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Lace A, Byrne A, Bluett S, Malaquin L, Raimbault V, Courson R, Hayat Z, Moore B, Murray E. Ion chromatograph with three-dimensional printed absorbance detector for indirect ultraviolet absorbance detection of phosphate in effluent and natural waters. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1042-1050. [PMID: 34997662 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An ion chromatography system employing a low-cost three-dimensional printed absorbance detector for indirect ultraviolet detection towards portable phosphate analysis of environmental and industrial waters has been developed. The optical detection cell was fabricated using stereolithography three-dimensional printing of nanocomposite material. Chromatographic analysis and detection of phosphate were carried out using a CS5A 4 × 250 mm analytical column with indirect ultraviolet detection using a 255 nm light-emitting diode. Isocratic elution using a 0.6 mM potassium phthalate eluent combined with 1.44 mM sodium bicarbonate was employed at a flow rate of 0.75 ml/min. A linear calibration range of 0.5 to 30 mg/L PO4 3- applicable to environmental and wastewater analysis was achieved. For retention time and peak area repeatability, relative standard deviation values were 0.68% and 4.09%, respectively. Environmental and wastewater samples were analyzed with the optimized ion chromatography platform and the results were compared to values obtained by an accredited ion chromatograph. For the analysis of environmental samples, relative errors of <14 % were achieved. Recovery analysis was also carried out on both freshwater and wastewater samples and recovery results were within the acceptable range for water analysis using standard ion chromatography methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annija Lace
- Research and Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd., Tullow, Ireland
| | - Aideen Byrne
- Research and Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd., Tullow, Ireland
| | - Simon Bluett
- Research and Development, Aquamonitrix Ltd., Carlow, Ireland
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- Laboratory of Analysis and Architecture of Systems, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Raimbault
- Laboratory of Analysis and Architecture of Systems, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Remi Courson
- Laboratoire Détection, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Capteurs et Mesures (REM-RDT-LDCM), Brest, France
| | - Zain Hayat
- Laboratory of Analysis and Architecture of Systems, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Breda Moore
- Research and Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd., Tullow, Ireland
| | - Eoin Murray
- Research and Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd., Tullow, Ireland.,Research and Development, Aquamonitrix Ltd., Carlow, Ireland
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2
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[Determination of two quaternary ammonium salts in disinfector by portable capillary electrophoresis device based on smartphone]. Se Pu 2021; 39:1151-1156. [PMID: 34677010 PMCID: PMC9404207 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
现有的小型毛细管电泳(CE)装置仍采用平板或计算机进行数据处理和分析,其便携性仍存在明显不足。针对这一问题,发展了一种基于智能手机的CE装置,实现了真正的便携式定量分析。该装置集成了电容耦合式非接触式电导检测(C4D)和蓝牙通信功能,并提供了手机界面软件。通过手机界面软件,不仅可以控制CE装置的电泳运行,还可以实时接收C4D检测器发出的数据信息,显示电泳图谱和进行数据处理。该装置尺寸为20 cm×20 cm×15 cm,重量为2 kg。为了验证所设计装置的性能,采用季铵盐(QAs)消毒剂(十二烷基二甲基苄基溴化铵(DDBAB)和十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB))作为分析对象。实验数据表明,DDBAB和DTAB线性范围分别为20~1000和30~1000 μmol/L,线性回归方程的相关系数(R2)分别为0.9995和0.9989,检出限(LOD)分别为10和13 μmol/L,日内相对标准偏差(RSD, n=3)分别为1.9%和2.7%。另外实验对DDBAB和DTAB混合离子液进行了测试,在8 min内可实现基线分离。最后,对现场使用的新洁尔灭消毒液中QAs进行了加标回收试验,DDBAB和DTAB的回收率分别为100.5%~101.5%和96.2%~99.3%。研究结果表明,所开发CE装置具有线性好、LOD低、重复好、准确性高,尤其便携好等优点,可用于消毒液中QAs现场定量检测。
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3
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Agrawal A, Keçili R, Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh F, Hussain CM. Green miniaturized technologies in analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Furter JS, Boillat MA, Hauser PC. Low-cost automated capillary electrophoresis instrument assembled from commercially available parts. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2075-2082. [PMID: 32895993 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A CE instrument that can be assembled from commercially available components with minimal construction effort is described. Except for the electronic control circuitry no specially made parts are required. It is based on a flexible design of microfluidic, electropneumatic, and electronic sections and different configurations can easily be implemented. Automated injection into the capillary is performed hydrodynamically by the application of a pressure for a controlled length of time. The performance of the device was tested with a contactless conductivity detector by separating different metal ions. In addition, nine metal cations related to the quality of honey were separated in 2.3 min and four honey samples were analysed quantitatively to demonstrate the applicability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S Furter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Petkovic K, Swallow A, Stewart R, Gao Y, Li S, Glenn F, Gotama J, Dell'Olio M, Best M, Doward J, Ovendon S, Zhu Y. An Integrated Portable Multiplex Microchip Device for Fingerprinting Chemical Warfare Agents. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E617. [PMID: 31527486 PMCID: PMC6780382 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and reliable detection of chemical and biological agents in the field is important for many applications such as national security, environmental monitoring, infectious diseases screening, and so on. Current commercially available devices may suffer from low field deployability, specificity, and reproducibility, as well as a high false alarm rate. This paper reports the development of a portable lab-on-a-chip device that could address these issues. The device integrates a polymer multiplexed microchip system, a contactless conductivity detector, a data acquisition and signal processing system, and a graphic/user interface. The samples are pre-treated by an on-chip capillary electrophoresis system. The separated analytes are detected by conductivity-based microsensors. Extensive studies are carried out to achieve satisfactory reproducibility of the microchip system. Chemical warfare agents soman (GD), sarin (GB), O-ethyl S-[2-diisoproylaminoethyl] methylphsophonothioate (VX), and their degradation products have been tested on the device. It was demonstrated that the device can fingerprint the tested chemical warfare agents. In addition, the detection of ricin and metal ions in water samples was demonstrated. Such a device could be used for the rapid and sensitive on-site detection of both chemical and biological agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Stewart
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Yuan Gao
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Sheng Li
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Fiona Glenn
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Januar Gotama
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Mel Dell'Olio
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Michael Best
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Justin Doward
- DST, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Simon Ovendon
- DST, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia.
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
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6
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20th anniversary of axial capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Pyschik M, Klein-Hitpaß M, Girod S, Winter M, Nowak S. Capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for the quantification of fluoride in lithium ion battery electrolytes and in ionic liquids-A comparison to the results gained with a fluoride ion-selective electrode. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:533-539. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Pyschik
- University of Muenster, MEET Battery Research Center; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Münster Germany
| | - Marcel Klein-Hitpaß
- University of Muenster, MEET Battery Research Center; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Münster Germany
| | - Sabrina Girod
- University of Muenster, MEET Battery Research Center; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Münster Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- University of Muenster, MEET Battery Research Center; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Münster Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Münster Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- University of Muenster, MEET Battery Research Center; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Münster Germany
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8
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Koenka IJ, Küng N, Kubáň P, Chwalek T, Furrer G, Wehrli B, Müller B, Hauser PC. Thermostatted dual-channel portable capillary electrophoresis instrument. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2368-75. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Küng
- Eawag; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Chwalek
- Eawag; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Furrer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wehrli
- Eawag; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Beat Müller
- Eawag; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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9
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Portable capillary electrophoresis instrument with contactless conductivity detection for on-site analysis of small volumes of biological fluids. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1427:177-85. [PMID: 26709071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel, easy to use and portable capillary electrophoretic instrument for injection of small volumes of biological fluids equipped with contactless conductivity detection was constructed. The instrument is lightweight (<5 kg), all necessary parts including a tablet computer are accommodated in a plastic briefcase with dimensions 20 cm × 33 cm × 17 cm (w × l × h), allows hydrodynamic injection of small sample volumes and can continuously operate for at least 10 hours. The semi-automated hydrodynamic sample injection is accomplished via a specially designed PMMA interface that is able to repeatedly inject sample aliquots from a sample volume as low as 10 μL, with repeatability of peak areas below 5%. The developed interface and the instrument were optimized for the injection of biological fluids. Practical utility was demonstrated on the determination of formate in blood serum samples from acute methanol intoxication patients and on the analysis of ionic profile (nitrosative stress markers, including nitrite and nitrate) in the exhaled breath condensate from one single exhalation.
