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Kumar S. The Overview of Potential Antiviral Bioactive Compounds in Poxviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:331-336. [PMID: 38801588 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviruses belong to the family of double-stranded DNA viruses, and it is pathogenic for humans and spread worldwide. These viruses cause infections and various diseases in human. So, it is required to develop new drugs for the treatment of smallpox or other poxvirus infections. Very few potential compounds for the treatment of poxvirus such as smallpox, chickenpox, and monkeypox have been reported. Most of the compounds has used as vaccines. Cidofovir is most commonly used as a vaccine for the treatment of poxviruses. There are no phytochemicals reported for the treatment of poxviruses. Very few phytochemicals are under investigation for the treatment of poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sant Kavi Baba Baijnath Government P.G. College Harakh, Barabanki (UP), 225121, India.
- Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 224001, India.
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Yao X, Jing T, Geng Q, Pang M, Zhao X, Li S, Chen D, Ma W. Dual analysis of wild-type and attenuated Orf virus and host cell transcriptomes revealed novel virus-host cell interactions. mSphere 2023; 8:e0039823. [PMID: 37982609 PMCID: PMC10732022 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00398-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Currently, the only available commercial vaccines for Orf virus (ORFV) are live attenuated vaccines, which present a potential risk of reversion to virulence. Therefore, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of different virulent strains of ORFV and host immune responses triggered by these viruses is crucial for developing new vaccines and interventions. In this study, we found that the attenuated strain downregulates the host innate immune response and antiviral activity. In addition, we noted that the wild-type strain can induce the immune response pattern centered on interferon-stimulated genes and interferon regulatory factor gene family. We predicted that STAT1 and STAT2 are the main transcription factors upstream of target gene promoters through gene regulatory networks and exert significant regulatory effects on co-expressed genes. Our study elucidated the complex interaction between ORFV strains and host cell immune responses, providing new insights into vaccine research for ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingru Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuanduo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaofei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Haj Hasan A, Preet G, Milne BF, Ebel R, Jaspars M. Arabinofuranosyl Thymine Derivatives-Potential Candidates against Cowpox Virus: A Computational Screening Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021751. [PMID: 36675269 PMCID: PMC9864678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cowpox is caused by a DNA virus known as the cowpox virus (CPXV) belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. Cowpox is a zoonotic disease with the broadest host range among the known poxviruses. The natural reservoir hosts of CPXV are wild rodents. Recently, the cases of orthopoxviral infections have been increasing worldwide, and cowpox is considered the most common orthopoxviral infection in Europe. Cowpox is often a self-limiting disease, although cidofovir or anti-vaccinia gammaglobulin can be used in severe and disseminated cases of human cowpox. In this computational study, a molecular docking analysis of thymine- and arabinofuranosyl-thymine-related structures (1-21) on two cowpox-encoded proteins was performed with respect to the cidofovir standard and a 3D ligand-based pharmacophore model was generated. Three chemical structures (PubChem IDs: 123370001, 154137224, and 90413364) were identified as potential candidates for anti-cowpox agents. Further studies combining in vitro and in silico molecular dynamics simulations to test the stability of these promising compounds could effectively improve the future design of cowpox virus inhibitors, as molecular docking studies are not sufficient to consider a ligand a potential drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Haj Hasan
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Gagan Preet
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Bruce Forbes Milne
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Human monkeypox is a viral zoonosis endemic to West and Central Africa that has recently generated increased interest and concern on a global scale as an emerging infectious disease threat in the midst of the slowly relenting COVID-2019 disease pandemic. The hallmark of infection is the development of a flu-like prodrome followed by the appearance of a smallpox-like exanthem. Precipitous person-to-person transmission of the virus among residents of 100 countries where it is nonendemic has motivated the immediate and widespread implementation of public health countermeasures. In this review, we discuss the origins and virology of monkeypox virus, its link with smallpox eradication, its record of causing outbreaks of human disease in regions where it is endemic in wildlife, its association with outbreaks in areas where it is nonendemic, the clinical manifestations of disease, laboratory diagnostic methods, case management, public health interventions, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Elsayed
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lise Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William P. Hanage
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Therapeutic strategies for human poxvirus infections: Monkeypox (mpox), smallpox, molluscipox, and orf. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 52:102528. [PMID: 36539022 PMCID: PMC9758798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic and vaccine development for human poxvirus infections (e.g., monkeypox (mpox) virus, variola virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, orf virus) has been largely deserted, especially after the eradication of smallpox by 1980. Human mpox is a self-limited disease confined to Central and West Africa for decades. However, since April 2022, mpox has quickly emerged as a multi-country outbreak, urgently calling for effective antiviral agents and vaccines to control mpox. Here, this review highlights possible therapeutic options (e.g., tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir) and other strategies (e.g., vaccines, intravenous vaccinia immune globulin) for the management of human poxvirus infections worldwide.
