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Kelleci K, Gölebatmaz E. In Vitro Determination of Antileshmanial Activities of Benzimidazolium Derivatives on L. major Promastigotes and Amastigotes. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:51-55. [PMID: 36348181 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem infecting millions of people worldwide. An effective and reliable treatment method to be used in the treatment of the disease has not been developed yet. METHODS In this article, the anti-leishmanial activities of two benzimidazolium derivatives (B.A and B.B) against Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes, which are known to cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, were investigated for the first time. The immunostimulatory activity of the developed formulations was determined using the J774 murine macrophage cell line. RESULTS B.A and B.B compounds were found to have a much higher cytotoxic effect than Amphotericin B (IC50 value 0.75 μM ± 0.03), which is used as the reference drug. The IC50 value was determined as 2.02 µM ± 0.52 for B.A and 1.83 µM ± 0.71 for B.B in Leishmania promastigotes. In addition, IC50 values of B. A and B.B Leishmania amastigotes were found to be 1.01 µM and 0.67 µM, respectively. It was found that B.B was 81.12 times more selective than Amphotericin B and showed the highest selectivity against L. major promastigotes (359.09) and amastigotes (980.80). Considering the selectivity indices (SI) of B.A and B.B, both compounds tested are more promising than Amphotericin B. CONCLUSION The results showed that benzimidazolium derivatives have anti-leishmanial potential against L. major, which is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Thus, we can say that the obtained results will help the development of effective and safe antileishmanial drug formulations against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Kelleci
- Vocational School, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Beykoz University, Vatan Caddesi, No: 69 PK, Beykoz, 34805, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Faculty of Chemistry and Metallurgy, Department of Bioengineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eda Gölebatmaz
- Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Ullah I, Gahalawat S, Booshehri LM, Niederstrasser H, Majumdar S, Leija C, Bradford JM, Hu B, Ready JM, Wetzel DM. An Antiparasitic Compound from the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box Promotes Leishmania Tubulin Polymerization. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2057-2072. [PMID: 32686409 PMCID: PMC8059355 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The few frontline antileishmanial drugs are poorly effective and toxic. To search for new drugs for this neglected tropical disease, we tested the activity of compounds in the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) "Pathogen Box" against Leishmania amazonensis axenic amastigotes. Screening yielded six discovery antileishmanial compounds with EC50 values from 50 to 480 nM. Concentration-response assays demonstrated that the best hit, MMV676477, had mid-nanomolar cytocidal potency against intracellular Leishmania amastigotes, Trypanosoma brucei, and Plasmodium falciparum, suggesting broad antiparasitic activity. We explored structure-activity relationships (SAR) within a small group of MMV676477 analogs and observed a wide potency range (20-5000 nM) against axenic Leishmania amastigotes. Compared to MMV676477, our most potent analog, SW41, had ∼5-fold improved antileishmanial potency. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that MMV676477 selectively disrupts Leishmania tubulin dynamics. Morphological studies indicated that MMV676477 and analogs affected L. amazonensis during cell division. Differential centrifugation showed that MMV676477 promoted partitioning of cellular tubulin toward the polymeric form in parasites. Turbidity assays with purified Leishmania and porcine tubulin demonstrated that MMV676477 promoted leishmanial tubulin polymerization in a concentration-dependent manner. Analogs' antiparasitic activity correlated with their ability to facilitate purified Leishmania tubulin polymerization. Chemical cross-linking demonstrated binding of the MMV676477 scaffold to purified Leishmania tubulin, and competition studies established a correlation between binding and antileishmanial activity. Our studies demonstrate that MMV676477 is a potent antiparasitic compound that preferentially promotes Leishmania microtubule polymerization. Due to its selectivity for and broad-spectrum activity against multiple parasites, this scaffold shows promise for antiparasitic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ullah
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Suraksha Gahalawat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Laela M. Booshehri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Hanspeter Niederstrasser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Shreoshi Majumdar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Christopher Leija
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - James M. Bradford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Joseph M. Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Dawn M. Wetzel
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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Scotti MT, Monteiro AFM, de Oliveira Viana J, Bezerra Mendonça Junior FJ, Ishiki HM, Tchouboun EN, De Araújo RSA, Scotti L. Recent Theoretical Studies Concerning Important Tropical Infections. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:795-834. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190711121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) form a group of diseases that are strongly associated
with poverty, flourish in impoverished environments, and thrive best in tropical areas,
where they tend to present overlap. They comprise several diseases, and the symptoms
vary dramatically from disease to disease, often causing from extreme pain, and untold misery
that anchors populations to poverty, permanent disability, and death. They affect more than 1
billion people worldwide; mostly in poor populations living in tropical and subtropical climates.