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10
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Sáiz J, Koenka IJ, García-Ruiz C, Müller B, Chwalek T, Hauser PC. Micro-injector for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1941-4. [PMID: 25752271 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel micro-injector for capillary electrophoresis for the handling of samples with volumes down to as little as 300 nL was designed and built in our laboratory for analyses in which the available volume is a limitation. The sample is placed into a small cavity located directly in front of the separation capillary, and the injection is then carried out automatically by controlled pressurization of the chamber with compressed air. The system also allows automated flushing of the injection chamber as well as of the capillary. In a trial with a capillary electrophoresis system with contactless conductivity detector, employing a capillary of 25 μm diameter, the results showed good stability of migration times and peak areas. To illustrate the technique, the fast separation of five inorganic cations (Na(+) , K(+) , NH4 (+) , Ca(2+) , and Mg(2+) ) was set up. This could be achieved in less than 3 min, with good limits of detection (10 μM) and linear ranges (between about 10 and 1000 μM). The system was demonstrated for the determination of the inorganic cations in porewater samples of a lake sediment core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beat Müller
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Chwalek
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Sáiz J, Mai TD, Hauser PC, García-Ruiz C. Determination of nitrogen mustard degradation products in water samples using a portable capillary electrophoresis instrument. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2078-84. [PMID: 23686627 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new purpose-made portable CE instrument with a contactless conductivity detector was used for the determination of degradation products of nitrogen mustards in different water samples. The capillary was coated with poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) to avoid analyte-wall interactions. The coating procedure was studied to obtain the best repeatability of the migration time of the analytes. Four different coating procedures were compared; flushing the capillary with the copolymer at 100 psi for 2 min at 60°C provided the best RSD values (<4%). The analytical method was also optimized. The use of 20 mM of MES adjusted to pH 6.0 with His as running buffer allowed a good baseline separation of the three analytes in different water samples without matrix interferences. The method permitted the detection of the three degradation products down to 5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Determination of artificial sweeteners by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection optimized by hydrodynamic pumping. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:254-9. [PMID: 23830447 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The common sweeteners aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and acesulfame K were determined by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. In order to obtain the best compromise between separation efficiency and analysis time hydrodynamic pumping was imposed during the electrophoresis run employing a sequential injection manifold based on a syringe pump. Band broadening was avoided by using capillaries of a narrow 10 μm internal diameter. The analyses were carried out in an aqueous running buffer consisting of 150 mM 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid and 400 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at pH 9.1 in order to render all analytes in the fully deprotonated anionic form. The use of surface modification to eliminate or reverse the electroosmotic flow was not necessary due to the superimposed bulk flow. The use of hydrodynamic pumping allowed easy optimization, either for fast separations (80s) or low detection limits (6.5 μmol L(-1), 5.0 μmol L(-1), 4.0 μmol L(-1) and 3.8 μmol L(-1) for aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and acesulfame K respectively, at a separation time of 190 s). The conditions for fast separations not only led to higher limits of detection but also to a narrower dynamic range. However, the settings can be changed readily between separations if needed. The four compounds were determined successfully in food samples.
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13
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Mai TD, Pham TTT, Pham HV, Sáiz J, Ruiz CG, Hauser PC. Portable Capillary Electrophoresis Instrument with Automated Injector and Contactless Conductivity Detection. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2333-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Duc Mai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse
51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD),
Hanoi University of Science, Nguyen Trai Street 334, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thanh Thuy Pham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse
51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD),
Hanoi University of Science, Nguyen Trai Street 334, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hung Viet Pham
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD),
Hanoi University of Science, Nguyen Trai Street 334, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Chemistry I and
University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona
km 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen García Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry I and
University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona
km 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse
51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Fernández-la-Villa A, Sánchez-Barragán D, Pozo-Ayuso DF, Castaño-Álvarez M. Smart portable electrophoresis instrument based on multipurpose microfluidic chips with electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2733-42. [PMID: 22965719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A second generation of a battery-powered portable electrophoresis instrument for the use of ME with electrochemical detection was developed. As the first-generation, the main unit of the instrument (150 mm × 165 mm × 95 mm) consists of four-outputs high-voltage power supply (HVPS) with maximum voltage of 3 KV and acquisition system (bipotentiostat) containing 2-channels for dual electrochemical detection. A new reusable microfluidic platform was designed in order to incorporate the microchips with the portable instrument. In this case, the platform is integrated to the main unit of the instrument so that it is not necessary to have any external cable for the interconnection of both parts, making the use of the complete system easier. The new platform contains all the electrical connections for the HVPS and bipotentiostat, as well as fluidic ports for driving the solutions. The microfluidic electrophoresis instrument is controlled by means of a user-friendly interface from a computer. The possibility of wireless connection (Bluetooth®) allows the use of the instrument without any external cable improving the portability. Therefore, the second generation brings a more compact and integrated electrophoresis instrument for "in situ" applications using microfluidic chips in an easy way. The performance of the electrophoresis system was initially evaluated using single- and dual-channel SU-8/Pyrex microchips with different models of integrated electrodes including microelectrodes and interdigitated arrays. The method was tested in different analytical applications such as separation of neurotransmitters, chlorophenols, purine derivatives, vitamins, polyphenolic acids, and flavones.
