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You M, Wu F, Gao M, Chen M, Zeng S, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Li D, Wei L, Ruan XZ, Chen Y. Selenoprotein K contributes to CD36 subcellular trafficking in hepatocytes by accelerating nascent COPII vesicle formation and aggravates hepatic steatosis. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102500. [PMID: 36252341 PMCID: PMC9579716 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SelenoproteinK (SelK), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - resident protein, possesses the property of mediate oxidation resistance and ER - associated protein degradation (ERAD) in several tissues. Here, we found that increased SelK markedly promotes fatty acid translocase (CD36) subcellular trafficking and aggravates lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. We demonstrated that SelK is required for the assembly of COPII vesicles and accelerates transport of palmitoylated-CD36 from the ER to Golgi, thus facilitating CD36 plasma membrane distribution both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism is that SelK increases the stability of Sar1B and triggers CD36-containing nascent COPII vesicle formation, consequently, promotes CD36 subcellular trafficking. Furthermore, we verified that the intervention of SelK SH3 binding domain can inhibit the vesicle formation and CD36 subcellular trafficking, significantly ameliorates NAFLD in mice. Collectively, our findings disclose an unexpected role of SelK in regulating NAFLD development, suggesting that targeting the SelK of hepatocytes may be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue You
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Meilin Gao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyue Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Zeng
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wei
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China; John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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Yuan H, Xu Z, Chen W, Deng C, Liu Y, Yuan M, Gao P, Shi H, Tu B, Li T, Kang L, Ma B, Wang Y, Wang J, Chen X, Li S, Qin P. OsBSK2, a putative brassinosteroid-signalling kinase, positively controls grain size in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5529-5542. [PMID: 35595300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grain size is an important trait that directly affects grain yield in rice; however, the genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating grain size remain unclear. In this study, we identified a mutant, grain length and grain weight 10 (glw10), which exhibited significantly reduced grain length and grain weight. Histological analysis demonstrated that GLW10 affects cell expansion, which regulates grain size. MutMap-based gene mapping and transgenic experiments demonstrated that GLW10 encodes a putative brassinosteroid (BR) signalling kinase, OsBSK2. OsBSK2 is a plasma membrane protein, and an N-myristoylation site is needed for both membrane localization and function. OsBSK2 directly interacts with the BR receptor kinase OsBRI1; however, genetic experiments have demonstrated that OsBSK2 may regulate grain size independent of the BR signalling pathway. OsBSK2 can form a homodimer or heterodimer with OsBSK3 and OsBSK4, and silencing OsBSK2, OsBSK3, and OsBSK4 reduce grain size. This indicates that OsBSKs seem to function as homodimers or heterodimers to positively regulate grain size in rice. OsBSK2/3/4 are all highly expressed in young panicles and spikelet hulls, suggesting that they control grain size. In summary, our results provide novel insights into the function of BSKs in rice, and identify novel targets for improving grain size during crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengyan Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaoyang Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liangzhu Kang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shigui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Tian H, Guo S, Sun M, Qin Z, Dai S. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis reveals spinach brassinosteroid-signaling kinase (BSK) gene family functions in temperature stress response. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:453. [PMID: 35725364 PMCID: PMC9208177 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brassinosteroid (BR)- signaling kinase (BSK) is a critical family of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase for BR signal transduction, which plays important roles in plant development, immunity, and abiotic stress responses. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is cold- tolerant but heat- sensitive green leafy vegetable. A study on BSK family members and BSKs- mediated metabolic processes in spinach has not been performed. Results We identified and cloned seven SoBSKs in spinach. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses suggested that SoBSKs had close relationship with dicotyledonous sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) rather than monocotyledons. The analyses of gene structure and conserved protein domain/ motif indicated that most SoBSKs were relative conserved, while SoBSK6 could be a truncated member. The prediction of post-translation modification (PTM) sites in SoBSKs implied their possible roles in signal transduction, redox regulation, and protein turnover of SoBSKs, especially the N-terminal myristoylation site was critical for BSK localization to cell periphery. Cis-acting elements for their responses to light, drought, temperature (heat and cold), and hormone distributed widely in the promoters of SoBSKs, implying the pivotal roles of SoBSKs in response to diverse abiotic stresses and phytohormone stimuli. Most SoBSKs were highly expressed in leaves, except for SoBSK7 in roots. Many SoBSKs were differentially regulated in spinach heat- sensitive variety Sp73 and heat- tolerant variety Sp75 under the treatments of heat, cold, as well as exogenous brassinolide (BL) and abscisic acid (ABA). The bsk134678 mutant Arabidopsis seedlings exhibited more heat tolerance than wild- type and SoBSK1- overexpressed seedlings. Conclusions A comprehensive genome- wide analysis of the BSK gene family in spinach presented a global identification and functional prediction of SoBSKs. Seven SoBSKs had relatively- conserved gene structure and protein function domains. Except for SoBSK6, all the other SoBSKs had similar motifs and conserved PTM sites. Most SoBSKs participated in the responses to heat, cold, BR, and ABA. These findings paved the way for further functional analysis on BSK- mediated regulatory mechanisms in spinach development and stress response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08684-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yanshuang Liu
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yueyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Haodong Tian
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Meihong Sun
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhi Qin
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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Taylor SS, Søberg K, Kobori E, Wu J, Pautz S, Herberg FW, Skålhegg BS. The tails of PKA. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:219-225. [PMID: 34330820 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of PKA is regulated by two tails that each wrap around the N- and C-lobes of the kinase core. While the Ct-Tail is classified as an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), the Nt-Tail is dominated by a strong helix that is flanked by short IDRs. In contrast to the Ct-Tail, which is a conserved and highly regulated feature of all AGC kinases, the Nt-Tail has evolved more recently and is not even conserved in non-mammalian PKAs. In addition, and most importantly, there is a large family of Cb subunits that are highly expressed in mammalian cells in a tissue-specific manner. While we know so much about the Ca1 subunit, we know almost nothing about these Cb isoforms where Cb2 is highly expressed in lymphocytes and Cb3 and Cb4 isoforms account for ~50% of PKA signaling in brain. Based on recent disease mutations, the Cb proteins appear to be functionally important and non-redundant with the Ca isoforms. Imaging in retina also supports non-redundant roles for Cb as well as isoform-specific localization to mitochondria. This represents a new frontier in PKA signaling. Significance Statement How tails and adjacent domains regulate each protein kinase is a fundamental challenge for the biological community. Here we highlight how the N- and C-terminal tails of PKA (Nt-Tails/Ct-Tails) regulate the structure and function of the kinase core and show the combinatorial variations that are introduced into the Nt-Tail of the Ca and Cb subunits of PKA in contrast to the Ct-Tail which is conserved across the entire AGC subfamily of protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Søberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Norway
| | - Evan Kobori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0654,, United States
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0654,, United States
| | - Sabine Pautz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany, Germany
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Liu L, Xiang Y, Yan J, Di P, Li J, Sun X, Han G, Ni L, Jiang M, Yuan J, Zhang A. BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 1 phosphorylating CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE functions in drought tolerance in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:695-712. [PMID: 33864702 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress seriously limits crop productivity. Although studies have been carried out, it is still largely unknown how plants respond to drought stress. Here we find that drought treatment can enhance the phosphorylation activity of brassinosteroid-signaling kinase 1 (ZmBSK1) in maize (Zea mays). Our genetic studies reveal that ZmBSK1 positively affects drought tolerance in maize plants. ZmBSK1 localizes in plasma membrane, interacts with calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+ /CaM)-dependent protein kinase (ZmCCaMK), and phosphorylates ZmCCaMK. Ser-67 is a crucial phosphorylation site of ZmCCaMK by ZmBSK1. Drought stress enhances not only the interaction between ZmBSK1 and ZmCCaMK but also the phosphorylation of Ser-67 in ZmCCaMK by ZmBSK1. Furthermore, Ser-67 phosphorylation in ZmCCaMK regulates its Ca2+ /CaM binding, autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation activity, and positively affects its function in drought tolerance in maize. Our results reveal an important role for ZmBSK1 in drought tolerance and suggest a direct regulatory mode of ZmBSK1 phosphorylating ZmCCaMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingwei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pengcheng Di
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiujuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gaoqiang Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lan Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianhua Yuan