In this review, several complementary in silico approaches are presented; including
identification of new therapeutic targets, novel mechanisms of activity, high-throughput
screening of small-molecule libraries, as well as in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship
and recent molecular docking studies. Current and active research against Sleeping
Sickness, American trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis and Schistosomiasis infections will hopefully
lead to safer, more effective, less costly and more widely available treatments against
these parasitic forms of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | - Jéssika de Oliveira Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | | | - Hamilton M. Ishiki
- University of Western Sao Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Santos A. De Araújo
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
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4
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Bustamante C, Ochoa R, Asela C, Muskus C. Repurposing of known drugs for leishmaniasis treatment using bioinformatic predictions, in vitro validations and pharmacokinetic simulations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:845-854. [PMID: 31612362 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites and is associated to more than 1.3 million cases annually. Some of the pharmacological options for treating the disease are pentavalent antimonials, pentamidine, miltefosine, and amphotericin B. However, all are associated with a wide range of adverse effects and contraindications, as well as resistance from the parasite. In the present study, we looked for pharmacological alternatives to treat leishmaniasis, with a focus on drug repurposing. This was done by detecting potential homologs between proteins targeted by approved drugs and proteins of the parasite. The proteins were analyzed using an interaction network, and the drugs were subjected to in vitro evaluations and pharmacokinetics simulations to compare probable plasma concentrations with the effective concentrations detected experimentally. This strategy yielded a list of 33 drugs with potential anti-Leishmania activity, and more than 80 possible protein targets in the parasite. From the drugs tested, two reported high in vitro activity (perphenazine EC50 = 1.2 µg/mL and rifabutin EC50 = 8.5 µg/mL). These results allowed us to propose these drugs as candidates for further in vivo studies and evaluations of the effectiveness on their topical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bustamante
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales-PECET, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Ochoa
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales-PECET, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Biophysics of Tropical Diseases, Max Planck Tandem Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Claudia Asela
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales-PECET, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Muskus
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales-PECET, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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5
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Sinclair AN, de Graffenried CL. More than Microtubules: The Structure and Function of the Subpellicular Array in Trypanosomatids. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:760-777. [PMID: 31471215 PMCID: PMC6783356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The subpellicular microtubule array defines the wide range of cellular morphologies found in parasitic kinetoplastids (trypanosomatids). Morphological studies have characterized array organization, but little progress has been made towards identifying the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for array differentiation during the trypanosomatid life cycle, or the apparent stability and longevity of array microtubules. In this review, we outline what is known about the structure and biogenesis of the array, with emphasis on Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania, which cause life-threatening diseases in humans and livestock. We highlight unanswered questions about this remarkable cellular structure that merit new consideration in light of our recently improved understanding of how the 'tubulin code' influences microtubule dynamics to generate complex cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Sinclair
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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6
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Casino AD, Lukinović V, Bhatt R, Randle LE, Dascombe MJ, Fennell DBJ, Drew MGB, Bell A, Fielding AJ, Ismail FMD. Synthesis, Structural Determination, and Pharmacology of Putative Dinitroaniline Antimalarials. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio del Casino
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Lukinović
- School of Chemistry and the Photon Science InstituteThe University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL United Kingdom
| | - Rakesh Bhatt
- Henkel Loctite Adhesives LtdKelsey House, Wood Lane End Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4RQ United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. Randle
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Dascombe
- Faculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthStopford Building The University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom
| | - Dr Brian J. Fennell
- School of Genetics and MicrobiologyMoyne InstituteTrinity College, Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Michael G. B. Drew
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Reading, Reading, Berks, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Angus Bell
- School of Genetics and MicrobiologyMoyne InstituteTrinity College, Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Alistair J. Fielding
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Fyaz M. D. Ismail
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
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7
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Systematic search for benzimidazole compounds and derivatives with antileishmanial effects. Mol Divers 2018; 22:779-790. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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Antigenicity, immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a conserved Leishmania hypothetical protein against visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2017; 145:740-751. [PMID: 29113597 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a Leishmania hypothetical protein, LiHyS, was evaluated regarding its antigenicity, immunogenicity and protective efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Regarding antigenicity, immunoblottings and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using human and canine sera showed high sensitivity and specificity values for the recombinant protein (rLiHyS) in the diagnosis of VL. When evaluating the immunogenicity of LiHyS, which is possibly located in the parasite's flagellar pocket, proliferative assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects or VL patients showed a high proliferative index in both individuals, when compared to the results obtained using rA2 or unstimulated cultures. Later, rLiHyS/saponin was inoculated in BALB/c mice, which were then challenged with Leishmania infantum promastigotes. The vaccine induced an interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production, which was maintained after infection and which was associated with high nitrite and IgG2a antibody levels, as well as low IL-4 and IL-10 production. Significant reductions in the parasite load in liver, spleen, bone marrow and draining lymph nodes were found in these animals. In this context, the present study shows that the rLiHyS has the capacity to be evaluated as a diagnostic marker or vaccine candidate against VL.
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9
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Figueroa-Villar JD, Sales EM. The importance of nucleoside hydrolase enzyme (NH) in studies to treatment of Leishmania: A review. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 263:18-27. [PMID: 27939867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is a genus of trypanosomes, which are responsible for leishmaniasis disease, a major trypanosome infection in humans. In recent years, published studies have shown that the search for new drugs for Leishmania treatments has intensified. Through technique modeling it has been possible to develop new compounds, which act as nucleoside hydrolase (NH) inhibitors. The effect of these enzymes is the hydrolysis of certain RNA nucleotides, which include uridine and inosine, necessary for the protozoa to transform certain nucleosides obtained from infected individuals into nucleobases for the preparation of their DNA. The obtention of NH inhibitors is very important to eliminate leishmaniasis disease in infected individuals. The aim of this study is to discuss the research and development of new agents for the treatment of Leishmania, and to stimulate the formulation of new NH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José D Figueroa-Villar
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Edijane M Sales
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Sangshetti JN, Kalam Khan FA, Kulkarni AA, Arote R, Patil RH. Antileishmanial drug discovery: comprehensive review of the last 10 years. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the current aspects of leishmaniasis including marketed drugs, new antileishmanial agents, and possible drug targets of antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rohidas Arote
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- School of Dentistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra H. Patil
- Department of Biotechnology
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
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11
