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Alhashimi RT, Ghatge MS, Donkor AK, Deshpande TM, Anabaraonye N, Alramadhani D, Danso-Danquah R, Huang B, Zhang Y, Musayev FN, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Design, Synthesis, and Antisickling Investigation of a Nitric Oxide-Releasing Prodrug of 5HMF for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:696. [PMID: 35625623 PMCID: PMC9138457 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxyfurfural (5HMF), an allosteric effector of hemoglobin (Hb) with an ability to increase Hb affinity for oxygen has been studied extensively for its antisickling effect in vitro and in vivo, and in humans for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). One of the downstream pathophysiologies of SCD is nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, therefore increasing NO (bio)availability is known to mitigate the severity of SCD symptoms. We report the synthesis of an NO-releasing prodrug of 5HMF (5HMF-NO), which in vivo, is expected to be bio-transformed into 5HMF and NO, with concomitant therapeutic activities. In vitro studies showed that when incubated with whole blood, 5HMF-NO releases NO, as anticipated. When incubated with sickle blood, 5HMF-NO formed Schiff base adduct with Hb, increased Hb affinity for oxygen, and prevented hypoxia-induced erythrocyte sickling, which at 1 mM concentration were 16%, 10% and 27%, respectively, compared to 21%, 18% and 21% for 5HMF. Crystal structures of 5HMF-NO with Hb showed 5HMF-NO bound to unliganded (deoxygenated) Hb, while the hydrolyzed product, 5HMF bound to liganded (carbonmonoxy-ligated) Hb. Our findings from this proof-of-concept study suggest that the incorporation of NO donor group to 5HMF and analogous molecules could be a novel beneficial strategy to treat SCD and warrants further detailed in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana T. Alhashimi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Akua K. Donkor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
| | | | - Nancy Anabaraonye
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (N.A.); (O.A.)
| | - Dina Alramadhani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Richmond Danso-Danquah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Faik N. Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (N.A.); (O.A.)
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.T.A.); (M.S.G.); (A.K.D.); (D.A.); (R.D.-D.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (F.N.M.)
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Acharya A, Tripathi V. Novel Peptides Enhance the Production of Nitric Oxide and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Gene Expression in Murine Macrophage. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 16:241-6. [PMID: 14611727 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive novel polypeptide of Anurans skin has a wide range of antimicrobial properties against the infection and tumour cell. Macrophages are known to produce the Nitric oxide (NO) by a variety of cells upon activation. NO produced by the activated macrophages an important mediator for antimicrobial and tumoricidal activity. In-vitro macrophage exposed with medium alone, containing LPS, containing polypepeptides and LPS + polypeptides for 24 h showed enhanced production of NO with respect to control and LPS treated and significant increase in NO production in LPS + polypeptide. Western blot and PCR analysis also showed that increased production of protein expression and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These findings suggest that novel polypeptides are potent activating agent for enhanced production of NO through activation of iNOS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Acharya
- Dept Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Xu GG, Deshpande TM, Ghatge MS, Mehta AY, Omar ASM, Ahmed MH, Venitz J, Abdulmalik O, Zhang Y, Safo MK. Design, Synthesis, and Investigation of Novel Nitric Oxide (NO)-Releasing Prodrugs as Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Ischemic Disorders: Insights into NO-Releasing Prodrug Biotransformation and Hemoglobin-NO Biochemistry. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7178-92. [PMID: 26582149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed novel nitric oxide (NO)-releasing prodrugs of efaproxiral (RSR13) for their potential therapeutic applications in a variety of diseases with underlying ischemia. RSR13 is an allosteric effector of hemoglobin (Hb) that decreases the protein's affinity for oxygen, thereby increasing tissue oxygenation. NO, because of its vasodilatory property, in the form of ester prodrugs has been found to be useful in managing several cardiovascular diseases by increasing blood flow and oxygenation in ischemic tissues. We synthesized three NO-donor ester derivatives of RSR13 (DD-1, DD-2, and DD-3) by attaching the NO-releasing moieties nitrooxyethyl, nitrooxypropyl, and 1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, respectively, to the carboxylate of RSR13. In vitro studies demonstrated that the compounds released NO in a time-dependent manner upon being incubated with l-cysteine (1.8-9.3%) or human serum (2.3-52.5%) and also reduced the affinity of Hb for oxygen in whole blood (ΔP50 of 4.9-21.7 mmHg vs ΔP50 of 25.4-32.1 mmHg for RSR13). Crystallographic studies showed RSR13, the hydrolysis product of the reaction between DD-1 and deoxygenated Hb, bound to the central water cavity of Hb. Also, the hydrolysis product, NO, was observed exclusively bound to the two α hemes, the first such HbNO structure to be reported, capturing the previously proposed physiological bis-ligated nitrosylHb species. Finally, nitrate was observed bound to βHis97. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the compounds incubated with matrices used for the various studies demonstrated the presence of the predicted reaction products. Our findings, beyond the potential therapeutic application, provide valuable insights into the biotransformation of NO-releasing prodrugs and their mechanism of action and into hemoglobin-NO biochemistry at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Abdel Sattar M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University , Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | | | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Kang PT, Chen CL, Chen YR. Increased mitochondrial prooxidant activity mediates up-regulation of Complex I S-glutathionylation via protein thiyl radical in the murine heart of eNOS(-/-). Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:56-68. [PMID: 25445401 PMCID: PMC4339473 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In response to oxidative stress, mitochondrial Complex I is reversibly S-glutathionylated. We hypothesized that protein S-glutathionylation (PrSSG) of Complex I is mediated by a kinetic mechanism involving reactive protein thiyl radical (PrS(•)) and GSH in vivo. Previous studies have shown that in vitro S-glutathionylation of isolated Complex I at the 51 and 75-kDa subunits was detected under the conditions of (•)O2(-) production, and mass spectrometry confirmed that formation of Complex I PrS(•) mediates PrSSG. Exposure of myocytes to menadione resulted in enhanced Complex I PrSSG and PrS(•) (Kang et al., Free Radical Biol. Med.52:962-973; 2012). In this investigation, we tested our hypothesis in the murine heart of eNOS(-/-). The eNOS(-/-) mouse is known to be hypertensive and develops the pathological phenotype of progressive cardiac hypertrophy. The mitochondria isolated from the eNOS(-/-) myocardium exhibited a marked dysfunction with impaired state 3 respiration, a declining respiratory control index, and decreasing enzymatic activities of ETC components. Further biochemical analysis and EPR measurement indicated defective aconitase activity, a marked increase in (•)O2(-) generation activity, and a more oxidized physiological setting. These results suggest increasing prooxidant activity and subsequent oxidative stress in the mitochondria of the eNOS(-/-) murine heart. When Complex I from the mitochondria of the eNOS(-/-) murine heart was analyzed by immunospin trapping and probed with anti-GSH antibody, both PrS(•) and PrSSG of Complex I were significantly enhanced. Overexpression of SOD2 in the murine heart dramatically diminished the detected PrS(•), supporting the conclusion that mediation of Complex I PrSSG by oxidative stress-induced PrS(•) is a unique pathway for the redox regulation of mitochondrial function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Kang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Chwen-Lih Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yeong-Renn Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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In vitro anti-nitrosative, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of plant flavonoids: a comparative study. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Weng Y, Chen J, Tu Q, Li Q, Maitz MF, Huang N. Biomimetic modification of metallic cardiovascular biomaterials: from function mimicking to endothelialization in vivo. Interface Focus 2012; 2:356-65. [PMID: 23741611 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosystem-surface interactions play an important role in various biological events and determine the ultimate functionality of implanted devices. Endothelialization or mimicking of endothelium on the surface of cardiovascular materials is a promising way to solve the problems of material-induced thrombosis and restenosis. Meanwhile, a multifunctional surface design is needed as antithrombotic properties should be considered in the period when the implants are not yet completely endothelialized. In this article, we summarize some successful approaches used in our laboratory for constructing multifunctional endothelium-like surfaces on metallic cardiovascular biomaterials through chemical modification of the surface or by the introduction of specific biological molecules to induce self-endothelialization in vivo. Some directions on future research in these areas are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Weng
- Key Lab for Advanced Technologies of Materials , Ministry of Education , People's Republic of China
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Ho JJD, Man HSJ, Marsden PA. Nitric oxide signaling in hypoxia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:217-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Egom EEA, Mohamed TMA, Mamas MA, Shi Y, Liu W, Chirico D, Stringer SE, Ke Y, Shaheen M, Wang T, Chacko S, Wang X, Solaro RJ, Fath-Ordoubadi F, Cartwright EJ, Lei M. Activation of Pak1/Akt/eNOS signaling following sphingosine-1-phosphate release as part of a mechanism protecting cardiomyocytes against ischemic cell injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1487-95. [PMID: 21705677 PMCID: PMC3197364 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01003.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether plasma long-chain sphingoid base (LCSB) concentrations are altered by transient cardiac ischemia during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in humans and examined the signaling through the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) cascade as a mechanism underlying the S1P cardioprotective effect in cardiac myocytes. Venous samples were collected from either the coronary sinus (n = 7) or femoral vein (n = 24) of 31 patients at 1 and 5 min and 12 h, following induction of transient myocardial ischemia during elective PCI. Coronary sinus levels of LCSB were increased by 1,072% at 1 min and 941% at 5 min (n = 7), while peripheral blood levels of LCSB were increased by 579% at 1 min, 617% at 5 min, and 436% at 12 h (n = 24). In cultured cardiac myocytes, S1P, sphingosine (SPH), and FTY720, a sphingolipid drug candidate, showed protective effects against CoCl induced hypoxia/ischemic cell injury by reducing lactate dehydrogenase activity. Twenty-five nanomolars of FTY720 significantly increased phospho-Pak1 and phospho-Akt levels by 56 and 65.6% in cells treated with this drug for 15 min. Further experiments demonstrated that FTY720 triggered nitric oxide release from cardiac myocytes is through pertussis toxin-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling. In ex vivo hearts, ischemic preconditioning was cardioprotective in wild-type control mice (Pak1f/f), but this protection appeared to be ineffective in cardiomyocyte-specific Pak1 knockout (Pak1cko) hearts. The present study provides the first direct evidence of the behavior of plasma sphingolipids following transient cardiac ischemia with dramatic and early increases in LCSB in humans. We also demonstrated that S1P, SPH, and FTY720 have protective effects against hypoxic/ischemic cell injury, likely a Pak1/Akt1 signaling cascade and nitric oxide release. Further study on a mouse model of cardiac specific deletion of Pak1 demonstrates a crucial role of Pak1 in cardiac protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Larsson K, Darnerud P, Ilbäck NG, Merino L. Estimated dietary intake of nitrite and nitrate in Swedish children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:659-66. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.555842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen J, Chen CL, Alevriadou BR, Zweier JL, Chen YR. Excess no predisposes mitochondrial succinate-cytochrome c reductase to produce hydroxyl radical. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:491-502. [PMID: 21406178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived oxygen-free radical(s) are important mediators of oxidative cellular injury. It is widely hypothesized that excess NO enhances O(2)(•-) generated by mitochondria under certain pathological conditions. In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, succinate-cytochrome c reductase (SCR) catalyzes the electron transfer reaction from succinate to cytochrome c. To gain the insights into the molecular mechanism of how NO overproduction may mediate the oxygen-free radical generation by SCR, we employed isolated SCR, cardiac myoblast H9c2, and endothelial cells to study the interaction of NO with SCR in vitro and ex vivo. Under the conditions of enzyme turnover in the presence of NO donor (DEANO), SCR gained pro-oxidant function for generating hydroxyl radical as detected by EPR spin trapping using DEPMPO. The EPR signal associated with DEPMPO/(•)OH adduct was nearly completely abolished in the presence of catalase or an iron chelator and partially inhibited by SOD, suggesting the involvement of the iron-H(2)O(2)-dependent Fenton reaction or O(2)(•-)-dependent Haber-Weiss mechanism. Direct EPR measurement of SCR at 77K indicated the formation of a nonheme iron-NO complex, implying that electron leakage to molecular oxygen was enhanced at the FAD cofactor, and that excess NO predisposed SCR to produce (•)OH. In H9c2 cells, SCR-dependent oxygen-free radical generation was stimulated by NO released from DEANO or produced by the cells following exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation. With shear exposure that led to overproduction of NO by the endothelium, SCR-mediated oxygen-free radical production was also detected in cultured vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Chen
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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JS-K, a nitric oxide prodrug, has enhanced cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells with knockdown of thioredoxin reductase 1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8786. [PMID: 20098717 PMCID: PMC2808390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase 1 has a complex role relating to cell growth. It is induced as a component of the cellular response to potentially mutagenic oxidants, but also appears to provide growth advantages to transformed cells by inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, selenocysteine-deficient or alkylated forms of thioredoxin reductase 1 have also demonstrated oxidative, pro-apoptotic activity. Therefore, a greater understanding of the role of thioredoxin reductase in redox initiated apoptotic processes is warranted. METHODOLOGY The role of thioredoxin reductase 1 in RKO cells was evaluated by attenuating endogenous thioredoxin reductase 1 expression with siRNA and then either inducing a selenium-deficient thioredoxin reductase or treatment with distinct redox challenges including, hydrogen peroxide, an oxidized lipid, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenol, and a nitric oxide donating prodrug. Thioredoxin redox status, cellular viability, and effector caspase activity were measured. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In cells with attenuated endogenous thioredoxin reductase 1, a stably integrated selenocysteine-deficient form of the enzyme was induced but did not alter either the thioredoxin redox status or the cellular growth kinetics. The oxidized lipid and the nitric oxide donor demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity when thioredoxin reductase 1 was knocked-down; however, the effect was more pronounced with the nitric oxide prodrug. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that attenuation of the thioredoxin-system can promote apoptosis in a nitric oxide-dependent manner.