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Cséplő Á, Zsigmond L, Andrási N, Baba AI, Labhane NM, Pető A, Kolbert Z, Kovács HE, Steinbach G, Szabados L, Fehér A, Rigó G. The AtCRK5 Protein Kinase Is Required to Maintain the ROS NO Balance Affecting the PIN2-Mediated Root Gravitropic Response in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5979. [PMID: 34205973 PMCID: PMC8197844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis AtCRK5 protein kinase is involved in the establishment of the proper auxin gradient in many developmental processes. Among others, the Atcrk5-1 mutant was reported to exhibit a delayed gravitropic response via compromised PIN2-mediated auxin transport at the root tip. Here, we report that this phenotype correlates with lower superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels but a higher nitric oxide (NO) content in the mutant root tips in comparison to the wild type (AtCol-0). The oxidative stress inducer paraquat (PQ) triggering formation of O2•- (and consequently, H2O2) was able to rescue the gravitropic response of Atcrk5-1 roots. The direct application of H2O2 had the same effect. Under gravistimulation, correct auxin distribution was restored (at least partially) by PQ or H2O2 treatment in the mutant root tips. In agreement, the redistribution of the PIN2 auxin efflux carrier was similar in the gravistimulated PQ-treated mutant and untreated wild type roots. It was also found that PQ-treatment decreased the endogenous NO level at the root tip to normal levels. Furthermore, the mutant phenotype could be reverted by direct manipulation of the endogenous NO level using an NO scavenger (cPTIO). The potential involvement of AtCRK5 protein kinase in the control of auxin-ROS-NO-PIN2-auxin regulatory loop is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Norbert Andrási
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Abu Imran Baba
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nitin M. Labhane
- Department of Botany, Bhavan’s College Andheri West, Mumbai 400058, India;
| | - Andrea Pető
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
- Food Chain Safety Center Nonprofit Ltd., H-1024 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
| | - Hajnalka E. Kovács
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Budapest, Kossuth Lajos Sugárút, 72/D, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Steinbach
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Attila Fehér
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
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Wang Q, Jiang M, Isupov MN, Chen Y, Littlechild JA, Sun L, Wu X, Wang Q, Yang W, Chen L, Li Q, Wu Y. The crystal structure of Arabidopsis BON1 provides insights into the copine protein family. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1215-1232. [PMID: 32369638 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana BON1 gene product is a member of the evolutionary conserved eukaryotic calcium-dependent membrane-binding protein family. The copine protein is composed of two C2 domains (C2A and C2B) followed by a vWA domain. The BON1 protein is localized on the plasma membrane, and is known to suppress the expression of immune receptor genes and to positively regulate stomatal closure. The first structure of this protein family has been determined to 2.5-Å resolution and shows the structural features of the three conserved domains C2A, C2B and vWA. The structure reveals the third Ca2+ -binding region in C2A domain is longer than classical C2 domains and a novel Ca2+ binding site in the vWA domain. The structure of BON1 bound to Mn2+ is also presented. The binding of the C2 domains to phospholipid (PSF) has been modeled and provides an insight into the lipid-binding mechanism of the copine proteins. Furthermore, the selectivity of the separate C2A and C2B domains and intact BON1 to bind to different phospholipids has been investigated, and we demonstrated that BON1 could mediate aggregation of liposomes in response to Ca2+ . These studies have formed the basis of further investigations into the important role that the copine proteins play in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meiqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Michail N Isupov
- Henry Wellcome Center for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Yayu Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Jennifer A Littlechild
- Henry Wellcome Center for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Lifang Sun
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wendi Yang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Lifei Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
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Ren H, Willige BC, Jaillais Y, Geng S, Park MY, Gray WM, Chory J. BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 3, a plasma membrane-associated scaffold protein involved in early brassinosteroid signaling. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007904. [PMID: 30615605 PMCID: PMC6336344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones essential for plant growth and development. The BR signaling pathway has been studied in some detail, however, the functions of the BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE (BSK) family proteins in the pathway have remained elusive. Through forward genetics, we identified five semi-dominant mutations in the BSK3 gene causing BSK3 loss-of-function and decreased BR responses. We therefore investigated the function of BSK3, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, in BR signaling and plant growth and development. We find that BSK3 is anchored to the plasma membrane via N-myristoylation, which is required for its function in BR signaling. The N-terminal kinase domain is crucial for BSK3 function, and the C-terminal three tandem TPR motifs contribute to BSK3/BSK3 homodimer and BSK3/BSK1 heterodimer formation. Interestingly, the effects of BSK3 on BR responses are dose-dependent, depending on its protein levels. Our genetic studies indicate that kinase dead BSK3K86R protein partially rescues the bsk3-1 mutant phenotypes. BSK3 directly interacts with the BSK family proteins (BSK3 and BSK1), BRI1 receptor kinase, BSU1 phosphatase, and BIN2 kinase. BIN2 phosphorylation of BSK3 enhances BSK3/BSK3 homodimer and BSK3/BSK1 heterodimer formation, BSK3/BRI1 interaction, and BSK3/BSU1 interaction. Furthermore, we find that BSK3 upregulates BSU1 transcript and protein levels to activate BR signaling. BSK3 is broadly expressed and plays an important role in BR-mediated root growth, shoot growth, and organ separation. Together, our findings suggest that BSK3 may function as a scaffold protein to regulate BR signaling. The results of our studies provide new insights into early BR signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HR); (JC)
| | - Björn C. Willige
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Sa Geng
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mee Yeon Park
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - William M. Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joanne Chory
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HR); (JC)
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Søberg K, Skålhegg BS. The Molecular Basis for Specificity at the Level of the Protein Kinase a Catalytic Subunit. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:538. [PMID: 30258407 PMCID: PMC6143667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of multi enzyme complexes at subcellular localizations by anchoring- and scaffolding proteins represents a pivotal mechanism for achieving spatiotemporal regulation of cellular signaling after hormone receptor targeting [for review, see (1)]. In the 3' 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway it is generally accepted that specificity is secured at several levels. This includes at the first level stimulation of receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins which through stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) forms the second messenger cAMP. Cyclic AMP has several receptors including PKA. PKA is a tetrameric holoenzyme consisting of a regulatory (R) subunit dimer and two catalytic (C) subunits. The R subunit is the receptor for cAMP and compartmentalizes cAMP signals through binding to cell and tissue-specifically expressed A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). The current dogma tells that in the presence of cAMP, PKA dissociates into an R subunit dimer and two C subunits which are free to phosphorylate relevant substrates in the cytosol and nucleus. The release of the C subunit has raised the question how specificity of the cAMP and PKA signaling pathway is maintained when the C subunit no longer is attached to the R subunit-AKAP complex. An increasing body of evidence points toward a regulatory role of the cAMP and PKA signaling pathway by targeting the C subunits to various C subunit binding proteins in the cytosol and nucleus. Moreover, recent identification of isoform specific amino acid sequences, motifs and three dimensional structures have together provided new insight into how PKA at the level of the C subunit may act in a highly isoform-specific fashion. Here we discuss recent understanding of specificity of the cAMP and PKA signaling pathway based on C subunit subcellular targeting as well as evolution of the C subunit structure that may contribute to the dynamic regulation of C subunit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Søberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
- Section for Molecular Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
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Jamshed M, Liang S, M. N. Hickerson N, Samuel MA. Farnesylation-mediated subcellular localization is required for CYP85A2 function. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1382795. [PMID: 28949830 PMCID: PMC5647987 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1382795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein farnesylation refers to the addition of a 15-carbon farnesyl isoprenoid to the cysteine residue of the CaaX motif at the carboxy terminus of target proteins. In spite of its known roles in plant development and abiotic stress tolerance, how these processes are precisely regulated by farnesylation had remained elusive. We recently showed that CYP85A2, the cytochrome P450, which converts castasterone to brassinolide in the last step of brassinosteroid synthesis must be farnesylated in order to function in this pathway. Lack of either CYP85A2 or the farnesylation motif of CYP85A2 resulted in reduced brassinolide accumulation, hypersensitivity to ABA, and increased plant drought tolerance. In this study, we have assessed the influence of the N-terminal secretory signal and the C-terminal CaaX motif of CYP85A2 in mediating CYP85A2 function and targeting to endomembrane compartments. We show that CaaX motif could still target CYPA85A2 in the absence of an intact N-terminal secretory signal to the respective membrane compartments and partially rescue cyp85a2-2 phenotypes. However, in the absence of both the CaaX motif and the secretory signal, CYP85A2 is not targeted to the membranes and becomes unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamshed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Siyu Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil M. N. Hickerson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcus A. Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- CONTACT Marcus A. Samuel Integrative Cell Biology (Plant Biology) BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4
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11