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Dostál V, Libusová L. Microtubule drugs: action, selectivity, and resistance across the kingdoms of life. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:991-1005. [PMID: 24652407 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule drugs such as paclitaxel, colchicine, vinblastine, trifluralin, or oryzalin form a chemically diverse group that has been reinforced by a large number of novel compounds over time. They all share the ability to change microtubule properties. The profound effects of disrupted microtubule systems on cell physiology can be used in research as well as anticancer treatment and agricultural weed control. The activity of microtubule drugs generally depends on their binding to α- and β-tubulin subunits. The microtubule drugs are often effective only in certain taxonomic groups, while other organisms remain resistant. Available information on the molecular basis of this selectivity is summarized. In addition to reviewing published data, we performed sequence data mining, searching for kingdom-specific signatures in plant, animal, fungal, and protozoan tubulin sequences. Our findings clearly correlate with known microtubule drug resistance determinants and add more amino acid positions with a putative effect on drug-tubulin interaction. The issue of microtubule network properties in plant cells producing microtubule drugs is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dostál
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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12
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Braga MS, Neves LX, Campos JM, Roatt BM, de Oliveira Aguiar Soares RD, Braga SL, de Melo Resende D, Reis AB, Castro-Borges W. Shotgun proteomics to unravel the complexity of the Leishmania infantum exoproteome and the relative abundance of its constituents. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 195:43-53. [PMID: 25017697 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The exoproteome of some Leishmania species has revealed important insights into host-parasite interaction, paving the way for the proposal of novel disease-oriented interventions. The focus of the present investigation constituted the molecular profile of the L. infantum exoproteome revealed by a shotgun proteomic approach. Promastigotes under logarithmic phase of growth were obtained and harvested by centrifugation at different time points. Cell integrity was evaluated through the counting of viable parasites using propidium iodide labeling, followed by flow cytometry analysis. The 6h culture supernatant, operationally defined here as exoproteome, was then conditioned to in solution digestion and the resulting peptides submitted to mass spectrometry. A total of 102 proteins were identified and categorized according to their cellular function. Their relative abundance index (emPAI) allowed inference that the L. infantum exoproteome is a complex mixture dominated by molecules particularly involved in nucleotide metabolism and antioxidant activity. Bioinformatic analyses support that approximately 60% of the identified proteins are secreted, of which, 85% possibly reach the extracellular milieu by means of non-classic pathways. At last, sera from naturally infected animals, carriers of differing clinical forms of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL), were used to test the immunogenicity associated to the L. infantum exoproteome. Western blotting experiments revealed that this sub-proteome was useful at discriminating symptomatic animals from those exhibiting other clinical forms of the disease. Collectively, the molecular characterization of the L. infantum exoproteome and the preliminary immunoproteomic assays opened up new research avenues related to treatment, prognosis and diagnosis of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Soares Braga
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Proteômica, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Xavier Neves
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Proteômica, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jonatan Marques Campos
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Proteômica, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Leôncio Braga
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo Resende
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Proteômica, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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13
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Magalhães RDM, Duarte MC, Mattos EC, Martins VT, Lage PS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Lage DP, Menezes-Souza D, Régis WCB, Manso Alves MJ, Soto M, Tavares CAP, Nagen RAP, Coelho EAF. Identification of differentially expressed proteins from Leishmania amazonensis associated with the loss of virulence of the parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2764. [PMID: 24699271 PMCID: PMC3974679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study analyzed whether or not the in vitro cultivation for long periods of time of pre-isolated Leishmania amazonensis from lesions of chronically infected BALB/c mice was able to interfere in the parasites' infectivity using in vivo and in vitro experiments. In addition, the proteins that presented a significant decrease or increase in their protein expression content were identified applying a proteomic approach. Methodology/Principal Findings Parasites were cultured in vitro for 150 days. Aliquots were collected on the day 0 of culture (R0), as well as after ten (R10; 50 days of culture), twenty (R20; 100 days of culture), and thirty (R30; 150 days of culture) passages, and were used to analyze the parasites' in vitro and in vivo infectivity, as well as to perform the proteomic approach. Approximately 837, 967, 935, and 872 spots were found in 2-DE gels prepared from R0, R10, R20, and R30 samples, respectively. A total of 37 spots presented a significant decrease in their intensity of expression, whereas a significant increase in protein content during cultivation could be observed for 19 proteins (both cases >2.0 folds). Some of these identified proteins can be described, such as diagnosis and/or vaccine candidates, while others are involved in the infectivity of Leishmania. It is interesting to note that six proteins, considered hypothetical in Leishmania, showed a significant decrease in their expression and were also identified. Conclusions/Significance The present study contributes to the understanding that the cultivation of parasites over long periods of time may well be related to the possible loss of infectivity of L. amazonensis. The identified proteins that presented a significant decrease in their expression during cultivation, including the hypothetical, may also be related to this loss of parasites' infectivity, and applied in future studies, including vaccine candidates and/or immunotherapeutic targets against leishmaniasis. Leishmania amazonensis can induce a diversity of clinical manifestations in mammal hosts, including tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. The present study evaluated the variation of infectivity of L. amazonensis, which was pre-isolated from lesions of chronically infected mice and in vitro cultured for 150 days, in turn connecting these results with the profile of parasite protein expression using a proteomic approach. Parasites were recovered after the first passage, as well as after 50, 100, and 150 days of axenic cultures, and were subsequently evaluated. A total of 37 proteins presented a significant decrease, whereas 19 proteins presented a significant increase in their protein expression content in the assays (both cases >2.0 fold). Some of the identified proteins have been reported in prior literature, including diagnosis and/or vaccine candidates for leishmaniasis, while others proved to be involved in the infectivity of Leishmania. It is interesting to note that proteins related to the parasites' metabolism were also the majority of the proteins identified in the old cultures of L. amazonensis, suggesting a possible relation between the metabolic state of parasites and their possible loss of infectivity. In conclusion, the proteins identified in this study represent a contribution to the discovery of new vaccine candidates and/or immunotherapeutic targets against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens D. M. Magalhães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliciane C. Mattos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian T. Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula S. Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P. Lage
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wiliam C. B. Régis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria J. Manso Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos A. P. Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A. P. Nagen
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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14
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Comparative analyses of the β-tubulin gene and molecular modeling reveal molecular insight into the colchicine resistance in kinetoplastids organisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:843748. [PMID: 24083244 PMCID: PMC3780476 DOI: 10.1155/2013/843748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Differential susceptibility to microtubule agents has been demonstrated between mammalian cells and kinetoplastid organisms such as Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. The aims of this study were to identify and characterize the architecture of the putative colchicine binding site of Leishmania spp. and investigate the molecular basis of colchicine resistance. We cloned and sequenced the β-tubulin gene of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and established the theoretical 3D model of the protein, using the crystallographic structure of the bovine protein as template. We identified mutations on the Leishmania
β-tubulin gene sequences on regions related to the putative colchicine-binding pocket, which generate amino acid substitutions and changes in the topology of this region, blocking the access of colchicine. The same mutations were found in the β-tubulin sequence of kinetoplastid organisms such as Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei, and T. evansi. Using molecular modelling approaches, we demonstrated that conformational changes include an elongation and torsion of an α-helix structure and displacement to the inside of the pocket of one β-sheet that hinders access of colchicine. We propose that kinetoplastid organisms show resistance to colchicine due to amino acids substitutions that generate structural changes in the putative colchicine-binding domain, which prevent colchicine access.