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15
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da Costa ET, Neves CA, Hotta GM, Vidal DTR, Barros MF, Ayon AA, Garcia CD, do Lago CL. Unmanned platform for long-range remote analysis of volatile compounds in air samples. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2650-9. [PMID: 22965708 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a long-range remotely controlled CE system built on an all-terrain vehicle. A four-stroke engine and a set of 12-V batteries were used to provide power to a series of subsystems that include drivers, communication, computers, and a capillary electrophoresis module. This dedicated instrument allows air sampling using a polypropylene porous tube, coupled to a flow system that transports the sample to the inlet of a fused-silica capillary. A hybrid approach was used for the construction of the analytical subsystem combining a conventional fused-silica capillary (used for separation) and a laser machined microfluidic block, made of PMMA. A solid-state cooling approach was also integrated in the CE module to enable controlling the temperature and therefore increasing the useful range of the robot. Although ultimately intended for detection of chemical warfare agents, the proposed system was used to analyze a series of volatile organic acids. As such, the system allowed the separation and detection of formic, acetic, and propionic acids with signal-to-noise ratios of 414, 150, and 115, respectively, after sampling by only 30 s and performing an electrokinetic injection during 2.0 s at 1.0 kV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T da Costa
- Departamento de Química Fundamental-Instituto de Química-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
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16
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Mayer D, Krause HJ, Jin Q, Zhao J, Offenhäusser A, Xu Y. Determination of heavy metal ions by microchip capillary electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1247-50. [PMID: 22589101 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An integrated detection circuitry based on a lock-in amplifier was designed for contactless conductivity determination of heavy metals. Combined with a simple-structure electrophoresis microchip, the detection system is successfully utilized for the separation and determination of various heavy metals. The influences of the running buffer and detection conditions on the response of the detector have been investigated. Six millimole 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid + histidine were selected as buffer for its stable baseline and high sensitivity. The best signals were recorded with a frequency of 38 kHz and 20 V(pp). The results showed that Mn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+) can be successfully separated and detected within 100 s by our system. The detection limits for five heavy metals (Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+)) were determined to range from about 0.7 to 5.4 μM. This microchip system performs a crucial step toward the realization of a simple, inexpensive, and portable analytical device for metal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyan Liu
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Bioelectronics (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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17
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Aleksenko SS, Gareil P, Timerbaev AR. Analysis of degradation products of chemical warfare agents using capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2011; 136:4103-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Mark JJP, Kumar A, Demattio H, Hoffmann W, Malik A, Matysik FM. Combination of Headspace Single-Drop Microextraction, Microchip Electrophoresis and Contactless Conductivity Detection for the Determination of Aliphatic Amines in the Biodegradation Process of Seafood Samples. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Felhofer JL, Blanes L, Garcia CD. Recent developments in instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis and microchip-capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2469-86. [PMID: 20665910 PMCID: PMC2928674 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of CE and microchip-CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on the contributions published in the last 5 years, is intended to complement the articles presented in this special issue dedicated to instrumentation and to provide an overview of the general trends and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high-voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes a few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Felhofer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
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Fernández-la-Villa A, Pozo-Ayuso DF, Castaño-Álvarez M. New analytical portable instrument for microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2641-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Portable, lightweight, low power, ion chromatographic system with open tubular capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:29-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Mai TD, Schmid S, Müller B, Hauser PC. Capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection coupled to a sequential injection analysis manifold for extended automated monitoring applications. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 665:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Fercher G, Haller A, Smetana W, Vellekoop MJ. End-to-End Differential Contactless Conductivity Sensor for Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3270-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100041p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Fercher
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, and IMA GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Anna Haller