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Song K, Xue Y, Wang X, Wan Y, Deng X, Lin J. A modified GFP facilitates counting membrane protein subunits by step-wise photobleaching in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:129-133. [PMID: 28380405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins exert functions by forming oligomers or molecular complexes. Currently, step-wise photobleaching has been applied to count the fluorescently labelled subunits in plant cells, for which an accurate and reliable control is required to distinguish individual subunits and define the basal fluorescence. However, the common procedure using immobilized GFP molecules is obviously not applicable for analysis in living plant cells. Using the spatial intensity distribution analysis (SpIDA), we found that the A206K mutation reduced the dimerization of GFP molecules. Further ectopic expression of Myristoyl-GFPA206K driven by the endogenous AtCLC2 promoter allowed imaging of individual molecules at a low expression level. As a result, the percentage of dimers in the transgenic pCLC2::Myristoyl-mGFPA206K line was significantly reduced in comparison to that of the pCLC2::Myristoyl-GFP line, confirming its application in defining the basal fluorescence intensity of GFP. Taken together, our results demonstrated that pCLC2::Myristoyl-mGFPA206K can be used as a standard control for monomer GFP, facilitating the analysis of the step-wise photobleaching of membrane proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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12
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Zou B, Hong X, Ding Y, Wang X, Liu H, Hua J. Identification and analysis of copine/BONZAI proteins among evolutionarily diverse plant species. Genome 2016; 59:565-73. [PMID: 27484220 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Copines are evolutionarily conserved calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins with potentially critical biological functions. In plants, the function of these proteins has not been analyzed except for in Arabidopsis thaliana where they play critical roles in development and disease resistance. To facilitate functional studies of copine proteins in crop plants, genome-wide identification, curation, and phylogeny analysis of copines in 16 selected plant species were conducted. All the identified 32 plant copines have conserved features of the two C2 domains (C2A and C2B) and the von Willebrand factor A (vWA) domain. Different from animal and protozoa copines, plant copines have glycine at the second residue potentially acquiring a unique protein myristoylation modification. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that copine was present as one copy when evolving from green algae to basal flowering plants, and duplicated before the divergence of monocots and dicots. In addition, gene expression and protein localization study of rice copines suggests both conserved and different properties of copines in dicots and monocots. This study will contribute to uncovering the role of copine genes in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zou
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuexue Hong
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - He Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Hua
- a State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,b Plant Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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13
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Zhang X, Feng H, Feng C, Xu H, Huang X, Wang Q, Duan X, Wang X, Wei G, Huang L, Kang Z. Isolation and characterisation of cDNA encoding a wheat heavy metal-associated isoprenylated protein involved in stress responses. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:1176-86. [PMID: 25951496 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In cells, metallochaperones are important proteins that safely transport metal ions. Heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPPs) are metallochaperones that contain a metal binding domain and a CaaX isoprenylation motif at the carboxy-terminal end. To investigate the roles of wheat heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant protein (TaHIPP) genes in plant development and in stress responses, we isolated cDNA encoding the wheat TaHIPP1 gene, which contains a heavy metal-associated domain, nuclear localisation signals and an isoprenylation motif (CaaX motif). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that the TaHIPP1 gene was differentially expressed under biotic and abiotic stresses. Specifically, TaHIPP1 expression was up-regulated by ABA exposure or wounding. Additionally, TaHIPP1 over-expression in yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) significantly increased the cell growth rate under Cu(2+) and high salinity stresses. The nuclear localisation of the protein was confirmed with confocal laser scanning microscopy of epidermal onion cells after particle bombardment with chimeric TaHIPP1-GFP constructs. In addition, TaHIPP1 was shown to enhance the susceptibility of wheat to Pst as determined by virus-induced gene silencing. These data indicate that TaHIPP1 is an important component in defence signalling pathways and may play a crucial role in the defence response of wheat to biotic and certain abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - H Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - C Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - H Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Q Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - G Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - L Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Z Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Preuten T, Blackwood L, Christie JM, Fankhauser C. Lipid anchoring of Arabidopsis phototropin 1 to assess the functional significance of receptor internalization: should I stay or should I go? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1038-1050. [PMID: 25643813 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The phototropin 1 (phot1) blue light receptor mediates a number of adaptive responses, including phototropism, that generally serve to optimize photosynthetic capacity. Phot1 is a plasma membrane-associated protein, but upon irradiation, a fraction is internalized into the cytoplasm. Although this phenomenon has been reported for more than a decade, its biological significance remains elusive. Here, we use a genetic approach to revisit the prevalent hypotheses regarding the functional importance of receptor internalization. Transgenic plants expressing lipidated versions of phot1 that are permanently anchored to the plasma membrane were used to analyse the effect of internalization on receptor turnover, phototropism and other phot1-mediated responses. Myristoylation and farnesylation effectively prevented phot1 internalization. Both modified photoreceptors were found to be fully functional in Arabidopsis, rescuing phototropism and all other phot1-mediated responses tested. Light-mediated phot1 turnover occurred as in the native receptor. Furthermore, our work does not provide any evidence of a role of phot1 internalization in the attenuation of receptor signalling during phototropism. Our results demonstrate that phot1 signalling is initiated at the plasma membrane. They furthermore indicate that release of phot1 into the cytosol is not linked to receptor turnover or desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Preuten
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Blackwood
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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15
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Pant SR, Matsye PD, McNeece BT, Sharma K, Krishnavajhala A, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. Syntaxin 31 functions in Glycine max resistance to the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:107-21. [PMID: 24452833 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A Glycine max syntaxin 31 homolog (Gm-SYP38) was identified as being expressed in nematode-induced feeding structures known as syncytia undergoing an incompatible interaction with the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. The observed Gm-SYP38 expression was consistent with prior gene expression analyses that identified the alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (Gm-α-SNAP) resistance gene because homologs of these genes physically interact and function together in other genetic systems. Syntaxin 31 is a protein that resides on the cis face of the Golgi apparatus and binds α-SNAP-like proteins, but has no known role in resistance. Experiments presented here show Gm-α-SNAP overexpression induces Gm-SYP38 transcription. Overexpression of Gm-SYP38 rescues G. max [Williams 82/PI 518671], genetically rhg1 (-/-), by suppressing H. glycines parasitism. In contrast, Gm-SYP38 RNAi in the rhg1 (+/+) genotype G. max [Peking/PI 548402] increases susceptibility. Gm-α-SNAP and Gm-SYP38 overexpression induce the transcriptional activity of the cytoplasmic receptor-like kinase BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE 1 (Gm-BIK1-6) which is a family of defense proteins known to anchor to membranes through a 5' MGXXXS/T(R) N-myristoylation sequence. Gm-BIK1-6 had been identified previously by RNA-seq experiments as expressed in syncytia undergoing an incompatible reaction. Gm-BIK1-6 overexpression rescues the resistant phenotype. In contrast, Gm-BIK1-6 RNAi increases parasitism. The analysis demonstrates a role for syntaxin 31-like genes in resistance that until now was not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar R Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA,
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16
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Running MP. The role of lipid post-translational modification in plant developmental processes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:50. [PMID: 24600462 PMCID: PMC3927097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic proteins are post-translationally modified, and modification has profound effects on protein function. One key modification is the attachment of a lipid group to certain amino acids; this typically facilitates subcellular targeting (association with a membrane) and protein-protein interactions (by virtue of the large hydrophobic moiety). Most widely recognized are lipid modifications of proteins involved in developmental signaling, but proteins with structural roles are also lipid-modified. The three known types of intracellular protein lipid modifications are S-acylation, N-myristoylation, and prenylation. In plants, genetic analysis of the enzymes involved, along with molecular analysis of select target proteins, has recently shed light on the roles of lipid modification in key developmental processes, such as meristem function, flower development, polar cell elongation, cell differentiation, and hormone responses. In addition, while lipid post-translational mechanisms are generally conserved among eukaryotes, plants differ in the nature and function of target proteins, the effects of lipid modification on target proteins, and the roles of lipid modification in developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Running
- *Correspondence: Mark P. Running, Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA e-mail:
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17
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Antimisiaris MF, Running MP. Turning moss into algae: prenylation targets in Physcomitrella patens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e29314. [PMID: 25763501 PMCID: PMC4203643 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation is a series of lipid posttranslational modifications that are involved in several key aspects of plant development. We recently knocked out every prenylation subunit in Physcomitrella patens. Like in Arabidopsis, knockout of protein farnesyltransferase and protein geranylgeranyltransferase in P. patens does not result in lethality; however, effects on development are extensive. In particular, the knockout of protein geranylgeranyltransferase results in small unicellular plants that resemble algae. Here we perform an analysis of predicted geranylgeranyltransferase target proteins in P. patens, and draw attention to those most likely to play a role in the knockout phenotype.