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15
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Patrick DA, Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Jones SK, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Kumar A, Boykin DW, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activities of benzyl phenyl ether diamidine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:310-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Das L, Bhattacharya B, Basu G. Rationalization of paclitaxel insensitivity of yeast β-tubulin and human βIII-tubulin isotype using principal component analysis. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:395. [PMID: 22849332 PMCID: PMC3477043 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel arrests cell division by binding to the hetero-dimeric protein tubulin. Subtle differences in tubulin sequences, across eukaryotes and among β-tubulin isotypes, can have profound impact on paclitaxel-tubulin binding. To capture the experimentally observed paclitaxel-resistance of human βIII tubulin isotype and yeast β-tubulin, within a common theoretical framework, we have performed structural principal component analyses of β-tubulin sequences across eukaryotes. Results The paclitaxel-resistance of human βIII tubulin isotype and yeast β-tubulin uniquely mapped on to the lowest two principal components, defining the paclitaxel-binding site residues of β-tubulin. The molecular mechanisms behind paclitaxel-resistance, mediated through key residues, were identified from structural consequences of characteristic mutations that confer paclitaxel-resistance. Specifically, Ala277 in βIII isotype was shown to be crucial for paclitaxel-resistance. Conclusions The present analysis captures the origin of two apparently unrelated events, paclitaxel-insensitivity of yeast tubulin and human βIII tubulin isotype, through two common collective sequence vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Das
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 70054, India
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17
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Lama R, Sandhu R, Zhong B, Li B, Su B. Identification of selective tubulin inhibitors as potential anti-trypanosomal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5508-16. [PMID: 22850214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potency of a series of sulfonamide tubulin inhibitors against the growth of Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), as well as human cancer and primary fibroblast cells were evaluated with the aim of determining whether compounds that selectively inhibit parasite proliferation could be identified. Several compounds showed excellent selectivity against T. brucei growth, and have the potential to be used for the treatment of Human African trypanosomiasis. A T. brucei tubulin protein homology model was built based on the crystal structure of the bovine tubulin. The colchicine-binding domain, which is also the binding site of the tested sulfonamide tubulin inhibitors, showed clear differences between the tubulin structures and presumably explained the selectivity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Lama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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18
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Purification of Tetrahymena cytoskeletal proteins. Methods Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 22444153 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385967-9.00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Like all eukaryotic cells, Tetrahymena thermophila contains a rich array of cytoskeletal proteins, some familiar and some novel. A detailed analysis of the structure, function, and interactions of these proteins requires procedures for purifying the individual protein components. Procedures for the purification of actin and tubulin from Tetrahymena are reviewed, followed by a description of a procedure that yields proteins from the epiplasmic layer and associated structures, including the tetrins. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for future advances are assessed.
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19
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Turabekova MA, Vinogradova VI, Werbovetz KA, Capers J, Rasulev BF, Levkovich MG, Rakhimov SB, Abdullaev ND. Structure-Activity Relationship Investigations Of Leishmanicidal N-Benzylcytisine Derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:183-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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α-Tubulin mutations alter oryzalin affinity and microtubule assembly properties to confer dinitroaniline resistance. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1825-34. [PMID: 20870876 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00140-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant and protozoan microtubules are selectively sensitive to dinitroanilines, which do not disrupt vertebrate or fungal microtubules. Tetrahymena thermophila is an abundant source of dinitroaniline-sensitive tubulin, and we have modified the single T. thermophila α-tubulin gene to create strains that solely express mutant α-tubulin in functional dimers. Previous research identified multiple α-tubulin mutations that confer dinitroaniline resistance in the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and when two of these mutations (L136F and I252L) were introduced into T. thermophila, they conferred resistance in these free-living ciliates. Purified tubulin heterodimers composed of L136F or I252L α-tubulin display decreased affinity for the dinitroaniline oryzalin relative to wild-type T. thermophila tubulin. Moreover, the L136F substitution dramatically reduces the critical concentration for microtubule assembly relative to the properties of wild-type T. thermophila tubulin. Our data provide additional support for the proposed dinitroaniline binding site on α-tubulin and validate the use of T. thermophila for expression of genetically homogeneous populations of mutant tubulins for biochemical characterization.
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21
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Dinitroaniline activity in Toxoplasma gondii expressing wild-type or mutant alpha-tubulin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:1453-60. [PMID: 20145086 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01150-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human parasite Toxoplasma gondii is sensitive to dinitroaniline compounds which selectively disrupt microtubules in diverse protozoa but which have no detectable effect on vertebrate host cell microtubules or other functions. Replication of wild-type T. gondii is inhibited by 0.5 to 2.5 microM oryzalin, but mutant parasites harboring amino acid substitutions in the predicted dinitroaniline binding site confer resistance up to 40 microM oryzalin. However, the precise interaction between dinitroanilines and the binding site in alpha-tubulin remains unclear. We have investigated the activity of 12 dinitroanilines and the related compound amiprophos methyl on wild-type and dinitroaniline-resistant parasite lines that contain proposed binding site mutations. These data indicate that dinitramine is the most effective dinitroaniline to inhibit Toxoplasma growth in wild-type parasites and most resistant lines. Dinitramine has an amine group at the meta position not present in any of the other dinitroanilines tested here that is predicted to form hydrogen bonds with residues Arg2 and Gln133 according to docking data. Remarkably, although the binding site mutation Ile235Val confers increased resistance to most dinitroanilines, it confers increased sensitivity to GB-II-5, a compound optimized for activity against kinetoplastid tubulin. Kinetoplastid parasites have a valine at position 235 of alpha-tubulin, whereas apicomplexan parasites have an isoleucine at this site. We suggest that this heterogeneity in binding site environment influences relative dinitroaniline sensitivity in distinct protozoan lineages and hypothesize that a mutation that makes the apicomplexan dinitroaniline binding site more like the kinetoplastid site increases sensitivity to a dinitroaniline optimized for activity in the latter parasites.
