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Chandran R, Capone M, Matzelle D, Polcyn R, Kau E, Haque A, Banik NL. Distinct Cytokine and Chemokine Expression in Plasma and Calpeptin-Treated PBMCs of a Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patient: A Case Report. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2224-2231. [PMID: 30291537 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine/chemokine expression signature of a 60-year-old African American male with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) was analyzed using patient blood samples obtained from two separate visits to the clinic. Thirty-six different cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were detected in the plasma of the RRMS patient using a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. Results indicated that at least ten of these factors with a concentration of > 100 pg/mL are identified as pro-inflammatory. Calpain inhibition led to an anti-inflammatory effect, as indicated by a decrease in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as GM-CSF, IFNγ, and IL-17A, and a relative increase in two of the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13 and IL-4) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated with anti-CD3/CD28. Overall, these results suggest that the unique cytokine/chemokine pattern observed in the plasma of the RRMS patient can be used as a prognostic marker and calpain inhibition may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating excessive inflammatory response specific to RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendar Chandran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rachel Polcyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kau
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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2
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Trager N, Butler JT, Haque A, Ray SK, Beeson C, Banik NL. The Involvement of Calpain in CD4 + T Helper Cell Bias in Multple Sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4:1000153. [PMID: 24707444 PMCID: PMC3972924 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is mediated by massive infiltration of myelin-specific T cells into the central nervous system (CNS). Self-reactive CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, specifically Th1 and Th17 cells, are hallmarks of active disease in progression, whereas Th2 cells are predominately in remission stages. Calpain has been shown to be upregulated in the CNS of MS patients and inhibition of calpain has been shown previously to decrease disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. We investigated calpain involvement in Thcell bias. Here, we show that calpain inhibition in primary myelin basic protein (MBP) Ac1-11-specific T cells and MBP-specific T cell line cultures increase Th2 proliferation, cytokine profile, and transcription and signaling molecules. We also show a relative decrease in Th1 inflammatory factors in these same categories and a relative decrease in Th17 proliferation. These studies provide insight into the various roles that calpain plays in Th cell bias and proliferation and increases our understanding of the role that T cells play in the pathophysiology of EAE and MS. Results also indicate the mechanisms involved by which calpain inhibitor decreases the disease signs of EAE, suggesting that calpain inhibitor can be a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Trager
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, South Carolina, SC 29425, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, South Carolina, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jonathan T Butler
- Vanderbilt Neurosciences, Vanderbilt University, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, South Carolina, SC 29425, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Craig Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Science, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, South Carolina, SC 29425, USA
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3
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Guyton MK, Das A, Samantaray S, Wallace GC, Butler JT, Ray SK, Banik NL. Calpeptin attenuated inflammation, cell death, and axonal damage in animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2398-408. [PMID: 20623621 PMCID: PMC3164817 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for studying multiple sclerosis (MS). Calpain has been implicated in many inflammatory and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability in EAE and MS. Thus, treating EAE animals with calpain inhibitors may block these events and ameliorate disability. To test this hypothesis, acute EAE Lewis rats were treated dose dependently with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin (50-250 microg/kg). Calpain activity, gliosis, loss of myelin, and axonal damage were attenuated by calpeptin therapy, leading to improved clinical scores. Neuronal and oligodendrocyte death were also decreased, with down-regulation of proapoptotic proteins, suggesting that decreases in cell death were due to decreases in the expression or activity of proapoptotic proteins. These results indicate that calpain inhibition may offer a novel therapeutic avenue for treating EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kelly Guyton
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gerald C. Wallace
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jonathan T. Butler
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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4
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Butler JT, Samantaray S, Beeson CC, Ray SK, Banik NL. Involvement of calpain in the process of Jurkat T cell chemotaxis. