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Zioui D, Aoudjit L, Tigrine Z, Aburideh H, Arous O. Competitive Transport of Metal Ions through a PVDF-CTA Based Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing D2EHPA As Carrier. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024422060334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Miková B, Dvořák M, Ryšavá L, Malá Z, Gebauer P, Kubáň P. At-line coupling of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction to capillary electrophoresis for trace determination of acidic drugs in complex samples. Talanta 2022; 238:123068. [PMID: 34808568 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis of complex samples is demonstrated by the at-line coupling of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) to capillary electrophoresis (CE). The hyphenation of the preparative and the analytical technique is achieved through a 3D-printed microextraction device with an HF located in a sample vial of a commercial CE instrument. The internal geometry of the device guides the CE separation capillary into the HF and the CE injection of the HF-LPME extract is performed directly from the HF lumen. The 3D-printing process ensures uniform dimensions of the devices, their constant position inside the sample vial, and excellent repeatability of the HF-LPME as well as the CE injection. The devices are cheap (∼0.01 €) and disposable, thus eliminating any possible sample-carryover, moreover, the at-line CE analysis of the extract is performed fully autonomously with no need for operator's intervention. The developed HF-LPME/CE-UV method is applied to the determination of acidic drugs in dried blood spot and wastewater samples and is characterized by excellent repeatability (RSD, 0.6-9.6%), linearity (r2, 0.9991-0.9999), enrichment (EF, 29-97), sensitivity (LOD, 0.2-3.4 μg/L), and sample throughput (7 samples/h). A further improvement of selected characteristics of the analytical method is achieved by the at-line coupling of HF-LPME to capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The HF-LPME/ITP-ESI-MS system facilitates enhanced selectivity, matrix-free analytical signals, and up to 34-fold better sensitivity due to the use of ESI-MS detection and additional on-capillary ITP preconcentration of the HF-LPME extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Miková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Ryšavá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Alidoust M, Baharfar M, Manouchehri M, Yamini Y, Tajik M, Seidi S. Emergence of microfluidic devices in sample extraction; an overview of diverse methodologies, principals, and recent advancements. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Miková B, Dvořák M, Ryšavá L, Kubáň P. Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction At-Line Coupled to Capillary Electrophoresis for Direct Analysis of Human Body Fluids. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7171-7178. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Miková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Ryšavá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Tajabadi F, Ghambarian M. Carrier-mediated extraction: Applications in extraction and microextraction methods. Talanta 2020; 206:120145. [PMID: 31514894 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present review is mainly focused on the overview of carrier mediated extraction (principles and applications) being reported over the last two decades and discusses the extraction process through carriers in various extraction methods such as Bulk liquid membranes, supported liquid membranes, emulsion liquid membranes and polymer inclusion membranes. Several types of carriers such as neutral, anionic, cationic, macrocyclic and supramulecular carriers are discussed. Also their application for metal, anions, drugs and environmental compounds are investigated. Carriers have been demonstrated to be useful for the selective extraction and recovery of numerous cations and anions enhancing the extraction properties of traditional solvent extraction and ion-exchange processes. Several types of carriers have different transport mechanisms. In these mechanisms, transport configurations are addressed and emphasized and the detailed information on the type of carrier are presented along with their specific separation modes. The performance of different carriers in terms of selectivity as well as efficiency are also discussed. Finally, the application of different carriers for the extraction of various compounds are compared and reviewed. To our best knowledge no reviews have been published on carrier-mediated extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Tajabadi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mahnaz Ghambarian
- Iranian Research and Development Center for Chemical Industries, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Two-phase micro-electromembrane extraction with a floating drop free liquid membrane for the determination of basic drugs in complex samples. Talanta 2020; 206:120255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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AlQadhi NF, AlSuhaimi AO. Chemically functionalized activated carbon with 8-hydroxyquinoline using aryldiazonium salts/diazotization route: Green chemistry synthesis for oxins-carbon chelators. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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8
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Román-Hidalgo C, Dvořák M, Kubáň P, Martín-Valero MJ, Bello-López MÁ. Direct capillary electrophoresis analysis of basic and acidic drugs from microliter volume of human body fluids after liquid-phase microextraction through nano-fibrous membrane. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:181-191. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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9
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Al-Hashimi NN, Awwad AI, Al-Hashimi AN, Mansi IA, Shahin RO, Hamed SH. Functionalized Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Reinforced Hollow Fiber Solid/Liquid Phase Microextraction and HPLC-DAD for Determination of Phenazopyridine in Urine. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180329153443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
A sensitive analytical method based on functionalized multi walled carbon
nanotubes reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid phase microextraction (F-MWCNTs-HF-SLPME) forwarded
with HPLC-DAD for analyzing phenazopyridine from urine is presented.