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22
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Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Wenzler T, Ghebru M, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of cationic 1,4-diphenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles. J Med Chem 2010; 53:254-72. [PMID: 19928900 PMCID: PMC3113660 DOI: 10.1021/jm901178d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel dicationic triazoles 1-60 were synthesized by the Pinner method from the corresponding dinitriles, prepared via the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The type and the placement of cationic moieties as well as the nature of aromatic substituents influenced in vitro antiprotozoal activities of compounds 1-60 against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania donovani and their cytotoxicity for mammalian cells. Eight congeners displayed antitrypanosomal IC(50) values below 10 nM. Thirty-nine dications were more potent against P. falciparum than pentamidine (IC(50) = 58 nM), and eight analogues were more active than artemisinin (IC(50) = 6 nM). Diimidazoline 60 exhibited antiplasmodial IC(50) value of 0.6 nM. Seven congeners administered at 4 x 5 mg/kg by the intraperitoneal route cured at least three out of four animals in the acute mouse model of African trypanosomiasis. At 4 x 1 mg/kg, diamidine 46 displayed better antitrypanosomal efficacy than melarsoprol, curing all infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
| | - Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maedot Ghebru
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
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23
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Cormier A, Knossow M, Wang C, Gigant B. The binding of vinca domain agents to tubulin: structural and biochemical studies. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 95:373-90. [PMID: 20466145 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)95020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vinca domain ligands are small molecules that interfere with the binding of vinblastine to tubulin and inhibit microtubule assembly. Many such compounds cause isodesmic association which results in difficulties in biochemical or structural studies of their interaction with tubulin. The complex of two tubulins with the stathmin-like domain of the RB3 protein (T(2)R) is a protofilament-like short assembly that does not assemble further. This has allowed structural studies of the binding of several vinca domain ligands by X-ray crystallography as crystals of the corresponding complexes diffract to near atomic resolution. This proved that their sites are located at the interface of two tubulin molecules arranged as in a curved protofilament. These sites overlap with that of vinblastine. Structural data are generally consistent with the results of available structure-function studies, though subtle differences exist. Binding in solution to the vinca domain displayed in T(2)R is conveniently studied by fluorescence spectroscopy or by monitoring inhibition of the T(2)R GTPase activity. In addition, inhibition of nucleotide exchange allows characterization of the binding to the vinca domain moiety displayed by the beta-subunit of an isolated tubulin molecule. T(2)R is therefore a useful tool to characterize and dissect the binding of vinca domain ligands to tubulin. In addition, these studies have provided new information on the interaction of tubulin with guanine nucleotides, namely on the mechanisms of nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cormier
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS UPR3082, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
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24
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Abstract
Tubulin is a highly conserved, negatively charged protein that is found in essentially all eukaryotic cells. These properties ensure that isolation protocols successful in one system will likely work, with a few modifications, in most systems. Tubulin has been isolated most frequently from mammalian brain, and the main difference encountered in other systems versus brain is that tubulin is much less abundant in nearly all other sources than it is in brain. This means that attempting to purify tubulin by direct polymerization from a homogenate will often fail or be quite inefficient. However, the conservation of negative charge on tubulin means that an initial ion exchange step can be used to both purify and concentrate the protein from most systems. Polymerization-competent tubulin can usually be obtained by inducing polymerization in the salt eluate from the ion exchange step. We describe protocols for this procedure and describe its application to a number of vertebrate, fungal, protozoal, and plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Sackett
- Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Roberts CW, Henriquez FL. Drug target identification, validation, characterisation and exploitation for treatment of Acanthamoeba (species) infections. Exp Parasitol 2009; 126:91-6. [PMID: 20035751 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New more efficacious antimicrobials as required for the treatment of Acanthamoeba infections as those currently available require arduous treatment regimes, are not always effective and are poorly active against the cystic stages. Herein, we review potential drug targets including tubulin, alternative oxidase, amino acid biosynthesis and myosin. In addition, we review the literature for current missing tools and resources for the identification, validation and development of new antimicrobials for this organism. Additional targets should come to light through a concerted genome sequencing effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
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26
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Fernandes TCC, Mazzeo DEC, Marin-Morales MA. Origin of nuclear and chromosomal alterations derived from the action of an aneugenic agent--Trifluralin herbicide. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1680-1686. [PMID: 19419762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trifluralin is a herbicide capable of interfering in mitotic cell division due to either microtubule depolymerization or alteration in the concentration of calcium ions within the cell. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trifluralin in Allium cepa meristematic cells, evaluating the induction mechanisms of the chromosomal and nuclear aberrations. In this study, A. cepa root tips were submitted for 24h treatment to several concentrations of this herbicide and 48 h recovery post-treatment. The results showed that some concentrations of trifluralin can lead to a mitotic index inhibition, besides inducing chromosomal and nuclear alterations throughout the mitotic cycle. Some of the alterations found seem to be resulting from the herbicide action in different phases and in more than one consecutive cell cycle.