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Warner BM, Klassen L, Sloan A, Deschambault Y, Soule G, Banadyga L, Cao J, Strong JE, Kobasa D, Safronetz D. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of tecovirimat against a recently emerged 2022 monkeypox virus isolate. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eade7646. [PMID: 36318038 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade7646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in non-endemic countries has been designated a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization. There are currently no approved treatments for MPXV infection in the United States or Canada. The antiviral drug tecovirimat (commonly called TPOXX), previously approved for smallpox treatment, is currently being deployed for treatment of MPXV infections where available based on previously accrued data. We tested the efficacy of TPOXX both in vitro and in vivo against a clade 2 Canadian 2022 isolate of MPXV isolated during the current outbreak. TPOXX prevented MPXV replication in vitro with an effective concentration in the nanomolar range. To evaluate TPOXX efficacy in vivo, we first characterized the CAST/EiJ mouse model with the same 2022 Canadian isolate. Unlike previous descriptions of this model, the Canadian isolate was not lethal in CAST/EiJ mice, although it replicated efficiently in the respiratory tract after intranasal infection. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that daily oral TPOXX treatment markedly reduced viral titers in the tissues 1 and 2 weeks after infection. Our data indicate that TPOXX is highly effective against currently circulating MPXV strains and could be an important contributor to curbing the ongoing outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Warner
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Levi Klassen
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Angela Sloan
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yvon Deschambault
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Geoff Soule
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jingxin Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James E Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reemergence of monkeypox virus in the twenty-first century, calls for an urgency in its control and preventive measures. There is a long-standing concern that the reemergence of monkeypox across countries could lead to another epidemic like the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the disease ecology, preventing its transmission could help curbing its spread. The established treatment protocols along with development of new antiviral agents and vaccines could play a pivotal role in controlling its transmission. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the different modes of transmission of this disease, the associated symptoms, the standard protocol of treatment, the available vaccines and use of alternative treatments. We have collated recent research on novel entities that could potentially treat monkeypox infection. EXPERT OPINION The One Health approach fostered by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergent and reemerging zoonotic diseases has to be implemented with a view to curb their transmission. The growing global population and increased inter-country travel has led to rapid spread of transmissible pathogens. Stigmatization, associated with lack of knowledge can be prevented by enhancing awareness campaigns. Vaccines need to be administered to high-risk individuals, and drug discovery efforts need to be intensified to combat such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaya Nadar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury ON P3E 2C6, Northern Ontario, Canada
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Liu C, Wang X, He Y, Wang PG. Strategy of developing nucleic acid-based universal monkeypox vaccine candidates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050309. [PMID: 36389680 PMCID: PMC9646902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Until May 2022, zoonotic infectious disease monkeypox (MPX) caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) was one of the forgotten viruses considered to be geographically limited in African countries even though few cases outside of Africa were identified. Central and West African countries are known to be endemic for MPXV. However, since the number of human MPX cases has rapidly increased outside of Africa the global interest in this virus has markedly grown. The majority of infected people with MPXV have never been vaccinated against smallpox virus. Noteworthily, the MPXV spreads fast in men who have sex with men (MSM). Preventive measures against MPXV are essential to be taken, indeed, vaccination is the key. Due to the antigenic similarities, the smallpox vaccine is efficient against MPXV. Nevertheless, there is no specific MPXV vaccine until now. Nucleic acid vaccines deserve special attention since the emergency approval of two messenger RNA (mRNA)-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in 2020. This milestone in vaccinology has opened a new platform for developing more mRNA- or DNA-based vaccines. Certainly, this type of vaccine has a number of advantages including time- and cost-effectiveness over conventional vaccines. The platform of nucleic acid-based vaccines gives humankind a huge opportunity. Ultimately, there is a strong need for developing a universal vaccine against MPXV. This review will shed the light on the strategies for developing nucleic acid vaccines against MPXV in a timely manner. Consequently, developing nucleic acid-based vaccines may alleviate the global threat against MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION A monkeypox outbreak is spreading in territories where the virus is not generally prevalent. The rapid and sudden emergence of monkeypox in numerous nations at the same time means that unreported transmission may have persisted. The number of reported cases is on a constant increase worldwide. At least 20 non-African countries, like Canada, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, have reported more than 57662 as of September 9th suspected or confirmed cases. This is the largest epidemic seen outside of Africa. Scientists are struggling to determine the responsible genes for the higher virulence and transmissibility of the virus. Because the viruses are related, several countries have begun acquiring smallpox vaccinations, which are believed to be very effective against monkeypox. METHODS Bibliographic databases and web-search engines were used to retrieve studies that assessed monkeypox basic biology, life cycle, and transmission. Data were evaluated and used to explain the therapeutics that are under use or have potential. Finally, here is a comparison between how vaccines are being made now and how they were made in the past to stop the spread of new viruses. CONCLUSIONS Available vaccines are believed to be effective if administered within four days of viral exposure, as the virus has a long incubation period. As the virus is zoonotic, there is still a great deal of concern about the viral genetic shift and the risk of spreading to humans. This review will discuss the virus's biology and how dangerous it is. It will also look at how it spreads, what vaccines and treatments are available, and what technologies could be used to make vaccines quickly using mRNA technologies.
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Abstract
Recently, monkeypox has become a global concern amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Monkeypox is an acute rash zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus, which was previously concentrated in Africa. The re-emergence of this pathogen seems unusual on account of outbreaks in multiple nonendemic countries and the incline to spread from person to person. We need to revisit this virus to prevent the epidemic from getting worse. In this review, we comprehensively summarize studies on monkeypox, including its epidemiology, biological characteristics, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics, as well as therapeutics and vaccines, highlighting its unusual outbreak attributed to the transformation of transmission. We also analyze the present situation and put forward countermeasures from both clinical and scientific research to address it.
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Deng L, Yang X, Ding Y, Fan J, Peng Y, Xu D, Huang B, Hu Z. Oncolytic therapy with vaccinia virus carrying IL-24 for hepatocellular carcinoma. Virol J 2022; 19:44. [PMID: 35292065 PMCID: PMC8922813 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly refractory cancer associated with increasing mortality, which currently lacks effective treatment options. Interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a novel tumor suppressor cytokine that can selectively induce cancer cell apoptosis, and it has been utilized as a cancer gene therapy strategy. The vaccinia virus is a promising strategy for cancer therapy, owing to its direct viral lytic effects, as well as a vehicle to overexpress therapeutic transgenes. METHODS We constructed a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia viruse (VG9-IL-24) based on vaccinia virus Guang9 (VG9) harboring the IL-24 gene. In vitro, we assessed the replication of VG9-IL-24 in HCC cell lines and normal liver cells and evaluated the cytotoxicity in different cell lines; then, we determined the expression of IL-24 by RT-PCR and ELISA. We examined apoptosis and cell cycle progression in SMMC-7721 cells treated with VG9-IL-24 by flow cytometry. In vivo, we established the SMMC-7721 xenograft mouse model to evaluate the antitumor effects of VG9-IL-24. RESULTS In vitro, VG9-IL-24 efficiently infected HCC cell lines, but not normal liver cells, and resulted in a high level of IL-24 expression and significant cytotoxicity. Moreover, VG9-IL-24 induced an increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells and blocked the SMMC-7721 cell cycle in the G2/M phase. In vivo, tumor growth was significantly suppressed and the survival was prolonged in VG9-IL-24-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Vaccinia virus VG9-mediated gene therapy might be an innovative treatment for cancer with tumor-specific lysis and apoptosis-inducing effects. VG9-IL-24 exhibited enhanced antitumor effects and is a promising candidate for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yuedi Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Jun Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Ying Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Dong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Biao Huang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China.