Materials and Methods:
The extraction of phenazopyridine is performed using specially designed FMWCNTs-
HF-SLPME device constructed as follows: the functionalized multi walled carbon nanotubes
(F-MWCNTs) were immobilized into the pores of 2.5 cm hollow fiber micro-tube using capillary forces
and ultrasonication, then, the lumen of the micro-tube was filled with 1-octanol with two ends sealed.
Subsequently, the device was placed into 10-mL of urine sample containing the analyte with agitation.
After ending extraction, the device was removed, rinsed, sonicated in 250 µL of organic solvent and
analyzed directly by the separation system.
Results and Conclusion:
Different parameters affecting the performance of the developed method were
optimized. The method showed good linearity with (R2) 0.999 and good repeatability with (RSDs) from
3.7 to 0.9% at analyte concentration ranged from 0.01 to 10 µg L-1 of spiked urine samples. The limit of
detection/ quantitation, LODs/LOQs was 0.02/0.09 µg L-1. In comparison with reference methods, the
developed method is considered as a promising microextraction technique for determination of trace
phenazopyridine in human urine using a common HPLC without further cleanup procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil N. Al-Hashimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Al-Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Anas I. Awwad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Al-Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Aqeel N. Al-Hashimi
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Iman A. Mansi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Al-Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Rand O. Shahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Al-Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Saja H. Hamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Al-Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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Andreasen SZ, Sanger K, Jendresen CB, Nielsen AT, Emnéus J, Boisen A, Zór K. Extraction, Enrichment, and in situ Electrochemical Detection on Lab-on-a-Disc: Monitoring the Production of a Bacterial Secondary Metabolite. ACS Sens 2019; 4:398-405. [PMID: 30525464 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of microsystems, which enable "sample-to-answer" detection from real samples, is often challenging. We present the first integration of supported liquid membrane extraction combined with electrochemical detection on a centrifugal fluidic platform. The developed lab-on-a-disc (LoD) system enabled the separation, enrichment, and subsequent electrochemical detection of the target analyte from a complex sample mixture. As a case study, we quantified the amount of a dietary supplement and pharmaceutical precursor, p-coumaric acid, from bacterial growth media at different time points during production. The assay, extraction, and detection, performed on the LoD device, proved to be a low cost and environmentally friendly approach, requiring only a few tens of microliters of organic solvent and enabled detection in a 3 μL volume. In addition, the data obtained from the centrifugal platform showed a good correlation with data obtained from the high performance liquid chromatography analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Zoëga Andreasen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kuldeep Sanger
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Bille Jendresen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Alex Toftgaard Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kinga Zór
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Havlikova M, Cabala R, Pacakova V, Bosakova Z. Critical evaluation of microextraction pretreatment techniques-Part 2: Membrane-supported and homogenous phase based techniques. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:303-318. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Havlikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Toxicology Department; Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vera Pacakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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12
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Rezazadeh T, Dalali N, Sehati N. Investigation of adsorption performance of graphene oxide/polyaniline reinforced hollow fiber membrane for preconcentration of Ivermectin in some environmental samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:409-415. [PMID: 29966893 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the application of Graphene oxide-polyaniline (GO/PANI) in one of newly hollow fiber based microextraction techniques so called (HF-S/LPME) was investigated successfully. Graphene oxide-polyaniline (GO/PANI) nanocomposite was generated via an amidation reaction in the presence of N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and GO as starting material. The solid sorbent dispersed in dihexyl ether was immersed and injected into the lumen of hollow fiber. The results indicated that GO/PANI had a higher adsorption efficiency for the Ivermectin in comparison with GO and GO-ethylen diamine (GO/EDA). A Taguchi experimental design with an OAD16 (45) matrix was employed to optimize the affecting parameters such as pH, stirring rate, extraction time, salt addition and the volume of donor phase. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method showed a good linear dynamic range (0.1-5000.0 ppb) with a lower limit of detection (0.03 ppb) and excellent preconcentration factor (PF = 219.88) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Rezazadeh
- Phase Separation & FIA Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Naser Dalali
- Phase Separation & FIA Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Negar Sehati
- Phase Separation & FIA Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
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13