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18
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Hoeberichts FA, Davoine C, Vandorpe M, Morsa S, Ksas B, Stassen C, Triantaphylidès C, Van Breusegem F. Cryptogein-induced transcriptional reprogramming in tobacco is light dependent. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:263-75. [PMID: 23878079 PMCID: PMC3762647 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The fungal elicitor cryptogein triggers a light-dependent hypersensitive response in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). To assess the effect of light on this nonhost resistance in more detail, we studied various aspects of the response under dark and light conditions using the tobacco-cryptogein experimental system. Here, we show that light drastically alters the plant's transcriptional response to cryptogein, notably by dampening the induction of genes involved in multiple processes, such as ethylene biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and glutathione turnover. Furthermore, chlorophyll fluorescence measurements demonstrated that quantum yield and functioning of the light-harvesting antennae decreased simultaneously, indicating that photoinhibition underlies the observed decreased photosynthesis and that photooxidative damage might be involved in the establishment of the altered response. Analysis of the isomer distribution of hydroxy fatty acids illustrated that, in the light, lipid peroxidation was predominantly due to the production of singlet oxygen. Differences in (reduced) glutathione concentrations and the rapid development of symptoms in the light when cryptogein was coinfiltrated with glutathione biosynthesis inhibitors suggest that glutathione might become a limiting factor during the cryptogein-induced hypersensitive response in the dark and that this response might be modified by an increased antioxidant availability in the light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michaël Vandorpe
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.); and
- Université d’Aix Marseille, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
| | | | - Brigitte Ksas
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.); and
- Université d’Aix Marseille, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
| | | | - Christian Triantaphylidès
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.); and
- Université d’Aix Marseille, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
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Shi H, Yan H, Li J, Tang D. BSK1, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, involved in both BR signaling and innate immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:24996. [PMID: 23733062 PMCID: PMC3999065 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular interaction between powdery mildew fungi and Arabidopsis has been widely used as a model system to study plant immunity. Arabidopsis EDR2 (enhanced disease resistance 2) is a well characterized negative regulator in powdery mildew resistance and mildew-induced cell death. Recently, we showed that a mutation in BSK1 (br-signaling kinase 1), suppressed edr2-mediated disease resistance. (1) And the bsk1-1 single mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to multiple pathogens, indicating that BSK1 plays important roles in plant immunity. BSK1 is a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase and localizes on plasma membrane; loss of the membrane localization signaling disrupts BSK1 functions in edr2-mediated resistance. Significantly, BSK1 physically associates with the PAMP receptor FLS2 (flagellin sensing 2) and is required by FLS2-mediated ROS burst. (1) Here we show that disruption of BSK1 membrane localization affects the BSK1-FLS2 interactions, suggesting the membrane association of BSK1 is important for both edr2-mediated signaling and the BSK1-FLS2 complex formation. Previously, it was shown that BSK1 is a substrate of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRI1 (brassinosteroid insensitive 1) and plays critical roles in BR signaling. (2) Further exploration of signaling transductions downstream of BSK1-FLS2 complex will not only shed new light on how BSK1 regulates plant immunity, but may also help to dissect the connections between plant growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Haojie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
- Correspondence to: Dingzhong Tang,
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Blaas N, Humpf HU. Structural profiling and quantitation of glycosyl inositol phosphoceramides in plants with Fourier transform mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4257-69. [PMID: 23573790 DOI: 10.1021/jf4001499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl inositol phosphoceramides (GIPC) are the main sphingolipids in plants, and optimization of their extraction and detection is still in the focus of research. Mass spectrometry provides new options for the analysis and structural elucidation of this complex class of lipids. The coupling of linear ion trap and orbitrap (LTQ Orbitrap) enabled various fragmentation experiments (MS(2), MS(3)) by collision-induced dissociation (CID) and pulsed-Q dissociation (PQD). For structural analysis, GIPC-fragment ions were detected in the positive and negative ion mode with exact masses; therefore, fragmentation patterns were observed and finally structures have been characterized regarding polar head group, fatty acid, and sphingoid base. GIPC profiling was performed for spinach, white cabbage, sunflower seeds, and soybeans. The total GIPC concentration in these plants ranged from 1.1 to 88.4 μg/100 g dry weight with t18:1/h24:0 as the main ceramide structure and hexose-hexuronic acid-inositol phosphate and N-acetylhexosamine-hexuronic acid-inositol phosphate as polar head groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Blaas
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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Shi H, Shen Q, Qi Y, Yan H, Nie H, Chen Y, Zhao T, Katagiri F, Tang D. BR-SIGNALING KINASE1 physically associates with FLAGELLIN SENSING2 and regulates plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1143-57. [PMID: 23532072 PMCID: PMC3634682 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.107904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-trigged immunity (PTI) is the first defensive line of plant innate immunity and is mediated by pattern recognition receptors. Here, we show that a mutation in BR-SIGNALING KINASE1 (BSK1), a substrate of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1, suppressed the powdery mildew resistance caused by a mutation in ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE2, which negatively regulates powdery mildew resistance and programmed cell death, in Arabidopsis thaliana. A loss-of-function bsk1 mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to virulent and avirulent pathogens, including Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Pseudomonas syringae, and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. The bsk1 mutant also accumulated lower levels of salicylic acid upon infection with G. cichoracearum and P. syringae. BSK1 belongs to a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase family and displays kinase activity in vitro; this kinase activity is required for its function. BSK1 physically associates with the PAMP receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 and is required for a subset of flg22-induced responses, including the reactive oxygen burst, but not for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Our data demonstrate that BSK1 is involved in positive regulation of PTI. Together with previous findings, our work indicates that BSK1 represents a key component directly involved in both BR signaling and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiujing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Haojie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haozhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Perraki A, Cacas JL, Crowet JM, Lins L, Castroviejo M, German-Retana S, Mongrand S, Raffaele S. Plasma membrane localization of Solanum tuberosum remorin from group 1, homolog 3 is mediated by conformational changes in a novel C-terminal anchor and required for the restriction of potato virus X movement]. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:624-37. [PMID: 22855937 PMCID: PMC3461544 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The formation of plasma membrane (PM) microdomains plays a crucial role in the regulation of membrane signaling and trafficking. Remorins are a plant-specific family of proteins organized in six phylogenetic groups, and Remorins of group 1 are among the few plant proteins known to specifically associate with membrane rafts. As such, they are valuable to understand the molecular bases for PM lateral organization in plants. However, little is known about the structural determinants underlying the specific association of group 1 Remorins with membrane rafts. We used a structure-function approach to identify a short C-terminal anchor (RemCA) indispensable and sufficient for tight direct binding of potato (Solanum tuberosum) REMORIN 1.3 (StREM1.3) to the PM. RemCA switches from unordered to α-helical structure in a nonpolar environment. Protein structure modeling indicates that RemCA folds into a tight hairpin of amphipathic helices. Consistently, mutations reducing RemCA amphipathy abolished StREM1.3 PM localization. Furthermore, RemCA directly binds to biological membranes in vitro, shows higher affinity for Detergent-Insoluble Membranes lipids, and targets yellow fluorescent protein to Detergent-Insoluble Membranes in vivo. Mutations in RemCA resulting in cytoplasmic StREM1.3 localization abolish StREM1.3 function in restricting potato virus X movement. The mechanisms described here provide new insights on the control and function of lateral segregation of plant PM.
