxiety evoked in exploratory anxiety tests. Since different forms of anxiety are thought to activate different parts of the anxiety circuitry, we investigated now whether (1) an aversive stimulus which elicits escape behavior (airjet) and (2) the anxiogenic/panicogenic drug FG-7142 would reveal further differences in Fos expression as a marker of neuronal activation between HAB and LAB rats. Both airjet exposure and FG-7142 induced Fos expression in both lines in various anxiety-related brain areas. HAB rats, which displayed exaggerated escape responses during airjet exposure, exhibited increased Fos expression in brain areas including the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray and locus coeruleus, as well as blunted Fos activation in the cingulate cortex in response to airjet and/or FG-7142. The results corroborate previous findings showing that trait anxiety affects neuronal excitability in hypothalamic and medial prefrontal areas. Furthermore, by using airjet as well as FG-7142, we now reveal that enhanced trait anxiety is also associated with neuronal hyperexcitability in the locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray, suggesting that investigation of an array of different anxiogenic stimuli is important for the detection of altered neuronal processing in trait anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Salchner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Furmark T, Appel L, Michelgård A, Wahlstedt K, Ahs F, Zancan S, Jacobsson E, Flyckt K, Grohp M, Bergström M, Pich EM, Nilsson LG, Bani M, Långström B, Fredrikson M. Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:132-42. [PMID: 16038684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that pharmacological blockade of the substance P preferring neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor reduces anxiety. This study compared the effects of an NK1 receptor antagonist, citalopram, and placebo on brain activity and anxiety symptoms in social phobia. METHODS Thirty-six patients diagnosed with social phobia were treated for 6 weeks with the NK1 antagonist GR205171 (5 mg), citalopram (40 mg), or matching placebo under randomized double-blind conditions. GR205171 was administered for 4 weeks preceded by 2 weeks of placebo. Before and after treatment, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a stressful public speaking task was assessed using oxygen-15 positron emission tomography. Response rate was determined by the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale. RESULTS Patients improved to a larger extent with the NK1 antagonist (41.7% responders) and citalopram (50% responders), compared with placebo (8.3% responders). Within- and between-group comparisons showed that symptom improvement was paralleled by a significantly reduced rCBF response to public speaking in the rhinal cortex, amygdala, and parahippocampal-hippocampal regions. The rCBF pattern was corroborated in follow-up analyses of responders and subjects showing large state anxiety reduction. CONCLUSIONS Short-term administration of GR205171 and citalopram alleviated social anxiety. Neurokinin-1 antagonists may act like serotonin reuptake inhibitors by attenuating neural activity in a medial temporal lobe network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Furmark
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Cook CJ. Stress induces CRF release in the paraventricular nucleus, and both CRF and GABA release in the amygdala. Physiol Behav 2004; 82:751-62. [PMID: 15327926 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the hypothalamus, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) initiates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress, resulting in the release of glucocorticoids, including cortisol. Extrahypothalamic CRF, particularly in the limbic system, also appears to play a role in the stress response. To further define brain CRF response to stress, immunosensor-based microdialysis probes were used to measure the extracellular levels of CRF in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and in the amygdala of sheep during a predator (dog) exposure stress. In addition, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) was measured in the amygdala and cortisol was measured in venous blood. Exposure to the predator stress increased CRF in the PVN and both CRF and GABA in the amygdala. These were followed in time by a rise in venous cortisol. Application of a CRF antagonist to the amygdala, immediately prior to stress, had a small effect on the subsequent observed stress responses. This treatment, however, significantly reduced the responses to a repeat stress administered 2 days later, compared to nontreated animals. Application of a GABA antagonist to the amygdala prior to stress had no effect on the subsequent observed stress response but increased the response to the stress repeated 2 days later. Perfusion with 4-aminopyridine, a neuronal depolarising agent, into the PVN induced a release of CRF accompanied shortly thereafter by a small increase in CRF in the amygdala, and 5-10 min later by an increase in venous cortisol. Perfusion into the amygdala increased the levels of both CRF and GABA but had no effect on either PVN CRF or venous cortisol. These data support roles for both the PVN and amygdala in stress responsiveness. It suggests further that actions at the amygdala can strongly influence subsequent responsiveness to a further stress, mediated in part by both CRF and GABA actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Cook
- Bioengineering Technologies, HortResearch, Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, 2002 Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Basile AS, Lippa AS, Skolnick P. Anxioselective anxiolytics: can less be more? Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 500:441-51. [PMID: 15464051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines remain widely used for the treatment of anxiety disorders despite a side-effect profile that includes sedation, myorelaxation, amnesia, and ataxia, and the potential for abuse. gamma-Aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor partial agonists, subtype-selective agents, and compounds combining both of these features are being developed in an attempt to achieve benzodiazepine-like efficacy without these potentially limiting side effects. This article reviews the nonclinical and clinical studies of "anxioselective" anxiolytics that target GABA(A) receptors and discusses potential mechanisms subserving an anxioselective profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Basile
- DOV Pharmaceutical, Inc., 433 Hackensack Avenue, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA.
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