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:626-35. [PMID: 18831007 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Massive T cell infiltration into the central nervous system is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its rodent model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), resulting in the induction of many of the pathophysiological events that lead to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Thus, blocking T cell migration into the central nervous system may reduce disease severity in MS and EAE. One potential target for reducing T cell migration is inhibition of the Ca(2+)-activated neutral protease calpain. Previous studies in other cell types have demonstrated that migration is reduced by incubation of cells with calpain inhibitors. Thus, we hypothesize that calpain inhibition will reduce migration of T cells in response to and toward the chemokine CCL2. To test this hypothesis, the intracellular free Ca(2+) levels in Jurkat E6-1 T cells was first measured by the fura-2 assay to assess whether the intracellular ion environment would support calpain activation. The intracellular free Ca(2+) levels were found to increase in response to CCL2. The cells were next treated with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin in a multiwelled Boyden chamber with CCL2 used as the chemoattractant. These studies demonstrate that inhibition of calpain with its inhibitor calpeptin produces a dose-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis. Calpain activity, as measured by live cell imaging, was also increased in response to CCL2, providing further evidence of its involvement in the process of chemotaxis and migration. These studies provide evidence for the involvement of calpain in the mechanisms of chemotaxis and warrants further exploration in MS patient and EAE animal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Butler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Das A, Guyton MK, Matzelle DD, Ray SK, Banik NL. Time-dependent increases in protease activities for neuronal apoptosis in spinal cords of Lewis rats during development of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2992-3001. [PMID: 18521931 PMCID: PMC2614291 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by axonal demyelination and neurodegeneration, the latter having been inadequately explored in the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The purpose of this study was to examine the time-dependent correlation between increased calpain and caspase activities and neurodegeneration in spinal cord tissues from Lewis rats with acute EAE. An increase in TUNEL-positive neurons and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in EAE spinal cords suggested that neuronal death was a result of apoptosis on days 8-10 following induction of EAE. Increases in calpain expression in EAE correlated with activation of pro-apoptotic proteases, leading to apoptotic cell death beginning on day 8 of EAE, which occurred before the appearance of visible clinical symptoms. Increases in calcineurin expression and decreases in phospho-Bad (p-Bad) suggested Bad activation in apoptosis during acute EAE. Increases in the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-9 showed the involvement of mitochondria in apoptosis. Further, caspase-8 activation suggested induction of the death receptor-mediated pathway for apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to caspase-3 activation was also observed, indicating that multiple apoptotic pathways were activated following EAE induction. In contrast, cell death was mostly a result of necrosis on the later day (day 11), when EAE entered a severe stage. From these findings, we conclude that increases in calpain and caspase activities play crucial roles in neuronal apoptosis during the development of acute EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - M. Kelly Guyton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Denise D. Matzelle
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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6
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Mani SK, Shiraishi H, Balasubramanian S, Yamane K, Chellaiah M, Cooper G, Banik N, Zile MR, Kuppuswamy D. In vivo administration of calpeptin attenuates calpain activation and cardiomyocyte loss in pressure-overloaded feline myocardium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H314-26. [PMID: 18487434 PMCID: PMC2494745 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00085.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calpain activation is linked to the cleavage of several cytoskeletal proteins and could be an important contributor to the loss of cardiomyocytes and contractile dysfunction during cardiac pressure overload (PO). Using a feline right ventricular (RV) PO model, we analyzed calpain activation during the early compensatory period of cardiac hypertrophy. Calpain enrichment and its increased activity with a reduced calpastatin level were observed in 24- to 48-h-PO myocardium, and these changes returned to basal level by 1 wk of PO. Histochemical studies in 24-h-PO myocardium revealed the presence of TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end label (TUNEL)-positive cardiomyocytes, which exhibited enrichment of calpain and gelsolin. Biochemical studies showed an increase in histone H2B phosphorylation and cytoskeletal binding and cleavage of gelsolin, which indicate programmed cardiomyocyte cell death. To test whether calpain inhibition could prevent these changes, we administered calpeptin (0.6 mg/kg iv) by bolus injections twice, 15 min before and 6 h after induction of 24-h PO. Calpeptin blocked the following PO-induced changes: calpain enrichment and activation, decreased calpastatin level, caspase-3 activation, enrichment and cleavage of gelsolin, TUNEL staining, and histone H2B phosphorylation. Although similar administration of a caspase inhibitor, N-benzoylcarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VD-fmk), blocked caspase-3 activation, it did not alleviate other aforementioned changes. These results indicate that biochemical markers of cardiomyocyte cell death, such as sarcomeric disarray, gelsolin cleavage, and TUNEL-positive nuclei, are mediated, at least in part, by calpain and that calpeptin may serve as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent cardiomyocyte loss and preserve myocardial structure and function during cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh K Mani
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Charleston, SC 29425-2221, USA
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7
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Imam SA, Guyton MK, Haque A, Vandenbark A, Tyor WR, Ray SK, Banik NL. Increased calpain correlates with Th1 cytokine profile in PBMCs from MS patients. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:139-45. [PMID: 17765980 PMCID: PMC2096747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This study investigated whether expression and activity of the calcium-activated protease calpain correlated with Th1/Th2 dysregulation in MS patients during states of relapse and remission. Calpain expression and activity were significantly increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MS patients, compared to controls, with the highest expression and activity noted during relapse. Th1 cytokines were highest and Th2 cytokines were lowest in MS patients during relapse. Treatment with calpain inhibitor, calpeptin, decreased Th1 cytokines in PBMCs from MS patients. Calpain inhibitor also reduced degradation of myelin basic protein (MBP) by inhibiting the calpain secreted from MBP-specific T cells. Taken together, these results suggested calpain involvement in Th1/Th2 dysregulation in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Imam