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Kim JH. Ginseng Total Saponin Attenuate Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Homocysteine in Rats. J Ginseng Res 2009. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2009.33.4.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Sönmez MF, Narin F, Balcioğlu E. Melatonin and Vitamin C Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress in Aorta. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:410-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jo YS, van der Vlies AJ, Gantz J, Thacher TN, Antonijevic S, Cavadini S, Demurtas D, Stergiopulos N, Hubbell JA. Micelles for Delivery of Nitric Oxide. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:14413-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja905123t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Suk Jo
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - André J. van der Vlies
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jay Gantz
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tyler N. Thacher
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Sasa Antonijevic
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Simone Cavadini
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Davide Demurtas
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Stergiopulos
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, and Laboratoire d’Analyse Ultrastructurale, Bâtiment de Biologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
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Dihydropyridines: evaluation of their current and future pharmacological applications. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:1058-66. [PMID: 19729074 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs), a class of drugs, possess a wide variety of biological and pharmacological actions, have represented one of the most important groups of calcium-channel-modulating agents and have experienced widespread use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that DHPs could prove to be highly important as multidrug-resistance-reversing agents in cancer chemotherapy. Recent reports suggest that this class also has other notable activities, particularly as antimycobacterial and anticonvulsant agents. Finally, it might be possible for the DHP motif to serve as a scaffold for other pharmacological applications.
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Medeiros R, Figueiredo CP, Passos GF, Calixto JB. Reduced skin inflammatory response in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:390-5. [PMID: 19409374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the body and one of its main functions is to protect the body from environmental and endogenous noxious conditions, such as injury, infection and inflammation. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated as a key component in the inflammatory response. In the present study, we assessed the role of iNOS in the skin inflammation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Mice deficient in iNOS had reduced edema and cellular infiltration in the skin following topical TPA application. Moreover, the genetic blockage of iNOS signaling inhibited the TPA-induced ERK and p38 activation resulting in reduced COX-2 upregulation. Finally, immunohistochemical studies revealed that iNOS knockout mice exhibited marked inhibition of AP-1, CREB and NF-kappaB transcriptional factors activation. Together, these results indicate that TPA induces the activation of several iNOS-dependent intracellular signaling pathways that have a key role in the control of inflammatory response in the skin. Therefore, selective iNOS inhibitors may be potentially relevant tools for cutaneous skin disease drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Medeiros
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Collins MA, Neafsey EJ, Mukamal KJ, Gray MO, Parks DA, Das DK, Korthuis RJ. Alcohol in moderation, cardioprotection, and neuroprotection: epidemiological considerations and mechanistic studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008. [PMID: 19032583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530–0277.2008.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to many years of important research and clinical attention to the pathological effects of alcohol (ethanol) abuse, the past several decades have seen the publication of a number of peer-reviewed studies indicating the beneficial effects of light-moderate, nonbinge consumption of varied alcoholic beverages, as well as experimental demonstrations that moderate alcohol exposure can initiate typically cytoprotective mechanisms. A considerable body of epidemiology associates moderate alcohol consumption with significantly reduced risks of coronary heart disease and, albeit currently a less robust relationship, cerebrovascular (ischemic) stroke. Experimental studies with experimental rodent models and cultures (cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells) indicate that moderate alcohol exposure can promote anti-inflammatory processes involving adenosine receptors, protein kinase C (PKC), nitric oxide synthase, heat shock proteins, and others which could underlie cardioprotection. Also, brain functional comparisons between older moderate alcohol consumers and nondrinkers have received more recent epidemiological study. In over half of nearly 45 reports since the early 1990s, significantly reduced risks of cognitive loss or dementia in moderate, nonbinge consumers of alcohol (wine, beer, liquor) have been observed, whereas increased risk has been seen only in a few studies. Physiological explanations for the apparent CNS benefits of moderate consumption have invoked alcohol's cardiovascular and/or hematological effects, but there is also experimental evidence that moderate alcohol levels can exert direct "neuroprotective" actions-pertinent are several studies in vivo and rat brain organotypic cultures, in which antecedent or preconditioning exposure to moderate alcohol neuroprotects against ischemia, endotoxin, beta-amyloid, a toxic protein intimately associated with Alzheimer's, or gp120, the neuroinflammatory HIV-1 envelope protein. The alcohol-dependent neuroprotected state appears linked to activation of signal transduction processes potentially involving reactive oxygen species, several key protein kinases, and increased heat shock proteins. Thus to a certain extent, moderate alcohol exposure appears to trigger analogous mild stress-associated, anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the heart, vasculature, and brain that tend to promote cellular survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Collins
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Collins MA, Neafsey EJ, Mukamal KJ, Gray MO, Parks DA, Das DK, Korthuis RJ. Alcohol in moderation, cardioprotection, and neuroprotection: epidemiological considerations and mechanistic studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 33:206-19. [PMID: 19032583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to many years of important research and clinical attention to the pathological effects of alcohol (ethanol) abuse, the past several decades have seen the publication of a number of peer-reviewed studies indicating the beneficial effects of light-moderate, nonbinge consumption of varied alcoholic beverages, as well as experimental demonstrations that moderate alcohol exposure can initiate typically cytoprotective mechanisms. A considerable body of epidemiology associates moderate alcohol consumption with significantly reduced risks of coronary heart disease and, albeit currently a less robust relationship, cerebrovascular (ischemic) stroke. Experimental studies with experimental rodent models and cultures (cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells) indicate that moderate alcohol exposure can promote anti-inflammatory processes