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Gerlero P, Hernández-Martín Á. Actualización sobre el tratamiento de moluscos contagiosos en los niños. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018; 109:408-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Deng L, Fan J, Ding Y, Zhang J, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Huang B. Oncolytic efficacy of thymidine kinase-deleted vaccinia virus strain Guang9. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40533-40543. [PMID: 28465492 PMCID: PMC5522336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is being developed as a promising platform for cancer therapy due to its ability to lyse cancer cells in a tumor-specific manner. Vaccinia virus has been used as a live vaccine in the smallpox eradication program and now is being potential in cancer therapy with a great safety profile. Vaccinia strain Guang9 (VG9) is an attenuated Chinese vaccinia virus and its oncolytic efficacy has been evaluated in our previous study. To improve the tumor selectivity and oncolytic efficacy, we here developed a thymidine kinase (TK)-deleted vaccinia virus based on Guang9 strain. The viral replication, marker gene expression and cytotoxicity in various cell lines were evaluated; antitumor effects in vivo were assessed in multiple tumor models. In vitro, the TK-deleted vaccinia virus replicated rapidly, but the cytotoxicity varied in different cell lines. It was notably attenuated in normal cells and resting cells in vitro, while tumor-selectively replicated in vivo. Significant antitumor effects were observed both in murine melanoma tumor model and human hepatoma tumor model. It significantly inhibited the growth of subcutaneously implanted tumors and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, TK-deleted vaccinia strain Guang9 is a promising constructive virus vector for tumor-directed gene therapy and will be a potential therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Deng
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuedi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Is orf infection a risk to expanding goat production in developing countries? A study from Lao PDR. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Viruses are considered intracellular obligates with a nucleic acid RNA or DNA. They have the ability to encode proteins involved in viral replication and production of the protective coat within the host cells but require host cell ribosomes and mitochondria for translation. The members of the families Herpesviridae, Poxviridae, Papovaviridae, and Picornaviridae are the most commonly known agents for cutaneous viral diseases, but other virus families, such as Adenoviridae, Togaviridae, Parvoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Hepadnaviridae, can also infect the skin. Herpetic whitlow should be considered under the title of special viral infections of the acral region, where surgical incision is not recommended; along with verruca plantaris with its resistance to treatment and the search for a new group of treatments, including human papillomavirus vaccines; HIV with maculopapular eruptions and palmoplantar desquamation; orf and milker's nodule with its nodular lesions; papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome with its typical clinical presentation; necrolytic acral erythema with its relationship with zinc; and hand, foot, and mouth disease with its characteristics of causing infection with its strains, with high risk for complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Adışen
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Önder
- Emeritus Professor of Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma ('Orf'). It is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, causing significant financial losses in livestock production. The disease mainly affects sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. It is also a zoonotic disease, affecting mainly people who come in direct or indirect contact with infected animals (e.g. farmers, veterinarians). The disease is usually benign and self-limiting, although in many cases, especially in young animals, it can be persistent and even fatal. Production losses caused by Orf virus are believed to be underestimated, as it is not a notifiable disease. This review of literature presents all latest information regarding the virus; considerations regarding treatment and prevention will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Spyrou
- Technological Education Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - G Valiakos
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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18
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Abstract
Objective of the present paper is to review microbial diseases of the genital system of male small ruminants. The paper reviews the infections and the diseases by taking an organ approach within the genital system, whilst relevant health management actions are also discussed. Diseases of the genital organs of male small ruminants include orchitis, of bacterial or viral aetiology, epididymitis, primarily caused by Brucella ovis, by other bacteria as well (e.g., Actinobacillus seminis, Haemophilus somni), infections of the accessory glands, orf, other infections of the penis or prepuce and infections of the scrotum. The health management of rams/bucks include the appropriate diagnostic investigations, the relevant therapeutic approaches and, finally, the preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Gouletsou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Hosamani M, Scagliarini A, Bhanuprakash V, McInnes CJ, Singh RK. Orf: an update on current research and future perspectives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 7:879-93. [PMID: 19735227 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Hosamani
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-263138, Nainital Distt., India and Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore-24, India.
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Alavi S, Yazdi MK, Parvin M, Zohrehbandian F, Azma R. Haemorrhagic cystitis due to BK virus in a child with ALL on standard chemotherapy without stem cell transplant. Ecancermedicalscience 2013; 7:350. [PMID: 24062808 PMCID: PMC3770490 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2013.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The BK virus (BKV) is a nonenveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the polyomavirus family that primarily affects immunocompromised people. BKV infects humans at an early age. Initial infections with BKV are mainly asymptomatic and usually remain latent in the brain, peripheral blood, kidneys, and urothelium. Following the primary infection, viruses persist indefinitely as ‘latent’ infections of the kidney and urinary system because the virus is urotheliotropic. Reactivation of the virus infections occurs in individuals with severe immunosuppression states such as kidney and stem cell transplantation and rarely in pregnancy. In this line, BKV has been implicated as a common cause of late-onset haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in patients who have undergone stem cell transplantation. In contrast, reports of BKV-associated diseases in nontransplant paediatric patients are almost exclusively in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Herein, we report the first case of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia who developed BKV-associated HC without receiving stem cell transplantation while on standard maintenance chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Alavi
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15468-15514, Iran
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Guérin M, Lepêcheur V, Rachieru-Sourisseau P, Réguerre Y, Pellier I, Martin L. [Usefulness of topical cidofovir treatment for recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in immunocompromised children]. Arch Pediatr 2012; 19:1157-63. [PMID: 23037586 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is common and often numerous and recalcitrant in immunocompromised children. The response to available treatments is frequently unsatisfactory. Cidofovir is a nucleoside analog of the deoxycytidine antiviral drug approved for the intravenous treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients. We report four cases of children, 5-8 years old, who developed extensive MC in the context of chemotherapy for acute lymphoid leukemia and who were treated with a cream containing cidofovir 1%. In all patients, the lesions began to regress within 2 to 4 months. For three patients, complete regression was observed in 7 to 9 months, and the children remained clear of recurrence. For one patient, partial regression was obtained after 17 months of treatment. No side effects have been observed. Treatment of MC in immunocompromised children is difficult because the usual treatments are inappropriate. Successful use of either topically or intralesionally administered cidofovir in several virally induced cutaneous diseases has been demonstrated and recently documented in the treatment of MC in immunocompromised adults. Conversely, its use in children is not documented. Although intravenous use of cidofovir may lead to severe adverse effects, one single case of a systemic side effect has been reported after topical use at a greater concentration, but no changes in laboratory data were observed. Topical cidofovir offers an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic alternative option for the treatment of MC in immunosuppressed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guérin
- Service de dermatologie, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France.