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Development of a Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method Based on a Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent for the Simultaneous Determination of 11 Drugs in Urine by GC–MS. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Development of a single format membrane assisted solvent extraction-molecularly imprinted polymer technique for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry determination. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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González JL, Pell A, López-Mesas M, Valiente M. Hollow fibre supported liquid membrane extraction for BTEX metabolites analysis in human teeth as biomarkers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:323-330. [PMID: 29482140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of human teeth as biomarkers has been previously applied to characterize environmental exposure mainly to metal contamination. Difficulties arise when the contaminants are volatile or its concentration level is very low. This study presents the development of a methodology based on the transport through hollow fibre membrane liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), followed by HPLC-UV measurement, to determine three different metabolites of BTEX contaminants, mandelic acid (MA), hyppuric acid (HA), and methylhippuric acid (4mHA). The driving force for the liquid membrane has been studied by using both non-facilitated (pH gradient 2-12) and facilitated transport (ionic and non-ionic carriers). Enrichment factors of several hundreds were accomplished. Different ionic and non-ionic water insoluble compounds were used as metabolite carriers for the facilitated transport at HF-LPME. Three organic solvents were used to constitute the liquid membrane, dodecane, dihexyl ether and n-decanol. Other parameters affecting the extraction process, such as extraction time, stirring speed, acceptor buffer and salt content were optimised in spiked solutions and selected those that presented the best enrichment factors for all analytes. Final conditions were established for donor solution as 20mL, pH2 of 0.5M NaCl, the OLM (Organic Liquid Membrane) as n-decanol and the acceptor solution as 40μL of 1M NaOH. The selected extraction time was 20h with stirring speed of 500rpm. Validation of the optimised method included the determination of individual linearity range (MA: 0.002-5.7μg; HA: 0.01-7.9μg; 4mHA 0.002-5.3μg), limits of detection (MA: 1.6ng; HA: 0.2ng; 4mHA 0.2ng), repeatability (RSD 7-10%) and reproducibility (5-8%). The developed method was applied to the analysis of MA, HA and 4mHA in teeth samples of 8 workers exposed to BTEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Luis González
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Pell
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Montserrat López-Mesas
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Martín J, Díaz-Montaña EJ, Asuero AG. Recovery of Anthocyanins Using Membrane Technologies: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:143-175. [PMID: 29185791 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1411249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds and give many flowers, fruits and vegetable their orange, red, purple and blue colors. Besides their color attributes, anthocyanins have received much attention in recent years due to the growing evidence of their antioxidant capacity and health benefits on humans. However, these compounds usually occur in low concentrations in mixtures of complex matrices, and therefore large-scale harvesting is needed to obtain sufficient amounts for their practical usage. Effective fractionation or separation technologies are therefore essential for the screening and production of these bioactive compounds. In this context, membrane technologies have become popular due to their operational simplicity, the capacity to achieve good simultaneous separation/pre-concentration and matrix reduction with lower temperature and lower operating cost in comparison to other sample preparation methods. Membrane fractionation is based on the molecular or particle sizes (pressure-driven processes), on their charge (electrically driven processes) or are dependent on both size and charge. Other non-pressure-driven membrane processes (osmotic pressure and vapor pressure-driven) have been developed in recent years and employed as alternatives for the separation or fractionation of bioactive compounds at ambient conditions without product deterioration. These technologies are applied either individually or in combination as an integrated membrane system to meet the different requirements for the separation of bioactive compounds. The first section of this review examines the basic principles of membrane processes, including the different types of membranes, their structure, morphology and geometry. The most frequently used techniques are also discussed. Last, the specific application of these technologies for the separation, purification and concentration of phenolic compounds, with special emphasis on anthocyanins, are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville , Seville , Spain
| | | | - Agustin G Asuero
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Seville , Seville , Spain
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17
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In-line coupling of supported liquid membrane extraction to capillary electrophoresis for simultaneous analysis of basic and acidic drugs in urine. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1519:137-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Morelli L, Andreasen SZ, Jendresen CB, Nielsen AT, Emnéus J, Zór K, Boisen A. Quantification of a bacterial secondary metabolite by SERS combined with SLM extraction for bioprocess monitoring. Analyst 2017; 142:4553-4559. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01393k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The yield of a bacterial secondary metabolite was quantified using SERS-based sensing combined with a SLM μfluidic device enabling sample extraction and enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Morelli
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Sune Zoëga Andreasen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Christian Bille Jendresen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Alex Toftgaard Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Kinga Zór
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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19