involving adenosine receptors, protein kinase C (PKC), nitric oxide synthase, heat shock proteins, and others which could underlie cardioprotection. Also, brain functional comparisons between older moderate alcohol consumers and nondrinkers have received more recent epidemiological study. In over half of nearly 45 reports since the early 1990s, significantly reduced risks of cognitive loss or dementia in moderate, nonbinge consumers of alcohol (wine, beer, liquor) have been observed, whereas increased risk has been seen only in a few studies. Physiological explanations for the apparent CNS benefits of moderate consumption have invoked alcohol's cardiovascular and/or hematological effects, but there is also experimental evidence that moderate alcohol levels can exert direct "neuroprotective" actions-pertinent are several studies in vivo and rat brain organotypic cultures, in which antecedent or preconditioning exposure to moderate alcohol neuroprotects against ischemia, endotoxin, beta-amyloid, a toxic protein intimately associated with Alzheimer's, or gp120, the neuroinflammatory HIV-1 envelope protein. The alcohol-dependent neuroprotected state appears linked to activation of signal transduction processes potentially involving reactive oxygen species, several key protein kinases, and increased heat shock proteins. Thus to a certain extent, moderate alcohol exposure appears to trigger analogous mild stress-associated, anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the heart, vasculature, and brain that tend to promote cellular survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Collins
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Willenborg DO, Staykova M, Fordham S, O'Brien N, Linares D. The contribution of nitric oxide and interferon gamma to the regulation of the neuro-inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 191:16-25. [PMID: 17904645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key messenger involved in physiological functions including endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation, inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation and regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. Here we briefly introduce NO and its functions and then describe our work over the past several years examining the role of NO in EAE in both the rat and the mouse. We show that NO plays a significant role in determining the resistance or susceptibility to EAE in various strains and or sexes of animals. We demonstrate that NO down-regulates several aspects of CNS inflammation but also has a dual role in that it is required for inflammation in some situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Willenborg
- Neurosciences Research Unit, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, ACT 2606, Australia.
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Javidnia K, Miri R, Jamalian A. HPLC method for analysis of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine: Application to pharmacokinetic study in rabbit. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:438-42. [PMID: 16144752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A high sensitive HPLC assay for plasma analysis of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine (nitrimidodipine) was developed to support the subsequent preclinical development of the compound. To 1 ml of rabbit plasma was added internal standard (3-(4-nitrooxy butyl)-5-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate) and 0.5 ml of 1M HCl. The plasma was extracted using 5 ml ethyl acetate which evaporated under gentle stream of nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted in 200 microl mobile phase and 100 microl of aliquots were injected to HPLC system. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on octadecyl column (250 mm x 4.6mm) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (45:55, v/v). The method was sensitive to 2.5 ng/ml in plasma (LOD), acceptable within- and between day reproducibility and a linearity (r2>0.9957) over a concentration range from 5 to 400 ng/ml. The mean extraction efficacy was 90.6% and no interfering peaks of the blank plasma chromatograms were observed. By using the above procedure, a simple, sensitive and convenient HPLC assay for determination, stability evaluation and pharmacokinetic study of nitrimidodipine was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Javidnia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1149, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
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22
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Kim JH, Cho SY, Kang CW, Yoon IS, Lee JH, Jeong SM, Lee BH, Lee JH, Pyo MK, Choi SH, Quan SF, Lee JH, Choi CB, Rhim H, Nah SY. Ginseng Saponins Diminish Adverse Vascular Effects Associated with Chronic Methionine-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:2425-31. [PMID: 17142976 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that Panax ginseng has a variety of beneficial effects on the cardiovascular systems. Homocysteine (Hcy), which is derived from L-methionine (Met), has been closely associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we examined whether in vivo long-term administration of ginseng saponins (GS), active ingredients of Panax ginseng, attenuate adverse vascular effects associated with chronic Met-induced hyperhomocysteinemia (H-Hcy). We found that plasma Hcy level, which was measured after 30 and 60 d, in GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-administration group was significantly reduced when it was compared with Met alone treatment group. We could also observe the alleviation of endothelial damages of aortic artery vessels in GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-administration group compared with Met alone treatment group. We compared aortic vasocontractile and vasodilatory responses between Met alone and GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-treatment groups. We found that norepinephrine-induced vasocontractile responses were greatly decreased in GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-treatment group and that carbachol-induced dilatory responses were greatly enhanced in GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-administration groups as compared with Met alone treatment group. The present results indicate that in vivo long-term administration of GS attenuates adverse vascular effects associated with chronic Met-induced H-Hcy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Seoul, Korea
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Abou-Agag LH, Khoo NK, Binsack R, White CR, Darley-Usmar V, Grenett HE, Booyse FM, Digerness SB, Zhou F, Parks DA. Evidence of cardiovascular protection by moderate alcohol: role of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:540-8. [PMID: 16043025 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that moderate alcohol consumption reduces the incidence of heart disease. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a key regulator of vascular homeostasis and myocardial functions through the controlled production of nitric oxide (*NO). These studies were conducted to determine if the apparent alcohol-associated cardioprotection is mediated, in part, through modulation of the eNOS protein and activity in the cardiovascular system. Rats were fed alcohol and eNOS protein and *NO production were evaluated at the end of 8 weeks. Myocardial and vascular function was assessed ex vivo in a subset of animals. Moderate alcohol improved postischemic myocardial systolic and diastolic function and attenuated the postischemic reduction in coronary vascular resistance. Moderate alcohol also enhanced maximum vascular relaxation by 26 +/- 0.2% and increased plasma *NO production concomitant with a greater than 2.5-fold increase in eNOS protein. Higher levels of alcohol impaired maximum vascular relaxation by 22 +/- 0.1%. These results suggest that moderate alcohol improves postischemic myocardial functions and increases *NO production by vascular endothelium. An increase in *NO may explain, at least in part, the cardioprotective benefits of moderate alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila H Abou-Agag