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22
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Verreault D, Sivasubramani SK, Talton JD, Doyle LA, Reddy JD, Killeen SZ, Didier PJ, Marx PA, Roy CJ. Evaluation of inhaled cidofovir as postexposure prophylactic in an aerosol rabbitpox model. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:204-8. [PMID: 22146565 PMCID: PMC3505885 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smallpox is considered a biological threat based upon the possibility of deliberate reintroduction into the population, creating an urgent need for effective antivirals. The antiviral drug cidofovir (Cr) has shown to be effective against poxviruses, although route-specific nephrotoxicity has hampered its development for emergency post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In this study, we use a micronized dry powder formulation of pharmaceutical-grade Cr (NanoFOVIRTM; Nf) to treat rabbits exposed to aerosolized rabbitpox virus (RPXV) to further evaluate the effectiveness of direct drug delivery to the lung. Naïve rabbits were infected with RPXV by aerosol; three subsets received aerosolized Nf at 0.5, 1.0 or 1.75mg/kg daily for 3days post-exposure, positive and negative control groups received intravenous (IV) Cr treatments and no treatment, respectively. Nf groups showed an antiviral-dose associated survival of 50% (0.5mg/kg), 80% (1.0mg/kg) and 100% (1.75mg/kg). All animals (100%) from the IV-Cr treatment group and none (0%) from the untreated controls survived. Nf (1.75) protected rabbits from RPX at approximately 10% of the equivalent IV-Cr dose. A dose-related effect was observed in clinical development of RPX disease in Nf groups. Significant reduction of RPX-induced pathological changes was observed in Nf (1.75) and IV-Cr groups. Results suggest that Nf may be a viable antiviral for emergency post-exposure prophylaxis and should be evaluated in other models of poxviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Verreault
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana USA
| | | | | | - Lara A. Doyle
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana USA
| | | | - Stephanie Z. Killeen
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana USA
| | | | | | - Chad J. Roy
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana USA
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Pereira ACTC, Soares-Martins JAP, Leite FGG, Da Cruz AFP, Torres AA, Souto-Padrón T, Kroon EG, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA. SP600125 inhibits Orthopoxviruses replication in a JNK1/2 -independent manner: Implication as a potential antipoxviral. Antiviral Res 2011; 93:69-77. [PMID: 22068148 PMCID: PMC7114308 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibitor SP600125 [anthra(1,9-cd)pyrazol-6(2H)-one 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone] has been largely employed as a c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) inhibitor. In this study, we evaluated whether pretreatment with SP600125 was able to prevent Orthopoxviruses Vaccinia virus (VACV), Cowpox virus (CPXV) and modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) replication. We found that incubation with SP600125 not only blocked virus-stimulated JNK phosphorylation, but also, significantly reduced virus production. We observed 1-3 log decline in viral yield depending on the cell line infected (A31, BSC-40 or BHK-21). The reduction in viral yield correlated with a dramatic impact on virus morphogenesis progress, intracellular mature viruses (IMV) were barely detected. Despite the fact that SP600125 can act as an efficient anti-orthopoxviral compound, we also provide evidence that this antiviral effect is not specifically exerted through JNK1/2 inhibition. This conclusion is supported by the fact that viral titers measured after infections of JNK1/2 knockout cells were not altered as compared to those of wild-type cells. In contrast, a decline in viral titers was verified when the infection of KO cells was carried out in the presence of the pharmacological inhibitor. SP600125 has been the focus of recent studies that have evaluated its action on diverse viral infections including DNA viruses. Our data support the notion that SP600125 can be regarded as a potential antipoxviral compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C T C Pereira
- Grupo de Transdução de Sinal/Orthopoxvirus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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24
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A mechanistic proof-of-concept clinical trial with JX-594, a targeted multi-mechanistic oncolytic poxvirus, in patients with metastatic melanoma. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1913-22. [PMID: 21772252 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
JX-594 is a targeted and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing oncolytic poxvirus designed to selectively replicate in and destroy cancer cells through viral oncolysis and tumor-specific immunity. In order to study the mechanisms-of-action (MOA) of JX-594 in humans, a mechanistic proof-of-concept clinical trial was performed at a low dose equivalent to ≤10% of the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) in other clinical trials. Ten patients with previously treated stage IV melanoma were enrolled. Tumors were injected weekly for up to nine total treatments. Blood samples and tumor biopsies were analyzed for evidence of transgene activity, virus replication, and immune stimulation. The β-galactosidase (β-gal) transgene was expressed in all patients as evidenced by antibody induction. Six patients had significant induction of GM-CSF-responsive white blood cell (WBC) subsets such as neutrophils (25-300% increase). JX-594 replication and subsequent shedding into blood was detectable in five patients after cycles 1-9. Tumor biopsies demonstrated JX-594 replication, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and diffuse tumor necrosis. Mild flu-like symptoms were the most common adverse events. In sum, JX-594 replication, oncolysis, and expression of both transgenes were demonstrated; replication was still evident after multiple cycles. These findings have implications for further clinical development of JX-594 and other transgene-armed oncolytic viruses.