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Frenzel W, Markeviciute I. Membrane-based sample preparation for ion chromatography—Techniques, instrumental configurations and applications. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Simultaneous micro-electromembrane extractions of anions and cations using multiple free liquid membranes and acceptor solutions. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 908:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Pantůčková P, Kubáň P, Boček P. In-line coupling of microextractions across polymer inclusion membranes to capillary zone electrophoresis for rapid determination of formate in blood samples. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 887:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Diaconu I, Ruse E, Aboul-Enein HY, Bunaciu AA. Analytical Applications of Transport Through Bulk Liquid Membranes. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:332-41. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1064759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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The effects of electrolysis on operational solutions in electromembrane extraction: The role of acceptor solution. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1398:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Pantůčková P, Kubáň P, Boček P. Sensitivity enhancement in direct coupling of supported liquid membrane extractions to capillary electrophoresis by means of transient isotachophoresis and large electrokinetic injections. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1389:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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de Paiva MJN, Menezes HC, Cardoso da Silva JC, Resende RR, Cardeal ZDL. New method for the determination of bile acids in human plasma by liquid-phase microextraction using liquid chromatography-ion-trap-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Preconcentration in micro-electromembrane extraction across free liquid membranes. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 848:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Kubáň P, Boček P. Micro-electromembrane extraction across free liquid membranes. Instrumentation and basic principles. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1346:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Li B, Petersen NJ, Payán MDR, Hansen SH, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Design and implementation of an automated liquid-phase microextraction-chip system coupled on-line with high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2014; 120:224-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Teich M, van Pinxteren D, Herrmann H. Determination of nitrophenolic compounds from atmospheric particles using hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction and capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry analysis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1353-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Teich
- Chemistry Department; Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS); Leipzig Germany
| | - Dominik van Pinxteren
- Chemistry Department; Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS); Leipzig Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Chemistry Department; Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS); Leipzig Germany
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Ghaffarzadegan T, Nyman M, Jönsson J, Sandahl M. Determination of bile acids by hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 944:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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A new analytical method for selective pre-concentration of free silver in estuarine waters using liquid membranes. Talanta 2013; 108:7-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hollow-Fibre Liquid-Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Johannesburg Jukskei River, South Africa. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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A novel method for determination and quantification of 4-methyloctanoic and 4-methylnonanoic acids in mutton by hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction coupled with gas chromatography. Meat Sci 2012; 92:715-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Kumrić KR, Vladisavljević GT, Đorđević JS, Jönsson JÅ, Trtić-Petrović TM. Mass transfer resistance in a liquid-phase microextraction employing a single hollow fiber under unsteady-state conditions. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2390-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija R. Kumrić
- Laboratory of Physics; Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Goran T. Vladisavljević
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
- Laboratory of Chemical Dynamics and Permanent Education; Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jelena S. Đorđević
- Laboratory of Physics; Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jan Åke Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry; Center for Analysis and Synthesis; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Hyder M, Jönsson JÅ. Hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction for lignin pyrolysis acids in aerosol samples and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Megersa N, Kassahun S. A new selective liquid membrane extraction method for the determination of basic herbicides in agro-processed fruit juices and Ethiopian honey wine (Tej) samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:789-98. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.653792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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38
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Hyder M, Genberg J, Jönsson JÅ. Application of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction for pinic acid and pinonic acid analysis from organic aerosols. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 713:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Bhadra M, Mitra S. Carbon nanotube immobilized polar membranes for enhanced extraction of polar analytes. Analyst 2012; 137:4464-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Bendicho C, Lavilla I, Pena F, Costas M. Green Sample Preparation Methods. CHALLENGES IN GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849732963-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation is the stage of the analytical process where greenness-related issues can likely play the most important role. With the exception of direct methods for solid sample analysis, for most analytical methods it is necessary to carry out a certain number of operations to make the sample amenable to the instrument. These operations, which may include digestion, extraction, dissolution, preconcentration and clean-up, typically require the use of large amounts of acids, organic solvents, and in general, chemicals that can often be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) as