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Yang D, Xu K, Xu X, Xu P. Revisiting prostaglandin E2: A promising therapeutic target for osteoarthritis. Clin Immunol 2024; 260:109904. [PMID: 38262526 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease characterized by cartilage degeneration and persistent pain. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a significant role in OA inflammation and pain. Recent studies have revealed the significant role of PGE2-mediated skeletal interoception in the progression of OA, providing new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of OA. This aspect also deserves special attention in this review. Additionally, PGE2 is directly involved in pathologic processes including aberrant subchondral bone remodeling, cartilage degeneration, and synovial inflammation. Therefore, celecoxib, a commonly used drug to alleviate inflammatory pain through inhibiting PGE2, serves not only as an analgesic for OA but also as a potential disease-modifying drug. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the discovery history, synthesis and release pathways, and common physiological roles of PGE2. We discuss the roles of PGE2 and celecoxib in OA and pain from skeletal interoception and multiple perspectives. The purpose of this review is to highlight PGE2-mediated skeletal interoception and refresh our understanding of celecoxib in the pathogenesis and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
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Wang Y, Dong Y, Duan X, Luan Y, Li Q, Pang Y, Sun F, Gou M. A complete prostaglandin pathway from synthesis to inactivation in the oral gland of the jawless vertebrate lamprey, Lethenteron camtschaticum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 148:104903. [PMID: 37541459 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Information on the prostaglandin pathway in lampreys is limited. Here, five genes related to the prostaglandin pathway from synthesis to inactivation, namely, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E synthase 3, prostaglandin D synthase, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)], were screened and cloned from the lamprey, Lethenteron camtschaticum. Bioinformatic analysis showed that these lamprey genes are relatively conserved with teleost genes in domains, motifs, gene structure and 3D structure. Analysis of expression distribution of the genes in lamprey tissues revealed that a complete prostaglandin pathway from synthesis to inactivation exists in the oral gland of lamprey, especially the key gene of prostaglandin synthesis cyclooxygenase-2, which was highly expressed in the oral gland. Furthermore, cyclooxygenase-2 expression increased after LPS and Poly I:C stimulations. Using our established spatial metabolite database LampreyDB, six prostaglandin-related metabolites were screened from the oral gland of lamprey, four of which were highly expressed in the oral gland. This study provides new insights into prostaglandin synthesis and inactivation pathways in lamprey, thereby improving our understanding of the origin and evolution of the prostaglandin pathway and contributing to the recognition of lamprey regulatory mechanisms in development and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaocen Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yonghui Dong
- Metabolite Medicine Division, BLAVATNIK CENTER for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Xuyuan Duan
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yimu Luan
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Feng Sun
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Meng Gou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
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Sadhu SP, Yarla NS, Pragada RR, Konduri P. Anti-inflammatory Activity of PLA 2 Inhibitory Saccharumoside-B. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2022; 21:121-134. [PMID: 35362396 DOI: 10.2174/1871523021666220330143058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharumoside-B and its analogs were found to have anticancer potential in vitro. The present study reports acute toxicity, molecular docking, ADMET profile analysis, and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of saccharumoside-B for the first time. METHODS The in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity of saccharumoside-B on PLA2, COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes was evaluated by the cell-free method, and its effect on TNF-α, IL1β, and IL- 6 secretion levels in LPS stimulated THP-1 human monocytes was determined by ELISA-based methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. To test its binding affinity at the active site pockets of PLA2 enzymes and assess drug-like properties, docking experiments and ADMET studies were performed. RESULTS Saccharumoside-B showed selective inhibition of the sPLA2 enzyme (IC50 = 7.53 ± 0.232 μM), and thioetheramide-PC was used as a positive control. It showed significant inhibition (P ≤ 0.05) of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines compared to the positive control dexamethasone. Saccharumoside-B showed a dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, with a maximum inhibition (76.09 ± 0.75) observed at 3 hours after the phlogistic agent injection. Saccharumoside-B potentially binds to the active site pocket of sPLA2 crystal protein (binding energy -7.6 Kcal/Mol). It complies with Lipinski's Rule of Five, showing a promising safety profile. The bioactivity scores suggested it to be a better enzyme inhibitor. CONCLUSION Saccharumoside-B showed significant PLA2 inhibition. It can become a potential lead molecule in synthesizing a new class of selective PLA2 inhibitors with a high safety profile in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prabha Sadhu
- Department of AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, India
| | - Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Biochemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Rajeswara Rao Pragada
- Department of AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Prasad Konduri
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, India
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Hong ES, Yao HH, Min YJ, Sun J, Zhou X, Zeng XB, Yu W. The mechanism of electroacupuncture for treating spinal cord injury rats by mediating Rho/Rho-associated kinase signaling pathway. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 44:364-374. [PMID: 31596180 PMCID: PMC8081320 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1665612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the changes of gene and protein expression through Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in EA treated spinal cord injury (SCI) rats and to unveil the possible underlying mechanism.Design: Animal study.Setting: Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Participants: Eighty Male Sprague Dawley rats.Interventions: Electroacupuncture at Yaoyangguan (GV3), Dazhui (GV14), Zusanli (ST36) and Ciliao (BL32) and/or blocking agent Y27632 treatment.Outcome Measures: Protein expression was detected by ELISA and Western blotting, mRNA expression was detected by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Morphological changes in spinal cord were evaluated by HE-staining and Nissl staining. Hindlimb motor function in the rats was evaluated by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) assessment methods.Results: Compared with injured rats in SCI group, EA, blocking agent Y27632 and EA + blocking agent Y27632 treatment had significantly reduced mRNA and protein expression levels of RhoA and ROCKII, decreased p-MLC protein expression and p-MLC/MLC ratio, suppressed cPLA2 activity and PGE2 level, improved spinal cord tissue morphology and BBB score of lower limb movement function at 7 days and at 14 days (P < 0.01 or <0.05).Conclusion: Similar to the blocking agent Y27632, EA may have a notable inhibitory effect on the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway after SCI, therefore reducing the inhibition of axonal growth and inflammatory reaction may be a key mechanism of EA treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-si Hong
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-hua Yao
- Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-jiang Min
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence to: You-jiang Min, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China and Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200235, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-bo Zeng
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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Hu SB, Zou Q, Lv X, Zhou RL, Niu X, Weng C, Chen F, Fan YW, Deng ZY, Li J. 9t18:1 and 11t18:1 activate the MAPK pathway to regulate the expression of PLA2 and cause inflammation in HUVECs. Food Funct 2020; 11:649-661. [PMID: 31895396 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01982k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
trans fatty acids (TFAs) have been reported to promote vascular diseases mainly by promoting apoptosis and inflammation of vascular endothelial cells. However, it has been reported in recent years that elaidic acid (9t18:1) and vaccenic acid (11t18:1) may have different effects on vascular health. This study investigated the effects of 9t18:1 and 11t18:1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) function and the possible mechanism of inflammation by analyzing the changes in the phospholipid composition and the relationship between phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and MAPK pathway. Here we found that the effect of 11t18:1 on cell viability, membrane damage and cellular inflammation was significantly lower than that of 9t18:1 (p < 0.05). And 9t18:1 and 11t18:1 had different effects on phospholipid composition. Both 9t18:1 and 11t18:1 significantly increased the protein expression of PLA2. Moreover, the MAPK pathway regulated the expression of PLA2, inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in HUVECs induced by 9t18:1 and 11t18:1. In conclusion, 9t18:1 and 11t18:1 activated the MAPK pathway which regulated the expression of PLA2 to cause inflammation in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ben Hu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Wei Y, Asbell PA. sPLA 2-IIa participates in ocular surface inflammation in humans with dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108209. [PMID: 33011237 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the roles of secretory phospholipase A2-IIa (sPLA2-IIa) in the inflammatory responses of the compromised ocular surface. METHODS Conjunctival impression cytology (IC) samples and tears were collected from patients with mild to severe non-Sjogren's dry eye disease (DED) and normal controls. The IC samples were analyzed for transcription of sPLA2-IIa and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine genes using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT2-PCR) and pathway-focus PCR-array. The tear samples were analyzed for 13 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines with Millipore 13-Plex kit. Finally, sPLA2-IIa-treated human conjunctival epithelial cell (HCjE) cultures were analyzed with a pathway-focused PCR array. RESULTS Transcription of sPLA2-IIa was significantly increased in severe DED patients as compared to those of mild DED patients and normal controls. The transcription of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ), chemokines (IL-8, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL-14, CCR6, LTB) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) were simultaneously increased in the same IC samples of DED. Concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 in tears were significantly higher in DED patients than those of the controls and positively correlated to DED severity scores. On the other hand, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-γ were significantly lower in DED patients than those in the controls and inversely correlated to DEWS scores. Single treatment of sPLA2-IIa, IL-1β or TNF-α of HCjE cells induced minimal to no PGE2 production. When sPLA2-IIa was added to HCjE cells that were pre-treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α or IL-1β), significant stimulation of PGE2 production was observed, concurrent with the extensive transcriptional changes of many inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and their receptors. CONCLUSION sPLA2-IIa activity was elevated and not only associated with inflammatory changes in DED patient samples, but was also found to cooperate with TNF- α and IL-1β to induce inflammatory response in human conjunctival epithelial cells. Understanding the roles of sPLA2-IIa in ocular surface inflammation may lead to better strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammation associated with DED and other ocular inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wei