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Nandi S, De UK, Chowdhury S. Current status of contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat and sheep—A global perspective. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
With the eradication of smallpox about 30 years ago, the identification and differentiation of other poxviruses with varying pathogenicity in humans present a challenge for diagnostic facilities. While a clinical differentiation can be demanding, electron microscopy is the fastest approach to identify poxviruses. Molecular techniques, based on specific genomic sequences, are routinely applied to identify poxvirus species and distinguish between individual virus variants. In this chapter, we present detailed protocols for both techniques and discuss questions relevant to fast and reliable diagnostics of poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Roy CJ, Voss TG. Use of the Aerosol Rabbitpox Virus Model for Evaluation of Anti-Poxvirus Agents. Viruses 2010; 2:2096-2107. [PMID: 20953322 PMCID: PMC2954426 DOI: 10.3390/v2092096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox is an acute disease caused by infection with variola virus that has had historic effects on the human population due to its virulence and infectivity. Because variola remains a threat to humans, the discovery and development of novel pox therapeutics and vaccines has been an area of intense focus. As variola is a uniquely human virus lacking a robust animal model, the development of rational therapeutic or vaccine approaches for variola requires the use of model systems that reflect the clinical aspects of human infection. Many laboratory animal models of poxviral disease have been developed over the years to study host response and to evaluate new therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment or prevention of human smallpox. Rabbitpox (rabbitpox virus infection in rabbits) is a severe and often lethal infection that has been identified as an ideal disease model for the study of poxviruses in a non-rodent species. The aerosol infection model (aerosolized rabbitpox infection) embodies many of the desired aspects of the disease syndrome that involves the respiratory system and thus may serve as an appropriate model for evaluation of antivirals under development for the therapeutic treatment of human smallpox. In this review we summarize the aerosol model of rabbitpox, discuss the development efforts that have thus far used this model for antiviral testing, and comment on the prospects for its use in future evaluations requiring a poxviral model with a focus on respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J. Roy
- Infectious Disease Aerobiology, Microbiology Division, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-985-871-6417; Fax: +1-985-871-6260
| | - Thomas G. Voss
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; E-Mail:
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Antiviral activity of benzimidazole derivatives. II. Antiviral activity of 2-phenylbenzimidazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2937-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Lustig S, Maik-Rachline G, Paran N, Melamed S, Israely T, Erez N, Orr N, Reuveny S, Ordentlich A, Laub O, Shafferman A, Velan B. Effective post-exposure protection against lethal orthopoxviruses infection by vaccinia immune globulin involves induction of adaptive immune response. Vaccine 2009; 27:1691-9. [PMID: 19195492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of human vaccinia immunoglobulin (VIG) in orthopoxvirus infection was examined using two mouse models for human poxvirus, based on Ectromelia virus and Vaccinia Western Reserve (WR) respiratory infections. Despite the relatively fast clearance of human VIG from mice circulation, a single VIG injection protected immune-competent mice against both infections. Full protection against lethal Ectromelia virus infection was achieved by VIG injection up to one day post-exposure, and even injection of VIG two or three days post-infection conferred solid protection (60-80%). Nevertheless, VIG failed to protect VACV-WR challenged immune-deficient mice, even though repeated injections prolonged SCID mice survival. These results suggest the involvement of host immunity in protection. VIG provides the initial protective time-window allowing induction of the adaptive response required to achieve complete protection. Additionally, VIG can be administered in conjunction with active Vaccinia-Lister vaccination. Vaccine efficiency is not impaired, providing a non-prohibitive VIG dose is used. Thus, VIG can be used as a prophylactic measure against post-vaccinal complications but could also serve for post-exposure treatment against smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Lustig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Israel.
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30
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In vitro susceptibility of sea lion poxvirus to cidofovir. Antiviral Res 2008; 80:77-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Boto A, Hernández D, Hernández R, Álvarez E. One-Pot Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleosides from Carbohydrate Derivatives, by Combination of Tandem and Sequential Reactions. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9523-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701608p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe), Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe), Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosendo Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe), Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eleuterio Álvarez
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe), Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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Kurth A, Nitsche A. Fast and reliable diagnostic methods for the detection of human poxvirus infections. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.5.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the most prominent poxvirus, Variola virus, was successfully eradicated in the last century, several other poxviruses cause zoonotic infections that, in the early stages, resemble Variola virus infections with varying pathogenicity in humans. Over recent decades, numerous diagnostic methods for the detection of poxviruses have been established. As a result of technical progress and the advancement in molecular techniques, only a small selection of these methods meet the demands of being rapid and reliable. This review briefly introduces human poxviruses, summarizes the methods available, discusses their pros and cons and provides recommendations for a ‘fast and reliable diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurth
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Chung BJ, Akst LM, Koltai PJ. 3.5-Year follow-up of intralesional cidofovir protocol for pediatric recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70:1911-7. [PMID: 16919339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intralesional injection of cidofovir has been described as an adjunctive treatment for pediatric recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). However, questions remain regarding the optimal dosing schedule and side-effect profile. The objective of this study was to describe patient outcomes following a standardized cidofovir protocol. METHODS Eleven pediatric patients originally treated with a standardized stepped-dose protocol of intralesional cidofovir for RRP were followed for an extended observational period. Additional interventions, disease severity, and adverse outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Five of 11 patients have required no further treatments following the original cidofovir protocol. Two patients initially achieved remission but have subsequently required additional treatment for recurrent disease. Four patients never achieved remission and have undergone multiple additional interventions. Mean follow-up time for all patients from the conclusion of the original study was 30.2 months (10-45). No adverse outcomes were noted. CONCLUSIONS Intralesional injection of cidofovir may have some potential as an adjunct in the treatment of RRP. Response to cidofovir is unpredictable. Further study of cidofovir is necessary to more clearly define whether the favorable responses observed represent a true treatment effect or simply reflect the natural history of the disease. Perhaps as important is to refine treatment protocols and informed consents that reflect the concern about the carcinogenic potential of cidofovir and to better characterize the drug's side-effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Chung
- Head & Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Desk A71, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
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Fan X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Keith KA, Prichard MN, Kern ER, Torrence PF. Toward orthopoxvirus countermeasures: a novel heteromorphic nucleoside of unusual structure. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4052-4. [PMID: 16821766 PMCID: PMC4298854 DOI: 10.1021/jm060404n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two privileged drug scaffolds have been hybridized to create the novel heteromorphic nucleoside 5-(2-amino-3-cyano-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromen-4-yl)-1-(2-deoxypentofuranosyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (2). Compound 2 inhibited the replication of two orthopoxviruses, vaccinia virus (VV) (EC(50) = 4.6 +/- 2.0 microM), and cowpox virus (CV) (EC(50) = 2.0 +/- 0.3 microM). Compound 2 exhibited reduced activity against a thymidine kinase (TK) negative strain of CV, implying a requirement for 5'-monophosphorylation for antiorthopoxvirus activity. Compound 2 was efficiently phosphorylated by VV TK, establishing that VV TK is more promiscuous than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul F. Torrence
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 928-523-0298. Fax: 928-523-8111.
