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Wang D, Liu G, Meng Y, Chen H, Ye Z, Jing J. The Configuration of GRB2 in Protein Interaction and Signal Transduction. Biomolecules 2024; 14:259. [PMID: 38540680 PMCID: PMC10968029 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth-factor-receptor-binding protein 2 (GRB2) is a non-enzymatic adaptor protein that plays a pivotal role in precisely regulated signaling cascades from cell surface receptors to cellular responses, including signaling transduction and gene expression. GRB2 binds to numerous target molecules, thereby modulating a complex cell signaling network with diverse functions. The structural characteristics of GRB2 are essential for its functionality, as its multiple domains and interaction mechanisms underpin its role in cellular biology. The typical signaling pathway involving GRB2 is initiated by the ligand stimulation to its receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The activation of RTKs leads to the recruitment of GRB2 through its SH2 domain to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues on the receptor. GRB2, in turn, binds to the Son of Sevenless (SOS) protein through its SH3 domain. This binding facilitates the activation of Ras, a small GTPase, which triggers a cascade of downstream signaling events, ultimately leading to cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Further research and exploration into the structure and function of GRB2 hold great potential for providing novel insights and strategies to enhance medical approaches for related diseases. In this review, we provide an outline of the proteins that engage with domains of GRB2, along with the function of different GRB2 domains in governing cellular signaling pathways. This furnishes essential points of current studies for the forthcoming advancement of therapeutic medications aimed at GRB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Guoxia Liu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 200072, China
| | - Yuxin Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Zu Ye
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Ji Jing
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
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2
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Mir HA, Ali R, Mushtaq U, Khanday FA. Structure-functional implications of longevity protein p66Shc in health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101139. [PMID: 32795504 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ShcA (Src homologous- collagen homologue), family of adapter proteins, consists of three isoforms which integrate and transduce external stimuli to different signaling networks. ShcA family consists of p46Shc, p52Shc and p66Shc isoforms, characterized by having multiple protein-lipid and protein-protein interaction domains implying their functional diversity. Among the three isoforms p66Shc is structurally different containing an additional CH2 domain which attributes to its dual functionality in cell growth, mediating both cell proliferation and apoptosis. Besides, p66Shc is also involved in different biological processes including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell migration, ageing, cytoskeletal reorganization and cell adhesion. Moreover, the interplay between p66Shc and ROS is implicated in the pathology of various dreadful diseases. Accordingly, here we discuss the recent structural aspects of all ShcA adaptor proteins but are highlighting the case of p66Shc as model isoform. Furthermore, this review insights the role of p66Shc in progression of chronic age-related diseases like neuro diseases, metabolic disorders (non-alcoholic fatty liver, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, vascular endothelial dysfunction) and cancer in relation to ROS. We finally conclude that p66Shc might act as a valuable biomarker for the prognosis of these diseases and could be used as a potential therapeutic target.
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3
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Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Yamamoto S, Onga K, Yasuda K, Miyamoto Y, Watanabe M, Sakai R, Mori N. Functional maintenance of calcium store by ShcB adaptor protein in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14475. [PMID: 32879382 PMCID: PMC7468156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ levels are changed by influx from extracellular medium and release from intracellular stores. In the central nervous systems, Ca2+ release is involved in various physiological events, such as neuronal excitability and transmitter release. Although stable Ca2+ release in response to stimulus is critical for proper functions of the nervous systems, regulatory mechanisms relating to Ca2+ release are not fully understood in central neurons. Here, we demonstrate that ShcB, an adaptor protein expressed in central neurons, has an essential role in functional maintenance of Ca2+ store in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). ShcB-knockout (KO) mice showed defects in cerebellar-dependent motor function and long-term depression (LTD) at cerebellar synapse. The reduced LTD was accompanied with an impairment of intracellular Ca2+ release. Although the expression of Ca2+ release channels and morphology of Ca2+ store looked intact, content of intracellular Ca2+ store and activity of sarco/endoplasmic reticular Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) were largely decreased in the ShcB-deficient cerebellum. Furthermore, when ShcB was ectopically expressed in the ShcB-KO PCs, the Ca2+ release and its SERCA-dependent component were restored. These data indicate that ShcB plays a key role in the functional maintenance of ER Ca2+ store in central neurons through regulation of SERCA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kakizawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Kishimoto
- Department of Biophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuko Onga
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Yasuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Fukuoka Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Omuta, 836-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Nozomu Mori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, 814-0001, Japan.
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4
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Xie L, Varathan P, Nho K, Saykin AJ, Salama P, Yan J. Identification of functionally connected multi-omic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease using modularity-constrained Lasso. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234748. [PMID: 32555747 PMCID: PMC7299377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genome wide association studies (GWASs) have led to discovery of many genetic risk factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as APOE, TOMM40 and CLU. Despite the significant progress, it remains a major challenge to functionally validate these genetic findings and translate them into targetable mechanisms. Integration of multiple types of molecular data is increasingly used to address this problem. In this paper, we proposed a modularity-constrained Lasso model to jointly analyze the genotype, gene expression and protein expression data for discovery of functionally connected multi-omic biomarkers in AD. With a prior network capturing the functional relationship between SNPs, genes and proteins, the newly introduced penalty term maximizes the global modularity of the subnetwork involving selected markers and encourages the selection of multi-omic markers with dense functional connectivity, instead of individual markers. We applied this new model to the real data collected in the ROS/MAP cohort where the cognitive performance was used as disease quantitative trait. A functionally connected subnetwork involving 276 multi-omic biomarkers, including SNPs, genes and proteins, were identified to bear predictive power. Within this subnetwork, multiple trans-omic paths from SNPs to genes and then proteins were observed. This suggests that cognitive performance deterioration in AD patients can be potentially a result of genetic variations due to their cascade effect on the downstream transcriptome and proteome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Pradeep Varathan
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paul Salama
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jingwen Yan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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5
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Mabruk ZA, Ahmed SBM, Thomas AC, Prigent SA. The role of the ShcD and RET interaction in neuroblastoma survival and migration. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 13:99-108. [PMID: 29556564 PMCID: PMC5857170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary screening data showed that the ShcD adaptor protein associates with the proto-oncogene RET receptor tyrosine kinase. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the molecular interaction between ShcD and RET in human neuroblastoma cells and study the functional impact of this interaction. We were able to show that ShcD immunoprecipitated with RET from SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cell lysates upon GDNF treatment. This result was validated by ShcD-RET co-localization, which was visualized using a fluorescence microscope. ShcD-RET coexpression promoted ShcD and RET endosomal localization, resulting in unexpected inhibition of the downstream ERK and AKT pathways. Interestingly, ShcD-RET association reduced the viability and migration of SK-N-AS cells. Although ShcD was previously shown to trigger melanoma cell migration and tumorigenesis, our data showed an opposite role for ShcD in neuroblastoma SK-N-AS cells via its association with RET in GDNF-treated cells. In conclusion, ShcD acts as a switch molecule that promotes contrasting biological responses depending on the stimulus ad cell type. The melanoma associated Shc adaptor, ShcD, is found to interact with Ret oncogene receptor in SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells. ShcD and Ret coexpression favoures their endosomal localization. ShcD-Ret association has suppressed ERK and AKT signalling. The functional consequence of ShcD and Ret interaction was shown to negatively affect cell survival and cellular migration in.