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Yang L, Ji W, Gao P, Li Y, Cai H, Bai X, Chen Q, Zhu Y. GsAPK, an ABA-activated and calcium-independent SnRK2-type kinase from G. soja, mediates the regulation of plant tolerance to salinity and ABA stress. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33838. [PMID: 22439004 PMCID: PMC3306294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant Snf1 (sucrose non-fermenting-1) related protein kinase (SnRK), a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases, has been implicated as a crucial upstream regulator of ABA and osmotic signaling as in many other signaling cascades. In this paper, we have isolated a novel plant specific ABA activated calcium independent protein kinase (GsAPK) from a highly salt tolerant plant, Glycine soja (50109), which is a member of the SnRK2 family. Subcellular localization studies using GFP fusion protein indicated that GsAPK is localized in the plasma membrane. We found that autophosphorylation and Myelin Basis Protein phosphorylation activity of GsAPK is only activated by ABA and the kinase activity also was observed when calcium was replaced by EGTA, suggesting its independence of calcium in enzyme activity. We also found that cold, salinity, drought, and ABA stress alter GsAPK gene transcripts and heterogonous overexpression of GsAPK in Arabidopsis alters plant tolerance to high salinity and ABA stress. In summary, we demonstrated that GsAPK is a Glycine soja ABA activated calcium independent SnRK-type kinase presumably involved in ABA mediated stress signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Li
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xi Bai
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yanming Zhu
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Gannabathula S, Skinner MA, Rosendale D, Greenwood JM, Mutukumira AN, Steinhorn G, Stephens J, Krissansen GW, Schlothauer RC. Arabinogalactan proteins contribute to the immunostimulatory properties of New Zealand honeys. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:598-607. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.641974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Eisenhaber B, Sammer M, Lua WH, Benetka W, Liew LL, Yu W, Lee HK, Koranda M, Eisenhaber F, Adhikari S. Nuclear import of a lipid-modified transcription factor: mobilization of NFAT5 isoform a by osmotic stress. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3897-911. [PMID: 22071693 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.22.18043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-modified transcription factors (TFs) are biomolecular oddities since their reduced mobility and membrane attachment appear to contradict nuclear import required for their gene-regulatory function. NFAT5 isoform a (selected from an in silico screen for predicted lipid-modified TFs) is shown to contribute about half of all endogenous expression of human NFAT5 isoforms in the isotonic state. Wild-type NFAT5a protein is indeed myristoylated and palmitoylated on its transport to the plasmalemma via the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. In contrast, its lipid anchor-deficient mutants as well as isoforms NFAT5b/c are diffusely localized in the cytoplasm without preference to vesicular structures. Quantitative/live microscopy shows the plasmamembrane-bound fraction of NFAT5a moving into the nucleus upon osmotic stress despite the lipid anchoring. The mobilization mechanism is not based on proteolytic processing of the lipid-anchored N-terminus but appears to involve reversible palmitoylation. Thus, NFAT5a is an example of TFs immobilized with lipid anchors at cyotoplasmic membranes in the resting state and that, nevertheless, can translocate into the nucleus upon signal induction.
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Cacas JL, Petitot AS, Bernier L, Estevan J, Conejero G, Mongrand S, Fernandez D. Identification and characterization of the Non-race specific Disease Resistance 1 (NDR1) orthologous protein in coffee. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:144. [PMID: 22023696 PMCID: PMC3212813 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf rust, which is caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix (Pucciniales), is a devastating disease that affects coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.). Disadvantages that are associated with currently developed phytoprotection approaches have recently led to the search for alternative strategies. These include genetic manipulations that constitutively activate disease resistance signaling pathways. However, molecular actors of such pathways still remain unknown in C. arabica. In this study, we have isolated and characterized the coffee NDR1 gene, whose Arabidopsis ortholog is a well-known master regulator of the hypersensitive response that is dependent on coiled-coil type R-proteins. RESULTS Two highly homologous cDNAs coding for putative NDR1 proteins were identified and cloned from leaves of coffee plants. One of the candidate coding sequences was then expressed in the Arabidopsis knock-out null mutant ndr1-1. Upon a challenge with a specific strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae (DC3000::AvrRpt2), analysis of both macroscopic symptoms and in planta microbial growth showed that the coffee cDNA was able to restore the resistance phenotype in the mutant genetic background. Thus, the cDNA was dubbed CaNDR1a (standing for Coffea arabica Non-race specific Disease Resistance 1a). Finally, biochemical and microscopy data were obtained that strongly suggest the mechanistic conservation of the NDR1-driven function within coffee and Arabidopsis plants. Using a transient expression system, it was indeed shown that the CaNDR1a protein, like its Arabidopsis counterpart, is localized to the plasma membrane, where it is possibly tethered by means of a GPI anchor. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide molecular and genetic evidence for the identification of a novel functional NDR1 homolog in plants. As a key regulator initiating hypersensitive signalling pathways, CaNDR1 gene(s) might be target(s) of choice for manipulating the coffee innate immune system and achieving broad spectrum resistance to pathogens. Given the potential conservation of NDR1-dependent defense mechanisms between Arabidopsis and coffee plants, our work also suggests new ways to isolate the as-yet-unidentified R-gene(s) responsible for resistance to H. vastatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Cacas
- UMR 186 - IRD/CIRAD/UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bio-agresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), UMR 5200, CNRS-Université Victor Ségalen, Bordeaux 2, Case 92, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Petitot
- UMR 186 - IRD/CIRAD/UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bio-agresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Louis Bernier
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joan Estevan
- UMR 186 - IRD/CIRAD/UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bio-agresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Geneviève Conejero
- Plate-forme d'Histocytologie et d'Imagerie Cellulaire Végétale, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Développement et Amélioration des Plantes, INRA-CNRS-CIRAD, TA96/02 Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), UMR 5200, CNRS-Université Victor Ségalen, Bordeaux 2, Case 92, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- UMR 186 - IRD/CIRAD/UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bio-agresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Posttranslational Modifications of Plasma Membrane Proteins and Their Implications for Plant Growth and Development. THE PLANT PLASMA MEMBRANE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13431-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Li Y, Gou M, Sun Q, Hua J. Requirement of calcium binding, myristoylation, and protein-protein interaction for the Copine BON1 function in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29884-91. [PMID: 20634289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.066100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Copines are highly conserved proteins with lipid-binding activities found in animals, plants, and protists. They contain two calcium-dependent phospholipid binding C2 domains at the amino terminus and a VWA domain at the carboxyl terminus. The biological roles of most copines are not understood and the biochemical properties required for their functions are largely unknown. The Arabidopsis copine gene BON1/CPN1 is a negative regulator of cell death and defense responses. Here we probed the potential biochemical activities of BON1 through mutagenic studies. We found that mutations of aspartates in the C2 domains did not alter plasma membrane localization but compromised BON1 activity. Mutation at putative myristoylation residue glycine 2 altered plasma membrane localization of BON1 and rendered BON1 inactive. Mass spectrometry analysis of BON1 further suggests that the N-peptide of BON1 is modified. Furthermore, mutations that affect the interaction between BON1 and its functional partner BAP1 abolished BON1 function. This analysis reveals an unanticipated regulation of copine protein localization and function by calcium and lipid modification and suggests an important role in protein-protein interaction for the VWA domain of copines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Kwaaitaal M, Keinath NF, Pajonk S, Biskup C, Panstruga R. Combined bimolecular fluorescence complementation and Forster resonance energy transfer reveals ternary SNARE complex formation in living plant cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1135-47. [PMID: 20071602 PMCID: PMC2832253 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.151142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Various fluorophore-based microscopic methods, comprising Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), are suitable to study pairwise interactions of proteins in living cells. The analysis of interactions between more than two protein partners using these methods, however, remains difficult. In this study, we report the successful application of combined BiFC-FRET-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and BiFC-FRET-acceptor photobleaching measurements to visualize the formation of ternary soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor complexes in leaf epidermal cells. This method expands the repertoire of techniques to study protein-protein interactions in living plant cells by a procedure capable of visualizing simultaneously interactions between three fluorophore-tagged polypeptide partners.