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35
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Fan X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Keith KA, Kern ER, Torrence PF. 5-(Dimethoxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: a novel gem diether nucleoside with anti-orthopoxvirus activity. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3377-82. [PMID: 16722657 PMCID: PMC4262926 DOI: 10.1021/jm0601710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To provide potential new leads for the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections, the 5-position of the pyrimidine nucleosides have been modified with a gem diether moiety to yield the following new nucleosides: 5-(dimethoxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (2b), 5-(diethoxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (3b), 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine ethylene acetal (4b), and 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine propylene acetal (5b). These were evaluated in human foreskin fibroblast cells challenged with the vaccinia virus or cowpox virus. Of the four gem diether nucleosides, only the dimethyl gem diether congener showed significant antiviral activity against both viruses. This antiviral activity did not appear to be related to the decomposition to the 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine, which was itself devoid of anti-orthopoxvirus activity in these assays. Moreover, at the pH of the in vitro assays, 2b was very stable with a decomposition (to aldehyde) half-life of >15 d. The anti-orthopoxvirus activity of pyrimidine may be favored by the introduction of hydrophilic moieties to the 5-position side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul F. Torrence
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (928) 523-0298. Fax: (928) 523-8111.
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Stittelaar KJ, Neyts J, Naesens L, van Amerongen G, van Lavieren RF, Holý A, De Clercq E, Niesters HGM, Fries E, Maas C, Mulder PGH, van der Zeijst BAM, Osterhaus ADME. Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal monkeypox virus infection. Nature 2006; 439:745-8. [PMID: 16341204 DOI: 10.1038/nature04295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is concern that variola virus, the aetiological agent of smallpox, may be used as a biological weapon. For this reason several countries are now stockpiling (vaccinia virus-based) smallpox vaccine. Although the preventive use of smallpox vaccination has been well documented, little is known about its efficacy when used after exposure to the virus. Here we compare the effectiveness of (1) post-exposure smallpox vaccination and (2) antiviral treatment with either cidofovir (also called HPMPC or Vistide) or with a related acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogue (HPMPO-DAPy) after lethal intratracheal infection of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with monkeypox virus (MPXV). MPXV causes a disease similar to human smallpox and this animal model can be used to measure differences in the protective efficacies of classical and new-generation candidate smallpox vaccines. We show that initiation of antiviral treatment 24 h after lethal intratracheal MPXV infection, using either of the antiviral agents and applying various systemic treatment regimens, resulted in significantly reduced mortality and reduced numbers of cutaneous monkeypox lesions. In contrast, when monkeys were vaccinated 24 h after MPXV infection, using a standard human dose of a currently recommended smallpox vaccine (Elstree-RIVM), no significant reduction in mortality was observed. When antiviral therapy was terminated 13 days after infection, all surviving animals had virus-specific serum antibodies and antiviral T lymphocytes. These data show that adequate preparedness for a biological threat involving smallpox should include the possibility of treating exposed individuals with antiviral compounds such as cidofovir or other selective anti-poxvirus drugs.
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Shehab N, Sweet BV, Hogikyan ND. Cidofovir for the Treatment of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Review of the Literature. Pharmacotherapy 2005; 25:977-89. [PMID: 16006276 DOI: 10.1592/phco.2005.25.7.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare but potentially severe disease caused by papillomavirus, most often types 6 and 11. The disease, which occurs in both juvenile and adult forms, is characterized by benign epithelial tumors of the airway that most frequently affect the larynx but can also spread along the entire aerodigestive tract. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is the most common benign neoplasm of the larynx in children and the second most frequent cause of childhood hoarseness. Standard treatment, which is palliative only, consists of surgical excision of papillomata to maintain airway patency and improve voice quality. Recurrence despite repeated surgical procedures is the rule. To date, incorporation of adjuvant treatments has not been reliably beneficial in altering the disease course. Several case series have described promising results with cidofovir, a cytosine nucleoside analog with antiviral activity. To evaluate the data available on the safety and efficacy of cidofovir for the treatment of RRP, we conducted a MEDLINE search for all case reports or series from January 1966-August 2004 describing cidofovir therapy in either adults or children with RRP. The bibliographies of qualifying articles were also searched for relevant references. In both adults and children with mild-to-severe RRP, intralesional administration of cidofovir directly into the site of papillomata was associated with partial-to-complete regression of papillomata, improvement in voice quality and airway status, and decreased need for surgery. Wide variation in intralesional cidofovir dose (2-57 mg), frequency (every 2-8 wks), and duration (4 mo-4 yrs) was found. Successful outcomes have also been reported with intravenous cidofovir, but data are limited to three case reports. Rash, headache, and precordialgia were the only adverse effects reported with intralesional cidofovir. Nephrotoxicity and neutropenia secondary to either intralesional or intravenous cidofovir were not observed. Long-term risks associated with intralesional administration remain to be seen. Further studies are necessary to determine the most appropriate dose, frequency, and duration of therapy, and to fully characterize the safety profile profile of cidofovir when given intralesionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Shehab
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Michigan Health System, University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0008, USA.