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Key Words
- ALK,, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Akt,, Protein kinase B;
- CMV,, Cytomegalovirus
- DMEM,, Dulbecoo Modified Eagle's Medium;
- DNA,, Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- ECL,, Enhanced Chemiluminescence;
- EGF,, Epidermal Growth Factor;
- EGFR,, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor;
- ERK,, Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinases;
- Endosomes
- FBS,, Fetal Bovine Serum
- FGFR,, fibroblast growth factor receptors
- GDNF
- GDNF,, Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotropic Factor;
- GFLs,, GDNF Family Ligands;
- GFP,, Green Fluorescent Protein
- GPCR,, G-Protein Coupled Receptor
- GRB2,, Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 2;
- HGFR,, hepatocyte growth factor receptor;
- HRP,, Horseradish Peroxidase
- IGF,, Insulin Growth Factor;
- LB,, Luria-Bertani
- MAP,, Mitogen-Activated Protein;
- MAPK,, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- MuSK,, Muscle Specific Kinase
- NFDM,, Non-Fat Dry Milk
- Neuroblastoma
- PBS,, Phosphate-Buffered Saline
- PBST,, Phosphate-Buffered Saline Tween
- PDGF,, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor;
- PI3K,, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase
- PMSF,, Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride
- PVDF,, Polyvinylidene Fluoride
- RET
- RET,, Rearranged During Transfection
- RT,, Room Temperature;
- RTKs,, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
- SDS-PAGE,, Sodium Dodecylsulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
- ShcD
- ShcD,, Src Homology And Collagen D
- Src,, Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Src
- TKRs,, Tyrosine Kinase Receptor;
- TrkA/B/C,, Tropomyosin-Related Kinase Receptor A/B/C
- hrs,, Hours
- mAb,, Monoclonal Antibody
- min,, Minute
- pAb,, Polyclonal Antibody
- pTyr,, Phospho-Tyrosine
- rpm,, revolution per minute;
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeanap A Mabruk
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samrein B M Ahmed
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha Caroline Thomas
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sally A Prigent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leicester, UK
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6
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Baba S, Onga K, Kakizawa S, Ohyama K, Yasuda K, Otsubo H, Scott BW, Burnham WM, Matsuo T, Nagata I, Mori N. Involvement of the neuronal phosphotyrosine signal adaptor N-Shc in kainic acid-induced epileptiform activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27511. [PMID: 27273072 PMCID: PMC4897738 DOI: 10.1038/srep27511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF-TrkB signaling is implicated in experimental seizures and epilepsy. However, the downstream signaling involved in the epileptiform activity caused by TrkB receptor activation is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine whether TrkB-mediated N-Shc signal transduction was involved in kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptiform activity. We investigated KA-induced behavioral seizures, epileptiform activities and neuronal cell loss in hippocampus between N-Shc deficient and control mice. There was a significant reduction in seizure severity and the frequency of epileptiform discharges in N-Shc deficient mice, as compared with wild-type and C57BL/6 mice. KA-induced neuronal cell loss in the CA3 of hippocampus was also inhibited in N-Shc deficient mice. This study demonstrates that the activation of N-Shc signaling pathway contributes to an acute KA-induced epileptiform activity and neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus. We propose that the N-Shc-mediated signaling pathway could provide a potential target for the novel therapeutic approaches of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Baba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kazuko Onga
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sho Kakizawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyoji Ohyama
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Yasuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian W Scott
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W McIntyre Burnham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Takayuki Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nozomu Mori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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7
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Priami C, De Michele G, Cotelli F, Cellerino A, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, Migliaccio E. Modelling the p53/p66Shc Aging Pathway in the Shortest Living Vertebrate Nothobranchius Furzeri. Aging Dis 2015; 6:95-108. [PMID: 25821638 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases during lifespan and is involved in aging processes. The p66Shc adaptor protein is a master regulator of oxidative stress response in mammals. Ablation of p66Shc enhances oxidative stress resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Most importantly, it has been demonstrated that its deletion retards aging in mice. Recently, new insights in the molecular mechanisms involving p66Shc and the p53 tumor suppressor genes were given: a specific p66Shc/p53 transcriptional regulation pathway was uncovered as determinant in oxidative stress response and, likely, in aging. p53, in a p66Shc-dependent manner, negatively downregulates the expression of 200 genes which are involved in the G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle and are downregulated during physiological aging. p66Shc modulates the response of p53 by activating a p53 isoform (p44/p53, also named Delta40p53). Based on these latest results, several developments are expected in the future, as the generation of animal models to study aging and the evaluation of the use of the p53/p66Shc target genes as biomarkers in aging related diseases. The aim of this review is to investigate the conservation of the p66Shc and p53 role in oxidative stress between fish and mammals. We propose to approach this study trough a new model organism, the annual fish Nothobranchius furzeri, that has been demonstrated to develop typical signs of aging, like in mammals, including senescence, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Priami
- 1European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy. ; 3Dipartimento di Bioscienze, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia De Michele
- 1European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Giorgio
- 1European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- 1European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy. ; 2Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Migliaccio
- 1European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
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8
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Sagi O, Budovsky A, Wolfson M, Fraifeld VE. ShcC proteins: brain aging and beyond. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 19:34-42. [PMID: 25462193 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To date, most studies of Shc family of signaling adaptor proteins have been focused on the near-ubiquitously expressed ShcA, indicating its relevance to age-related diseases and longevity. Although the role of the neuronal ShcC protein is much less investigated, accumulated evidence suggests its importance for neuroprotection against such aging-associated conditions as brain ischemia and oxidative stress. Here, we summarize more than decade of studies on the ShcC expression and function in normal brain, age-related brain pathologies and immune disorders with a focus on the interactions of ShcC with signaling proteins/pathways, and the possible implications of these interactions for changes associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Sagi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Arie Budovsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; Judea Regional Research & Development Center, Carmel 90404, Israel
| | - Marina Wolfson
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Vadim E Fraifeld
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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9
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Wang J, Peng X, Peng W, Wu FX. Dynamic protein interaction network construction and applications. Proteomics 2014; 14:338-52. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering; Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Peng
- School of Information Science and Engineering; Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Information Science and Engineering; Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Fang-Xiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Biomedical Engineering; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
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10
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Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease: role of amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 intracellular signaling. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:187297. [PMID: 22496686 PMCID: PMC3306972 DOI: 10.1155/2012/187297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized by (1) progressive loss of synapses and neurons, (2) intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, composed of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, and (3) amyloid plaques. Genetically, AD is linked to mutations in few proteins amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2). The molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in AD as well as the physiological function of APP are not yet known. A recent theory has proposed that APP and PS1 modulate intracellular signals to induce cell-cycle abnormalities responsible for neuronal death and possibly amyloid deposition. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of a complex network of proteins, clearly involved in the regulation of signal transduction mechanisms that interact with both APP and PS1. In this review we discuss the significance of novel finding related to cell-signaling events modulated by APP and PS1 in the development of neurodegeneration.