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Nagasaki N, Tomioka R, Maeshima M. A hydrophilic cation-binding protein of Arabidopsis thaliana, AtPCaP1, is localized to plasma membrane via N-myristoylation and interacts with calmodulin and the phosphatidylinositol phosphates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,5)P2. FEBS J 2008; 275:2267-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Kakita M, Murase K, Iwano M, Matsumoto T, Watanabe M, Shiba H, Isogai A, Takayama S. Two distinct forms of M-locus protein kinase localize to the plasma membrane and interact directly with S-locus receptor kinase to transduce self-incompatibility signaling in Brassica rapa. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:3961-73. [PMID: 18065692 PMCID: PMC2217645 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.049999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many flowering plants possess systems of self-incompatibility (SI) to prevent inbreeding. In Brassica, SI recognition is controlled by the multiallelic gene complex (S-haplotypes) at the S-locus, which encodes both the male determinant S-locus protein 11 (SP11/SCR) and the female determinant S-receptor kinase (SRK). Upon self-pollination, the S-haplotype-specific interaction between the pollen-borne SP11 and the cognate stigmatic SRK receptor induces SI signaling in the stigmatic papilla cell and results in rejection of the self-pollen. Our genetic analysis of a self-compatible mutant revealed the involvement of a cytoplasmic protein kinase, M-locus protein kinase (MLPK), in the SI signaling, but its exact physiological function remains unknown. In this study, we identified two different MLPK transcripts, MLPKf1 and MLPKf2, which are produced using alternative transcriptional initiation sites and encode two isoforms that differ only at the N termini. While MLPKf1 and MLPKf2 exhibited distinct expression profiles, both were expressed in papilla cells. MLPKf1 localizes to the plasma membrane through its N-terminal myristoylation motif, while MLPKf2 localizes to the plasma membrane through its N-terminal hydrophobic region. Although both MLPKf1 and MLPKf2 could independently complement the mlpk/mlpk mutation, their mutant forms that lack the plasma membrane localization motifs failed to complement the mutation. Furthermore, a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay revealed direct interactions between SRK and the MLPK isoforms in planta. These results suggest that MLPK isoforms localize to the papilla cell membrane and interact directly with SRK to transduce SI signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Kakita
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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Marmagne A, Ferro M, Meinnel T, Bruley C, Kuhn L, Garin J, Barbier-Brygoo H, Ephritikhine G. A High Content in Lipid-modified Peripheral Proteins and Integral Receptor Kinases Features in the Arabidopsis Plasma Membrane Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1980-96. [PMID: 17644812 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700099-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteomics of plasma membrane has brought to date only scarce and partial information on the actual protein repertoire. In this work, the plant plasma membrane proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. A highly purified plasma membrane fraction was washed by NaCl and Na2CO3 salts, and the insoluble fractions were further analyzed by nano-LC-MS/MS. With 446 proteins identified, we hereby describe the largest plasma membrane proteome diversity reported so far. Half of the proteins were predicted to display transmembrane domains and/or to be anchored to the membrane, validating a posteriori the pertinence of the approach. A fine analysis highlighted two main specific and novel features. First, the main functional category is represented by a majority of as yet unreported signaling proteins, including 11% receptor-like kinases. Second, 16% of the identified proteins are predicted to be lipid-modified, specifically involving double lipid linkage through N-terminal myristoylation, S-palmitoylation, C-terminal prenylation, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. Thus, our approach led for the first time to the identification of a large number of peripheral proteins as part of the plasma membrane and allowed the functionality of the plasma membrane in the cell context to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marmagne
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS-UPR 2355, Bât 22, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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Expression, intracellular targeting and purification of HIV Nef variants in tobacco cells. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:12. [PMID: 17324250 PMCID: PMC1808453 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plants may represent excellent alternatives to classical heterologous protein expression systems, especially for the production of biopharmaceuticals and vaccine components. Modern vaccines are becoming increasingly complex, with the incorporation of multiple antigens. Approaches towards developing an HIV vaccine appear to confirm this, with a combination of candidate antigens. Among these, HIV-Nef is considered a promising target for vaccine development because immune responses directed against this viral protein could help to control the initial steps of viral infection and to reduce viral loads and spreading. Two isoforms of Nef protein can be found in cells: a full-length N-terminal myristoylated form (p27, 27 kDa) and a truncated form (p25, 25 kDa). Here we report the expression and purification of HIV Nef from transgenic tobacco. Results We designed constructs to direct the expression of p25 and p27 Nef to either the cytosol or the secretory pathway. We tested these constructs by transient expression in tobacco protoplasts. Cytosolic Nef polypeptides are correctly synthesised and are stable. The same is not true for Nef polypeptides targeted to the secretory pathway by virtue of a signal peptide. We therefore generated transgenic plants expressing cytosolic, full length or truncated Nef. Expression levels were variable, but in some lines they averaged 0.7% of total soluble proteins. Hexahistidine-tagged Nef was easily purified from transgenic tissue in a one-step procedure. Conclusion We have shown that transient expression can help to rapidly determine the best cellular compartment for accumulation of a recombinant protein. We have successfully expressed HIV Nef polypeptides in the cytosol of transgenic tobacco plants. The proteins can easily be purified from transgenic tissue.
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Gargantini PR, Gonzalez-Rizzo S, Chinchilla D, Raices M, Giammaria V, Ulloa RM, Frugier F, Crespi MD. A CDPK isoform participates in the regulation of nodule number in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:843-56. [PMID: 17132148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Medicago spp. are able to develop root nodules via symbiotic interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are involved in various signalling pathways in plants, and we found that expression of MtCPK3, a CDPK isoform present in roots of the model legume Medicago truncatula, is regulated during the nodulation process. Early inductions were detected 15 min and 3-4 days post-inoculation (dpi). The very early induction of CPK3 messengers was also present in inoculated M. truncatula dmi mutants and in wild-type roots subjected to salt stress, indicating that this rapid response is probably stress-related. In contrast, the later response was concomitant with cortical cell division and the formation of nodule primordia, and was not observed in wild-type roots inoculated with nod (-) strains. This late induction correlated with a change in the subcellular distribution of CDPK activities. Accordingly, an anti-MtCPK3 antibody detected two bands in soluble root extracts and one in the particulate fraction. CPK3::GFP fusions are targeted to the plasma membrane in epidermal onion cells, a localization that depends on myristoylation and palmitoylation sites of the protein, suggesting a dual subcellular localization. MtCPK3 mRNA and protein were also up-regulated by cytokinin treatment, a hormone linked to the regulation of cortical cell division and other nodulation-related responses. An RNAi-CDPK construction was used to silence CPK3 in Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots. Although no major phenotype was detected in these roots, when infected with rhizobia, the total number of nodules was, on average, twofold higher than in controls. This correlates with the lack of MtCPK3 induction in the inoculated super-nodulator sunn mutant. Our results suggest that CPK3 participates in the regulation of the symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Gargantini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 2 piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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35
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Marín-Navarro J, Moreno J. Cysteines 449 and 459 modulate the reduction-oxidation conformational changes of ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the translocation of the enzyme to membranes during stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:898-908. [PMID: 17087473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of cysteines 449 (Cys449) and 459 (Cys459) from the large subunit (LS) of ribulose 1-5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in the reduction-oxidation (redox) regulation of the enzyme was assessed by site-directed mutagenesis of these residues and chloroplast transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro studies indicated that mutations C449S, C459S or C449S/ C459S do not affect the activity and proteolytic susceptibility of the enzyme in the reduced state. However, when oxidized, the mutant enzymes differed from the wild type (WT), showing an increased resistance to inactivation and, in the case of the double mutant (DM), an altered structural conformation as reflected by the kinetics of proteolysis with subtilisin. The response of the DM strain to saline stress revealed that the absence of Cys449 and Cys459 intensifies Rubisco degradation and the covalent disulfide and non-disulfide polymerization of the enzyme in vivo. Saline stress also induced Rubisco translocation to a membrane (M) fraction that contained only covalently polymerized enzyme. Rubisco mobilization to this M fraction was enhanced also in the DM strain. Altogether, these results indicate that Cys449 and Cys459 participate in the modulation of the conformational changes promoted by oxidative modifications retarding processes related to the catabolism of the enzyme in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marín-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, Burjassot E46100, Spain
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36
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Rumyantseva NI. Arabinogalactan proteins: involvement in plant growth and morphogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 70:1073-85. [PMID: 16271022 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated hydroxyproline-containing variously located proteoglycans dynamically regulated in the course of plant ontogenesis. Special functions of AGPs are still unclear, but their involvement in vegetative growth and reproduction of plants is well established. This review considers data on the structure, biosynthesis, and metabolism of AGPs. Special attention is given to involvement of AGPs in growth and morphogenesis, and possible mechanisms of their regulatory action are considered. AGPs are also compared with animal proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Rumyantseva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