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Cox MW, Fu W, Chai H, Paladugu R, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao Q, Chen C. Effects of progesterone and estrogen on endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. J Surg Res 2005; 124:104-11. [PMID: 15734487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the vascular endothelium have been controversial. In this study, we determined the effects of HRT on endothelium-dependent relaxation in a porcine coronary artery model. METHODS Coronary artery rings harvested from female swine were incubated as controls or with estrogen (10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7) g/L), progesterone (1 x 10(-6), 1 x 10(-5), 5 x 10(-5) g/L), or a combination of the two (10(-8)g/L estrogen, 1 x 10(-5)g/L progesterone). After 24 h in tissue culture, the rings were tested on a myograph system to measure contraction and endothelium-dependent relaxation. Myograph analysis was performed with the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 for contraction and bradykinin or sodium nitroprusside for relaxation. Nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels were determined by immunohistochemistry. Levels of superoxide anion in the progesterone or estrogen treated tissues were assessed by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence analysis. RESULTS In response to 10(-7)M bradykinin, porcine coronary artery rings treated with 1 x 10(-6), 1 x 10(-5) and 5 x 10(-5) g/L of progesterone showed a significant reduction in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by 36%, 45%, and 68%, respectively, as compared to controls (P <0.05). However, rings treated with estrogen showed no significant difference as compared to controls. Furthermore, estrogen treatment with progesterone reversed the effect of progesterone, showing no difference in vessel relaxation as compared to controls. There were no differences in endothelium-independent vasorelaxation (sodium nitroprusside) or in smooth muscle contractility (U46619) between the control and the hormone-treated groups. The eNOS immunoreactivity was reduced in progesterone-treated coronary artery rings. Furthermore, coronary endothelium exposed to progesterone showed a 59% increase in superoxide anion production, while estrogen produced a 67% decrease when compared to controls (P <0.05 for both). CONCLUSION This data suggests that the progesterone component of HRT has a detrimental influence on endothelium-dependent relaxation. This effect appears to be related to decreased eNOS levels, as well as increased consumption of NO by superoxide anion in the endothelium of tissues exposed to progesterone. Estrogen can block progesterone-induced endothelial dysfunction and superoxide anion production in the pig coronary artery model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell W Cox
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Ramaswami G, Chai H, Yao Q, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Chen C. Curcumin blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. J Vasc Surg 2005; 40:1216-22. [PMID: 15622377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Curcumin, a yellow polyphenolic compound from the plant Curcuma ionga , is a commonly used spice and coloring agent with beneficial effects of anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of curcumin on homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in a porcine coronary artery model. METHODS Porcine coronary arteries were cut into 5-mm rings, which were incubated for 24 hours either as control rings, with homocysteine (50 micromol/L), curcumin (5 micromol/L), or a combination of curcumin (5 micromol/L) and homocysteine (50 micromol/L). Myograph tension analysis was performed in response to vessel active drugs including thromboxane A2 analog U466419 (contraction), endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (bradykinin), and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation (sodium nitroprusside). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In addition, superoxide anion production was determined by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. RESULTS All groups of porcine coronary artery rings showed no difference in maximal contraction after U46619 challenge. However, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to 10(-5) mol/L bradykinin was 40% in the homocysteine-treated group, as compared to 73% in the control group (P = .03). Of importance, curcumin could effectively block homocysteine-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. All groups showed no difference in endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. In addition, eNOS immunoreactivity was reduced in the homocysteine group, but the combined homocysteine and curcumin group showed eNOS levels comparable to those in the control group. Furthermore, superoxide anion levels of the endothelial layer were significantly increased by 2-fold in homocysteine-treated vessels as compared to control vessels (P = .02), whereas curcumin could block the effect of homocysteine on superoxide anion production. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that curcumin effectively reverses the endothelial dysfunction induced by homocysteine. In addition, curcumin significantly blocked homocysteine-induced superoxide anion production and eNOS down-regulation. This study suggests a therapeutic role for dietary curcumin in patients with homocysteinemia, thereby reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hyperhomocysteinemia is a significant clinical problem. It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study provides new information for better understanding the molecular mechanisms of homocysteine-induced vascular injury. More importantly, curcumin, a natural substance, can effectively block the detrimental effect of homocysteine on the vascular system. Thus curcumin could be used in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia, and to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Ramaswami
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Scuro LS, Simioni PU, Grabriel DL, Saviani EE, Modolo LV, Tamashiro WMSC, Salgado I. Suppression of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages by soybean flavonoids accumulated in response to nitroprusside and fungal elicitation. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2004; 5:5. [PMID: 15102332 PMCID: PMC408346 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-inflammatory properties of some flavonoids have been attributed to their ability to inhibit the production of NO by activated macrophages. Soybean cotyledons accumulate certain flavonoids following elicitation with an extract of the fungal pathogen Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis (Dpm). Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, can substitute for Dpm in inducing flavonoid production. In this study, we investigated the effect of flavonoid-containing diffusates obtained from Dpm- and SNP-elicited soybean cotyledons on NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and LPS plus interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-activated murine macrophages. RESULTS Significant inhibition of NO production, measured as nitrite formation, was observed when macrophages were activated in the presence of soybean diffusates from Dpm- or SNP-elicited cotyledons. This inhibition was dependent on the duration of exposure to the elicitor. Daidzein, genistein, luteolin and apigenin, the main flavonoids present in diffusates of elicited cotyledons, suppressed the NO production by LPS + IFNgamma activated macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 81.4 microM, 34.5 microM, 38.6 microM and 10.4 microM respectively. For macrophages activated with LPS alone, the IC50 values were 40.0 microM, 16.6 microM, 10.4 microM and 2.8 microM, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that iNOS expression was not affected by daidzein, was reduced by genistein, and was abolished by apigenin, luteolin and Dpm- and SNP-soybean diffusates at concentrations that significantly inhibited NO production by activated macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the suppressive effect of flavonoids on iNOS expression could account for the potent inhibitory effect of Dpm- and SNP-diffusates on NO production by activated macrophages. Since the physiological concentration of flavonoids in plants is normally low, the treatment of soybean tissues with SNP may provide a simple method for substantially increasing the concentration of metabolites that are beneficial for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren S Scuro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - PU Simioni