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mary K. Guyton
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Arthur Vandenbark
- Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - William R. Tyor
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- * Corresponding author: 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 307 CSB, PO Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425, Phone: (843) 792-7594, Fax: (843) 792-8626,
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8
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Guyton MK, Wingrave JM, Yallapragada AV, Wilford GG, Sribnick EA, Matzelle DD, Tyor WR, Ray SK, Banik NL. Upregulation of calpain correlates with increased neurodegeneration in acute experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:53-61. [PMID: 15952172 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although calpain up-regulation is well established in experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a link between increased calpain expression and activity and neurodegeneration has not been examined. Therefore, spinal cord tissue from Lewis rats with EAE was examined to test the hypothesis that increased calpain expression in neurons would correlate with increased cell death and axonal damage in a time-dependent manner following EAE induction. We found that increased calpain expression in EAE corresponded to increased TUNEL-positive neurons and to increased expression of dephosphorylated neurofilament protein, markers of cell death and axonal degeneration, respectively. An increase in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in EAE spinal cord suggested that cell death was, at least partially, due to apoptosis. Axonal damage was further demonstrated in EAE spinal cord compared with control via morphological analysis, revealing granular degeneration of filament and microtubule integrity, loss of myelin, and mitochondrial damage. Calcium (Ca2+) influx, which is required for calpain activation, was also increased in EAE spinal cord. From these findings, we conclude that increases in Ca2+-induced calpain activity may play a crucial role in neurodegeneration in acute EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kelly Guyton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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9
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Chera B, Schaecher KE, Rocchini A, Imam SZ, Sribnick EA, Ray SK, Ali SF, Banik NL. Immunofluorescent labeling of increased calpain expression and neuronal death in the spinal cord of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice. Brain Res 2004; 1006:150-6. [PMID: 15051518 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder characterized by rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia, originating from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), retrorubral area, and locus ceoruleus (LC). Calpain has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Since the spinal cord (SC) and brain are integrally connected and calpain is involved in cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction, we hypothesized that SC neurons are also affected in PD. In order to examine this hypothesis, we examined both brain and SC from mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). To identify cells expressing calpain, double immunofluorescent labeling was performed with antibodies specific for calpain and a cell type (OX-42, GFAP, or NeuN). Combined terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and double immunofluorescent labeling were used to identify death of specific cells in the central nervous system (CNS). There was an increase in calpain expression in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the SC of MPTP-treated mice at 1 and 7 days, as compared to controls. TUNEL-positive neurons in the SC and SN showed apoptotic characteristics. These results demonstrated that neuronal death occurred not only in SN but also in the SC of MPTP-treated mice and has provided evidence for a possible calpain-mediated SC neuronal death in MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhisham Chera
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, PO Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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10
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Schaecher K, Rocchini A, Dinkins J, Matzelle DD, Banik NL. Calpain expression and infiltration of activated T cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis over time: increased calpain activity begins with onset of disease. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:1-9. [PMID: 12161014 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calpain activity and expression at the protein level were examined in inflammatory cells, activated microglia, and astrocytes prior to or at onset of symptomatic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE was induced in Lewis rats by injection of guinea pig spinal cord homogenate and myelin basic protein (MBP) emulsified with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Calpain translational expression, determined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry, was correlated with calpain activity, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and myelin loss at 2-11 days following challenge with antigen. Controls (CFA only) did not show any changes over time in these parameters and very few changes (CD11+ microglia/mononuclear phagocytes) were seen in either group from days 2 to 8 post-induction. In contrast, from days 9 to 11, the animals that developed the disease (at least grade 1) demonstrated extensive cellular infiltration (CD4+, CD25+, and CD11+ as well as increased calpain expression (content) and activity. This study demonstrates that cell infiltration and increased calpain activity do not begin in the CNS until the onset of clinical signs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Antigens, Surface
- Avian Proteins
- Basigin
- Blood Proteins
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Calpain/immunology
- Calpain/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Freund's Adjuvant/pharmacology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Neurofilament Proteins/immunology
- Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroglia/immunology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Spectrin/immunology