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27
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Bakunova SM, Bakunov SA, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Activity of Pyridyl Analogues of Pentamidine. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4657-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900805v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599−7525
| | - Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599−7525
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd Barszcz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599−7525
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28
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Bakunova SM, Bakunov SA, Patrick DA, Kumar EVKS, Ohemeng KA, Bridges AS, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Jones SK, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Structure-activity study of pentamidine analogues as antiprotozoal agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2016-35. [PMID: 19267462 DOI: 10.1021/jm801547t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diamidine 1 (pentamidine) and 65 analogues (2-66) have been tested for in vitro antiprotozoal activities against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania donovani, and for cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Dications 32, 64, and 66 exhibited antitrypanosomal potencies equal or greater than melarsoprol (IC(50) = 4 nM). Nine congeners (2-4, 12, 27, 30, and 64-66) were more active against P. falciparum than artemisinin (IC(50) = 6 nM). Eight compounds (12, 32, 33, 44, 59, 62, 64, and 66) exhibited equal or better antileishmanial activities than 1 (IC(50) = 1.8 microM). Several congeners were more active than 1 in vivo, curing at least 2/4 infected animals in the acute mouse model of trypanosomiasis. The diimidazoline 66 was the most promising compound in the series, showing excellent in vitro activities and high selectivities against T. b. rhodesiense, P. falciparum, and L. donovani combined with high antitrypanosomal efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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29
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Patrick DA, Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Kumar EVKS, Chen H, Jones SK, Wenzler T, Barzcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activities of dicationic bis(phenoxymethyl)benzenes, bis(phenoxymethyl)naphthalenes, and bis(benzyloxy)naphthalenes. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3543-51. [PMID: 19409677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 37 dicationically substituted bis(phenoxymethyl)benzene bis(phenoxymethyl)naphthalene, and bis(benzyloxy)naphthalene analogues of pentamidine was prepared and evaluated for antiprotozoal activities and cytotoxicity in in vitro. 1,3-Bis(4-amidinophenoxymethyl)benzene (1) was the most active against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC(50)=2.1 nM). 1,3-Bis[4-(N-isopropylamidino)phenoxymethyl]benzene (2) was most active against Plasmodium falciparum (IC(50)=3.6 nM) and displayed a selectivity index more than 50 times greater than that of pentamidine. Several other compounds displayed lower antiplasmodial IC(50) values and higher selectivity indices relative to pentamidine. 1,4-Bis(4-amidinophenoxymethyl)benzene (14) was the most active against Leishmania donovani (IC(50)=1.3 microM). Compound 2 displayed the greatest activity against T. b. rhodesiense in vivo, curing three of four infected mice dosed intraperitoneally at 5 mg/kg x 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Patrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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30
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Morgan RE, Ahn S, Nzimiro S, Fotie J, Phelps MA, Cotrill J, Yakovich AJ, Sackett DL, Dalton JT, Werbovetz KA. Inhibitors of tubulin assembly identified through screening a compound library. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 72:513-24. [PMID: 19090918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is the proposed target for drugs against cancer and helminths and is also a validated target in kinetoplastid parasites. With the aim of identifying new lead compounds against Leishmania sp., tubulin isolated from L. tarentolae was used to screen a 10 000 compound library. One compound, Chembridge No. 7992831 (5), displayed an IC(50) of 13 microm against Leishmania tubulin in an in vitro assembly assay and showed a greater than threefold selectivity over mammalian tubulin. Another compound, Chembridge No. 9067250 (8), exhibited good activity against mammalian tubulin (IC(50) = 5.0 microm). This compound was also toxic to several cancer cell lines with IC(50) values in the region of 1 microm. Subsequent testing of analogues of 8 contained within the library identified two compounds with greater potency against mammalian tubulin (IC(50) values of 1.1 and 2.8 microm). The more potent antitubulin agent also showed promising activity against cancer cell lines in vitro, with IC(50) values ranging from 0.18 to 0.73 microm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Morgan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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31
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Joshi MS, Bauer JA, Werbovetz KA, Barszcz T, Patil PN. Pharmacological and biological screening of ascorbigen: protection against glucose-induced endothelial cell toxicity. Phytother Res 2009; 22:1581-6. [PMID: 18844288 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables contain significant amounts of ascorbigen and related substances with known molecular structures. This study tested the hypothesis that ascorbigen demonstrates antioxidant properties and protects human umbilical cord endothelial cells against hyperglycemic toxicity in vitro. It was observed that ascorbigen, in micromolar concentrations, protected against endothelial cell death from glucose toxicity. Additionally, ascorbigen at 3.0 mm shifted the concentration response curve of l-phenylephrine to the right, with a reduction in the maximal contractile effects of the agonist. This action was not related to alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Ascorbigen also relaxed the vascular tone induced by l-phenylephrine, which is not mediated by an endothelial cell nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. On the guinea-pig ileum, the spasmogenic effects of carbachol, histamine and serotonin were reduced in the presence of 3 mM ascorbigen. Spasm of the gut induced by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, was antagonized by ascorbigen with an IC50 of 286 microM. This natural product also has a weak antiparasitic activity. The cytoprotective effects of ascorbigen may be highly relevant in the optimum physiological regulation of the function and the therapeutic value of this substance in disease settings needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar S Joshi
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Keypour H, Azadbakht R, Salehzadeh S, Rudbari HA, Adams H. Synthesis, characterization and X-ray structural determination of a stable dication derived from symmetrical ortho-aminophenyl diamine and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Characterization of trifluralin binding with recombinant tubulin from Trypanosoma brucei. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:893-903. [PMID: 19050925 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The binding kinetics of five novel trifluralin analogs with recombinant alpha- and beta-tubulin proteins from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was determined. Native tubulin from rats was used to determine the extent of binding of each analog to mammalian tubulin. The results of this study clearly demonstrate two important characteristics of the binding of these trifluralins to tubulin. Firstly, they have specific affinity for trypanosomal tubulin compared with mammalian tubulin irrespective of the chemical composition of the trifluralin analog tested. Secondly, they have a stronger affinity for trypanosomal alpha-tubulin compared with trypanosomal beta-tubulin. In addition, compounds 1007, 1008, 1016, and 1017 have strong binding affinities for alpha-tubulin, with limited binding affinity for mammalian tubulin, which indicates that these compounds selectively bind to trypanosomal tubulin.
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Redox-active dinitrodiphenylthioethers against Leishmania: synthesis, structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:820-9. [PMID: 19058972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BTB 06237 (2-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzene), a compound previously identified through QSAR pharmacophore development and a virtual screen of the Maybridge database, possesses potent and selective activity against Leishmania parasites. In the present study, several analogs of BTB 06237 were synthesized and analyzed for activity against Leishmania axenic amastigotes, their ability to reduce the level of parasitemia in peritoneal macrophages, and their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in L. donovani promastigotes. It was found that an aromatic ring must be present in the position occupied by the 2,4-dichloro-5-methylphenyl group in the lead compound, but changing the functional groups generally has little effect on the antileishmanial potency. Alterations to the 1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene ring have more influence on antiparasitic activity with two aromatic nitro groups and a third electron-withdrawing group being required. This structural requirement corresponds with redox potential, the ability to generate ROS in the parasites, and dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Finally, we used this collection of data to design a new antileishmanial compound with strong activity in vitro and improved properties as an antileishmanial candidate.