- Department Ophthalmology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Department Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - P A Asbell
- Department Ophthalmology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Department Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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Recuero S, Sánchez JM, Mateo-Otero Y, Bagés-Arnal S, McDonald M, Behura SK, Spencer TE, Kenny DA, Yeste M, Lonergan P, Fernandez-Fuertes B. Mating to Intact, but Not Vasectomized, Males Elicits Changes in the Endometrial Transcriptome: Insights From the Bovine Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:547. [PMID: 32766237 PMCID: PMC7381276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate female reproductive environment is essential for pregnancy success. In several species, including mice, pigs and horses, seminal plasma (SP) components have been shown to modulate this environment, leading to increased embryo viability and implantation. Due to the characteristics of mating in the aforementioned species, SP comes into direct contact with the uterus. However, it is questionable whether any SP reaches the uterus in species that ejaculate inside the vagina, such as humans and cattle. Hence, we hypothesized that sperm, perhaps acting as a vehicle for SP factors, play a more important role in the modulation of the maternal uterine environment in these species. In addition, changes elicited by SP and/or sperm may originate in the vagina and propagate to more distal regions of the female reproductive tract. To test these hypotheses, a bovine model in which heifers were mated to intact or vasectomized bulls or were left unmated was used. RNA-sequencing of endometrial samples collected 24 h after mating with a vasectomized bull did not reveal any differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparison with control samples. However, the endometrium of heifers mated with intact bulls exhibited 24 DEGs when compared to heifers mated with vasectomized bulls, and 22 DEGs when compared to unmated control heifers. The expression of a set of cytokines (IL6, IL1A, IL8, and TNFA) and candidate genes identified in the endometrial RNA-sequencing (PLA2G10, CX3CL1, C4BPA, PRSS2, BLA-DQB, and CEBPD) were assessed by RT-qPCR in the vagina and oviductal ampulla. No differences in expression of these genes were observed between treatments in any region. However, mating to both intact and vasectomized bulls induced an increase in IL1A and TNFA expression in the vagina compared to the oviduct. These data indicate that sperm, but not secretions from the accessory glands alone, induce modest changes in endometrial gene expression after natural mating in cattle. However, it is not clear whether this effect is triggered by inherent sperm proteins or SP proteins bound to sperm surface at the time of ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Recuero
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yentel Mateo-Otero
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sandra Bagés-Arnal
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael McDonald
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susanta K Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - David A Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc Grange, Meath, Ireland
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Pat Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Fuertes
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Cadenhead KS, Minichino A, Kelsven S, Addington J, Bearden C, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Mathalon D, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Seidman LJ, Tsuang M, Walker EF, Woods SW, Yao J. Metabolic abnormalities and low dietary Omega 3 are associated with symptom severity and worse functioning prior to the onset of psychosis: Findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Studies Consortium. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:96-103. [PMID: 30249470 PMCID: PMC6402991 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with schizophrenia have a high prevalence of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular mortality. It is possible that a vulnerability to metabolic abnormalities is associated with risk for psychosis, symptoms and functionality. In this study, we evaluate demographic information, cardiometabolic indices, symptoms and functioning in an antipsychotic free cohort at Clinical High Risk (CHR) for psychosis from the NAPLS Omega 3 fatty acid clinical trial. METHOD Subjects received physical exams and metabolic monitoring prior to randomization into the Omega 3 versus Placebo trial. Anthropometrical measures, vital signs, glucose, and lipids were assessed along with symptoms, functioning, dietary Omega 3 fatty acids, erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid content and a measure of lipid peroxidation (TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances). RESULTS The sample included 113 CHR subjects (42.1% female; 17.5% Latino) ages 12-29. The mean BMI was 24.3 with a trend toward higher BMI and a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome in Latino subjects; 36% of the sample was obese/overweight; 37.6% met criteria for prehypertension/hypertension; 4.2% met criteria for prediabetes/diabetes; 9.6% showed evidence of insulin resistance and 44.7% had dyslipidemia. The TBARS was elevated at 9.8 μM ± 6.1 (normal 1.86-3.94 μM). Metabolic parameters and a diet low in Omega 3 rich foods were significantly associated with prodromal symptoms and poor functioning. CONCLUSIONS CHR subjects show a high percentage of metabolic abnormalities prior to exposure to antipsychotic medication. These findings reinforce that early detection of metabolic disturbances and food insecurity is crucial since these factors are modifiable with the potential for significant gains in terms of quality of life, physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Skylar Kelsven
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,San Diego State University/University of California-San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical
Psychology
| | - Jean Addington
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Barbara A. Cornblatt
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, New York, NY; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York;
The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Dan Mathalon
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Ming Tsuang
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Jeff Yao
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and University of Pittsburg School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Li P, Zhao J, Kothapalli KSD, Li X, Li H, Han Y, Mi S, Zhao W, Li Q, Zhang H, Song Y, Brenna JT, Gao Y. A regulatory insertion-deletion polymorphism in the FADS gene cluster influences PUFA and lipid profiles among Chinese adults: a population-based study. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:867-875. [PMID: 29746616 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arachidonic acid (AA) is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) substrate for potent eicosanoid signaling to modulate inflammation and thrombosis and is controlled in part by tissue abundance. Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) catalyzes synthesis of omega-6 (n-3) AA and n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The rs66698963 polymorphism, a 22-base pair (bp) insertion-deletion 137 bp downstream of a sterol regulatory element in FADS2 intron 1, mediates expression of FADS1 in vitro, as well as exerting positive selection in several human populations. The associations between the polymorphism rs66698963 and plasma PUFAs as well as disease phenotypes are unclear. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the relation between rs66698963 genotypes and plasma PUFA concentrations and blood lipid profiles. Design Plasma fatty acids were measured from a single sample obtained at baseline in 1504 healthy Chinese adults aged between 35 and 59 y with the use of gas chromatography. Blood lipids were measured at baseline and a second time at the 18-mo follow-up. The rs66698963 genotype was determined by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Linear regression and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between genotype and plasma PUFAs and blood lipids. Results A shift from the precursors linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid to produce AA and EPA, respectively, was observed, consistent with FADS1 activity increasing in the order of genotypes D/D to I/D to I/I. For I/I compared with D/D carriers, plasma concentrations of n-6 AA and the ratio of AA to n-3 EPA plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 57% and 32% higher, respectively. Carriers of the deletion (D) allele of rs66698963 tended to have higher triglycerides (β = 0.018; SE: 0.009; P = 0.05) and lower HDL cholesterol (β = -0.008; SE: 0.004; P = 0.02) than carriers of the insertion (I) allele. Conclusions The rs66698963 genotype is significantly associated with AA concentrations and AA to EPA+DHA ratio, reflecting basal risk of inflammatory and related chronic disease phenotypes, and is correlated with the risk of dyslipidemia. This trial was registered at chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR-EOC-17012759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengquan Mi
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhai Li