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, and IMA GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Walter Smetana
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, and IMA GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael J. Vellekoop
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, and IMA GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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Kubán P, Hauser PC. Fundamentals of electrochemical detection techniques for CE and MCE. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3305-14. [PMID: 19802845 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The electroanalytical techniques of amperometry, conductometry and potentiometry match well with the instrumental simplicity of CE. Indeed, all three detection approaches have been reported for electrophoretic separations. However, the characteristics of the three methods are quite distinct and these are not related to the optical methods more commonly employed. A detailed discussion of the underlying principles of each is given. The issue of possible effects of the separation voltage on the electrochemical detection techniques is considered in depth, and approaches to the elimination of such interferences are also discussed for each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubán
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ryvolová M, Preisler J, Foret F, Hauser PC, Krásenský P, Paull B, Macka M. Combined Contactless Conductometric, Photometric, and Fluorimetric Single Point Detector for Capillary Separation Methods. Anal Chem 2009; 82:129-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902376v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Ryvolová
- Irish Separation Science Cluster and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Chemistry and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Preisler
- Irish Separation Science Cluster and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Chemistry and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - František Foret
- Irish Separation Science Cluster and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Chemistry and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Irish Separation Science Cluster and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Chemistry and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Krásenský
- Irish Separation Science Cluster and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Chemistry and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brett Paull
- Irish Separation Science Cluster and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Chemistry and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirek Macka
- Irish Separation Science Cluster and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Chemistry and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Trojanowicz M. Recent developments in electrochemical flow detections—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 653:36-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Johns C, Breadmore MC, Macka M, Ryvolová M, Haddad PR. Recent significant developments in detection and method development for the determination of inorganic ions by CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S53-67. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Khorasani M, Behnam M, van den Berg L, Backhouse CJ, Elliott DG. High-Voltage CMOS Controller for Microfluidics. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2009; 3:89-96. [PMID: 23853200 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2009.2012868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A high-voltage microfluidic controller designed using DALSA semiconductor's 0.8-mum low-voltage/high-voltage complementary metal-oxide semiconductor/double diffused metal-oxide semiconductor process is presented. The chip's four high-voltage output drivers can switch 300 V, and the dc-dc boost converter can generate up to 68 V using external passive components. This integrated circuit represents an advancement in microfluidic technology when used in conjunction with a charge coupling device (CCD)-based optical system and a glass microfluidic channel, enabling a portable and cost-efficient platform for genetic analysis.
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30
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Seiman A, Martin J, Vaher M, Kaljurand M. A portable capillary electropherograph equipped with a cross-sampler and a contactless-conductivity detector for the detection of the degradation products of chemical warfare agents in soil extracts. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:507-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Berg C, Valdez DC, Bergeron P, Mora MF, Garcia CD, Ayon A. Lab-on-a-robot: Integrated microchip CE, power supply, electrochemical detector, wireless unit, and mobile platform. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4914-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Hutchinson JP, Johns C, Breadmore MC, Hilder EF, Guijt RM, Lennard C, Dicinoski G, Haddad PR. Identification of inorganic ions in post-blast explosive residues using portable CE instrumentation and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4593-602. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Behnam M, Kaigala GV, Khorasani M, Marshall P, Backhouse CJ, Elliott DG. An integrated CMOS high voltage supply for lab-on-a-chip systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1524-1529. [PMID: 18818808 DOI: 10.1039/b804275f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a mainstay of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) implementations of molecular biology procedures and is the basis of many medical diagnostics. High voltage (HV) power supplies are necessary in electrophoresis instruments and are a significant part of the overall system cost. This cost of instrumentation is a significant impediment to making LOC technologies more widely available. We believe one approach to overcoming this problem is to use microelectronic technology (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, CMOS) to generate and control the HV. We present a CMOS-based chip (3 mm x 2.9 mm) that generates high voltages (hundreds of volts), switches HV outputs, and is powered by a 5 V input supply (total power of 28 mW) while being controlled using a standard computer serial interface. Microchip electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is implemented using this HV CMOS chip. With the other advancements made in the LOC community (e.g. micro-fluidic and optical devices), these CMOS chips may ultimately enable 'true' LOC solutions where essentially all the microfluidics, photonics and electronics are on a single chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Behnam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