- Spectrin/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schaecher
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Box 250606, Suite 307, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Lombardi MS, Kavelaars A, Penela P, Scholtens EJ, Roccio M, Schmidt RE, Schedlowski M, Mayor F, Heijnen CJ. Oxidative stress decreases G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in lymphocytes via a calpain-dependent mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:379-88. [PMID: 12130691 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.2.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 2 plays a crucial role in regulating the extent of desensitization and resensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have shown that the expression level of GRK2 in lymphocytes decreases during inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Reactive oxygen species play an important role in a variety of inflammatory conditions, including arthritis. We demonstrate herein that oxidative stress, induced by exposure of lymphocytes to H(2)O(2), results in a 50% reduction in GRK2 protein levels and GRK activity with no changes in mRNA expression. Treatment of lymphocytes with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein partially reverses the effect of H(2)O(2) on GRK2 levels, although we did not detect direct tyrosine phosphorylation of GRK2. Inhibition of the nonproteasomal protease calpain by calpeptin can prevent the H(2)O(2)-induced GRK2 decrease. In vitro experiments confirm that GRK2 is partially digested by m-calpain in a calcium-dependent way. Functionally, H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in GRK2 levels is associated with an ~70% decrease in agonist-induced beta(2)-adrenergic receptor sequestration. We describe oxidative stress as a novel mechanism for regulation of the intracellular level of GRK2 during inflammatory processes. Moreover, our data demonstrate that oxidative stress may change the functioning of GPCRs via calpain-dependent regulation of GRK2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stella Lombardi
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Schaecher KE, Goust JM, Banik NL. The effects of calpain inhibition upon IL-2 and CD25 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 119:333-42. [PMID: 11585637 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is an important contributor to T cell activation; it is also the major factor in the activation of the calcium-activated neutral proteinase, calpain. For this reason, we wanted to investigate if calpain has a role in T cell activation and what aspects of this activation calpain affects. As measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), calpain inhibition decreased interleukin-2 (IL-2) and CD25 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, at early time points following the initial activation, and over extended periods of time in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Using an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) specific for human IL-2, we found that calpain inhibition decreased IL-2 secretion in a dose-dependent manner, shortly after activation, and continuously over time. Inhibiting calpain caused a dose-dependent inhibition of CD25 cell surface expression and also inhibited expression shortly after activation and for at least 48 h. This study showed that calpain has an integral role in the synthesis of the two important T cell activation factors, IL-2 and CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Schaecher
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 310, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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13
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Merodio M, Irache JM, Eclancher F, Mirshahi M, Villarroya H. Distribution of albumin nanoparticles in animals induced with the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Drug Target 2001; 8:289-303. [PMID: 11328657 DOI: 10.3109/10611860008997907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease characterised by a disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), demyelination and a relevant inflammatory reaction with an intense infiltration of macrophages. These neurological disorders are similar to those observed in the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. The use of different liposomes and adeno-associated virus has been proposed for improving the treatment of this pathogenesis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential and capacity of albumin nanoparticles to reach the central nervous system (CNS) in EAE-induced rats. For this purpose, the distribution of biotinylated nanoparticles within the CNS was studied. Albumin carriers were mainly found in the lumbar portion of the spinal cord, overlying the meningeal and perivascular areas. The optic chiasma, iris and the area of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum revealed also an intense presence of these carriers. Finally, immunohistochemical studies also revealed that circulating macrophages (ED1), which migrate to damaged sites, and resident activated microglial cells (OX42) were involved in the distribution of albumin nanoparticles. In summary, the use of nanoparticles may be useful for the design of new pharmaceutical dosage forms able to target the lesions associated with alterations of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merodio
- Centro Galénico. Universidad de Navarra. Ap. 177-31080 Pamplona. Spain
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Schaecher KE, Shields DC, Banik NL. Mechanism of myelin breakdown in experimental demyelination: a putative role for calpain. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:731-7. [PMID: 11519732 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010903823668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although calpain has been extensively studied, its physiological function is poorly understood. In contrast, its role in the pathophysiology of various diseases has been implicated, including that of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In EAE, calpain degrades myelin proteins, including myelin basic protein (MBP), suggesting a role for calpain in the breakdown of myelin in this disease. Subsequent studies revealed increased calpain activity and expression in the glial and inflammatory cells concomitant with loss of axon and myelin proteins. This suggested a crucial role for calpain in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Schaecher
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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