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Verma AD, Panigrahi M, Baba NA, Sulabh S, Sadam A, Parida S, Narayanan K, Sonwane AA, Bhushan B. Differential expression of ten candidate genes regulating prostaglandin action in reproductive tissues of buffalo during estrous cycle and pregnancy. Theriogenology 2018; 105:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Avola R, Graziano ACE, Pannuzzo G, Alvares E, Cardile V. Krabbe's leukodystrophy: Approaches and models in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1284-92. [PMID: 27638610 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This Review describes some in vitro approaches used to investigate the mechanisms involved in Krabbe's disease, with particular regard to the cellular systems employed to study processes of inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The aim was to update the knowledge on the results obtained from in vitro models of this neurodegenerative disorder and provide stimuli for future research. For a long time, the nonavailability of established neural cells has limited the understanding of neuropathogenic mechanisms in Krabbe's leukodystrophy. More recently, the development of new Krabbe's disease cell models has allowed the identification of neurologically relevant pathogenic cascades, including the major role of elevated psychosine levels. Thus, direct and/or indirect roles of psychosine in the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide and in the activation of kinases, caspases, and angiogenic factors results should be clearer. In parallel, it is now understood that the presence of globoid cells precedes oligodendrocyte apoptosis and demyelination. The information described here will help to continue the research on Krabbe's leukodystrophy and on potential new therapeutic approaches for this disease that even today, despite numerous attempts, is without cure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Alvares
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Liu GJ, He JR, Kuang YS, Fan XJ, Li WD, Lu JH, Xia XY, Liu XD, Chen NN, Mai WB, Xia HM, Qiu X. Associations of maternal PLA2G4C and PLA2G4D polymorphisms with the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in a Chinese population. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3607-3614. [PMID: 28440406 PMCID: PMC5436275 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in infants. Its etiology is multifactorial with genes and immune homeostasis. The authors investigated whether prostaglandin (PG) synthesis related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) PLA2G4C rs1366442 and PLA2G4D rs4924618 were associated with the risk of spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) in a Chinese population of 114 cases of SPTB and 250 controls of term delivery. The risk associations were determined by odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Homology modeling was performed to elucidate potential mechanism of the SNP function. The maternal AT/TT genotype of PLA2G4D rs4924618 was associated with a reduced risk of SPTB (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37‑0.99), while no significant association between PLA2G4C rs1366442 and SPTB risk was identified. Structure and sequence analysis revealed that the amino acid substitution introduced by this SNP located at the conserved central core of the catalytic domain of cytosolic phospholipase A2 δ and was close to the active site. These findings suggested that the polymorphism of PLA2G4D rs4924618 may have a protective influence on the SPTB susceptibility in a Chinese population, supporting a role for genetics in the association between PG synthesis and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jian Liu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Rong He
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Shu Kuang
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jiao Fan
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hua Lu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xia
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Nian-Nian Chen
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bi Mai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Min Xia
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Qiu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
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Seo MJ, Oh DK. Prostaglandin synthases: Molecular characterization and involvement in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:50-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhang S, Kartha S, Lee J, Winkelstein BA. Techniques for Multiscale Neuronal Regulation via Therapeutic Materials and Drug Design. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2744-2760. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sonia Kartha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, David Rittenhouse Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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15
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Mruwat R, Kivity S, Landsberg R, Yedgar S, Langier S. Phospholipase A2-dependent Release of Inflammatory Cytokines by Superantigen-Stimulated Nasal Polyps of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29:e122-8. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory/allergic disease with unclear pathophysiology, but it has been linked to an imbalance in the production of eicosanoids, which are metabolites of arachidonic acid, and results from phospholipids hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). As of yet, the role of PLA2 in CRS has hardly been studied, except for a report that group II PLA2 expression is elevated in interleukin (IL) 1β or tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated CRS nasal tissues with and without polyps. The PLA2 families include extracellular (secretory) and intracellular isoforms, which are involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes in different ways. Here we comprehensively investigated the expression of PLA2s, particularly those reported to be involved in respiratory disorders, in superantigen (SAE)-stimulated nasal polyps from patients with CRS with polyps, and determined their role in inflammatory cytokine production by inhibition of PLA2 expression. Methods The release of IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and interferon γ by nasal polyps dispersed cells (NPDC) was determined concomitantly with PLA2 messenger RNA expression, under SAE stimulation, with or without dexamethasone, as a regulator of PLA2 expression. Results Stimulation of NPDCs by SAE-induced cytokine secretion with enhanced expression of several secretory PLA2 and Ca2+-independent PLA2, while suppressing cytosolic PLA2 expression. All these were reverted to the level of unstimulated NPDCs on treatment with dexamethasone. Conclusion This study further supports the key role of secretory PLA2 in the pathophysiology of respiratory disorders and presents secretory PLA2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRS and airway pathologies in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufayda Mruwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Roee Landsberg
- Ear Nose and Throat Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, lsrael
| | - Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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German OL, Agnolazza DL, Politi LE, Rotstein NP. Light, lipids and photoreceptor survival: live or let die? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26204250 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to its constant exposure to light and its high oxygen consumption the retina is highly sensitive to oxidative damage, which is a common factor in inducing the death of photoreceptors after light damage or in inherited retinal degenerations. The high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the retina, has been suggested to contribute to this sensitivity. DHA is crucial for developing and preserving normal visual function. However, further roles of DHA in the retina are still controversial. Current data support that it can tilt the scale either towards degeneration or survival of retinal cells. DHA peroxidation products can be deleterious to the retina and might lead to retinal degeneration. However, DHA has also been shown to act as, or to be the source of, a survival molecule that protects photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells from oxidative damage. We have established that DHA protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and promotes their differentiation in vitro. DHA activates the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the ERK/MAPK pathway, thus regulating the expression of anti and pro-apoptotic proteins. It also orchestrates a diversity of signaling pathways, modulating enzymatic pathways that control the sphingolipid metabolism and activate antioxidant defense mechanisms to promote photoreceptor survival and development. A deeper comprehension of DHA signaling pathways and context-dependent behavior is required to understand its dual functions in retinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lorena German
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wei T, Xu C, Yu X, Jia W, Yang K, Jia C, Mao D. Characterization of a novel thermophilic phospholipase B from Thermotoga lettingae TMO: applicability in enzymatic degumming of vegetable oils. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:515-22. [PMID: 25578305 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel phospholipase B (TLPLB) from Thermotoga lettingae TMO has been cloned, functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Gas chromatography indicated that the enzyme could efficiently hydrolyze both the sn-1 and sn-2 ester bonds of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine as phospholipase B. TLPLB was optimally active at 70 °C and pH 5.5, respectively. Its thermostability is relatively high with a half-life of 240 min at 90 °C. TLPLB also displayed remarkable organic solvent tolerance and maintained approximately 91-161 % of its initial activity in 20 and 50 % (v/v) hydrophobic organic solvents after incubation for 168 h. Furthermore, TLPLB exhibited high degumming activity towards rapeseed, soybean, peanut and sunflower seed oils, where the phosphorus contents were decreased from 225.2, 189.3, 85.6 and 70.4 mg/kg to 4.9, 4.7, 3.2 and 2.2 mg/kg within 5 h, respectively. TLPLB could therefore be used for the degumming of vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
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Lin HQ, Wang Y, Chan KL, Ip TM, Wan CCD. Differential regulation of lipid metabolism genes in the brain of acetylcholinesterase knockout mice. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:397-408. [PMID: 24573602 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC3.1.1.7) exhibited significant phenotypical and biochemical changes when compared with wild-type littermates. They showed a delay of growth in weight and size, immature external ears, and persistent body tremor, and they circled when walking. The molecular mechanisms underlying these changes have not been investigated yet. Here, we studied the profiles of both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in the brain of AChE-deficient mice using mRNA microarray, quantitative PCR, and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) coupled to protein identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Analysis of gene expression profile was conducted by DAVID ( http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov ) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA, http://www.ingenuity.com ). Previous results implicated that there is a close relationship between lipid metabolisms which were associated with central nervous system development. Here, we demonstrated that the mRNA expressions of brain specific fatty acid protein 7 (fabp-7) and phospholipase A2 group IV (pla2g4) were significantly downregulated in AChE-deficient mice. These results suggested that AChE may play a role in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration by specifically regulating lipid metabolism in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Quan Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China,