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11
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Hawley SP, Wills MK, Rabalski AJ, Bendall AJ, Jones N. Expression patterns of ShcD and Shc family adaptor proteins during mouse embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2010; 240:221-31. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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12
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Schettini G, Govoni S, Racchi M, Rodriguez G. Phosphorylation of APP-CTF-AICD domains and interaction with adaptor proteins: signal transduction and/or transcriptional role--relevance for Alzheimer pathology. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1299-308. [PMID: 21039524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the study of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its proteolytic products carboxy terminal fragment (CTF), APP intracellular C-terminal domain (AICD) and amyloid beta has been mostly focussed on the role of APP as a producer of the toxic amyloid beta peptide. Here, we reconsider the role of APP suggesting, in a provocative way, the protein as a central player in a putative signalling pathway. We highlight the presence in the cytosolic tail of APP of the YENPTY motif which is typical of tyrosine kinase receptors, the phosphorylation of the tyrosine, serine and threonine residues, the kinases involved and the interaction with intracellular adaptor proteins. In particular, we examine the interaction with Shc and Grb2 regulators, which through the activation of Ras proteins elicit downstream signalling events such as the MAPK pathway. The review also addresses the interaction of APP, CTFs and AICD with other adaptor proteins and in particular with Fe65 for nuclear transcriptional activity and the importance of phosphorylation for sorting the secretases involved in the amyloidogenic or non-amyloidogenic pathways. We provide a novel perspective on Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, focussing on the perturbation of the physiological activities of APP-CTFs and AICD as an alternative perspective from that which normally focuses on the accumulation of neurotoxic proteolytic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Schettini
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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13
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Finetti F, Savino MT, Baldari CT. Positive and negative regulation of antigen receptor signaling by the Shc family of protein adapters. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:115-34. [PMID: 19909360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Shc adapter family includes four members that are expressed as multiple isoforms and participate in signaling by a variety of cell-surface receptors. The biological relevance of Shc proteins as well as their variegated function, which relies on their highly conserved modular structure, is underscored by the distinct and dramatic phenotypic alterations resulting from deletion of individual Shc isoforms both in the mouse and in two model organisms, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. The p52 isoform of ShcA couples antigen and cytokine receptors to Ras activation in both lymphoid and myeloid cells. However, the recognition of the spectrum of activities of p52ShcA in the immune system has been steadily expanding in recent years to other fundamental processes both at the cell and organism levels. Two other Shc family members, p66ShcA and p52ShcC/Rai, have been identified recently in T and B lymphocytes, where they antagonize survival and attenuate antigen receptor signaling. These developments reveal an unexpected and complex interplay of multiple Shc proteins in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Ponti G, Reitano E, Aimar P, Cattaneo E, Conti L, Bonfanti L. Neural-specific inactivation of ShcA functions results in anatomical disorganization of subventricular zone neural stem cell niche in the adult brain. Neuroscience 2010; 168:314-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Tamayev R, Zhou D, D'Adamio L. The interactome of the amyloid beta precursor protein family members is shaped by phosphorylation of their intracellular domains. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:28. [PMID: 19602287 PMCID: PMC2723102 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer's disease has shown an increase of phosphorylation of Tyr-682, located on the conserved Y682ENPTY motif, and Thr-668 residues, both in the intracellular domain (AID) of amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), although the role of these two residues is not yet known. RESULTS Here, we report that the phosphorylation status of Tyr-682, and in some cases Thr-668, shapes the APP interactome. It creates a docking site for SH2-domain containing proteins, such as ShcA, ShcB, ShcC, Grb7, Grb2, as well as adapter proteins, such as Crk and Nck, that regulate important biological processes, cytosolic tyrosine kinases, such as Abl, Lyn and Src, which regulate signal transduction pathways, and enzymes that control phosphatidylinositols levels and signaling, such as PLC-gamma. At the same time, it either reduces (like for JIP1, NUMB, NUMBL and ARH) or abolishes (like for Fe65, Fe65L1 and Fe65L2) binding of other APP interactors. Phosphorylation of Thr-668, unlike Tyr-682, does not seem to affect APP's ability to interact with the various proteins, with Pin1 and X11 being the exclusions. We also found that there are some differences between the interactions to AID and to ALID1 and ALID2, its two homologues. CONCLUSION Our data indicates that APP can regulate diverse cellular processes and that, vice versa, a network of signaling events can impact APP processing. Our results also suggest that phosphorylation of the APP Intracellular Domain will dramatically shape the APP interactome and, consequently, will regulate APP processing, APP transport and APP/AID-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tamayev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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16
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Beck M, Karch C, Wiese S, Sendtner M. Motoneuron cell death and neurotrophic factors: Basic models for development of new therapeutic strategies in ALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/146608201300079454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Colley BS, Cavallin MA, Biju K, Marks DR, Fadool DA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulation of Kv1.3 channel is disregulated by adaptor proteins Grb10 and nShc. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:8. [PMID: 19166614 PMCID: PMC2656512 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophins are important regulators of growth and regeneration, and acutely, they can modulate the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. Previously we have shown that acute brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activation of neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) suppresses the Shaker voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv1.3) via phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine residues in the N and C terminal aspects of the channel protein. It is not known how adaptor proteins, which lack catalytic activity, but interact with members of the neurotrophic signaling pathway, might scaffold with ion channels or modulate channel activity. RESULTS We report the co-localization of two adaptor proteins, neuronal Src homology and collagen (nShc) and growth factor receptor-binding protein 10 (Grb10), with Kv1.3 channel as demonstrated through immunocytochemical approaches in the olfactory bulb (OB) neural lamina. To further explore the specificity and functional ramification of adaptor/channel co-localization, we performed immunoprecipitation and Western analysis of channel, kinase, and adaptor transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293). nShc formed a direct protein-protein interaction with Kv1.3 that was independent of BDNF-induced phosphorylation of Kv1.3, whereas Grb10 did not complex with Kv1.3 in HEK 293 cells. Both adaptors, however, co-immunoprecipitated with Kv1.3 in native OB. Grb10 was interestingly able to decrease the total expression of Kv1.3, particularly at the membrane surface, and subsequently eliminated the BDNF-induced phosphorylation of Kv1.3. To examine the possibility that the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of Grb10 were directly binding to basally phosphorylated tyrosines in Kv1.3, we utilized point mutations to substitute multiple tyrosine residues with phenylalanine. Removal of the tyrosines 111-113 and 449 prevented Grb10 from decreasing Kv1.3 expression. In the absence of either adaptor protein, channel co-expression reciprocally down-regulated expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkB kinase and related insulin receptor kinase. Finally, through patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found that the BDNF-induced current suppression of the channel was prevented by both nShc and Grb10. CONCLUSION We report that adaptor protein alteration of kinase-induced Kv1.3 channel modulation is related to the degree of direct protein-protein association and that the channel itself can reciprocally modulate receptor-linked tyrosine kinase expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly S Colley
- Department of Biological Science, Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
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18
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Pasini L, Turco MY, Luzi L, Aladowicz E, Fagiani E, Lanfrancone L. Melanoma: targeting signaling pathways and RaLP. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 13:93-104. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220802607363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Abstract
The Ras signaling pathway plays a predominant role during development and controls diverse biological process in all eukaryotic cells. It is a member of the large family of GTPases proteins that binds and hydrolyzes GTP. Ras is a lipid-anchored protein on the intracellular membrane compartments, and cycles between inactive GDP-bound and the signaling competent GTP-bound conformation. Studies have demonstrated Ras to be a central regulator in signal transduction pathways responding to diverse extracellular and intracellular stimuli. Much progress has been made towards delineating specific genes involved in the process of pluripotency and differentiation of stem cells. Here, we discuss recent aspects of Ras signaling pathways in mediating stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Chakrabarty
- Department of Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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20
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Villanacci V, Bassotti G, Ortensi B, Fisogni S, Cathomas G, Maurer CA, Galletti A, Salerni B, Pelicci G. Expression of the Rai (Shc C) adaptor protein in the human enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:206-12. [PMID: 17919311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adaptor protein Rai (ShcC/N-Shc) is almost exclusively present in the nervous system, although little is documented about its expression in the gut and the enteric nervous system (ENS). As Rai is a physiological substrate of Ret, an important factor for the development of ENS, we have evaluated the expression of Rai in the ENS in various segments of the human gastrointestinal tract. The expression of Rai was assessed by immunohistochemistry in disease-free human gut samples (oesophagus, stomach, small bowel and colon) obtained from subjects undergoing surgical procedures. Rai was not expressed in the epithelia or lymphoid tissue, whereas a moderate level of expression was observed in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and on the outer membrane of smooth muscle cells in both the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis propria. In the ENS, strong positivity was observed only in enteric glial cells, overlapping with GFAP and S100. In conclusion, Rai is expressed in the human gut, especially in the enteric glial cells. We conclude that Rai may provide an additional marker for this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Villanacci