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37
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Veronese P, Nakagami H, Bluhm B, Abuqamar S, Chen X, Salmeron J, Dietrich RA, Hirt H, Mengiste T. The membrane-anchored BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 plays distinct roles in Arabidopsis resistance to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:257-73. [PMID: 16339855 PMCID: PMC1323497 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.035576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance to disease is controlled by the combination of defense response pathways that are activated depending on the nature of the pathogen. We identified the Arabidopsis thaliana BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) gene that is transcriptionally regulated by Botrytis cinerea infection. Inactivation of BIK1 causes severe susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal pathogens but enhances resistance to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. The response to an avirulent bacterial strain is unchanged, limiting the role of BIK1 to basal defense rather than race-specific resistance. The jasmonate- and ethylene-regulated defense response, generally associated with resistance to necrotrophic fungi, is attenuated in the bik1 mutant based on the expression of the plant defensin PDF1.2 gene. bik1 mutants show altered root growth, producing more and longer root hairs, demonstrating that BIK1 is also required for normal plant growth and development. Whereas the pathogen responses of bik1 are mostly dependent on salicylic acid (SA) levels, the nondefense responses are independent of SA. BIK1 is membrane-localized, suggesting possible involvement in early stages of the recognition or transduction of pathogen response. Our data suggest that BIK1 modulates the signaling of cellular factors required for defense responses to pathogen infection and normal root hair growth, linking defense response regulation with that of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Veronese
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054, USA
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38
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Sperling P, Franke S, Lüthje S, Heinz E. Are glucocerebrosides the predominant sphingolipids in plant plasma membranes? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:1031-8. [PMID: 16386430 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain sphingobases have been analyzed in various fractions prepared from different organs (leaf, root, storage tissue) from five dicotyledoneous plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica oleracea, Nicotiana tabacum, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea). The resulting sphingobase profiles from cerebrosides and plasma membranes (PMs) show large qualitative and quantitative differences. Assuming that cerebrosides from all cellular membranes have similar sphingobase profiles, these data suggest that cerebrosides, considered to be characteristic glycolipids of plant PMs and specified by large proportions of sphingobases with an 8Z-double bond motif, do not represent the major sphingolipids of PMs. The fraction of unidentified complex sphingolipids, containing mainly 8E-phytosphingenine, exceeds the cerebroside proportion in PMs by several factors and may be as abundant as diacylglycerol-based phospholipids. These results are discussed with respect to the distribution of various lipids between the bilayer halves of plant PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sperling
- Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek und Botanischer Garten, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany.
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39
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Dobes P, Kmunícek J, Mikes V, Damborský J. Binding of fatty acids to beta-cryptogein: quantitative structure-activity relationships and design of selective protein mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 44:2126-32. [PMID: 15554683 DOI: 10.1021/ci049832x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Binding of fatty acids to cryptogein, the proteinaceous elicitor from Phytophthora, was studied by using molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationships analysis. Fatty acids bind to the groove located inside the cavity of cryptogein. The structure-activity model was constructed for the set of 27 different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids explaining 87% (81% cross-validated) of the quantitative variance in their binding affinity. The difference in binding between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was described in the model by three electronic descriptors: the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital, and the heat of formation. The presence of double bonds in the ligand generally resulted in stronger binding. The difference in binding within the group of saturated fatty acids was explained by two steric descriptors, i.e., ellipsoidal volume and inertia moment of length, and one hydrophobicity descriptor, i.e., lipophility. The developed model predicted strong binding for two biologically important molecules, geranylgeranyol and farnesol playing an important role in plant signaling as lipid anchors of some membrane proteins. Elicitin mutants selectively binding only one type of ligand were designed for future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dobes
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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40
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Hemsley PA, Kemp AC, Grierson CS. The TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 S-acyl transferase regulates plant cell growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:2554-63. [PMID: 16100337 PMCID: PMC1197434 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.031237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 (TIP1) of Arabidopsis thaliana affects cell growth throughout the plant and has a particularly strong effect on root hair growth. We have identified TIP1 by map-based cloning and complementation of the mutant phenotype. TIP1 encodes an ankyrin repeat protein with a DHHC Cys-rich domain that is expressed in roots, leaves, inflorescence stems, and floral tissue. Two homologues of TIP1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and human (Homo sapiens) have been shown to have S-acyl transferase (also known as palmitoyl transferase) activity. S-acylation is a reversible hydrophobic protein modification that offers swift, flexible control of protein hydrophobicity and affects protein association with membranes, signal transduction, and vesicle trafficking within cells. We show that TIP1 binds the acyl group palmitate, that it can rescue the morphological, temperature sensitivity, and yeast casein kinase2 localization defects of the yeast S-acyl transferase mutant akr1Delta, and that inhibition of acylation in wild-type Arabidopsis roots reproduces the Tip1- mutant phenotype. Our results demonstrate that S-acylation is essential for normal plant cell growth and identify a plant S-acyl transferase, an essential research tool if we are to understand how this important, reversible lipid modification operates in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers A Hemsley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
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41
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Ke K, Lu YT. Cellular localization and biochemical characterization of a novel calcium-dependent protein kinase from tobacco. Cell Res 2005; 15:604-12. [PMID: 16117850 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
By screening tobacco cDNA library with MCK1 as a probe, we isolated a cDNA clone NtCPK5 (accession number AY971376), which encodes a typical calcium-dependent protein kinase. Sequence analyses indicated that NtCPK5 is related to both CPKs and CRKs superfamilies and has all of the three conserved domains of CPKs. The biochemical activity of NtCPK5 was calcium-dependent. NtCPK5 had Vmax and Km of 526 nmol/min/mg and 210 microg/ml respectively with calf thymus histone (fraction III, abbreviated to histone IIIs) as substrate. For substrate syntide-2, NtCPK5 showed a higher Vmax of 2008 nmol/min/mg and a lower Km of 30 microM. The K0.5 of calcium activation was 0.04 microM or 0.06 microM for histone IIIs or syntide-2 respectively. The putative myristoylation and palmitoylation consensus sequence of NtCPK5 suggests that it could be a membrane-anchoring protein. Indeed, our transient expression experiments with wild type and mutant forms of NtCPK5/GFP fusion proteins showed that NtCPK5 was localized to the plasma membrane of onion epidermal cells and that the localization required the N-terminal acylation sites of NtCPK5/GFP. Taking together, our data have demonstrated the biochemical characteristics of a novel protein NtCPK5 and its subcellular localization as a membrane-anchoring protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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42
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Dumonceaux T, Rajala RVS, Sharma R, Selvaraj G, Datla R. Molecular characterization of a gene encoding N-myristoyl transferase (NMT) from Triticum aestivum (bread wheat). Genome 2005; 47:1036-42. [PMID: 15644961 DOI: 10.1139/g04-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyl transferase (NMT; EC 2.3.1.97) acylates the Gly residue abutting the N-terminal Met with a myristic acid following the removal of the Met residue in certain eukaryotic proteins, and in some cases myristoylation is essential to cell growth and survival. We report the cloning of a full-length cDNA encoding NMT from Triticum aestivum (TaNMT). The cDNA included a predicted open reading frame of 1317 nucleotides, which encoded a predicted protein of 438 amino acids containing all of the residues that are important for NMT activity. The TaNMT amino acid and nucleotide sequences were compared with NMTs from 14 other species encompassing a wide array of taxonomic groups. Among the experimentally validated NMTs, TaNMT was most similar to that of Arabidopsis thaliana. Southern blot analysis of wheat genomic DNA showed that TaNMT is encoded by a single copy gene, with one copy per haploid genome. We expressed TaNMT in Escherichia coli cells and determined that the recombinant protein possessed NMT activity, catalyzing the N-myristoylation of peptides from known or putatively myristoylated proteins from plants and animals without a strong preference for the plant peptides. TaNMT is the second experimentally validated plant NMT sequence and the first from a monocotyledonous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dumonceaux
- National Research Council of Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada
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43