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - DL Grabriel
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Elzira E Saviani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luzia V Modolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Wirla MSC Tamashiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ione Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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Cruz MT, Gonçalo M, Figueiredo A, Carvalho AP, Duarte CB, Lopes MC. Contact sensitizer nickel sulfate activates the transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1 and increases the expression of nitric oxide synthase in a skin dendritic cell line. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:18-26. [PMID: 15009112 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors are ubiquitously expressed signaling molecules known to regulate the transcription of a large number of genes involved in immune responses, namely the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In this study, we demonstrate that a fetal skin-derived dendritic cell line (FSDC) produces nitric oxide (NO) in response to the contact sensitizer nickel sulfate (NiSO(4)) and increases the expression of the iNOS protein, as determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The sensitizer NiSO(4) increased cytoplasmic iNOS expression by 31.9 +/- 10.3% and nitrite production, as assayed by the Griess reaction, by 27.6 +/- 9.5%. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), showed that 30 min of FSDC exposure to NiSO(4) activates the transcription factor NF-kB by 58.2 +/- 7.0% and 2 h of FSDC exposure to NiSO(4) activates the transcription factor AP-1 by 26.0 +/- 1.4%. Together, these results indicate that NiSO(4) activates the NF-kB and AP-1 pathways and induces iNOS expression in skin dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Métraux JP, Durner J. The Role of Salicylic Acid and Nitric Oxide in Programmed Cell Death and Induced Resistance. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-08818-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fu W, Conklin BS, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao Q, Chen C. Red wine prevents homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. J Surg Res 2003; 115:82-91. [PMID: 14572777 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease. Clinical studies have indicated that moderate red wine consumption is associated with a reduction of incidence of coronary artery disease. In this study, we determined the effect of red wine on homocysteine- induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Porcine coronary arteries were dissected from 6 pig hearts and cut into 5-mm ring segments, which were assigned into 4 groups (9 rings/group): blank control, homocysteine treated (50 muM), red wine treated (0.08% alcohol), and homocysteine plus red wine treated. The rings were cultured in cell culture medium with or without treatment for 24 h. Myograph analysis was performed with U46619 (10(-7) M) for contraction and cumulative bradykinin (10(-9) to 10(-5) M) for endothelium-dependent relaxation. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In response to 10(-5) M bradykinin, porcine coronary artery rings treated with homocysteine (50 muM) showed a significant reduction of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by 43% as compared to controls (P < 0.05). However, rings treated with red wine (0.08% alcohol) plus homocysteine showed no significant difference as compared to controls. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was not different between control and red wine treated groups. Furthermore, eNOS mRNA density levels were significantly reduced by 36% in homocysteine treated group as compared to controls (P < 0.05). eNOS protein levels were also substantially reduced in the homocysteine-treated group. However, red wine treatment reversed the effect of homocysteine-induced eNOS downregulation. CONCLUSIONS Homocysteine significantly impaired endothelial functions including endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and eNOS mRNA and protein levels in porcine coronary arteries; and red wine effectively prevented homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction. This study suggests that protecting coronary endothelial cells from homocysteine damage may be an important mechanism of red wine for preventing coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Fu
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Michael E. DeDakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Paladugu R, Fu W, Conklin BS, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao Q, Chen C. Hiv Tat protein causes endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38:549-55; discussion 555-6. [PMID: 12947275 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection is often associated with chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. We examined the effect of Tat protein, an HIV regulatory protein, on endothelial function in porcine coronary arteries. METHODS Porcine coronary arteries were dissected from nine pig hearts and cut into 5-mm ring segments, which were incubated as controls or with Tat protein (10(-7), 10(-9), 10(-11) mol/L) or Tat protein plus anti-Tat antibody, for 24 hours. Myography was performed with thromboxane A(2) analog U46619 (10 (-7) mol/L) for contraction and with graded doses of bradykinin (10(-8), 10(-7), and 10(-6) mol/L) or sodium nitroprusside (10(-5) mol/L) for relaxation. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) messenger RNA was determined with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and protein levels were determined with Western blot analysis. Immunoreactivity of eNOS of treated rings was also detected. RESULTS Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (10-7 mol/L of bradykinin) was significantly reduced (46.41%) in pig coronary artery rings treated with 10(-7) mol/L of Tat protein, as compared with control arteries (P <.05). Arteries treated with Tat protein plus anti-Tat antibody relaxed similarly as control arteries. There were no differences in smooth muscle contractility (U46619) or endothelium-independent vasorelaxation (sodium nitroprusside) between control and Tat protein-treated groups. RT-PCR for eNOS mRNA showed reduction in eNOS levels for Tat-treated coronary artery rings by 73%, as compared with control vessels (P <.05). Tat protein-treated vessels demonstrated substantially less eNOS protein band intensity and immunoreactivity compared with control vessels. CONCLUSIONS Tat protein significantly decreased endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and eNOS mRNA and protein expression in endothelial cells of porcine coronary arteries. This study suggests that Tat protein-mediated endothelial dysfunction may be important in coronary heart disease in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Paladugu