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19
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Mruwat R, Yedgar S, Lavon I, Ariel A, Krimsky M, Shoseyov D. Phospholipase A2 in experimental allergic bronchitis: a lesson from mouse and rat models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76641. [PMID: 24204651 PMCID: PMC3812210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes phospholipids, initiating the production of inflammatory lipid mediators. We have previously shown that in rats, sPLA2 and cPLA2 play opposing roles in the pathophysiology of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced experimental allergic bronchitis (OVA-EAB), an asthma model: Upon disease induction sPLA2 expression and production of the broncho-constricting CysLTs are elevated, whereas cPLA2 expression and the broncho-dilating PGE2 production are suppressed. These were reversed upon disease amelioration by treatment with an sPLA2 inhibitor. However, studies in mice reported the involvement of both sPLA2 and cPLA2 in EAB induction. Objectives To examine the relevance of mouse and rat models to understanding asthma pathophysiology. Methods OVA-EAB was induced in mice using the same methodology applied in rats. Disease and biochemical markers in mice were compared with those in rats. Results As in rats, EAB in mice was associated with increased mRNA of sPLA2, specifically sPLA2gX, in the lungs, and production of the broncho-constricting eicosanoids CysLTs, PGD2 and TBX2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In contrast, EAB in mice was associated also with elevated cPLA2 mRNA and PGE2 production. Yet, treatment with an sPLA2 inhibitor ameliorated the EAB concomitantly with reverting the expression of both cPLA2 and sPLA2, and eicosanoid production. Conclusions In both mice and rats sPLA2 is pivotal in OVA-induced EAB. Yet, amelioration of asthma markers in mouse models, and human tissues, was observed also upon cPLA2 inhibition. It is plausible that airway conditions, involving multiple cell types and organs, require the combined action of more than one, essential, PLA2s.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/immunology
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/immunology
- Arginase/metabolism
- Asthma/genetics
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Bronchitis/genetics
- Bronchitis/immunology
- Bronchitis/metabolism
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Chitinases/genetics
- Chitinases/immunology
- Chitinases/metabolism
- Cysteine/immunology
- Cysteine/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/immunology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Group X Phospholipases A2/genetics
- Group X Phospholipases A2/immunology
- Group X Phospholipases A2/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukotrienes/immunology
- Leukotrienes/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/genetics
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/metabolism
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/genetics
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/metabolism
- Prostaglandin D2/immunology
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Leukotriene/immunology
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufayda Mruwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Iris Lavon
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miron Krimsky
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Shoseyov
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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German OL, Monaco S, Agnolazza DL, Rotstein NP, Politi LE. Retinoid X receptor activation is essential for docosahexaenoic acid protection of retina photoreceptors. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2236-2246. [PMID: 23723389 PMCID: PMC3708373 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the retina, promotes survival of rat retina photoreceptors during early development in vitro and upon oxidative stress by activating the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Here we have investigated whether DHA turns on this pathway through activation of retinoid X receptors (RXRs) or by inducing tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor activation. We also evaluated whether DHA release from phospholipids was required for its protective effect. Addition of RXR antagonists (HX531, PA452) to rat retinal neuronal cultures inhibited DHA protection during early development in vitro and upon oxidative stress induced with Paraquat or H2O2. In contrast, the Trk inhibitor K252a did not affect DHA prevention of photoreceptor apoptosis. These results imply that activation of RXRs was required for DHA protection whereas Trk receptors were not involved in this protection. Pretreatment with 4-bromoenol lactone, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, blocked DHA prevention of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of photoreceptors. It is noteworthy that RXR agonists (HX630, PA024) also rescued photoreceptors from H2O2-induced apoptosis. These results provide the first evidence that activation of RXRs prevents photoreceptor apoptosis and suggest that DHA is first released from phospholipids and then activates RXRs to promote the survival of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L German
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Monaco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela L Agnolazza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Qin SS, Yu YX, Li QK, Yu ZW. Interaction of Human Synovial Phospholipase A2 with Mixed Lipid Bilayers: A Coarse-Grain and All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1477-89. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3012687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education),
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Xin Yu
- Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Kai Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education),
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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22
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Patterson AL, Squires EL, Hansen TR, Bouma GJ, Bruemmer JE. Gene profiling of inflammatory genes in day 18 endometria from pregnant and non-pregnant mares. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:777-84. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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David S, Greenhalgh AD, López-Vales R. Role of phospholipase A2s and lipid mediators in secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:249-67. [PMID: 22581384 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to be an important contributor to secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). This secondary damage leads to further exacerbation of tissue loss and functional impairments. The immune responses that are triggered by injury are complex and are mediated by a variety of factors that have both detrimental and beneficial effects. In this review, we focus on the diverse effects of the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily and the downstream pathways that generate a large number of bioactive lipid mediators, some of which have pro-inflammatory and demyelinating effects, whereas others have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties. For each of these lipid mediators, we provide an overview followed by a discussion of their expression and role in SCI. Where appropriate, we have compared the latter with their role in other neurological conditions. The PLA(2) pathway provides a number of targets for therapeutic intervention for the treatment of SCI and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Livingston Hall, Room L7-210, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4,
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Ma MT, Yeo JF, Shui G, Wenk M, Ong WY. Systems wide analyses of lipids in the brainstem during inflammatory orofacial pain - Evidence of increased phospholipase A2 activity. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M.-T. Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - J.-F. Yeo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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25
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Jiang F, Huang S, Imadad K, Li C. Cloning and expression of a gene with phospholipase B activity from Pseudomonas fluorescens in Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 104:518-522. [PMID: 22078969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A gene from Pseudomonasfluorescens BIT-18 encoding a protein with phospholipase B activity (Pf-PLB) was cloned in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The open reading frame consists of 1272 bp and potentially encodes a protein of 423 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 45.8 kDa. The nucleotide sequence of Pf-PLB is 45%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 33%, and 31% identical to that of Bifidobacterium animals, Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum, Acidobacterium capsulatum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Moraxella bovis, and Moraxella catarrhalis, respectively. The His-tagged protein was purified by affinity chromatography and the eluted protein hydrolyzed both the 1- and 2-ester bond of phosphatidylcholine. The recombinant Pf-PLB had optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 30 °C, and it showed 20.1% higher efficiency in the conversion rate of the phosphorus content than the wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, PR China
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26
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Active site mutants of human secreted Group IIA Phospholipase A2 lacking hydrolytic activity retain their bactericidal effect. Biochimie 2011; 94:132-6. [PMID: 21986368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Human Secreted Group IIA Phospholipase A(2) (hsPLA2GIIA) presents potent bactericidal activity, and is considered to contribute to the acute-phase immune response. Hydrolysis of inner membrane phospholipids is suggested to underlie the bactericidal activity, and we have evaluated this proposal by comparing catalytic activity with bactericidal and liposome membrane damaging effects of the G30S, H48Q and D49K hsPLA2GIIA mutants. All mutants showed severely impaired hydrolytic activities against mixed DOPC:DOPG liposome membranes, however the bactericidal effect against Micrococcus luteus was less affected, with 50% killing at concentrations of 1, 3, 7 and 9 μg/mL for the wild-type, D49K, H48Q and G30S mutants respectively. Furthermore, all proteins showed Ca(2+)-independent damaging activity against liposome membranes demonstrating that in addition to the hydrolysis-dependent membrane damage, the hsPLA2GIIA presents a mechanism for permeabilization of phospholipid bilayers that is independent of catalytic activity, which may play a role in the bactericidal function of the protein.