- II Department of Pathology, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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21
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Berry A, Greco A, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, de Kloet R, Alleva E, Minghetti L, Cirulli F. Deletion of the lifespan determinant p66(Shc) improves performance in a spatial memory task, decreases levels of oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus and increases levels of the neurotrophin BDNF in adult mice. Exp Gerontol 2007; 43:200-8. [PMID: 18065182 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of the p66(Shc) gene in mice results in reduced levels of oxidative stress and longer lifespan. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to tissue damage, particularly in the brain. In this study we extended previous findings on the behavioral phenotype of the p66(Shc-/-) mice. Cognitive performance of adult and old p66(Shc-/-) and p66(Shc+/+) mice was tested in a Morris water maze (MWM) task while general reactivity and pain sensitivity were assayed at adulthood, respectively, in an open field and by means of a tail flick test. Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin involved in several aspects of synaptic plasticity, emotionality and pain sensitivity, were assessed in selected brain areas. P66(Shc-/-) adult subjects, compared to WT, overall showed a better performance in the MWM, lower emotionality and a higher pain threshold, in addition to increased basal levels of BDNF in the hippocampus, as well as decreased levels of oxidative stress markers in the same brain area. Although all aged subjects failed to learn the cognitive task, aged p66(Shc-/-) mice were characterized by a better physical performance. These results suggest an interaction between the p66(Shc) gene and specific signaling pathways involved in behavioral adaptation to stress and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berry
- Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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22
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Venezia V, Nizzari M, Carlo P, Corsaro A, Florio T, Russo C. Amyloid precursor protein and presenilin involvement in cell signaling. NEURODEGENER DIS 2007; 4:101-11. [PMID: 17596704 DOI: 10.1159/000101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To date the most relevant role for the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and for the presenilins (PSs) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) genesis is linked to the 'amyloid hypothesis', which considers an aberrant formation of amyloid-beta peptides the cause of neurodegeneration. In this view, APP is merely a substrate, cleaved by the gamma-secretase complex to form toxic amyloid peptides, PSs are key players in gamma-secretase complex, and corollary or secondary events are Tau-linked pathology and gliosis. A second theory, complementary to the amyloid hypothesis, proposes that APP and PSs may modulate a yet unclear cell signal, the disruption of which may induce cell-cycle abnormalities, neuronal death, eventually amyloid formation and finally dementia. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of a complex network of proteins, with a clear relevance for signal transduction mechanisms, which interact with APP or PSs. In this scenario, the C-terminal domain of APP has a pivotal role due to the presence of the 682YENPTY687 motif that represents the docking site for multiple interacting proteins involved in cell signaling. In this review we discuss the significance of novel findings related to cell signaling events modulated by APP and PSs for AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venezia
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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23
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Li MD, Sun D, Lou XY, Beuten J, Payne TJ, Ma JZ. Linkage and association studies in African- and Caucasian-American populations demonstrate that SHC3 is a novel susceptibility locus for nicotine dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:462-73. [PMID: 17179996 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our previous linkage study demonstrated that the 9q22-q23 chromosome region showed a 'suggestive' linkage to nicotine dependence (ND) in the Framingham Heart Study population. In this study, we provide further evidence for the linkage of this region to ND in an independent sample. Within this region, the gene encoding Src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein C3 (SHC3) represents a plausible candidate for association with ND, assessed by smoking quantity (SQ), the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) and the Fagerström Test for ND (FTND). We utilized 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms within SHC3 to examine the association with ND in 602 nuclear families of either African-American (AA) or European-American (EA) origin. Individual SNP-based analysis indicated three SNPs for AAs and one for EAs were significantly associated with at least one ND measure. Haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotypes A-C-T-A-T-A of rs12519-rs3750399-rs4877042-rs2297313-rs1547696-rs1331188, with a frequency of 27.8 and 17.6%, and C-T-A-G-T of rs3750399-rs4877042-rs2297313-rs3818668-rs1547696, at a frequency of 44.7 and 30.6% in the AA and Combined samples, respectively, were significantly inversely associated with the ND measures. In the EA sample, another haplotype with a frequency of 10.6%, A-G-T-G of rs1331188-rs1556384-rs4534195-rs1411836, showed a significant inverse association with ND measures. These associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction. We further demonstrated the SHC3 contributed 40.1-59.2% (depending on the ND measures) of the linkage signals detected on chromosome 9. As further support, we found that nicotine administered through infusion increased the Shc3 mRNA level by 60% in the rat striatum, and decreased it by 22% in the nucleus accumbens (NA). At the protein level, Shc3 was decreased by 38.0% in the NA and showed no change in the striatum. Together, these findings strongly implicate SHC3 in the etiology of ND, which represents an important biological candidate for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA.
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24
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Venezia V, Nizzari M, Repetto E, Violani E, Corsaro A, Thellung S, Villa V, Carlo P, Schettini G, Florio T, Russo C. Amyloid precursor protein modulates ERK-1 and -2 signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1090:455-65. [PMID: 17384289 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1378.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein with a short cytoplasmic tail whose physiological function is unclear, although it is well documented that the proteolytic processing of APP could influence the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the formation of membrane-bound C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta). We have recently shown that tyrosine-phosphorylated APP and CTFs may interact with Grb2 and ShcA adaptor proteins and that this coupling occurs at a higher extent in AD subjects only. To study the interaction between APP or CTFs and ShcA/Grb2 and to investigate their molecular target we have used as experimental model two different cell lines: H4 human neuroglioma cells and APP/APLP null mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs). Here we show that in H4 cells APP interacts with Grb2; conversely in APP/APLP-null MEF cells this interaction is possible only after the reintroduction of human APP by transfection. We have also shown that in MEF cells the transfection of a plasmid encoding for human APP wild-type enhances the phosphorylation of ERK-1 and -2 as revealed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments. Finally, also in H4 cells the overexpression of APP upregulates the levels of phospho-ERK-1 and -2. In summary our data suggest that APP may influence phospho-ERK-1 and -2 signaling through its binding with Grb2 and ShcA adaptors. The meaning of this event is not clear, but APP interaction with these adaptors could be relevant to regulate mitogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venezia
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Italy
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25
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Berry A, Capone F, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, de Kloet ER, Alleva E, Minghetti L, Cirulli F. Deletion of the life span determinant p66Shc prevents age-dependent increases in emotionality and pain sensitivity in mice. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42:37-45. [PMID: 16809014 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the aging process. Previous studies have determined that mice with a targeted mutation of the p66(Shc) gene show reduced oxidative stress and extended life span. This study is the first behavioral characterization of mice carrying a deletion of p66(Shc). Four-, 11- and 24-months-old homozygous knockout and wild-type mice of the 129Sv/Ev strain underwent a battery of behavioral tests. Locomotion and exploratory activity were tested in the open-field test, emotional reactivity was assessed in the elevated plus-maze, while nociception was evaluated by means of the hot-plate test (50 degrees C). In addition, social behavior was assessed in a social interaction test. Our results indicate that pain sensitivity and emotional behavior in wild-type mice increase with age. Deletion of the p66 gene results in an increase in pain threshold and reduced emotionality, differences with wild-type subjects becoming more pronounced with age. Thus reduced oxidative stress throughout the life span is able to prevent some behavioral effects of aging, particularly in response to painful or emotionally arousing stimuli. These data are discussed in relation to recent views, indicating new and complex interactions between oxidative stress and emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Berry
- Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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26
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McFarland KN, Wilkes SR, Koss SE, Ravichandran KS, Mandell JW. Neural-specific inactivation of ShcA results in increased embryonic neural progenitor apoptosis and microencephaly. J Neurosci 2006; 26:7885-97. [PMID: 16870734 PMCID: PMC6674223 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3524-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain size is precisely regulated during development and involves coordination of neural progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The adapter protein ShcA transmits signals from receptor tyrosine kinases via MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt signaling pathways. In the CNS, ShcA expression is high during embryonic development but diminishes as cells differentiate and switches to ShcB/Sck/Sli and ShcC/N-Shc/Rai. To directly test ShcA function in brain development, we used Cre/lox technology to express a dominant-negative form of ShcA (ShcFFF) in nestin-expressing neural progenitors. ShcFFF-expressing mice display microencephaly with brain weights reduced to 50% of littermate controls throughout postnatal and adult life. The cerebrum appeared most severely affected, but the gross architecture of the brain is normal. Body weight was mildly affected with a delay in reaching mature weight. At a mechanistic level, the ShcFFF microencephaly phenotype appears to be primarily attributable to elevated apoptosis levels throughout the brain from embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) to E12, which declined by E14.5. Apoptosis remained at normal basal levels throughout postnatal development. Proliferation indices were not significantly altered in the embryonic neuroepithelium or within the postnatal subventricular zone. In another approach with the same nestin-Cre transgene, conditional deletion of ShcA in mice with a homozygous floxed shc1 locus also showed a similar microencephaly phenotype. Together, these data suggest a critical role for ShcA in neural progenitor survival signaling and in regulating brain size.