- Department of Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Visioli F, Smith A, Zhang W, Keaney JF, Hagen T, Frei B. Lipoic acid and vitamin C potentiate nitric oxide synthesis in human aortic endothelial cells independently of cellular glutathione status. Redox Rep 2003; 7:223-7. [PMID: 12396668 DOI: 10.1179/135100002125000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C and thiol agents improve vasomotor function. To determine whether these compounds directly affect endothelial function, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was measured in human aortic endothelial cells treated with ascorbic acid or the thiol modulating agents lipoic acid or L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC). A dose-dependent increase in A23187-stimulated NO synthesis and elevated cGMP levels were observed in all cases except for OTC. Cellular GSH levels were not significantly increased, and the GSH/GSSG ratio was not significantly affected by treatment of the cells with lipoic acid, OTC, or ascorbic acid. Thus, vitamin C and lipoic acid potentiate endothelial NO synthesis and bioactivity by mechanisms that appear to be independent of cellular GSH levels and redox environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Visioli
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
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Badorff C, Fichtlscherer B, Muelsch A, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Selective delivery of nitric oxide to a cellular target: a pseudosubstrate-coupled dinitrosyl-iron complex inhibits the enteroviral protease 2A. Nitric Oxide 2002; 6:305-12. [PMID: 12009848 DOI: 10.1006/niox.2001.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates multiple biological processes. To use NO as a potential therapeutic substance, a more selective modulation of individual NO targets is desirable. Here, we tested whether peptide conjugation of the dinitrosyl-iron complex (DNIC), a potent NO donor, confers targeted NO delivery. As target, we used the protease 2A of Coxsackie-B-viruses (2A(pro)), which can cause dilated cardiomyopathy. Through S-nitrosylation, NO inhibits this protease, which is essential for viral replication. The tetrapeptide Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys (LSTC) (based on the 2A(pro) substrate recognition motif) and DNIC generated LSTC-DNIC in vitro by S-nitrosylation as evidenced by reverse-phase chromatography. In vitro, LSTC-DNIC (IC(50) 510 nM) dose-dependently inhibited purified 2A(pro) 4.7-fold more effectively than DNIC (IC(50) 2.4 microM), whereas LSTC alone had no effect. In intact cells, expression of Coxsackievirus protease 2A by transient transfection led to eIF4G-I-cleavage. LSTC-DNIC (IC(50) 23 microM) dose-dependently inhibited eIF4G cleavage in 2A(pro)-transfected cells 3.8-fold more effectively than DNIC (IC(50) 88 microM). To test the specificity of the DNIC-conjugated LSTC peptide part, we investigated its influence on Caspase-3, a known target for S-nitrosylation. LSTC-DNIC and DNIC inhibited purified Caspase-3 in vitro (IC(50) 3.7 microM) and in intact cells similarly. LSTC conjugation of DNIC enhances its fidelity for inhibition of 2A(pro) in vitro and intracellularly. Peptide-DNIC may be useful to selectively modulate cellular processes by NO, i.e., to enhance its antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornel Badorff
- Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, and in particular coronary heart disease (CHD), remains the leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States. Much epidemiologic evidence indicates that alcoholic beverages, and in particular red wine, results in a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors and decreases mortality; however, the mechanisms of this cardiovascular protection remains elusive. This review discusses evidence to suggest that *NO plays a critical role in cardiovascular protection and that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is the responsible cardioprotective protein (see Bolli et al. 1998. Basic Res. Cardiol. 93: 325-338).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Parks
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
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35
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Carballo M, Conde M, Tejedo J, Gualberto A, Jimenez J, Monteseirín J, Santa María C, Bedoya FJ, Hunt SW, Pintado E, Baldwin AS, Sobrino F. Macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression is blocked by a benzothiophene derivative with anti-HIV properties. Mol Genet Metab 2002; 75:360-8. [PMID: 12051968 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to mediate multiple physiological and toxicological functions. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is responsible for the high output generation of NO by macrophages following their stimulation by cytokines or bacterial antigens. The inhibition of TNF alpha-stimulated HIV expression and the anti-inflammatory property of PD144795, a new benzothiophene derivative, have been recently described. We have now analyzed whether some of these properties could be mediated by an effect of PD144795 on NO-dependent inflammatory events. We show that PD144795 suppresses the lipopolysaccharide-elicited production of nitrite (NO(-)(2)) by primary peritoneal mouse macrophages and by a macrophage-derived cell line, RAW 264.7. This effect was dependent on the dose and timing of addition of PD144795 to the cells. Suppression of NO(-)(2) production was associated with a decrease in the amount of iNOS protein, iNOS enzyme activity and mRNA expression. The effect of PD144795 was partially abolished by coincubation of the cells with LPS and IFN gamma. However, the inhibitory effect of PD144795 was not abrogated by the simultaneous addition of LPS and TNF alpha, which indirectly suggests that the effect of PD144795 was not due to the inhibition of TNF alpha synthesis. Additionally, PD144795 did not block NF-kappa B nuclear translocation induced by LPS. Inhibition of iNOS gene expression represents a novel mechanism of PD144795 action that underlines the anti-inflammatory effects of this immunosuppressive drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carballo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán 4, E-41009 Seville, Spain
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Miri R, Niknahad H, Vesal G, Shafiee A. Synthesis and calcium channel antagonist activities of 3-nitrooxyalkyl, 5-alkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-3, 5-pyridinedicarboxylates. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:123-8. [PMID: 11902654 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A group of racemic 3-[(2-nitrooxyethyl), (3-nitrooxypropyl), (4-nitrooxybutyl) or (1,3-dinitrooxy-2-propyl)], 5-methyl (ethyl or propyl) 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates (18-29) were synthesized using modified Hantzsch reaction that involved the condensation of 2-nitrooxyethyl (8), 3-nitrooxypropyl (9), 4-nitrooxybutyl (10) or 1,3-dinitrooxy-2-propyl (13) acetoacetate with methyl (14), ethyl (15) or isopropyl (16) 3-aminocrotonate and 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (17). In vitro calcium channel antagonist activities were determined using a guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle assay. Compounds 18-29 exhibited superior, or equipotent, calcium antagonist activity (IC50= 10(11) - 10(-13) M range) relative to the reference drug nifedipine (IC50 = 1.07 +/- 0.12 x 10(-11) M), which could serve as potential probes to investigate the in vivo release of nitric oxide which induces vascular muscle relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Miri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Iran.