well as operating conditions that can become unsafe and energy-consuming. Therefore, sample preparation stages should be targeted as a priority when green chemistry principles are to be adapted to analytical activities. This chapter is devoted to the discussion of most relevant sample preparation strategies that approach the fulfilment of the green chemistry principles. Thus, digestion and extraction strategies from solid samples for both inorganic and organic analysis are approached using microwaves and ultrasound, followed by a discussion of modern extraction techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction for trace organic analysis. Microextraction techniques also deserve a place here, since a high degree of greenness is achieved when they are implemented in analytical methodology. Finally, application of surfactants in techniques such as cloud point extraction or membranes that allow minimizing the use of organic solvents for analysis of liquid samples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bendicho
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vigo Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Isela Lavilla
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vigo Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Francisco Pena
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vigo Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Marta Costas
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vigo Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36310 Vigo Spain
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41
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Determination of phenols in waters by stir membrane liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2176-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Alcudia-León M, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Stir membrane liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:869-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Balchen M, Hatterud AG, Reubsaet L, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Fundamental studies on the electrokinetic transfer of net cationic peptides across supported liquid membranes. J Sep Sci 2010; 34:186-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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See HH, Hauser PC, Sanagi MM, Ibrahim WAW. Dynamic supported liquid membrane tip extraction of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5832-8. [PMID: 20696433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic supported liquid membrane tip extraction (SLMTE) procedure for the effective extraction and preconcentration of glyphosate (GLYP) and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in water has been investigated. The SLMTE procedure was performed in a semi-automated dynamic mode and demonstrated a greater performance against a static extraction. Several important extraction parameters such as donor phase pH, cationic carrier concentration, type of membrane solvent, type of acceptor stripping phase, agitation and extraction time were comprehensively optimized. A solution of Aliquat-336, a cationic carrier, in dihexyl ether was selected as the supported liquid incorporated into the membrane phase. Quantification of GLYP and AMPA was carried out using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. An electrolyte solution consisting of 12 mM histidine (His), 8 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 75 microM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 3% methanol, pH 6.3, was used as running buffer. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.01-200 microg/L (GLYP) and 0.1-400 microg/L (AMPA), acceptable reproducibility (RSD 5-7%, n=5), low limits of detection of 0.005 microg/L for GLYP and 0.06 microg/L for AMPA, and satisfactory relative recoveries (90-94%). Due to the low cost, the SLMTE device was disposed after each run which additionally eliminated the possibility of carry-over between runs. The validated method was tested for the analysis of both analytes in spiked tap water and river water with good success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Heng See
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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López-López JA, Mendiguchía C, Pinto JJ, Moreno C. Liquid membranes for quantification and speciation of trace metals in natural waters. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Es'haghi Z, Mohtaji M, Hasanzade-Meidani M, Masrournia M. The measurement of ecstasy in human hair by triple phase directly suspended droplet microextraction prior to HPLC-DAD analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:903-8. [PMID: 20207204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New pre-concentration technique, triple phase suspended droplet microextraction (SD-LPME) and liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection was applied to determine ecstasy, MDMA (3,4-methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamine) in hair samples. In this research MDMA in hair was digested and after treatment extracted. The effective parameters were investigated and method was evaluated. Under the optimal conditions, the MDMA was enriched by factor 98.11. Linearity (r=0.9921), was obtained in the range of 10-15,000 ng mL(-1) and detection limit was 0.1 ng mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarrin Es'haghi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Mashhad, Iran. zarrin
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47
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Vincelet C, Roussel JM, Benanou D. Experimental designs dedicated to the evaluation of a membrane extraction method: membrane-assisted solvent extraction for compounds having different polarities by means of gas chromatography–mass detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2285-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Balchen M, Halvorsen TG, Reubsaet L, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Rapid isolation of angiotensin peptides from plasma by electromembrane extraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6900-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Hyötyläinen T. Critical evaluation of sample pretreatment techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:743-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Simultaneous preconcentration of a wide variety of organic pollutants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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