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Kakourou T, Zachariades A, Anastasiou T, Architectonidou E, Georgala S, Theodoridou M. Molluscum contagiosum in Greek children: a case series. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44:221-3. [PMID: 15807730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies of molluscum contagiosum (MC) in children are limited. PATIENTS AND METHOD Between 1997 and 1999, 110 children with MC (60 boys, 50 girls, mean age: 4.8 years) were studied. Treatment consisted of removal of all MC lesions in a single session by sterilized tweezers. RESULTS In children aged < or = 2 years, the MC lesions were located mainly on the face, whereas in older children they were located on the trunk. Twenty children had atopic dermatitis (18.2% vs. 5% of Greek children aged 1-6 years; P < 0.001). Four children had numerous and recurrent MC lesions without any other systemic manifestations. In these children, humoral and cellular immunities were found to be normal. Seventy-seven children (70%) were cured after one treatment session, 22 children (20%) after a second session and 11 (10%) after > or = three sessions. No patients experienced secondary bacterial infection or scarring. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to cool climates where the age of peak incidence of MC in children is 10-12 years, in a warm country such as Greece, it is at the younger age of 4.8 years. In young children aged 2 years, the MC lesions are located mainly on the face, whereas in older children they are located on the trunk. Atopic dermatitis is a predisposing factor for MC. In cases where MC lesions are numerous and/or persist but there are no other signs of systemic infections, the possibility of immunodeficiency is minimal. Removal of MC lesions by tweezers is an efficient, simple and inexpensive method of treatment without sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Kakourou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Weiss MM, Weiss PD, Mathisen G, Guze P. Rethinking smallpox. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1668-73. [PMID: 15578369 PMCID: PMC7107961 DOI: 10.1086/425745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential consequences of a competently executed smallpox attack have not been adequately considered by policy makers. The possibility of release of an aerosolized and/or bioengineered virus must be anticipated and planned for. The transmission and infectivity of variola virus are examined. Arguments for and against pre-event vaccination are offered. The likely morbidity and mortality that would ensue from implementation of a mass pre-event vaccination program, within reasonable boundaries, are known. The extent of contagion that could result from an aerosolized release of virus is unknown and may have been underestimated. Pre-event vaccination of first responders is urged, and voluntary vaccination programs should be offered to the public. Two defenses against a vaccine-resistant, engineered variola virus are proposed for consideration. Methisazone, an overlooked drug, is reported to be effective for prophylaxis only. The extent of reduction in the incidence of smallpox with use of this agent is uncertain. It is useless for treatment of clinical smallpox. N-100 respirators (face masks) worn by uninfected members of the public may prevent transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA.
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Lee VJ. Biowarfare Pathogens. Is the Research Flavor Different Than That of Clinically Relevant Pathogens? ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 39:211-221. [PMID: 32287465 PMCID: PMC7127116 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This chapter introduces four chemical warfare agents: bacillus anthracis (anthrax), yersinia pestis (plague), variola major (smallpox), and francesella tularensis (tularemia). Anthrax is a dimorphic bacterium that normally exists as spores. The clinical presentation can be as cutaneous, inhalational or gastrointestinal forms that are fortuitously not transmissible from person to person. The insidious nature of anthrax has both vegetative and spore morphology. The vegetative state, being the growth phase, is typically responsive to most classes of antibiotics, while the spore phase is not. Plague is caused by a bacterium carried by a rodent flea. While current antibiotics are effective against plague, the worry is the possibility of a bioengineered chimeric construct that would be resistant to all classes of antibiotics. Tularemia is a zoonosis that occurs naturally in the United States, with animal transmission to man. Sometimes an insect vector may also be the primary route of infection. It is highly pathogenic and the inhalation of 10 organisms would be adequate for infection. Smallpox is the most feared of all biowarfare pathogens, primarily due to its high transmissibility versus other pathogens whose etiologic affects are episodic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ving J Lee
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
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Abstract
Variola major is the causative agent of smallpox, a severe disease that was arguably one of the most serious human pathogens in recorded history. Humans are the only known reservoir of variola major; no known animal or insect reservoirs have been identified. Thus, after eradication of smallpox through a global immunization effort, this incredibly lethal scourge was eliminated from all corners of the globe. Despite the total eradication of naturally occurring smallpox, there are still stockpiles of smallpox virus maintained in the United States and the former Soviet Union. Unfortunately, it is impossible to know if all smallpox stocks have been accounted for or whether unknown or unreported stocks of smallpox may still exist. In the age of genetic engineering, these viruses could theoretically be modified to increase their virulence to the levels associated with smallpox itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Slifka
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185(th) Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, USA
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Neyts J, Leyssen P, Verbeken E, De Clercq E. Efficacy of cidofovir in a murine model of disseminated progressive vaccinia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2267-73. [PMID: 15155231 PMCID: PMC415602 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.6.2267-2273.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal model that mimics progressive disseminated vaccinia was elaborated. To this end nude (athymic) mice were inoculated intracutaneously with vaccinia virus in the lumbosacral area. Viral replication (DNA) in the skin was detected as early as day 2 postinfection (p.i.). Mice developed typical vaccinia lesions at the site of inoculation by day 4 to 6 p.i. By about 2 weeks p.i., the infection had spread all over the body, a situation reminiscent of disseminated vaccinia in humans. The infection resulted in viremia and spread of the virus to visceral organs, as well as to the brain. Topical treatment with cidofovir, initiated at the day of infection or at day 1 p.i., completely protected against virus-induced cutaneous lesions and against associated mortality. When treatment was initiated at a later time (day 2 to 5 p.i.), a partial but marked protective effect was noted, which can be explained by the fact that by that time, the virus had spread from the skin to the visceral organs. Next, infected animals were left untreated until the time ( approximately 2 weeks p.i.) at which disseminated vaccinia had developed. When systemic treatment with cidofovir was initiated at that time, it caused lesions to heal and regress. In most of these animals, lesions had completely (or almost completely) disappeared by day 10 to 15 after the start of therapy. The observation that cidofovir is able to cause healing of disseminated vaccinia lesions in animals should have implications for the therapy of complications of vaccination against smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Despite the eradication of naturally occurring smallpox in 1977, stores of the virus have been maintained in laboratories in the United States and Russia. It is feared that certain rogue states and terrorist organizations may have illicitly acquired the virus with the intent of unleashing it as an agent of bioterrorism. The United States and other nations have begun vaccinating individuals in the military and health care workers who might become exposed. Primary care providers and dermatologists will be called upon to evaluate potential index cases and vaccination reactions. In this report, the authors review the essential clinical aspects of smallpox and potential reactions to smallpox vaccination. Special attention is given to eczema vaccinatum, which can occur in vaccinees and their family contacts with active or quiescent atopic dermatitis or a personal history of eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis I Spuls