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Weibel DB, Siegel AC, Lee A, George AH, Whitesides GM. Pumping fluids in microfluidic systems using the elastic deformation of poly(dimethylsiloxane). LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1832-6. [PMID: 18030408 DOI: 10.1039/b714664g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a methodology for storing and pumping fluids that provide a useful capability for microfluidic devices. It uses microfluidic screw valves to isolate fluids in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microcompartments, in which the pressure of the liquid is stored in the elastic deformation of the walls and ceiling of the compartments. Fluids can be stored under pressure in these structures for months. When the valves are opened, the walls and ceiling push the fluid out of the compartments into microfluidic channels. The system has five useful characteristics: (i) it is made using soft lithographic techniques; (ii) it allows multiple reagents to be preloaded in devices and stored under pressure without any additional user intervention; (iii) it makes it possible to meter out fluids in devices, and to control rates of flow of fluids; (iv) it prevents the user from exposure to potentially toxic reagents; and (v) it is hand-operated and does not require additional equipment or resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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35
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Nguyen HTA, Kubán P, Pham VH, Hauser PC. Study of the determination of inorganic arsenic species by CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3500-6. [PMID: 17768725 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The determination of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V), as inorganic arsenite and arsenate, was investigated by CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4)D). It was found necessary to determine the two inorganic arsenic species separately employing two different electrolyte systems. Electrolyte solutions consisting of 50 mM CAPS/2 mM L-arginine (Arg) (pH 9.0) and of 45 mM acetic acid (pH 3.2) were used for arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) determinations, respectively. Detection limits of 0.29 and 0.15 microM were achieved for As(III) and As(V), respectively by using large-volume injection to maximize the sensitivity. The analysis of contaminated well water samples from Vietnam is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Anh Nguyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
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36
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Lu Q, Wu P, Collins GE. Contactless conductivity detection of sodium monofluoroacetate in fruit juices on a CE microchip. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3485-91. [PMID: 17768724 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and quantitative determination of sodium monofluoroacetate in diluted fruit juices (dilution 1:9 v/v in deionized water) and tap water was performed by microchip CE, using contactless conductivity detection. A separation buffer consisting of 20 mM citric acid and histidine at pH 3.5 enabled the detection of the monofluoroacetate (MFA) anion in diluted apple juice, cranberry juice, and orange juice without lengthy sample pretreatments. The analyte was very well separated from interfering anionic species present in juices and tap water. LODs in diluted juices and tap water were determined to be 125, 167, 138, and 173 microg/L for tap water, apple juice, cranberry juice, and orange juice, respectively, based upon an S/N of 3:1. Taking into account the dilution factor, the LODs for juice samples range from 1 to 2 mg/L, which is adequate for monitoring the toxicity of MFA in these juice beverages and tap water. The calibration curves for MFA in diluted fruit juices were linear over the range of 500 microg/L to 80 mg/L. The total analysis time for detecting the MFA anion in fruit juices was less than 5 min, which represents a considerable reduction in analysis time compared to other analytical methods currently used in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lu
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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37
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Advances in amperometric and conductometric detection in capillary and chip-based electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Vlcková M, Schwarz MA. Determination of cationic neurotransmitters and metabolites in brain homogenates by microchip electrophoresis and carbon nanotube-modified amperometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1142:214-21. [PMID: 17223116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An electrophoretic method for simultaneous determination of catecholamines and their O-methoxylated metabolites on the microchip as well as in the capillary is presented. A complex separation system employing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles, dendrimers forming a second pseudostationary phase and borate complexation is needed for the satisfactory separation of the selected compounds on the short migration length. A carbon nanotube-modified working electrode has been applied for the sensitive amperometric detection with submicromolar detection limits. The applicability of this new method for the analytics of real samples is demonstrated by analysis of mouse brain homogenate on the microchip and human urine by capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Vlcková