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27
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Zuccato C, Conti L, Reitano E, Tartari M, Cattaneo E. The function of the neuronal proteins Shc and huntingtin in stem cells and neurons: pharmacologic exploitation for human brain diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1049:39-50. [PMID: 15965106 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1334.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The identification of intracellular molecules and soluble factors that are important for neuronal differentiation and survival are of critical importance for development of therapeutic strategies for brain diseases. First, the activity of these factors/molecules may be enhanced in vivo in the attempt to induce proper neuronal differentiation and integration of the resident stem cells. Second, these factors may be applied ex vivo to increase the recovery of neurons from stem cells. Third, for those intracellular molecules that play crucial roles in neuronal survival, identification of their downstream targets may give us the chance to develop drug screening assays that use these targets for therapeutic purposes. In recent years, it has become evident that intracellular signaling processes are critical mediators of the responses of neural stem cells and neurons to growth factors. Analysis of the mechanisms of signal transduction has led to the striking finding that a handful of conserved signaling pathways appear to be used in different combinations to specify a wide variety of tissues or cells. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which specific molecules control the transition from proliferation to differentiation of neural progenitor cells and the subsequent survival of postmitotic neurons; it also discusses how this knowledge may be exploited to increase the potential efficacy of stem cell replacement in the damaged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zuccato
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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28
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De Falco V, Guarino V, Malorni L, Cirafici AM, Troglio F, Erreni M, Pelicci G, Santoro M, Melillo RM. RAI(ShcC/N-Shc)-dependent recruitment of GAB 1 to RET oncoproteins potentiates PI 3-K signalling in thyroid tumors. Oncogene 2005; 24:6303-13. [PMID: 15940252 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RAI, also named ShcC/N-Shc, one of the members of the Shc proteins family, is a substrate of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. Here, we show that RAI forms a protein complex with both RET/MEN 2 A and RET/PTC oncoproteins. By co-immunoprecipitation, we found that RAI associates with the Grb 2-associated binder 1 (GAB 1) adapter. This association is constitutive, but, in the presence of RET oncoproteins, both RAI and GAB 1 are tyrosine-phosphorylated, and the stoichiometry of this interaction remarkably increases. Consequently, the p 85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 K) is recruited to the complex, and its downstream effector Akt is activated. We show that human thyroid cancer cell lines derived from papillary or medullary thyroid carcinoma (PTC or MTC) carrying, respectively, RET/PTC and RET/MEN 2 A oncoproteins express RAI proteins. We also show that human PTC samples express higher levels of RAI, when compared to normal thyroid tissue. In thyroid cells expressing RET/PTC 1, ectopic expression of RAI protects cells from apoptosis; on the other hand, the silencing of endogenous RAI by small inhibitory duplex RNAs in a PTC cell line that expresses endogenous RET/PTC 1, increases the rate of spontaneous apoptosis. These data suggest that RAI is a critical substrate for RET oncoproteins in thyroid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Falco
- Instituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR 'G. Salvatore', c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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29
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Miyamoto Y, Chen L, Sato M, Sokabe M, Nabeshima T, Pawson T, Sakai R, Mori N. Hippocampal synaptic modulation by the phosphotyrosine adapter protein ShcC/N-Shc via interaction with the NMDA receptor. J Neurosci 2005; 25:1826-35. [PMID: 15716419 PMCID: PMC6725942 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3030-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Shc (neural Shc) (also ShcC), an adapter protein possessing two phosphotyrosine binding motifs [PTB (phosphotyrosine binding) and SH2 (Src homology 2) domains], is predominantly expressed in mature neurons of the CNS and transmits neurotrophin signals from the TrkB receptor to the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, leading to cellular growth, differentiation, or survival. Here, we demonstrate a novel role of ShcC, the modulation of NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus, using ShcC gene-deficient mice. In behavioral analyses such as the Morris water maze, contextual fear conditioning, and novel object recognition tasks, ShcC mutant mice exhibited superior ability in hippocampus-dependent spatial and nonspatial learning and memory. Consistent with this finding, electrophysiological analyses revealed that hippocampal long-term potentiation in ShcC mutant mice was significantly enhanced, with no alteration of presynaptic function, and the effect of an NMDA receptor antagonist on its expression in the mutant mice was notably attenuated. The tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B was also increased, suggesting that ShcC mutant mice have enhanced NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus. These results indicate that ShcC not only mediates TrkB-Ras/MAPK signaling but also is involved in the regulation of NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus via interaction with phosphotyrosine residues on the receptor subunits and serves as a modulator of hippocampal synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Oobu 474-8522, Japan
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30
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Magrassi L, Conti L, Lanterna A, Zuccato C, Marchionni M, Cassini P, Arienta C, Cattaneo E. Shc3 affects human high-grade astrocytomas survival. Oncogene 2005; 24:5198-206. [PMID: 15870690 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A selective switch from expression of Shc1 gene to Shc3 occurs with maturation of neuronal precursors into postmitotic neurons. Previous studies showed that in the embryo, Shc1 is maximally expressed in dividing CNS stem cells while it is silenced in mature neurons, where it is replaced by Shc3. Under normal conditions Shc3 is never expressed by glial cells. We now show that in human astrocytomas and glioblastomas, the normal pattern of expression of Shc1/Shc3 is totally subverted, both proteins being present at the same time and in the same cells. Our data indicate that Shc3 is maximally expressed, together with Shc1, in glioblastoma, a highly proliferative tumor with little, if any, indication of neuronal differentiation. In primary cultures of glioblastoma, tumor cells maintain Shc1 expression but downregulate Shc3. Analysis of the phosphorylation status of Shc3 in human glioblastoma tumor samples in vivo indicates that it is tyrosine phosphorylated. Finally, we found that the expression of truncated variants of Shc3 with dominant-negative effects in human high-grade glioma cells that maintain Shc3 expression in vitro leads to a decreased Akt posphorylation and increased apoptosis, thus resulting in impaired survival of the transfected cells. These data suggest that Shc molecules play an important role in glioblastoma cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Magrassi
- Neurochirurgia, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Università di Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, and IGM CNR, P.le Golgi 2, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Ponti G, Conti L, Cataudella T, Zuccato C, Magrassi L, Rossi F, Bonfanti L, Cattaneo E. Comparative expression profiles of ShcB and ShcC phosphotyrosine adapter molecules in the adult brain. Neuroscience 2005; 133:105-15. [PMID: 15893635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Shc family of adaptor molecules has been demonstrated to play an important role during the transition from proliferating neural stem cells to postmitotic neurons. Previous studies from our group demonstrated a progressive decrease of ShcA levels occurring in coincidence with the end of embryonic neurogenesis and neuronal maturation, being ShcB and ShcC the major Shc molecules expressed in the mature brain. A growing body of evidence indicates that ShcB and ShcC are neuronal specific molecules exerting important roles in neuronal survival and phenotypic stability thus becoming potential attracting target molecules for development of drugs for interfering with brain demises. Here, we examine the expression pattern of ShcB and ShcC in neuronal populations composing the adult central and peripheral nervous system, in order to better elucidate their roles in vivo. We found a heterogeneous and peculiar presence and subcellular localization of ShcB and ShcC in specific neuronal populations, enlightening a potential specific requirement of these two molecules in the survival/maintenance of defined neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ponti