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Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Activity of Cationic 2-Phenylbenzofurans. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6927-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800918v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd Barszcz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Turabekova MA, Vinogradova VI, Rasulev BF, Levkovich MG, Werbovetz K, Capers J, Abdullaev ND. Antiparasitic activity of certain isoquinoline alkaloids and their hypothetical complexes with oligonucleotides. Chem Nat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-008-9057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Morgan RE, Werbovetz KA. Selective lead compounds against kinetoplastid tubulin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 625:33-47. [PMID: 18365657 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77570-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are responsible for the potentially fatal diseases leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. The current treatments for these diseases are far from ideal and new compounds are needed as antiparasitic drug candidates. Tubulin is the accepted target for treatments against cancer and helminths, suggesting that kinetoplastid tubulin is also a suitable target for antiprotozoal compounds. Selective lead compounds against kinetoplastid tubulin have been identified that could represent a starting point for the development of new drug candidates against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Morgan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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38
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Rosypal AC, Werbovetz KA, Salem M, Stephens CE, Kumar A, Boykin DW, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. Inhibition by Dications of in vitro growth of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica: causative agents of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasitol 2008; 94:743-9. [PMID: 18605790 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1387.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by infection with Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. Pentamidine and related dications exhibit broad spectrum antiprotozoal activity. Based on the previously reported efficacy of these compounds against related organisms, 18 structural analogs of pentamidine were evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity, using pentamidine as the standard reference drug for comparison. Furan analogs and reversed amidine compounds were examined for activity against L. major and L. tropica promastigotes. The most active compounds against both Leishmania species were in the reversed amidine series. DB745 and DB746 exhibited the highest activity against L. major and DB745 was the most active compound against L. tropica. Both of these compounds exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) below 1 nM for L. major. Ten reversed amidines were also tested for their ability to inhibit growth in an axenic amastigote model. Nine of 10 reversed amidine analogs were active at concentrations below 1 nM. These results justify further study of dicationic compounds as potential new agents for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa C Rosypal
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Fennell BJ, Naughton JA, Barlow J, Brennan G, Fairweather I, Hoey E, McFerran N, Trudgett A, Bell A. Microtubules as antiparasitic drug targets. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:501-18. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.5.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Isotype expression, post-translational modification and stage-dependent production of tubulins in erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:527-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Rosypal AC, Werbovetz KA, Salem M, Stephens CE, Kumar A, Boykin DW, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. Inhibition by Dications of In Vitro Growth of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica: Causative Agents of Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Parasitol 2008. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1387r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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42
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Molecular basis for resistance of acanthamoeba tubulins to all major classes of antitubulin compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 52:1133-5. [PMID: 18070965 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00355-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin is essential to eukaryotic cells and is targeted by several antineoplastics, herbicides, and antimicrobials. We demonstrate that Acanthamoeba spp. are resistant to five antimicrotubule compounds, unlike any other eukaryote studied so far. Resistance correlates with critical amino acid differences within the inhibitor binding sites of the tubulin heterodimers.
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43
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Bakunova SM, Bakunov SA, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and in Vitro Antiprotozoal Activity of Bisbenzofuran Cations. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5807-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm0708634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd Barszcz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - James Edwin Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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44
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Fotie J, Bohle DS, Olivier M, Adelaida Gomez M, Nzimiro S. Trypanocidal and antileishmanial dihydrochelerythrine derivatives from Garcinia lucida. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:1650-3. [PMID: 17880175 DOI: 10.1021/np0702281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Three benzo[ c]phenanthridine alkaloids have been isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia lucida: dihydrochelerythrine ( 1), 6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine ( 2), and its new derivative, ( S)1''-(9,10-dihydro-2',3'-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-10-methyl-1,2-benzophenanthridin-9-yl)propan-2''-one (lucidamine A) ( 3). The new diisoprenylated derivative of lucidamine B ( 4) was obtained by semisynthesis. These dihydrochelerythrine derivatives as well as the crude extract displayed attractive antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania donovani, with little toxicity to Vero cells and the host cells. This is the first trypanocidal and antileishmanial bioguided study of G. lucida, and the activity of the crude extract as well as of the dihydrochelerythrine derivatives are reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Fotie
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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45
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Ma C, Li C, Ganesan L, Oak J, Tsai S, Sept D, Morrissette NS. Mutations in alpha-tubulin confer dinitroaniline resistance at a cost to microtubule function. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:4711-20. [PMID: 17881728 PMCID: PMC2096588 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-04-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan microtubules are sensitive to disruption by dinitroanilines, compounds that kill intracellular Toxoplasma gondii parasites without affecting microtubules in vertebrate host cells. We previously isolated a number of resistant Toxoplasma lines that harbor mutations to the alpha1-tubulin gene. Some of the mutations are localized in or near the M and N loops, domains that coordinate lateral interactions between protofilaments. Other resistance mutations map to a computationally identified binding site beneath the N loop. Allelic replacement of wild-type alpha1-tubulin with the individual mutations is sufficient to confer dinitroaniline resistance. Some mutations seem to increase microtubule length, suggesting that they increase subunit affinity. All mutations are associated with replication defects that decrease parasite viability. When parasites bearing the N loop mutation Phe52Tyr are grown without dinitroaniline selection, they spontaneously acquired secondary mutations in the M loop (Ala273Val) or in an alpha-tubulin-specific insert that stabilizes the M loop (Asp367Val). Parasites with the double mutations have both reduced resistance and diminished incidence of replication defects, suggesting that the secondary mutations decrease protofilament affinity to increase parasite fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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46