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The 2003 USA monkeypox epidemic caused by imported African rodents, newly emergent poxvirus zoonoses in Brazil and the possible use of variola virus for biological warfare has led to renewed interest in poxviruses and anti-poxviral therapies. Increasing foreign travel and importation of exotic animal species increases the likelihood of poxvirus infections occurring outside their usual geographical range and diagnostic delay has important implications. The present review provides an overview of these rare zoonoses. RECENT FINDINGS Three genera of Poxviridae are known to cause human zoonoses: orthopoxviruses, parapoxviruses and yatapoxvirus. Most cases are occupational, sporadic and have few cutaneous lesions with low morbidity. The exception is monkeypox, similar to smallpox, with significant morbidity and childhood mortality. Molecular characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and other methods provides accurate phylogenetic identification and suggests that a cowpox-like virus is the probable ancestor of variola and other zoonotic poxviruses. DNA genomic sequencing of the Brazilian Cantagalo and Araçatuba viruses shows a close relationship to vaccinia virus. Poxviruses have potential in cancer immunotherapy and their ability to evade host-cell immune responses may provide a basis for new antipoxvirus therapies. Other agents, particularly nucleoside phosphonates such as cidofovir, show therapeutic action against poxviruses. SUMMARY Human zoonotic poxvirus infections are rare but increasingly encountered outside their usual geographical range. The 2003 USA monkeypox outbreak emphasizes the importance of early accurate diagnosis, particularly because increasing numbers of immunosuppressed individuals increases the potential for severe or fatal infections. PCR methodology enables accurate phylogenetic typing and has identified new diseases, but rapid, reliable methods must be made available for clinicians. More research into therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of poxvirus infections is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Lewis-Jones
- Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland DD1 9SY
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De Clercq E. Clinical potential of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir in treatment of DNA virus and retrovirus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 16:569-96. [PMID: 14557287 PMCID: PMC207110 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.4.569-596.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The acyclic nucleoside phosphonates HPMPC (cidofovir), PMEA (adefovir), and PMPA (tenofovir) have proved to be effective in vitro (cell culture systems) and in vivo (animal models and clinical studies) against a wide variety of DNA virus and retrovirus infections: cidofovir against herpesvirus (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8), polyomavirus, papillomavirus, adenovirus, and poxvirus (variola virus, cowpox virus, vaccinia virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, and orf virus) infections; adefovir against herpesvirus, hepadnavirus (human hepatitis B virus), and retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus types 1 [HIV-1] and 2 [HIV-2], simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus) infections; and tenofovir against both hepadnavirus and retrovirus infections. Cidofovir (Vistide) has been officially approved for the treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread) has been approved for the treatment of HIV infections (i.e., AIDS), and adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera) has been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting side effect for cidofovir (Vistide) when used intravenously (5 mg/kg); no toxic side effects have been described for adefovir dipivoxil and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, at the approved doses (Hepsera at 10 mg orally daily and Viread at 300 mg orally daily).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
There is great concern that smallpox could be used for bioterrorism. The disease has a high mortality rate and can be spread by aerosols, and immunity in the population is low. Although an initial release of smallpox could infect a large number of people, secondary spread would likely be slow because of the long incubation period and the close contact required for transmission. Hospital personnel and household contacts are at the greatest risk of becoming infected. An outbreak of smallpox will be controlled through surveillance, containment, vaccination, and isolation of cases-the strategy used to eradicate the disease globally in 1978. Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for hospital personnel likely to be exposed to smallpox while caring for patients during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry F Hull
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention, and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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Roy CJ, Baker R, Washburn K, Bray M. Aerosolized cidofovir is retained in the respiratory tract and protects mice against intranasal cowpox virus challenge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2933-7. [PMID: 12936997 PMCID: PMC182607 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.9.2933-2937.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed a murine model to test the concept of using an aerosolized, long-acting antiviral drug to protect humans against smallpox. We previously showed that a low dose of aerosolized cidofovir (HPMPC [Vistide]) was highly protective against subsequent aerosolized cowpox virus challenge and was more effective than a much larger dose of drug given by injection, suggesting that aerosolized cidofovir is retained in the lung. Because the nephrotoxicity of cidofovir is a major concern in therapy, delivering the drug directly to the respiratory tract might be an effective prophylactic strategy that maximizes the tissue concentration at the site of initial viral replication, while minimizing its accumulation in the kidneys. In the present study, we found that treating mice with aerosolized (14)C-labeled cidofovir ((14)C-cidofovir) resulted in the prolonged retention of radiolabeled drug in the lungs at levels greatly exceeding those in the kidneys. In contrast, subcutaneous injection produced much higher concentrations of (14)C-cidofovir in the kidneys than in the lungs over the 96-h time course of the study. As further evidence of the protective efficacy of aerosolized cidofovir, we found that aerosol treatment before or after infection was highly protective in mice challenged intranasally with cowpox virus. All or nearly all mice that were treated once by aerosol, from 2 days before to 2 days after challenge, survived intranasal infection, whereas all placebo-treated animals died.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Roy
- Department of Aerobiology and Product Evaluation, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Certain viruses, such as those that cause smallpox and hemorrhagic fevers, have been identified as possible bioterrorism agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They have been designated as potential threats because large quantities can be propagated in cell culture, they are transmissible as aerosols and, for the most part, there are only limited vaccine and pharmaceutical strategies for either prevention or treatment of established infection. An additional concern is the potential to genetically modify these agents to enhance virulence or promote resistance to vaccines or identified antivirals. Although the major impact of these agents is human illness, the release of zoonotic agents, such as the Nipah virus, would have consequences for both humans and animals because infected and noninfected animals might need to be sacrificed to control the spread of infection. Continued research is necessary to develop effective strategies to limit the impact of these biological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bronze
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health, Sciences Center and the Oklahoma City, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
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Mair M. Publications of Interest. Biosecur Bioterror 2003. [DOI: 10.1089/15387130360514869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mair
- Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies, Johns Hopkins University
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Abstract
The potential use of variola or another orthopoxvirus such as monkeypox as a weapon of bioterrorism has stimulated efforts to develop new drugs for treatment of smallpox or other poxvirus infections. At the present time only cidofovir is approved for use in the emergency treatment of smallpox outbreaks. Although cidofovir is very active against the orthopoxviruses in vitro and in animal model infections, it is not active when given orally and must be administered with precaution so as to avoid renal toxicity. In an attempt to identify alternative treatment modalities for these infections we have determined the anti-poxvirus activity in vitro of most of the approved antiviral agents as well as a number of cidofovir analogs and prodrugs. From these studies, we have identified the nucleotide analog, adefovir dipivoxil, some alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and a number of prodrugs of cidofovir that warrant further investigation as potential therapies for smallpox or other orthopoxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl R Kern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, BBRB 309, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
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