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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32
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Sagi O, Wolfson M, Utko N, Muradian K, Fraifeld V. p66ShcA and ageing: modulation by longevity-promoting agent aurintricarboxylic acid. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:249-54. [PMID: 15621204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many mutations that extend the lifespan of the lower organisms such as C. elegans and Drosophila, are associated with signaling or apoptotic pathways. Recently, such a possibility was shown in mammals: p66ShcA-deficient mice were more resistant to oxidative stress and lived longer than the wild-type animals [Migliaccio, E., Giorgio, M., Mele, S., Pelicci, G., Reboldi, P., Randolfi, P.P., Lanfrancone, L., Pelicci, P.G., 1999. The p66Shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Nature 402, 309-313]. There is evidence to implicate p66ShcA in age-related degenerative pathology, including atherosclerosis, sarcopenia, and Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that a low level expression of p66ShcA could be associated with longevity. Also, we suggested that the level of p66ShcA could be modulated by a putative longevity-promoting agent aurintricarboxylic acid [aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA); Fraifeld, V., Wolfson, M., Sagi, O., Seidman, R., Asraf, H., Utko, N., Muradian, K., 2002. Effects of anti-apoptotic agent aurintricarboxylic acid on longevity and longevity-associated processes. Biogerontology 3, 48]. We have found that: (i) the level of p66ShcA decreases with advanced age. Thirty-six-month-old mice have the lowest, whereas newborns have the highest p66ShcA levels; (ii) ATA significantly decreases the p66ShcA level in mouse lungs. In addition, the lifespan-prolongation effect of ATA in a Drosophila model was further validated. The results support the suggested role for the p66ShcA as one of the lifespan determinants in mammals; p66ShcA therefore represents a potential target for pharmacological longevity-promoting intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Sagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Multidisciplinary Research in Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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33
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34
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Russo C, Venezia V, Repetto E, Nizzari M, Violani E, Carlo P, Schettini G. The amyloid precursor protein and its network of interacting proteins: physiological and pathological implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 48:257-64. [PMID: 15850665 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an ubiquitous receptor-like molecule involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease that generates beta-amyloid peptides and causes plaque formation. APP and some of its C-terminal proteolytic fragments (CTFs) have also been shown to be in the center of a complex protein-protein network, where selective phosphorylation of APP C-terminus may regulate the interaction with cytosolic phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain or Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing proteins involved in cell signaling. We have recently described an interaction between tyrosine-phosphorylated CTFs and ShcA adaptor protein which is highly enhanced in AD brain, and a new interaction between APP and the adaptor protein Grb2 both in human brain and in neuroblastoma cultured cells. These data suggest a possible role in cell signaling for APP and its CTFs, in a manner similar to that previously reported for other receptors, through a tightly regulated coupling with intracellular adaptors to control the signaling of the cell. In this review, we discuss the significance of these novel findings for AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Russo
- Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Italy.
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35
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Scott RP, Eketjäll S, Aineskog H, Ibáñez CF. Distinct Turnover of Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of the RET Kinase Receptor Mediated by Differential Recruitment of the Cbl Ubiquitin Ligase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13442-9. [PMID: 15677445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500507200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of transcripts encoding the RET kinase receptor leads to isoforms differing in their cytoplasmic tail. Although in vitro studies have demonstrated a higher transforming activity of the long RET isoform (RET51), only the short isoform (RET9) can rescue the effects of a RET null mutation in the enteric nervous system and kidney development. The molecular basis underlying the distinct functions of the two RET isoforms is not understood. Here we demonstrated that activated RET51 associated more strongly with the ubiquitin ligase Cbl than did RET9, leading to increased ubiquitylation and faster turnover of RET51. The association of Cbl with RET was indirect and was mediated through Grb2. A constitutive complex of Grb2 and Cbl could be recruited to both receptor isoforms via docking of Shc to phosphorylated Tyr-1062 in RET. A mutant Shc protein unable to recruit the Grb2.Cbl complex decreased the turnover and prolonged the half-life of RET9, thus ascribing a previously unknown negative role to the Shc adaptor molecule. In addition, phosphorylation of Tyr-1096, which is present in RET51 but absent in RET9, endowed the longer isoform with a second route to recruit the Grb2.Cbl complex. These findings establish a mechanism for the differential down-regulation of RET9 and RET51 signaling that could explain the apparently paradoxical activities of these two RET isoforms. More generally, these results illustrate how alternative splicing can regulate the half-life and function of a growth factor receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy P Scott
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Repetto E, Russo C, Venezia V, Nizzari M, Nitsch RM, Schettini G. BACE1 Overexpression Regulates Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage and Interaction with the ShcA Adapter. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1030:330-8. [PMID: 15659814 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1329.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a cell surface protein with a large extracellular N-terminal domain, a single transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic tail. Its location and structural features are characteristic of a receptor for signal transduction. Yet, the physiological function of APP is unclear, although it is well documented that APP's proteolytic processing, through the formation of membrane-bound C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and of beta-amyloid peptides, likely influences the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is evidence that BACE1 is the enzyme responsible for beta-site cleavage of the APP and for the generation of CTFs. BACE1 expression is upregulated in AD brain, and we have recently shown in human brain and in vitro that BACE product CTFs, when phosphorylated in tyrosine residues, interact with the adaptor proteins ShcA and Grb2, which usually are involved in signal transduction pathways. We investigated the interaction between ShcA, APP, and CTFs in the H4 human cell line that overexpresses BACE1 to clarify the significance of such interactions in vitro and for AD generation. Our result show that the APP, CTF, and ShcA interaction is induced only upon overexpression of BACE1 either transiently or in stable cell lines. In particular, although BACE1 drives the formation of C99 and C89 CTFs, only C99 interacts with the ShcA adaptor protein. Therefore, our data suggest that BACE1 activity influences APP processing and its intracellular signaling through the ShcA adaptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Repetto
- Farmacologia e Neuroscienze, Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, Università di Genova, Italy
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37
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Troglio F, Echart C, Gobbi A, Pawson T, Pelicci PG, De Simoni MG, Pelicci G. The Rai (Shc C) adaptor protein regulates the neuronal stress response and protects against cerebral ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:15476-81. [PMID: 15494442 PMCID: PMC524437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403283101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rai (Shc C or N-Shc) is a neuron-specific member of the family of Shc-like adaptor proteins. Rai functions in the cytoplasmic propagation of Ret-dependent survival signals and regulates, in vivo, the number of sympathetic neurons. We report here a function of Rai, i.e., the regulation of the neuronal adaptive response to environmental stresses. We demonstrate that (i) primary cultures of cortical neurons from Rai-/- mice are more sensitive to apoptosis induced by hypoxia or oxidative stress; (ii) in Rai-/- mice, ischemia/reperfusion injury induces severe neurological deficits, increased apoptosis and size of the infarct area, and significantly higher mortality; and (iii) Rai functions as a stress-response gene that increases phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and Akt phosphorylation after hypoxic or oxidation insults. These data suggest that Rai has a functional neuroprotective role in brain injury, with possible implications in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Troglio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
