1
|
Le TT, Corato A, Gerards T, Gérin S, Remacle C, Franck F. Heterotrophy Compared to Photoautotrophy for Growth Characteristics and Pigment Compositions in Batch Cultures of Four Green Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1182. [PMID: 38732397 PMCID: PMC11085138 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Four strains of green microalgae (Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus vacuolatus, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) were compared to determine growth and pigment composition under photoautotrophic or heterotrophic conditions. Batch growth experiments were performed in multicultivators with online monitoring of optical density. For photoautotrophic growth, light-limited (CO2-sufficient) growth was analyzed under different light intensities during the exponential and deceleration growth phases. The specific growth rate, measured during the exponential phase, and the maximal biomass productivity, measured during the deceleration phase, were not related to each other when different light intensities and different species were considered. This indicates species-dependent photoacclimation effects during cultivation time, which was confirmed by light-dependent changes in pigment content and composition when exponential and deceleration phases were compared. Except for C. reinhardtii, which does not grow on glucose, heterotrophic growth was promoted to similar extents by acetate and by glucose; however, these two substrates led to different pigment compositions. Weak light increased the pigment content during heterotrophy in the four species but was efficient in promoting growth only in S. acutus. C. sorokiniana, and S. vacuolatus exhibited the best potential for heterotrophic biomass productivities, both on glucose and acetate, with carotenoid (lutein) content being the highest in the former.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tung Le
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
- Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, 224 Le Lai Street, Ngo Quyen District, Hai Phong City 04000, Vietnam
| | - Amélie Corato
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
- Diagenode, Liège Science Park, Rue du Bois Saint-Jean 3, 4102 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gerards
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
- Département de la Recherche et du Développement Technologique, SPW, Place de la Wallonie 1 (B3), 5100 Namur, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Gérin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
- Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claire Remacle
- Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Fabrice Franck
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Ding Z, Han J. The Application of Natural Carotenoids in Multiple Fields and Their Encapsulation Technology: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:967. [PMID: 38474479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, which are inherent pigments occurring in plants and microorganisms, manifest a diverse array of vivid hues. Owing to their multifarious health advantages, carotenoids have engendered substantial interest among scholars and consumers alike. Presently, carotenoids are extensively employed in the realms of food, nutrition and health commodities, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, rendering them an indispensable constituent of our quotidian existence. Therefore, the objective of this review is to present a succinct and methodical examination of the sources, constituents, and factors influencing formation of carotenoids. Particular attention will be given to encapsulation strategies that maintain intrinsic characteristics, as the growing desire for carotenoids is propelled by individuals' escalating standards of living. Moreover, the applications of natural carotenoids in multiple fields, including pharmaceutical, food and feed, as well as cosmetics, are discussed in detail. Finally, this article explores the main challenges hindering the future advancement of carotenoids, aiming at facilitating their effective integration into the circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Huaizhen Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lan Y, Song Y, Guo Y, Qiao D, Cao Y, Xu H. DsLCYB Directionally Modulated β-Carotene of the Green Alga Dunaliella salina under Red Light Stress. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1622-1631. [PMID: 36384973 PMCID: PMC9843872 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2208.08044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids, which are natural pigments found abundantly in wide-ranging species, have diverse functions and high industrial potential. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is very complex and has multiple branches, while the accumulation of certain metabolites often affects other metabolites in this pathway. The DsLCYB gene that encodes lycopene cyclase was selected in this study to evaluate β-carotene production and the accumulation of β-carotene in the alga Dunaliella salina. Compared with the wild type, the transgenic algal species overexpressed the DsLCYB gene, resulting in a significant enhancement of the total carotenoid content, with the total amount reaching 8.46 mg/g for an increase of up to 1.26-fold. Interestingly, the production of α-carotene in the transformant was not significantly reduced. This result indicated that the regulation of DsLCYB on the metabolic flux distribution of carotenoid biosynthesis is directional. Moreover, the effects of different light-quality conditions on β-carotene production in D. salina strains were investigated. The results showed that the carotenoid components of β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were 1.8-fold and 1.23-fold higher than that in the wild type under red light stress, respectively. This suggests that the accumulation of β-carotene under red light conditions is potentially more profitable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Lan
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yao Song
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yihan Guo