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Letsiou E, Kitsiouli E, Nakos G, Lekka ME. Mild stretch activates cPLA2 in alveolar type II epithelial cells independently through the MEK/ERK and PI3K pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1811:370-6. [PMID: 21185392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT II) in which lung surfactant synthesis and secretion take place, are subjected to low magnitude stretch during normal breathing. The aim of the study was to explore the effect of mild stretch on phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activation, an enzyme known to be involved in surfactant secretion. In A549 cells (a model of AT II cells), we showed, using a fluorometric assay, that stretch triggers an increase of total PLA(2) activity. Western blot experiments revealed that the cytosolic isoform cPLA(2) is rapidly phosphorylated under stretch, in addition to a modest increase in cPLA(2) mRNA levels. Treatment of A549 cells with selective inhibitors of the MEK/ERK pathway significantly attenuated the stretch-induced cPLA(2) phosphorylation. A strong interaction of cPLA(2) and pERK enzymes was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. We also found that inhibition of PI3K pathway attenuated cPLA(2) activation after stretch, without affecting pERK levels. Our results suggest that low magnitude stretch can induce cPLA(2) phosphorylation through the MEK/ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways, independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Letsiou
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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Fèvre C, Bellenger S, Pierre AS, Minville M, Bellenger J, Gresti J, Rialland M, Narce M, Tessier C. The metabolic cascade leading to eicosanoid precursors--desaturases, elongases, and phospholipases A2--is altered in Zucker fatty rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1811:409-17. [PMID: 21172452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome characterized by insulin resistance and obesity is accompanied by severe lipid metabolism perturbations and chronic low-grade inflammation. However, many unresolved questions remained regarding the regulation that underlie dyslipidemia, particularly the regulation of the metabolic cascade (synthesis and release) leading to eicosanoid precursors release. This study was undertaken to investigate the regulation of desaturases/elongases and phospholipases A(2) during the establishment of metabolic syndrome. Our results showed that delta-6 desaturase as well as elongase-6 expressions were upregulated in 3-month-old Zucker fatty rats as compared to lean littermates, independently of SREBP-1c activation. We also demonstrated for the first time an increase of liver group VII phospholipase A(2) gene expression in the obese animals together with a strong specific inhibition of type IVA and VIA phospholipases A(2). These results suggest that the regulation of unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis and signalling cascade could contribute to the development of liver lipid dysregulation related to metabolic syndrome and may be considered as new potential targets in such pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Fèvre
- INSERM UMR 866/Université de Bourgogne, Lipides Nutrition Cancer, Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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Tithof PK, Richards SM, Elgayyar MA, Menn FM, Vulava VM, McKay L, Sanseverino J, Sayler G, Tucker DE, Leslie CC, Lu KP, Ramos KS. Activation of group IVC phospholipase A(2) by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induces apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:623-34. [PMID: 21132278 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in coal tar mixtures and tobacco sources, is considered a significant risk factor for the development of heart disease in humans. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of PAHs present at a Superfund site on human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity and apoptosis. Extremely high levels of 12 out of 15 EPA high-priority PAHs were present in both the streambed and floodplain sediments at a site where an urban creek and its adjacent floodplain were extensively contaminated by PAHs and other coal tar compounds. Nine of the 12 compounds and a coal tar mixture (SRM 1597A) activated group IVC PLA(2) in HCAECs, and activation of this enzyme was associated with histone fragmentation and poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Genetic silencing of group IVC PLA(2) inhibited both (3)H-fatty acid release and histone fragmentation by PAHs and SRM 1597A, indicating that individual PAHs and a coal tar mixture induce apoptosis of HCAECs via a mechanism that involves group IVC PLA(2). Western blot analysis of aortas isolated from feral mice (Peromyscus leucopus) inhabiting the Superfund site showed increased PARP and caspase-3 cleavage when compared to reference mice. These data suggest that PAHs induce apoptosis of HCAECs via activation of group IVC PLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Tithof
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4545, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promotes inflammation by synthesizing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Inflammation is an early response to bone fracture, and ablation of COX-2 activity impairs fracture healing. Arachidonic acid is also converted into leukotrienes by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). We hypothesized that 5-LO is a negative regulator of fracture healing and that in the absence of COX-2, excess leukotrienes synthesized by 5-LO will impair fracture healing. METHODS Fracture healing was assessed in mice with a targeted 5-LO mutation (5-LO(KO) mice) and control mice by radiographic and histological observations, and measured by histomorphometry and torsional mechanical testing. To assess effects on arachidonic acid metabolism, prostaglandin E2, F2α, and leukotriene B4 levels were measured in the fracture calluses of control, 5-LO(KO) COX-1(KO), and COX-2(KO) mice by enzyme linked immunoassays. RESULTS Femur fractures in 5-LO(KO) mice rapidly developed a cartilaginous callus that was replaced with bone to heal fractures faster than in control mice. Femurs from 5-LO(KO) mice had substantially better mechanical properties after 1 month of healing than did control mice. Callus leukotriene levels were 4-fold higher in mice homozygous for a targeted mutation in the COX-2 gene (COX-2(KO)), which indicated that arachidonic acid was shunted into the 5-LO pathway in the absence of COX-2. INTERPRETATION These experiments show that 5-LO negatively regulates fracture healing and that shunting of arachidonic acid into the 5-LO pathway may account, at least in part, for the impaired fracture healing response observed in COX-2(KO) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaele B Manigrasso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
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Defective endometrial prostaglandin synthesis identified in patients with repeated implantation failure undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1271-1278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alberghina M. Phospholipase A2: New lessons from endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chen YJ, Liu WH, Kao PH, Wang JJ, Chang LS. Involvement of p38 MAPK- and JNK-modulated expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in Naja nigricollis CMS-9-induced apoptosis of human leukemia K562 cells. Toxicon 2010; 55:1306-16. [PMID: 20144638 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CMS-9, a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) isolated from Naja nigricollis venom, induced apoptosis of human leukemia K562 cells, characterized by mitochondrial depolarization, modulation of Bcl-2 family members, cytochrome c release and activation of caspases 9 and 3. Moreover, an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was noted. Pretreatment with BAPTA-AM (Ca2+ chelator) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, ROS scavenger) proved that Ca2+ was an upstream event in inducing ROS generation. Upon exposure to CMS-9, activation of p38 MAPK and JNK was observed in K562 cells. BAPTA-AM or NAC abrogated CMS-9-elicited p38 MAPK and JNK activation, and rescued viability of CMS-9-treated K562 cells. SB202190 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) suppressed CMS-9-induced dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, Bcl-2 down-regulation, Bax up-regulation and increased mitochondrial translocation of Bax. Inactivation of PLA(2) activity reduced drastically the cytotoxicity of CMS-9, and a combination of lysophosphatidylcholine and stearic acid mimicked the cytotoxic effects of CMS-9. Taken together, our data suggest that CMS-9-induced apoptosis of K562 cells is catalytic activity-dependent and is mediated through mitochondria-mediated death pathway triggered by Ca2+/ROS-evoked p38 MAPK and JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University-Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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Catalytic and non-catalytic functions of human IIA phospholipase A2. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 35:28-35. [PMID: 19818633 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group IIA phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a low-molecular-mass secreted PLA2 enzyme that has been identified as an acute phase protein with a role in the inflammatory response to infection and trauma. The protein is possibly unique in being highly cationic and having a global distribution of surface arginine and lysine residues. This structure supports two functions of the protein. (1) An anti-bacterial role where the enzyme is targeted to the anionic cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria and phospholipid hydrolysis assists in bacterial killing. (2) A proposed non-catalytic role in which the protein forms supramolecular aggregates with anionic phospholipid vesicles or debris. These aggregates are then internalized via interactions with cell surface heparin sulphate proteoglycans and macropinocytosis for disposal by macrophages.