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Murase K, Shiba H, Iwano M, Che FS, Watanabe M, Isogai A, Takayama S. A Membrane-Anchored Protein Kinase Involved in Brassica Self-Incompatibility Signaling. Science 2004; 303:1516-9. [PMID: 15001779 DOI: 10.1126/science.1093586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) response in Brassica is initiated by haplotype-specific interactions between the pollen-borne ligand S locus protein 11/SCR and its stigmatic S receptor kinase, SRK. This binding induces autophosphorylation of SRK, which is then thought to trigger a signaling cascade that leads to self-pollen rejection. A recessive mutation of the modifier (m) gene eliminates the SI response in stigma. Positional cloning of M has revealed that it encodes a membrane-anchored cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase, designated M locus protein kinase (MLPK). Transient expression of MLPK restores the ability of mm papilla cells to reject self-pollen, suggesting that MLPK is a positive mediator of Brassica SI signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Murase
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan
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44
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Lynch DV, Dunn TM. An introduction to plant sphingolipids and a review of recent advances in understanding their metabolism and function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:677-702. [PMID: 33873728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are ubiquitous constituents of eukaryotic cells, and have been intensively investigated in mammals and yeast for decades. Aspects of sphingolipid biochemistry in plants have been explored only recently. To date, progress has been made in determining the structure and occurrence of sphingolipids in plant tissues; in characterizing the enzymatic steps involved in production and turnover of sphingolipids (and, in some cases, the genes encoding the relevant enzymes); and in identifying a variety of biological functions for sphingolipids in plants. Given that these efforts are far from complete and much remains to be learned, this review represents a status report on the burgeoning field of plant sphingolipid biochemistry. Contents Summary 677 I. Introduction 678 II. Plant sphingolipid structure 678 III. Sphingolipid metabolism in plants 683 IV. Sphingolipid functions in plants 693 V. Conclusions 696 Acknowledgements 696 References 696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Lynch
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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45
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Schultheiss H, Dechert C, Kogel KH, Hückelhoven R. Functional analysis of barley RAC/ROP G-protein family members in susceptibility to the powdery mildew fungus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 36:589-601. [PMID: 14617061 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Small monomeric G-proteins of the plant ras (rat sarcome oncogene product) related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC)/Rho of plants (ROP) family are molecular switches in signal transduction of many cellular processes. RAC/ROPs regulate hormone effects, subcellular gradients of Ca2+, the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Therefore, we followed a genetic bottom-up strategy to study the role of these proteins during the interaction of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with the fungal biotrophic pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh). We identified six barley RAC/ROP proteins and studied their gene expression. Five out of six Rac/Rop genes were expressed constitutively in the leaf epidermis, which is the site of interaction with Bgh. None of the genes showed enhancement of mRNA abundance after inoculation with Bgh. After microprojectile mediated transformation of single barley epidermal cells with constitutively activated mutant RAC/ROP proteins, we found an RAC/ROP-specific enhancement of pathogen accessibility, tagging HvRACB, HvRAC3 and HvROP6 as host proteins potentially involved in the establishment of susceptibility to Bgh. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of green fluorescent protein (GFP):HvRAC/ROP-transformed cells revealed varying strengths of plasma membrane association of barley RAC/ROPs. The C-terminal CAAX motif for presumable prenylation or the C-terminal hypervariable region (HVR), respectively, were required for membrane association of the RAC/ROPs. Proper intracellular localisation was essential for HvRACB and HvRAC3 function. Together, our data support the view that different paths of host signal transduction via RAC/ROP G-proteins are involved in processes supporting parasitic entry into epidermal host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schultheiss
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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46
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Galichet A, Gruissem W. Protein farnesylation in plants--conserved mechanisms but different targets. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2003; 6:530-5. [PMID: 14611950 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein farnesylation has an important role in the regulation of plant development and signal transduction, but the exact function of this modification is not well understood. The identification of protein farnesyltransferase substrates, together with the genetic analysis of mutants that are deficient in protein farnesylation, should significantly increase our knowledge of this form of protein modification in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Galichet
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, LFW E57.1, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Bromley PE, Li YO, Murphy SM, Sumner CM, Lynch DV. Complex sphingolipid synthesis in plants: characterization of inositolphosphorylceramide synthase activity in bean microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 417:219-26. [PMID: 12941304 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complex glycophosphosphingolipids present in plants are composed of ceramide, inositolphosphate, and diverse polar oligosaccharide substituents. The activity of inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase (phosphatidylinositol:ceramide inositolphosphate transferase), the enzyme proposed to catalyze the initial committed step in the formation of these complex sphingolipids, was characterized in wax bean hypocotyl microsomes. Enzyme activity was assayed by monitoring the incorporation of fluorescent NBD-C(6) ceramide or [3H]inositolphosphate from radiolabeled phosphatidylinositol (PI) into product identified by TLC. IPC synthase was found to utilize nonhydroxy fatty acid-containing ceramide, hydroxy fatty acid-containing ceramide, and NBD-C(6) ceramide as substrate. Maximum product formation was observed at PI concentrations in excess of 600 microM (with half-maximum activity at approximately 200 microM). Both endogenous PI and ceramide appeared to serve as substrates. Aureobasidin A and rustmicin, two potent inhibitors of fungal IPC synthase, inhibited enzyme activity in bean microsomes with values for IC(50) of 0.4-0.8 and 16-20 nM, respectively. IPC synthase activity appeared most closely associated with the Golgi based on results using selected marker enzymes. Enzyme activity was detected in a variety of plant tissues. This report, the first to characterize IPC synthase in plant tissues, demonstrates the similarities between the plant enzyme and its yeast counterpart, and provides insight into plant glycophosphosphingolipid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela E Bromley
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
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48
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Qanbar R, Bouvier M. Role of palmitoylation/depalmitoylation reactions in G-protein-coupled receptor function. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 97:1-33. [PMID: 12493533 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute one of the largest protein families in the human genome. They are subject to numerous post-translational modifications, including palmitoylation. This review highlights the dynamic nature of palmitoylation and its role in GPCR expression and function. The palmitoylation of other proteins involved in GPCR signaling, such as G-proteins, regulators of G-protein signaling, and G-protein-coupled receptor kinases, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riad Qanbar
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montreál, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
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49
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Abstract
Polyunsaturated acyl lipids constitute approximately 50% of the hydrophobic membrane barriers that delineate the compartments of cells. The composition of these lipids is critically important for many membrane functions and, thus, for proper growth and development of all living organisms. In the model plant Arabidopsis, the isolation of mutants with altered lipid compositions has facilitated biochemical and molecular approaches to understanding lipid metabolism and membrane biogenesis. Just as importantly, the availability of a series of plant lines with specific changes in membrane lipids have provided a new resource to study the structural and adaptive roles of lipids. Now, the sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome, and the development of reverse-genetics approaches provide the tools needed to make additional discoveries about the relationships between lipid structure and membrane function in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Wallis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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50
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Lu SX, Hrabak EM. An Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 128:1008-21. [PMID: 11891256 PMCID: PMC152213 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2001] [Revised: 10/08/2001] [Accepted: 12/05/2001] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis contains 34 genes that are predicted to encode calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs). CDPK enzymatic activity previously has been detected in many locations in plant cells, including the cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and the membrane fraction. However, little is known about the subcellular locations of individual CDPKs or the mechanisms involved in targeting them to those locations. We investigated the subcellular location of one Arabidopsis CDPK, AtCPK2, in detail. Membrane-associated AtCPK2 did not partition with the plasma membrane in a two-phase system. Sucrose gradient fractionation of microsomes demonstrated that AtCPK2 was associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). AtCPK2 does not contain transmembrane domains or known ER-targeting signals, but does have predicted amino-terminal acylation sites. AtCPK2 was myristoylated in a cell-free extract and myristoylation was prevented by converting the glycine at the proposed site of myristate attachment to alanine (G2A). In plants, the G2A mutation decreased AtCPK2 membrane association by approximately 50%. A recombinant protein, consisting of the first 10 amino acids of AtCPK2 fused to the amino-terminus of beta-glucuronidase, was also targeted to the ER, indicating that the amino terminus of AtCPK2 can specify ER localization of a soluble protein. These results indicate that AtCPK2 is localized to the ER, that myristoylation is likely to be involved in the membrane association of AtCPK2, and that the amino terminal region of AtCPK2 is sufficient for correct membrane targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheen X Lu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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