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Dairong Qiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China,Corresponding authors Y. Cao Phone: +86-28-85469573 E-mail:
| | - Hui Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China,
H. Xu Phone: +86-28-85469573 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaushik A, Sangtani R, Parmar HS, Bala K. Algal metabolites: Paving the way towards new generation antidiabetic therapeutics. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Shankar U, Lenka SK, Leigh Ackland M, Callahan DL. Review of the structures and functions of algal photoreceptors to optimize bioproduct production with novel bioreactor designs for strain improvement. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2031-2045. [PMID: 35441370 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are important renewable feedstock to produce biodiesel and high-value chemicals. Different wavelengths of light influence the growth and metabolic activities of algae. Recent research has identified the light-sensing proteins called photoreceptors that respond to blue or red light. Structural elucidations of algal photoreceptors have gained momentum over recent years. These include channelrhodopsins, PHOT proteins, animal-like cryptochromes, blue-light sensors utilizing flavin-adenine dinucleotide (BLUF) proteins. Pulsing light has also been investigated as a means to optimize energy inputs into bioreactors. This review summarizes the current structural and functional basis of photoreceptor modulation to optimize the growth, production of carotenoids and other high-value metabolites from microalgae. The review also encompasses novel photobioreactor designs that implement different light regimes including light wavelengths and time to optimize algal growth and desired metabolite profiles for high-value products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Shankar
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India.,Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, (Burwood Campus), Centre for Cellular and Molecular biology. 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Sangram K Lenka
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - M Leigh Ackland
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, (Burwood Campus), Centre for Cellular and Molecular biology. 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Damien L Callahan
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, (Burwood Campus), Centre for Cellular and Molecular biology. 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shahid A, Siddiqui AJ, Musharraf SG, Liu CG, Malik S, Syafiuddin A, Boopathy R, Tarbiah NI, Gull M, Mehmood MA. Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104447. [PMID: 34890867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. Interestingly, except L-histidine and L-phenylalanine, all the metabolites related to protein biosynthesis were downregulated in response to wastewater and alkaline wastewater cultivation. The cells protected themselves from alkalinity and nutrient stress by improving the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants. Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. These metabolic pathways could be future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production. SIGNIFICANCE: Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Jabbar Siddiqui
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Chen-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sana Malik
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Achmad Syafiuddin
- Department of Public Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, 60237 Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Raj Boopathy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA
| | | | - Munazza Gull
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China; Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parkes R, Barone ME, Aranyos A, Fierli D, Koehler H, Gillespie E, Touzet N. Species-specific responses in pigments and fatty acids of five freshwater chlorophytes exposed to varying cultivation conditions. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
8
|
Composition, cultivation and potential applications of Chlorella zofingiensis – A comprehensive review. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Impact of Light Stress on the Synthesis of Both Antioxidants Polyphenols and Carotenoids, as Fast Photoprotective Response in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: New Prospective for Biotechnological Potential of This Microalga. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as an antioxidant source of enriched biomass. This microalga is a model organism deeply investigated for physiological studies, particularly considering carotenoid synthesis in response to stress, to counteract the effects of the formation of free radicals. Less attention has been paid to the profile characterization of other antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols, which can be synthesized, concomitantly with carotenoids, under photooxidative stress, especially high light. The cultures of C. reinhardtii were exposed to three different light intensities, 70, 800 and 1500 µmoles photons m−2 s−1. The increasing light intensity symmetrically induced the increasing accumulation of both carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The results showed that exposure to high light intensities caused the accumulation of electrons in the electron transport chain, with a reduction in photosynthetic activity. In the same cultures, high light intensity induced the strong increment of polyphenols such as gallic, chlorogenic and coumaric acids, which resulted 6.2-fold, 4-fold and 3.7-fold higher, respectively, than in cells exposed to the lowest intensities. As expected, at the highest light intensity, the strong induction of the xanthophyll cycle and the largest increment of loroxanthin, lutein, α-carotene and ß-carotene could be detected. Antioxidant properties doubled with respect to the initial time, both in acetone and methanol cellular extracts of these cultures, revealing a new potential role for biotechnological application of this microalga.