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37
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Cruz MT, Duarte CB, Gonçalo M, Figueiredo A, Carvalho AP, Lopes MC. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor activates the transcription of nuclear factor kappa B and induces the expression of nitric oxide synthase in a skin dendritic cell line. Immunol Cell Biol 2001; 79:590-6. [PMID: 11903618 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by skin dendritic cells and keratinocytes plays an important role in skin physiology, growth and remodelling. Nitric oxide is also involved in skin inflammatory processes and in modulating antigen presentation (either enhancing or suppressing it). In this study, we found that GM-CSF stimulates the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a fetal-skin-derived dendritic cell line (FSDC) and, consequently, increases the nitrite production from 11.9 +/- 3.2 micromol/L (basal level) to 26.9 +/- 4.2 micromol/L. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibits nitrite production, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 19.3 micromol/L and the iNOS protein expression in FSDC. In addition, western blot assays revealed that exposure of FSDC to GM-CSF induces the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkB), with subsequent translocation of the p50, p52 and RelB subunits of the transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) from the cytosol to the nucleus. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that FSDC exposure to GM-CSF activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Together, these results show that GM-CSF induces iNOS expression in skin dendritic cells by a mechanism involving activation of the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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38
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Wong A, Lüth HJ, Deuther-Conrad W, Dukic-Stefanovic S, Gasic-Milenkovic J, Arendt T, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts co-localize with inducible nitric oxide synthase in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2001; 920:32-40. [PMID: 11716809 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), protein-bound oxidation products of sugars, have been shown to be involved in the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AGEs induce the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) leading to a state of oxidative stress. AGE modification and resulting crosslinking of protein deposits such as amyloid plaques may contribute to the oxidative stress occurring in AD. The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically compare the localization of AGEs and beta-amyloid (Abeta) with iNOS in the temporal cortex (Area 22) of normal and AD brains. In aged normal individuals as well as early stage AD brains (i.e. no pathological findings in isocortical areas), a few astrocytes showed co-localization of AGE and iNOS in the upper neuronal layers, compared with no astrocytes detected in young controls. In late AD brains, there was a much denser accumulation of astrocytes co-localized with AGE and iNOS in the deeper and particularly upper neuronal layers. Also, numerous neurons with diffuse AGE but not iNOS reactivity and some AGE and iNOS-positive microglia were demonstrated, compared with only a few AGE-reactive neurons and no microglia in controls. Finally, astrocytes co-localized with AGE and iNOS as well as AGE and were found surrounding mature but not diffuse amyloid plaques in the AD brain. Our results show that AGE-positive astrocytes and microglia in the AD brain express iNOS and support the evidence of an AGE-induced oxidative stress occurring in the vicinity of the characteristic lesions of AD. Hence activation of microglia and astrocytes by AGEs with subsequent oxidative stress and cytokine release may be an important progression factor in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wong
- Neuroimmunological Cell Biology, IZKF Leipzig, Johannisallee 30a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Rakhit
- Waller Department of Cardiology, St Marys Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK.
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40
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Mollace V, Nottet HS, Clayette P, Turco MC, Muscoli C, Salvemini D, Perno CF. Oxidative stress and neuroAIDS: triggers, modulators and novel antioxidants. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24:411-6. [PMID: 11410272 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent one of the most common disturbances accompanying HIV infection. In the past few years, highly antiretroviral active therapy has significantly reduced the incidence of HIV-related diseases. However, neurological dysfunction in AIDS patients still remains an unresolved problem. Oxidative stress, which occurs in brain tissues of patients undergoing HIV infection and is implicated in cell death of both astroglia and neurones, has recently been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of neuroAIDS. Thus, a better understanding of the processes that trigger and modulate free radical formation in brain tissues of AIDS patients might help in a successful therapeutic approach to the neuropathogenesis of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mollace
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Cruz MT, Duarte CB, Gonçalo M, Carvalho AP, Lopes MC. LPS induction of I kappa B-alpha degradation and iNOS expression in a skin dendritic cell line is prevented by the janus kinase 2 inhibitor, Tyrphostin b42. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5:53-61. [PMID: 11178937 DOI: 10.1006/niox.2000.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family of protein tyrosine kinases are activated in response to a wide variety of external stimuli. Here we have investigated whether the janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is involved in the induction of nitric oxide synthase type II (iNOS) expression in a mouse fetal skin dendritic cell line (FSDC). In FSDC the expression of iNOS protein and nitric oxide production, in response to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulus (5 microg/ml), is inhibited by the specific inhibitor of the JAK2, tyrphostin B42 with an half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 9.65 microM. The antioxidant compound pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibits both the nitrite production with an IC(50) of 16.6 microM and the iNOS protein expression in FSDC. In addition, LPS induces the activation of NF-kappa B, and tyrphostin B42 prevents the degradation of the cytosolic factor I kappa B-alpha and blocks the translocation of the NF-kappa B p65 protein subunit into the nucleus. These results indicate that the JAK family of protein kinases and the transcription factor NF-kappa B are involved in the induction of iNOS protein expression in FSDC stimulated with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
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Rakhit RD, Edwards RJ, Mockridge JW, Baydoun AR, Wyatt AW, Mann GE, Marber MS. Nitric oxide-induced cardioprotection in cultured rat ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278:H1211-7. [PMID: 10749716 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.4.h1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in a cellular model of early preconditioning (PC) in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Cardiomyocytes "preconditioned" with 90 min of stimulated ischemia (SI) followed by 30 min reoxygenation in normal culture conditions were protected against subsequent 6 h of SI. PC was blocked by N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine monoacetate but not by dexamethasone pretreatment. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein expression was not detected during PC ischemia. Pretreatment (90 min) with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-L,L-penicillamine (SNAP) mimicked PC, resulting in significant protection. SNAP-triggered protection was completely abolished by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) but was unaffected by chelerythrine or the presence of glibenclamide and 5-hydroxydecanoate. With the use of RIA, SNAP treatment increased cGMP levels, which were blocked by ODQ. Hence, NO is implicated as a trigger in this model of early PC via activation of a constitutive NOS isoform. After exposure to SNAP, the mechanism of cardioprotection is cGMP dependent but independent of protein kinase C or ATP-sensitive K(+) channels. This differs from the proposed mechanism of NO-induced cardioprotection in late PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Rakhit
- Department of Cardiology, St. Thomas' Hospital, Kings College, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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