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Teke M, Onal S, Kilinç A, Telefoncu A. Immobilization of Phospholipase A2on Porous Glass and Its Application for Lowering Serum Cholesterol Concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 31:467-78. [PMID: 14672420 DOI: 10.1081/bio-120025417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2; EC 3.1.1.4) is a lipolytic enzyme that hydrolysis the ester bond in sn-2 position of phospholipids. In this work, the PLA2 from hog pancreas was covalently coupled to porous glass. The properties of free and immobilized enzyme were also investigated and compared. The optimum pH and temperature were found as 8.5 and 50 degrees C, respectively for both free and immobilized enzyme. The immobilized enzyme had good properties that potential for medical application is considerable. Its use in lowering plasma cholesterol concentrations in blood samples was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Teke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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Liu WH, Cheng YC, Chang LS. ROS-mediated p38alpha MAPK activation and ERK inactivation responsible for upregulation of Fas and FasL and autocrine Fas-mediated cell death in Taiwan cobra phospholipase A(2)-treated U937 cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:642-51. [PMID: 19180563 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to explore the signaling pathway associated with Naja naja atra phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-induced apoptotic death of human leukemia U937 cells. Degradation of procaspases, production of tBid, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release were observed in PLA(2)-treated cells. PLA(2) treatment increased Fas and FasL protein expression, and upregulated transcription of Fas and FasL mRNA. Upon exposure to PLA(2), ROS generation, p38 MAPK activation, and ERK inactivation were found in U937 cells. Abolition of PLA(2)-induced ROS generation abrogated p38 MAPK activation and upregulation of Fas and FasL expression, but restored ERK activation and viability of PLA(2)-treated cells. Block of p38 MAPK by SB202190 abolished PLA(2)-induced Fas/FasL upregulation and ERK inactivation, but not ROS generation. Activated ERK suppressed p38 MAPK activation and Fas/FasL protein expression. Selective inactivation or overexpression of p38alpha MAPK proved that upregulation of Fas/FasL and ERK inactivation were related to p38alpha MAPK activation. Deprivation of catalytic activity with PLA(2) blocked completely PLA(2)-induced Fas/FasL upregulation. Downregulation of FADD abolished PLA(2)-induced procaspase-8 degradation and rescued viability of PLA(2)-treated cells. Taken together, our results indicate that Fas/FasL upregulation in PLA(2)-treated U937 cells is elicited by ROS-mediated p38alpha MAPK activation and ERK inactivation, and suggest that autocrine Fas/FasL apoptotic mechanism is involved in PLA(2)-induced cell death. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 642-651, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University-Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Kim HJ, Kim KS, Kim SH, Baek SH, Kim HY, Lee C, Kim JR. Induction of cellular senescence by secretory phospholipase A2 in human dermal fibroblasts through an ROS-mediated p53 pathway. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:351-62. [PMID: 19264704 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gln055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) is involved in various cellular physiological and pathological responses, especially in inflammatory responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is an underlying basis for the molecular alterations that link aging and age-related pathological processes. However, the involvement of sPLA(2) in cellular senescence is not clear. In this study, we found that sPLA(2) treatment induces cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), as confirmed by increases in senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, changes in cell morphology, and upregulation of p53/p21 protein levels. sPLA(2)-induced senescence was observed in p16-knockdown HDFs and p16-null mouse fibroblasts, but not in p53-knockdown HDFs and p53-null mouse fibroblasts. Treatment with sPLA(2) increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, inhibits sPLA(2)-induced cellular senescence. These results suggest that sPLA(2) has a role in cellular senescence in HDFs during inflammatory response by promoting ROS-dependent p53 activation and might therefore contribute to inflammatory disorders associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 317-1 Daemyung-Dong, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
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Catalytic activity-independent pathway is involved in phospholipase A2-induced apoptotic death of human leukemia U937 cells via Ca2+-mediated p38 MAPK activation and mitochondrial depolarization. Toxicol Lett 2009; 185:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Avgerinos ED, Kostopanagiotou G, Costopanagiotou C, Kopanakis N, Andreadou I, Lekka M, Nakos G, Smyrniotis V. Intestinal preconditioning ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion induced acute lung injury in rats: an experimental study. J Surg Res 2009; 160:294-301. [PMID: 19439321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR). Intestinal ischemic preconditioning (IIP) has been shown to improve intestinal tolerance to subsequent sustained ischemia and limit the systemic inflammatory response. We tested the effect of IIP on the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-induced ARDS, with particular focus on PLA(2). METHODS Rats were randomized into three groups: (1) sham surgery group (sGroup), 45 min sham intestinal ischemia-4 h reperfusion, (2) IIR group (IIRGroup), 45 min intestinal ischemia-4 h reperfusion, (3) IIP group (ipGroup), three cycles of intestinal ischemia for 4 min and reperfusion for 10 min followed by 45 min intestinal ischemia-4 h reperfusion. At the end of each experiment, blood gases were obtained and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) followed. Biochemical (total protein, PLA(2), PAF-AcH) and cytological parameters of the BAL fluid were quantified. Plasma MDA was measured as an indicator of systemic oxidative stress. Comparisons between groups were made using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc comparison with a Tukey test or Mann-Whitney test when appropriate. Differences were considered significant if P < 0.05. RESULTS Alveolar-arterial O(2) gradient values and wet to dry lung ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the IIRGroup and this increase was prevented in the ipGroup. Following the same pattern, BAL total protein, PLA(2), and PAF-AcH were significantly lower in the ipGroup. Ischemic preconditioning significantly abolished neutrophil count in BAL fluid. Plasma MDA was significantly lower in the ipGroup. Despite a significant tissue polymorphonuclear reduction, no significant lung or intestinal histologic damage score changes were revealed. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal preconditioning protects IIR-induced lung injury, partly by modulating the arachidonic acid cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios D Avgerinos
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Han C, Lim K, Xu L, Li G, Wu T. Regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway by cPLA2alpha and PPARdelta. J Cell Biochem 2009; 105:534-45. [PMID: 18636547 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) is a rate-limiting key enzyme that releases arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipid for the production of biologically active lipid mediators including prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet-activating factor. cPLA(2)alpha is translocated to nuclear envelope in response to intracellular calcium increase and the enzyme is also present inside the cell nucleus; however, the biological function of cPLA(2)alpha in the nucleus remains unknown. Here we show a novel role of cPLA(2)alpha for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARdelta) and beta-catenin in the nuclei. Overexpression of cPLA(2)alpha in human cholangiocarcinoma cells induced the binding of PPARdelta to beta-catenin and increased their association with the TCF/LEF response element. These effects are inhibited by the cPLA(2)alpha siRNA and inhibitors as well as by siRNA knockdown of PPARdelta. Overexpression of PPARdelta or treatment with the selective PPARdelta ligand, GW501516, also increased beta-catenin binding to TCF/LEF response element and increased its reporter activity. Addition of AA and GW501516 to nuclear extracts induced a comparable degree of beta-catenin binding to TCF/LEF response element. Furthermore, cPLA(2)alpha protein is present in the PPARdelta and beta-catenin binding complex. Thus the close proximity between cPLA(2)alpha and PPARdelta provides a unique advantage for their efficient functional coupling in the nucleus, where AA produced by cPLA(2)alpha becomes immediately available for PPARdelta binding and subsequent beta-catenin activation. These results depict a novel interaction linking cPLA(2)alpha, PPARdelta and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways and provide insight for further understanding the roles of these key molecules in human cells and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Teke M, Telefoncu A. Purification of bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2 by an affinity ultrafiltration technique. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Costa-Junior HM, Mendes AN, Davis GHNG, da Cruz CM, Ventura ALM, Serezani CH, Faccioli LH, Nomizo A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Bisaggio RDC, Persechini PM. ATP-induced apoptosis involves a Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 and 5-lipoxygenase in macrophages. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 88:51-61. [PMID: 18984060 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages express P2X(7) and other nucleotide (P2) receptors, and display the phenomena of extracellular ATP (ATP(e))-induced P2X(7)-dependent membrane permeabilization and cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. P2X(7) receptors also cooperate with toll-like receptors (TLRs) to induce inflammasome activation and IL-1beta secretion. We investigated signaling pathways involved in the induction of cell death by ATP(e) in intraperitoneal murine macrophages. Apoptosis (hypodiploid nuclei) and necrosis (LDH release) were detected 6h after an induction period of 20 min in the presence of ATP. Apoptosis was blocked by caspase 3 and caspase 9 inhibitors and by cyclosporin A. The MAPK inhibitors PD-98059, SB-203580 and SB-202190 provoked no significant effect on apoptosis, but SB-203580 blocked LDH release. Neither apoptosis nor necrosis was inhibited when both intra- and extracellular Ca(2+) were chelated during the induction period. Mepacrine, a generic PLA(2) inhibitor and BEL, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) blocked apoptosis, while pBPB and AACOOPF(3), inhibitors of secretory and Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2) respectively, had no significant effect. Cycloxygenase inhibitors had no effect on apoptosis, while the inhibitors of lipoxygenase (LOX) and leukotriene biosynthesis nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), zileuton, AA-861, and MK-886 significantly decreased apoptosis. Neither NDGA nor MK-886 blocked apoptosis of 5-LOX(-/-) macrophages. CP-105696 and MK-571, antagonists of leukotriene receptors, had no significant effect on apoptosis. None of the inhibitors of PLA(2) and LOX/leukotriene pathway had a significant inhibitory effect on LDH release. Our results indicate that a Ca(2+)-independent step involving an iPLA(2) and 5-LOX are involved in the triggering of apoptosis but not necrosis by P2X(7) in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Miranda Costa-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunobiofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Godkin JD, Roberts MP, Elgayyar M, Guan W, Tithof PK. Phospholipase A2 regulation of bovine endometrial (BEND) cell prostaglandin production. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:44. [PMID: 18811942 PMCID: PMC2563010 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins (PG), produced by the uterine endometrium, are key regulators of several reproductive events, including estrous cyclicity, implantation, pregnancy maintenance and parturition. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, the rate-limiting step in PG biosynthesis. The bovine endometrial (BEND) cell line has served as a model system for investigating regulation of signaling mechanisms involved in uterine PG production but information concerning the specific PLA2 enzymes involved and their role in regulation of this process is limited. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the expression and activities of calcium-dependent group IVA (PLA2G4A) and calcium-independent group VI (PLA2G6) enzymes in the regulation of BEND cell PG production. METHODS Cells were grown to near-confluence and treated with phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate (PDBu), interferon-tau (IFNT), the PLA2G4A inhibitor pyrrolidine-1 (PYR-1), the PLA2G6 inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL) and combinations of each. Concentrations of PGF2alpha and PGE2 released into the medium were determined. Western blot analysis was performed on cellular protein to determine effects of treatment on expression of PLA2G4A, PLA2G6 and PLA2G4C. PLA2 assays were performed on intact cells by measuring arachidonic acid and linoleic acid release and group-specific PLA2 activity assays were performed on cell lysates. RESULTS BEND cells produced about 10-fold more PGE2 than PGF2alpha under resting conditions. Production of both PGs increased significantly in response to PDBu-stimulation. PYR-1 significantly diminished production of both PGs by resting cells and abolished the stimulatory effect of PDBu. BEL stimulated production of both PGs. IFNT reduced both PGE2 and PGF2alpha production by resting cells and diminished PDBu stimulation of PG production. Conversely, IFNT did not significantly reduce BEL stimulation of PG production. Cellular expression of PLA2G4A was enhanced by PDBu and this response was diminished by IFNT. Expression of PLA2G6 was not observed to be affected by treatments and no PLA2G4C expression was observed. Arachidonic acid release from intact cells was significantly increased by PDBu and this effect was attenuated by PYR-1 but not by BEL. Release of linoleic acid from intact cells was stimulated by PDBu and inhibited by BEL but not PYR-1. Group specific PLA2-activity assays demonstrated both PLA2G4A and PLA2G6 activity. CONCLUSION Results from this study demonstrate that PGE2 and PGF2-alpha production by BEND cells is mediated by the activity and expression of PLA2G4A. Interferon-tau treatment diminished expression of PLA2G4A and PG production. BEND cells were shown to express PLA2G6 but, unlike primary or early passage luminal bovine endometrial cells, stimulation of PLA2G6 activity was not associated with increased PG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Godkin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mary P Roberts
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mona Elgayyar
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Guan
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Patricia K Tithof
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Knoxville, TN, USA
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BAZAN NICOLASG, MARCHESELLI VICTORL, COLE-EDWARDS KASIE. Brain Response to Injury and Neurodegeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Coyne GS, Kenny DA, Childs S, Sreenan JM, Waters SM. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alter the expression of genes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis in the bovine uterus. Theriogenology 2008; 70:772-82. [PMID: 18582926 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition plays a critical role in the regulation of cow fertility. There is emerging evidence that dietary long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) may act as specific regulators of some reproductive processes. In vitro studies suggest that the n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may play pivotal roles by suppressing the synthesis of uterine prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) which is centrally involved in the control of the bovine oestrous cycle and in early embryo survival. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of n-3 PUFA on uterine endometrial mRNA expression of key genes regulating PGF(2alpha) biosynthesis. Beef heifers were fed either a low (CON; n=10) or high (HIGH PUFA; n=10) n-3 PUFA diet for 45 days and endometrial tissues were harvested following slaughter. Following analysis, tissues within each dietary group were ranked on the basis of their PUFA concentrations and the highest (n=7) and lowest (n=7) within each of HIGH PUFA and CON, respectively, were used in gene expression studies. Endometrial n-3 PUFA concentrations were more than two-fold higher (P<0.05) and EPA concentrations alone more than seven-fold higher (P<0.01) in the HIGH PUFA than the CON group. Endometrial concentrations of arachidonic acid, were lower (P<0.001) in the tissues from HIGH PUFA than those from the CON group. Total RNA was isolated from all endometrial tissues and real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR conducted to compare the relative expression of 11 genes with known involvement in uterine biosynthesis of 2-series prostaglandins. Expression of mRNA for prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPAR alpha and delta was increased (P<0.05) while mRNA expression of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) was decreased (P=0.06) in the HIGH PUFA endometrial tissues. Expression of genes coding for the oxytocin receptor (OTR), phospholipase C (PLC), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), PGE(2) 9-ketoreductase (9-KPR), prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS), and the nuclear transcription factor, PPAR gamma was not different (P>0.05) between HIGH PUFA and CON tissues. Overall the results indicate that key genes regulating uterine PGF(2alpha) biosynthesis can be regulated by dietary inclusion of LC n-3 PUFA which may influence uterine function and embryo survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Coyne
- Teagasc, Animal Production Research Centre, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland
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Xu L, Han C, Lim K, Wu T. Activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha through nitric oxide-induced S-nitrosylation. Involvement of inducible nitric-oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:3077-3087. [PMID: 18029351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) is the rate-limiting key enzyme that cleaves arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, including prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a key lipid mediator involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Here we show that cPLA(2)alpha protein is S-nitrosylated, and its activity is enhanced by nitric oxide (NO). Forced expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in human epithelial cells induced cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation, enhanced its catalytic activity, and increased AA release. The iNOS-induced cPLA(2)alpha activation is blocked by the specific iNOS inhibitor, 1400W. The addition of the NO donor, S-nitrosoglutathione, to isolated cell lysates or purified recombinant human cPLA(2)alpha protein induced S-nitrosylation of cPLA(2)alpha in vitro. Incubation of cultured cells with the iNOS substrate L-arginine and NO donor significantly increased cPLA(2)alpha activity and AA release. These findings demonstrate that iNOS-derived NO S-nitrosylates and activates cPLA(2)alpha in human cells. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Cys-152 of cPLA(2)alpha is critical for S-nitrosylation. Furthermore, COX-2 induction or expression markedly enhanced iNOS-induced cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation and activation, leading to 9-, 23-, and 20-fold increase of AA release and 100-, 38-, and 88-fold of PGE(2) production in A549, SG231, and HEK293 cells, respectively, whereas COX-2 alone leads to less than 2-fold change. These results indicate that COX-2 has the ability to enhance iNOS-induced cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation and that maximal PG synthesis is achieved by the synergistic interaction among iNOS, cPLA(2)alpha, and COX-2. Since COX-2 enhances the formation of cPLA(2)alpha-iNOS binding complex, it appears that COX-2-induced augmentation of cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation is mediated at least in part through increased association between iNOS and cPLA(2)alpha. These findings disclose a novel link among cPLA(2)alpha, iNOS, and COX-2, which form a multiprotein complex leading to cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation and activation. Therefore, therapy aimed at disrupting this interplay may represent a promising strategy to effectively inhibit PGE(2) production and prevent inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.