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38
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Guo D, Hazbun TR, Xu XJ, Ng SL, Fields S, Kuo MH. A tethered catalysis, two-hybrid system to identify protein-protein interactions requiring post-translational modifications. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22:888-92. [PMID: 15208639 DOI: 10.1038/nbt985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have modified the yeast two-hybrid system to enable the detection of protein-protein interactions that require a specific post-translational modification, using the acetylation of histones and the phosphorylation of the carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II as test modifications. In this tethered catalysis assay, constitutive modification of the protein to be screened for interactions is achieved by fusing it to its cognate modifying enzyme, with the physical linkage resulting in efficient catalysis. This catalysis maintains substrate modification even in the presence of antagonizing enzyme activities. A catalytically inactive mutant of the enzyme is fused to the substrate as a control such that the modification does not occur; this construct enables the rapid identification of modification-independent interactions. We identified proteins with links to chromatin functions that interact with acetylated histones, and proteins that participate in RNA polymerase II functions and in CTD phosphorylation regulation that interact preferentially with the phosphorylated CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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39
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Rorie CJ, Thomas VD, Chen P, Pierce HH, O'Bryan JP, Weissman BE. The Ews/Fli-1 fusion gene switches the differentiation program of neuroblastomas to Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1266-77. [PMID: 14973077 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) and the Ewing sarcoma (ES)/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) family are pediatric cancers derived from neural crest cells. Although NBs display features of the sympathetic nervous system, ES/PNETs express markers consistent with parasympathetic differentiation. To examine the control of these differentiation markers, we generated NB x ES/PNET somatic cell hybrids. NB-specific markers were suppressed in the hybrids, whereas ES/PNET-specific markers were unaffected. These results suggested that the Ews/Fli-1 fusion gene, resulting from a translocation unique to ES/PNETs, might account for the loss of NB-specific markers. To test this hypothesis, we generated two different NB cell lines that stably expressed the Ews/Fli-1 gene. We observed that heterologous expression of the Ews/Fli-1 protein led to the suppression of NB-specific markers and de novo expression of ES/PNET markers. To determine the extent of changes in differentiation, we used the Affymetrix GeneChip Array system to observe global transcriptional changes of genes. This analysis revealed that the gene expression pattern of the Ews/Fli-1-expressing NB cells resembled that observed in pooled ES/PNET cell lines and differed significantly from the NB parental cells. Therefore, we propose that Ews/Fli-1 contributes to the etiology of ES/PNET by subverting the differentiation program of its neural crest precursor cell to a less differentiated and more proliferative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Checo J Rorie
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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40
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Wiese S, Beck M, Karch C, Sendtner M. Signalling mechanisms for survival of lesioned motoneurons. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2004; 89:21-35. [PMID: 15335098 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0603-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms controlling neuronal survival play an important role both during development and after birth, in particular when the nervous system is lesioned. Isolated embryonic motoneurons and other types of primary neurons have been a useful tool for studying basic mechanisms underlying neuronal cell death during development and under pathophysiological conditions after neurotrauma. These studies have led to the identification of neurotrophic factors which under physiological conditions regulate survival and functional properties, and after neurotrauma promote regeneration and plasticity. Functional analysis of these molecules, in particular by generation of gene knockout mice, has led to a more detailed understanding of complex requirements of individual types of neurons for their survival and also paved the way for a better understanding of the signalling pathways in lesioned neurons which decide on cell death or survival after axotomy and other pathophysiological conditions. These findings could ultimately lead to a rational basis for therapeutic approaches aiming at improving neuronal survival and regeneration after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wiese
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Cataudella T, Conti L, Cattaneo E. Neural stem and progenitor cells: choosing the right Shc. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:127-33. [PMID: 14699961 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells able to generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Since their identification, these properties have made NSCs an attractive subject for therapeutic applications to the damaged brain. In this context, understanding the mechanisms and the molecules regulating their biological properties is important and it is focused to gain control over their proliferative and differentiative potential. Here we will discuss values and unsolved aspects of the system and the employment of potentially key molecular targets for proper control of NSCs fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cataudella
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors critical for the development and functioning of the nervous system. Although originally identified as neuronal survival factors, neurotrophins elicit many biological effects, ranging from proliferation to synaptic modulation to axonal pathfinding. Recent data indicate that the nature of the signaling cascades activated by neurotrophins, and the biological responses that ensue, are specified not only by the ligand itself but also by the temporal pattern and spatial location of stimulation. Studies on neurotrophin signaling have revealed variations in the Ras/MAP kinase, PI3 kinase, and phospholipase C pathways, which transmit spatial and temporal information. The anatomy of neurons makes them particularly appropriate for studying how the location and tempo of stimulation determine the signal cascades that are activated by receptor tyrosine kinases such as the Trk receptors. These signaling variations may represent a general mechanism eliciting specificity in growth factor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind A Segal
- Departments of Neurobiology and Pediatric Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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44
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Abstract
The biology of aging has been mysterious for centuries. Removal of the p66(Shc) gene, which encodes an adaptor protein for cell signaling, extends lifespan by approximately 30% in mice and confers resistance to oxidative stress. The absence of p66(Shc) correlates with reduced levels of apoptosis. Oxidants induce phosphorylation of serine36 on p66(Shc), contributing to inactivation of members of the Forkhead transcription factor family, some of which appear to regulate the expression of antioxidant genes. The expression of p66(Shc) is regulated by the methylation status of its promoter. This leads us to hypothesize that increased methylation of the p66(Shc) promoter might contribute to the absence of its expression and therefore extended longevity in particular individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Purdom
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Genetics and Genomics, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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45
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Jiang X, Edstrom E, Altun M, Ulfhake B. Differential regulation of Shc adaptor proteins in skeletal muscle, spinal cord and forebrain of aged rats with sensorimotor impairment. Aging Cell 2003; 2:47-57. [PMID: 12882334 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shc family of proteins participates in mitogenic and survival signalling through binding to receptor tyrosine kinases. We report here on the expression of Shc in forebrain, spinal cord and hind limb muscles from 30-month-old rats with different degrees of sensorimotor impairment. ShcA (mRNA and protein) is up-regulated in skeletal muscles and spinal cord of aged rats, and this change relates to biological age, i.e. degree of behavioural incapacitation, rather than to chronological age. Western blot and RT-PCR revealed that the increase in ShcA selectively affected the p46 isoform in the spinal cord, whereas in muscle tissue a robust increase of p66(ShcA) was also evident. Furthermore, in parallel with the up-regulation of ShcA, an increase of p75(NTR) mRNA in the aged animals was observed. ShcB mRNA showed a tendency for down-regulation in both spinal cord and skeletal muscles, whereas the expression of ShcC was unaltered. Our data show that the regulation of Shc mRNAs in senescence is region as well as isoform specific. The regulatory changes may reflect changes in mitogenic/survival signalling induced by age-related cell and tissue damage. The coup-regulation of p66(ShcA) and p75(NTR) is interesting since both molecules have been associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Jiang