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Zhang HF, Liu XW, Wang W, Wang XL, Tian L. Field-portable Capillary Electrophoresis Instrument with Conductivity Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/48/1/137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Kubáň P, Evenhuis C, Macka M, Haddad P, Hauser P. Comparison of Different Contactless Conductivity Detectors for the Determination of Small Inorganic Ions by Capillary Electrophoresis. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Law WS, Kubán P, Yuan LL, Zhao JH, Li SFY, Hauser PC. Determination of tobramycin in human serum by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1932-8. [PMID: 16619300 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study on the determination of the antibiotic tobramycin by CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection is presented. This method enabled the direct quantification of the non-UV-absorbing species without incurring the disadvantages of the indirect approaches which would be needed for optical detection. The separation of tobramycin from inorganic cations present in serum samples was achieved by optimizing the composition of the acetic acid buffer. Field-amplified sample stacking was employed to enhance the sensitivity of the method and a detection limit of 50 microg/L (S/N = 3) was reached. The RSDs obtained for migration time and peak area using kanamycin B as internal standard were typically 0.12 and 4%, respectively. The newly developed method was validated by measuring the concentration of tobramycin in serum standards containing typical therapeutic concentrations of 2 and 10 mg/L. The recoveries were 96 and 97% for the two concentrations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Siang Law
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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42
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Abe S, Murayama J, Maeda M, Arakawa H. Simultaneous Determination of Inorganic Cations and Anion in Medical Electrolytes by Capillary Electrophoresis. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500477035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Fruetel JA, Renzi RF, Vandernoot VA, Stamps J, Horn BA, West JAA, Ferko S, Crocker R, Bailey CG, Arnold D, Wiedenman B, Choi WY, Yee D, Shokair I, Hasselbrink E, Paul P, Rakestraw D, Padgen D. Microchip separations of protein biotoxins using an integrated hand-held device. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1144-54. [PMID: 15704246 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a hand-held instrument capable of performing two simultaneous microchip separations (gel and zone electrophoresis), and demonstrate this instrument for the detection of protein biotoxins. Two orthogonal analysis methods are chosen over a single method in order to improve the probability of positive identification of the biotoxin in an unknown mixture. Separations are performed on a single fused-silica wafer containing two separation channels. The chip is housed in a microfluidic manifold that utilizes o-ring sealed fittings to enable facile and reproducible fluidic connection to the chip. Sample is introduced by syringe injection into a septum-sealed port on the device exterior that connects to a sample loop etched onto the chip. Detection of low nanomolar concentrations of fluorescamine-labeled proteins is achieved using a miniaturized laser-induced fluorescence detection module employing two diode lasers, one per separation channel. Independently controlled miniature high-voltage power supplies enable fully programmable electrokinetic sample injection and analysis. As a demonstration of the portability of this instrument, we evaluated its performance in a laboratory field test at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory with a series of biotoxin variants. The two separation methods cleanly distinguish between members of a biotoxin test set. Analysis of naturally occurring variants of ricin and two closely related staphylococcal enterotoxins indicates the two methods can be used to readily identify ricin in its different forms and can discriminate between two enterotoxin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Fruetel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, MS 9201, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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44
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45
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Xu Y, Qin W, Li SFY. Portable capillary electrophoresis system with potential gradient detection for separation of DNA fragments. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:517-23. [PMID: 15690452 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A portable capillary electrophoresis (CE) system with a novel potential gradient detection (PGD) was utilized to separate DNA fragments. For the first time it was demonstrated that separation of DNA fragments in polymer solution could be detected by a portable CE system integrated with PGD, with a limit of detection (LOD) comparable to that of the CE-ultraviolet (UV) method. Effects of buffer solution, sieving medium, and applied voltage were also investigated. The portable CE-PGD system shows several potential advantages, such as simplicity, cost effectiveness, and miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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46