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The presence of a secretory phospholipase A2 in the nuclei of neuronal and glial cells of rat brain cortex. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1345-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kostopanagiotou G, Avgerinos E, Costopanagiotou C, Arkadopoulos N, Andreadou I, Diamantopoulou K, Lekka M, Smyrniotis V, Nakos G. Acute lung injury in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion: the potential time depended role of phospholipases A(2). J Surg Res 2007; 147:108-16. [PMID: 17981297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pivotal role of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AcH) as enzymes involved in lung inflammation has recently been suggested. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role and the time dependence of PLA(2) and PAF-AcH fluctuations in the lung relative to the evolution of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly allocated to five groups of IIR induced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 45 min followed by 1 min, 2, 4, and 8 h of reperfusion (expGroups) and five corresponding sham groups (sGroups). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained from the right lung and its biochemical (protein, PLA(2), PAF-AcH) and cytological characteristics were determined. Plasma malonyldialdehyde was measured as a marker of lipid peroxidation. The 4 and 8 h reperfusion expGroups had significantly (P < 0.05) elevated alveolar-arterial O(2) gradient values compared with the corresponding controls. Total protein, PLA(2) and PAF-AcH levels significantly (P < 0.05) increased in expGroups compared with the corresponding shams after 4 h of reperfusion. Total bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells and plasma malonyldialdehyde were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in expGroups compared with the sGroups after 2 h of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS PLA(2) could act synergistically or parallel with the reactive oxygen species produced during IIR, resulting in the induction or even in the exacerbation of the inflammatory reaction in acute respiratory distress syndrome. PAF-AcH could play an anti-inflammatory role by reducing the concentration of PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kostopanagiotou
- 2nd Department of Anesthesiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Chaidari, Greece
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Tithof PK, Roberts MP, Guan W, Elgayyar M, Godkin JD. Distinct phospholipase A2 enzymes regulate prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha production by bovine endometrial epithelial cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:16. [PMID: 17459165 PMCID: PMC1868772 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate-limiting step in prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis is catalyzed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes which hydrolyze arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Despite their importance in uterine PG production, little is known concerning the specific PLA2 enzymes that regulate arachidonic acid liberation in the uterine endometrium. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the expression and activities of calcium-independent Group VI and Group IVC PLA2 (PLA2G6 and PLA2G4C) and calcium-dependent Group IVA PLA2 (PLA2G4A) enzymes in the regulation of bovine uterine endometrial epithelial cell PG production. METHODS Bovine endometrial epithelial cells in culture were treated with oxytocin, interferon-tau and the PLA2G6 inhibitor bromoenol lactone, alone and in combination. Concentrations of PGF2alpha and PGE2 released into the medium were analyzed. Western blot analysis was performed on cellular protein to determine the effects of treatments on expression of PLA2G4A, PLA2G6 and PLA2G4C. Group-specific PLA2 activity assays were performed on cell lysates following treatment with oxytocin, interferon-tau or vehicle (control), alone and in combination. To further evaluate the role of specific PLA2 enzymes in uterine cell PG biosynthesis, cells were transfected with cDNAs encoding human PLA2G6 and PLA24C, treated as described above and PG assays performed. RESULTS Constitutive cell production of PGF2alpha was about two-fold higher than PGE2. Oxytocin stimulated production of both PGs but the increase of PGF2alpha was significantly greater. Interferon-tau diminished oxytocin stimulation of both PGs. The PLA2G6 inhibitor, bromoenol lactone, abolished oxytocin-stimulated production of PGF2alpha. Treatments had little effect on PLA2G4A protein expression. In contrast, oxytocin enhanced expression of PLA2G6 and this effect was diminished in the presence of interferon-tau. Expression of PLA2G4C was barely detectable in control and oxytocin treated cells but it was enhanced in cells treated with interferon-tau. Oxytocin stimulated PLA2 activity in assays designed to evaluate PLA2G6 activity and interferon-tau inhibited this response. In assays designed to measure PLA2G4C activity, only interferon-tau was stimulatory. Cells overexpressing PLA2G6 produced similar quantities of the two PGs and these values were significantly higher than PG production by non-transfected cells. Oxytocin stimulated production of both PGs and this response was inhibited by interferon-tau. Bromoenol lactone inhibited oxtocin stimulation of PGF2alpha production but stimulated PGE2 production, both in the absence and presence of oxytocin. Cells over-expressing PLA2G4C produced more PGE2 than PGF2alpha and interferon-tau stimulated PGE2 production. CONCLUSION Results from these studies indicate that oxytocin stimulation of uterine PGF2alpha production is mediated, at least in part, by up-regulation of PLA2G6 expression and activity. In addition to its known inhibitory effect on oxytocin receptor expression, interferon-tau represses oxytocin-stimulated PLA2G6 expression and activity and this contributes to diminished PGF2alpha production. Furthermore, endometrial cell PGE2 biosynthesis was associated with PLA2G4C expression and activity and interferon-tau was stimulatory to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary P Roberts
- The University of Tennessee, Department of Animal Science, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Guan
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, TN, USA
| | - Mona Elgayyar
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, TN, USA
| | - James D Godkin
- The University of Tennessee, Department of Animal Science, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Forlenza OV, Mendes CT, Marie SKN, Gattaz WF. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 reduces neurite outgrowth and neuronal viability. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 76:47-55. [PMID: 17187973 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) has been implicated in neurodevelopmental processes and in the early development of the nervous system. We investigated the effects of the inhibition of calcium-dependent and calcium-independent subtypes of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2 and iPLA2) on the development and viability of primary cultures of cortical and hippocampal neurons. PLA2 in these cultures was continuously inhibited with methylarachidonyl-fluorophosphonate (MAFP), an irreversible inhibitor of cPLA2 and iPLA2, or with bromoenol lactone (BEL), an irreversible selective iPLA2 inhibitor. The effect of PLA2 inhibitors on the development of neuronal cultures was ascertained by total cell count and morphological characterisation. Neuronal viability was quantified with MTT assays. Inhibition of PLA2 resulted in reduction of neuritogenesis and neuronal viability, disrupting neuronal homeostasis and leading to neuronal death. We conclude that the functional integrity of both calcium-dependent and calcium-independent cytosolic PLA2 is necessary for the in vitro development of cortical and hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestes V Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos s/n, 05403-010 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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