- Experimental Neurogerontology, Department of Neuroscience, Retzius Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Nakamura T, Komiya M, Sone K, Hirose E, Gotoh N, Morii H, Ohta Y, Mori N. Grit, a GTPase-activating protein for the Rho family, regulates neurite extension through association with the TrkA receptor and N-Shc and CrkL/Crk adapter molecules. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:8721-34. [PMID: 12446789 PMCID: PMC139861 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.24.8721-8734.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are key regulators of the fate and shape of neuronal cells and act as guidance cues for growth cones by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton. Actin dynamics is controlled by Rho GTPases. We identified a novel Rho GTPase-activating protein (Grit) for Rho/Rac/Cdc42 small GTPases. Grit was abundant in neuronal cells and directly interacted with TrkA, a high-affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF). Another pool of Grit was recruited to the activated receptor tyrosine kinase through its binding to N-Shc and CrkL/Crk, adapter molecules downstream of activated receptor tyrosine kinases. Overexpression of the TrkA-binding region of Grit inhibited NGF-induced neurite elongation. Further, we found some tendency for neurite promotion in full-length Grit-overexpressing PC12 cells upon NGF stimulation. These results suggest that Grit, a novel TrkA-interacting protein, regulates neurite outgrowth by modulating the Rho family of small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Program of Protecting the Brain, CREST, JST, Oobu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan
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47
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Friguls B, Petegnief V, Justicia C, Pallàs M, Planas AM. Activation of ERK and Akt signaling in focal cerebral ischemia: modulation by TGF-alpha and involvement of NMDA receptor. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 11:443-56. [PMID: 12586553 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2002.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia activates ERK and Akt pathways. We studied whether these activations were affected by treatment with the protective growth factor transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and whether they were mediated through N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The middle cerebral artery was occluded in rats and signaling was studied 1 h later. Noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 was injected i.p. before the occlusion, whereas in other rats TGF-alpha was given intraventricularly before and after occlusion. Ischemia caused ERK phosphorylation in the nucleus, localized in the endothelium and neurons. Phosphorylation of ERK was prevented by TGF-alpha, but it was enhanced in the nucleus and cytoplasm by MK-801. Also, MK-801 but not TGF-alpha increased p-Akt. Results suggest that preventing ERK activation is related to the protective effect of TGF-alpha, whereas the protective effect of MK-801 is associated with activation of pro-survival Akt. While results support that NMDA receptor signaling precludes Akt activation, we did not find evidence to support that it underlies ischemia-induced ERK phosphorylation. This study illustrates that neuroprotection results from a fine balance between death and survival signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Friguls
- Departament de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC-IDIBAPS, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Lamprecht R, Farb CR, LeDoux JE. Fear memory formation involves p190 RhoGAP and ROCK proteins through a GRB2-mediated complex. Neuron 2002; 36:727-38. [PMID: 12441060 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We used fear conditioning, which is known to alter synaptic efficacy in lateral amygdala (LA), to study molecular mechanisms underlying long-term memory. Following fear conditioning, the tyrosine phosphorylated protein p190 RhoGAP becomes associated with GRB2 in LA significantly more in conditioned than in control rats. RasGAP and Shc were also found to associate with GRB2 in LA significantly more in the conditioned animals. Inhibition of the p190 RhoGAP-downstream kinase ROCK in LA during fear conditioning impaired long- but not short-term memory. Thus, the p190 RhoGAP/ROCK pathway, which regulates the morphology of dendrites and axons during neural development, plays a central role, through a GRB2-mediated molecular complex, in fear memory formation in the lateral amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Lamprecht
- W.M. Keck Foundation Laboratory for Neurobiology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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49
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Russo C, Dolcini V, Salis S, Venezia V, Violani E, Carlo P, Zambrano N, Russo T, Schettini G. Signal transduction through tyrosine-phosphorylated carboxy-terminal fragments of APP via an enhanced interaction with Shc/Grb2 adaptor proteins in reactive astrocytes of Alzheimer's disease brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 973:323-33. [PMID: 12485888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) through the formation of C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the production of beta-amyloid, are events likely to influence the development and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is a transmembrane protein similar to a cell-surface receptor with the intraluminal NPTY motif in the cytosolic C terminus. Although APP holoprotein can be bound to intracellular proteins like Fe65, X11, and mDab, the ultimate function and the mechanisms through which this putative receptor transfers its message are unclear. Here it is shown that in human brain, a subset of tyrosine-phosphorylated CTFs represent docking sites for the adaptor protein ShcA. ShcA immunoreactivity is greatly enhanced in Alzheimer's patients; it is mainly localized to glial cells and occurs at reactive astrocytes surrounding cerebral vessels and amyloid plaques. Grb2 also is involved in complexes with ShcA and tyrosine-phosphorylated CTFs, and in AD brain the interaction between Grb2-ShcA and CTFs is enhanced. Also, a higher amount of phospho-ERK1,2 is present in AD brain in comparison with control cases, likely as a result of the ShcA activation. In vitro experiments show that the ShcA-CTFs interaction is strictly confined to glial cells when treated with thrombin, which is a well-known ShcA and ERK1,2 activator, mitogen, and regulator of APP cleavage. In untreated cells ShcA does not interact with either APP or CTFs, although they are normally produced. Altogether these data suggest that CTFs are implicated in cell signaling via Shc transduction machinery, likely influencing MAPK activity and glial reaction in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Russo
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento Oncologia Biologia e Genetica, Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Farmacologia e Neuroscienze IST c/o Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Pratt RL, Kinch MS. Activation of the EphA2 tyrosine kinase stimulates the MAP/ERK kinase signaling cascade. Oncogene 2002; 21:7690-9. [PMID: 12400011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2002] [Revised: 06/06/2002] [Accepted: 07/06/2002] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases regulates many different aspects of cell behavior. Recent studies in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase critically regulates tumor cell growth, migration and invasiveness. Although the cellular consequences of EphA2 signaling have been the focus of recent attention, the biochemical changes that are triggered by ligand-mediated activation of EphA2 remain largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that ligand stimulation of EphA2 promotes the nucleus translocation and phosphorylation of ERK kinases, followed by an increase in nuclear induction of the Elk-1 transcription factor. Ligand-mediated activation allows EphA2 to form a molecular complex with the SHC and GRB2 adaptor proteins. Specifically, we demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylated EphA2 interacts with the PTB and SH2 domains of SHC. We also show that the interaction of EphA2 with GRB2 is indirect and mediated by SHC and that this complex is necessary for EphA2-mediated activation of ERK kinases. These studies provide a novel mechanism to demonstrate how EphA2 can convey information from the cell exterior to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pratt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University Cancer Center, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN 47907-1246, USA
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