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García CD, Engling G, Herckes P, Collett JL, Henry CS. Determination of levoglucosan from smoke samples using microchip capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:618-623. [PMID: 15707063 DOI: 10.1021/es049936o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Separation and detection of native anhydrous carbohydrates derived from the combustion of biomass using an electrophoretic microchip with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) is described. Levoglucosan represents the largest single component of the water extractable organics in smoke particles and can be used to trace forest fires or discriminate urban air pollution sources. Detection of levoglucosan and other sugar anhydrides in both source and ambient aerosol samples is typically performed by gas chromatographic (GC) separation with mass spectrometric (MS) detection. This method is cost, time, and labor intensive, typically involving a multistep solvent extraction, chemical derivatization, and finally analysis by GC/MS. However, it provides a rich wealth of chemical information as the result of the combination of a separation method and MS and exhibits good sensitivity. In contrast, microchip capillary electrophoresis offers the possibility of performing simpler, less expensive, and faster analysis. In addition, integrated devices can be fabricated and incorporated with an aerosol collection system to perform semicontinuous, onsite analysis. In the present report, the effect of the separation potential, buffer pH and composition, injection time, and pulsed amperometric detection parameters were studied in an effort to optimize both the separation and detection of anhydrous sugars. Using the optimized conditions, the analysis can be performed in less than a minute, with detection limits ranging from 22 fmol (16.7 microM) for levoglucosan to 336 fmol (258.7 microM) for galactosan. To demonstrate the capabilities of the device, a comparison was made between GC/MS and microchip electrophoresis using an aerosol source sample generated in a wood-burning chamber. A second example utilizing an ambient aerosol sample illustrates a matrix interference necessitating additional method development for application to samples not dominated by wood smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D García
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Renzi RF, Stamps J, Horn BA, Ferko S, Vandernoot VA, West JAA, Crocker R, Wiedenman B, Yee D, Fruetel JA. Hand-Held Microanalytical Instrument for Chip-Based Electrophoretic Separations of Proteins. Anal Chem 2004; 77:435-41. [PMID: 15649038 DOI: 10.1021/ac049214f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design, fabrication, and demonstration of a hand-held microchip-based analytical instrument for detection and identification of proteins and other biomolecules are reported. The overall system, referred to as muChemLab, has a modular design that provides for reliability and flexibility and that facilitates rapid assembly, fluid and microchip replacement, troubleshooting, and sample analysis. Components include two independent separation modules that incorporate interchangeable fluid cartridges, a 2-cm-square fused-silica microfluidic chip, and a miniature laser-induced fluorescence detection module. A custom O-ring sealed manifold plate connects chip access ports to a fluids cartridge and a syringe injection port and provides sample introduction and world-to-chip interface. Other novel microfluidic connectors include capillary needle fittings for fluidic connection between septum-sealed fluid reservoirs and the manifold housing the chip, enabling rapid chip priming and fluids replacement. Programmable high-voltage power supplies provide bidirectional currents up to 100 microAlpha at 5000 V, enabling real-time current and voltage monitoring and facilitating troubleshooting and methods development. Laser-induced fluorescence detection allows picomolar (10(-11) M) detection sensitivity of fluorescent dyes and nanomolar sensitivity (10(-9) M) for fluorescamine-labeled proteins. Migration time reproducibility was significantly improved when separations were performed under constant current control (0.5-1%) as compared to constant voltage control (2-8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F Renzi
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969, USA
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Abstract
This review summarizes progress in capillary ion chromatography. Theoretical aspects and practical limitations of packed and open tubular capillary columns are considered. Applications of packed and open tubular capillary IC are described. Emerging technologies such chip-scale IC and the use of monolithic columns are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kuban
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
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Kubáň P, Müri MA, Hauser PC. Application of a contactless conductivity detector to the determination of inorganic ions in ion chromatography. Analyst 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b311376k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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García CD, Liu Y, Anderson P, Henry CS. Versatile 3-channel high-voltage power supply for microchip capillary electrophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2003; 3:324-328. [PMID: 15007467 DOI: 10.1039/b309339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of a battery operated 3-channel high voltage power supply for microchip capillary electrophoresis is described. The power supply consists of two positive and one negative DC-DC converters, a microprocessor controlled timer, a battery and a transformer to recharge the battery and feed the high voltage relays. This arrangement allows the possibility to control the potentials applied in the 0 to +/-4000 V range to a variety of microchip setups. It can also be easily adapted to perform either gated or pinched injection. The inclusion of a rechargeable battery was adopted to feed the DC-DC converters to reduce noise levels and achieve portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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