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George TG, Endeshaw MM, Morgan RE, Mahasenan KV, Delfín DA, Mukherjee MS, Yakovich AJ, Fotie J, Li C, Werbovetz KA. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of 3,5-substituted-N1-phenyl-N4,N4-di-n-butylsulfanilamides as antikinetoplastid antimicrotubule agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6071-9. [PMID: 17618122 PMCID: PMC1994923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dinitroanilines are of interest as antiprotozoal lead compounds because of their selective activity against the tubulin of these organisms, but concern has been raised due to the potentially mutagenic nitro groups. Analogues of N(1)-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N(4),N(4)-di-n-butylsulfanilamide (GB-II-150, compound 2b), a selective antimitotic agent against African trypanosomes and Leishmania, have been prepared where the nitro groups are replaced with amino, chloro, cyano, carboxylate, methyl ester, amide, and methyl ketone moieties. Dicyano compound 5 displays IC(50) values that are comparable to 2b against purified leishmanial tubulin assembly (6.6 vs 7.4 microM), Trypanosoma brucei brucei growth in vitro (0.26 vs 0.18 microM), Leishmania donovani axenic amastigote growth in vitro (4.4 vs 2.3 microM), and in vitro toxicity against Vero cells (16 vs 9.7 microM). Computational studies provide a rationale for the antiparasitic order of activity of these analogues and further insight into the role of the substituents at the 3 and 5 positions of the sulfanilamide ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesmol G George
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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47
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Gonzalez JL, Stephens CE, Wenzler T, Brun R, Tanious FA, Wilson WD, Barszcz T, Werbovetz KA, Boykin DW. Synthesis and antiparasitic evaluation of bis-2,5-[4-guanidinophenyl]thiophenes. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:552-7. [PMID: 17178177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of bis-2,5-[4-guanidinophenyl]thiophenes were prepared in a five step process starting from 2,5-bis[trimethylstannyl]thiophene. The compounds were evaluated in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T. b. r.), Plasmodium falciparum (P. f.), Leshmania donovani (L. d.) and Trypanasoma cruzi (T. c.), and in vivo against T. b. r. Certain compounds show promising in vitro activity against T. b. r. and P. f. and have superior in vivo activity against T. b. r. to that of pentamidine and furamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
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48
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George TG, Johnsamuel J, Delfín DA, Yakovich A, Mukherjee M, Phelps MA, Dalton JT, Sackett DL, Kaiser M, Brun R, Werbovetz KA. Antikinetoplastid antimitotic activity and metabolic stability of dinitroaniline sulfonamides and benzamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5699-710. [PMID: 16675220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N(1)-Phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N(4),N(4)-di-n-propylsulfanilamide (1) and N(1)-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N(4),N(4)-di-n-butylsulfanilamide (2) show potent in vitro antimitotic activity against kinetoplastid parasites but display poor in vivo activity. Seventeen new dinitroaniline sulfonamide and eleven new benzamide analogs of these leads are reported here. Nine of the sulfonamides display in vitro IC(50) values under 500 nM against African trypanosomes, and the most active antikinetoplastid compounds also inhibit the in vitro assembly of purified leishmanial tubulin with potencies similar to that of 2. While several of the potent compounds are rapidly degraded by rat liver S9 fractions in vitro, N(1)-(3-hydroxy)phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N(4),N(4)-di-n-butylsulfanilamide (21) displays an IC(50) value of 260 nM against African trypanosomes in vitro and is more stable than 2 in the in vitro metabolism assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesmol G George
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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49
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Delfín DA, Bhattacharjee AK, Yakovich AJ, Werbovetz KA. Activity of and Initial Mechanistic Studies on a Novel Antileishmanial Agent Identified through in Silico Pharmacophore Development and Database Searching. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4196-207. [PMID: 16821779 DOI: 10.1021/jm060156v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 3D pharmacophore was generated to describe the antileishmanial activity of dinitroaniline sulfonamides by CATALYST 3D-QSAR methodology, and this pharmacophore was used to search the Maybridge database. Two compounds identified in this search, BTB 06237 and BTB 06256, were highly active with IC(50) values against L. donovani amastigotes of 0.5 +/- 0.2 and 2.3 +/- 0.8 microM, respectively. BTB 06237 also reduced parasite burdens in L. mexicana-infected J774 macrophages at low micromolar concentrations. Unlike the dinitroaniline sulfonamides, the active compounds did not display antimitotic effects against Leishmania. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the single parasite mitochondrion becomes dilated following incubation with BTB 06237, and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that this organelle fragments into intensely staining spheres when treated with a mitochondrion-specific dye. The mitochondrial membrane potential was also dissipated in BTB 06237-treated parasites. These results indicate that BTB 06237 is an intriguing antileishmanial lead compound that likely interferes with mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Delfín
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Parks Hall Room 331, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, 43210, USA
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Yakovich AJ, Ragone FL, Alfonzo JD, Sackett DL, Werbovetz KA. Leishmania tarentolae: purification and characterization of tubulin and its suitability for antileishmanial drug screening. Exp Parasitol 2006; 114:289-96. [PMID: 16753146 PMCID: PMC1986769 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previously, tubulin has been purified from Leishmania amazonensis and used to identify novel molecules with selective antimitotic activity. However, L. amazonensis is pathogenic and requires a relatively expensive medium for large-scale cultivation. Herein, the purification and characterization of tubulin from the non-pathogenic Leishmania tarentolae is reported, together with the sequence of alpha- and beta-tubulin from this organism. This protein was purified by sonication, diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose chromatography, and one assembly disassembly cycle in 1% overall recovery based on total cellular protein. Leishmania tarentolae tubulin was indistinguishable from the corresponding L. amazonensis protein in terms of binding affinity for dinitroaniline sulfanilamides and sensitivity to assembly inhibition by these compounds. The amino acid sequences derived from the L. tarentolae alpha- and beta-tubulin genes were 99.6 and 99.4% identical to the corresponding amino acid sequences from the Leishmania major Friedlin strain. These results indicate that tubulin from L. tarentolae is suitable for use in drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Yakovich
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Frank L. Ragone
- College of Biological Sciences, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Juan D. Alfonzo
- College of Biological Sciences, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dan L. Sackett
- Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 614 292 5499; fax: +1 614 292 2435; E-mail address:
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