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kong Y, Nemali K. Blue and Far-Red Light Affect Area and Number of Individual Leaves to Influence Vegetative Growth and Pigment Synthesis in Lettuce. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:667407. [PMID: 34305967 PMCID: PMC8297648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.667407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Published work indicates that high percentage of blue light can enhance pigment levels but decreases growth, while addition of far-red light to growth light can increase quantum efficiency and photosynthesis in leafy greens. Combining high-energy blue light with low-energy far-red light may increase both vegetative growth and pigment levels. However, the effect of high-energy blue and low-energy far-red light on the vegetative growth and pigments synthesis is unclear. This information can be potentially useful for enhancing the levels of pigments with nutritional value (e.g., beta-carotene and anthocyanins) in the produce grown in vertical farms. We grew romaine lettuce (cv. Amadeus) under similar light intensity (approximately 130 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1) but different proportions of red: blue: far-red including 90:10: 0 ("High-R"), 50: 50: 0 ("High-B"), and 42: 42: 16 ("High-B+FR") for 31 days. Results indicated that canopy area and leaf photosynthetic rate of lettuce plants was reduced in the High-B, thereby reducing plant growth. We did not observe photosynthesis enhancement in the High-B+FR. Instead, plants clearly showed photomorphogenic effects. The phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) decreased with far-red addition, resulting in reduced leaf number per plant. This was likely to shift the allocation of resources toward elongation growth for shade avoidance. Further, we observed an increase in the area of individual leaves, canopy area, and shoot dry weight in the High-B+FR. However, these appear to be an indirect consequence of decreased leaf number per plant. Our results also indicate that changes in expansion growth at individual leaf scale largely regulated pigment concentration in plants. As individual leaf area became smaller (e.g., High-B) or larger (e.g., High-B+FR), the levels of pigments including chlorophylls and beta-carotene increased or decreased, respectively. Area of individual leaves also positively influenced canopy area (and likely light interception) and shoots dry weight (or vegetative growth). Our study provides additional insights into the effects of high-energy blue and low-energy far-red light on individual leaf number and leaf growth, which appear to control plant growth and pigment levels in lettuce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna Nemali
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Lu Y, Chen H, Wang L, Wang S, Guo X, Cheng X. Effect of photoperiod on vitamin E and carotenoid biosynthesis in mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts. Food Chem 2021; 358:129915. [PMID: 33933965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Light affects the accumulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in many crops. This study investigated the impact of photoperiods on the metabolic regulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in mung bean sprouts considering their dietary health benefits. Mung beans were germinated under three different photoperiods: constant light, semilight and constant dark. Results revealed that the semilight photoperiod was optimum for vitamin E and carotenoid accumulation in mung bean sprouts. DXS was activated in the constant dark and was inhibited by constant light. GGPPS and HPT were sensitive to semilight photoperiod in the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway, playing dominant roles in vitamin E accumulation. The PSY, LCYE, LUT5, LUT1 and ZE genes, which are associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, were activated under semilight treatment and significantly regulated the accumulation of carotenoids. This knowledge improves knowledge on light-mediated regulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in mung bean sprouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanyan Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xuzhen Cheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Enhancement of Xanthophyll Synthesis in Porphyra/Pyropia Species (Rhodophyta, Bangiales) by Controlled Abiotic Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040221. [PMID: 33921190 PMCID: PMC8071490 DOI: 10.3390/md19040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Red alga species belonging to the Porphyra and Pyropia genera (commonly known as Nori), which are widely consumed and commercialized due to their high nutritional value. These species have a carotenoid profile dominated by xanthophylls, mostly lutein and zeaxanthin, which have relevant benefits for human health. The effects of different abiotic factors on xanthophyll synthesis in these species have been scarcely studied, despite their health benefits. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify the abiotic factors that enhance the synthesis of xanthophylls in Porphyra/Pyropia species by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the xanthophyll content found in the literature, and (ii) to recommend a culture method that would allow a significant accumulation of these compounds in the biomass of these species. The results show that salinity significantly affected the content of total carotenoids and led to higher values under hypersaline conditions (70,247.91 µg/g dm at 55 psu). For lutein and zeaxanthin, the wavelength treatment caused significant differences between the basal and maximum content (4.16–23.47 µg/g dm). Additionally, in Pyropia spp., the total carotenoids were considerably higher than in Porphyra spp.; however, the lutein and zeaxanthin contents were lower. We discuss the specific conditions for each treatment and the relation to the ecological distribution of these species.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mohd Yusof FF, Yaacob JS, Osman N, Ibrahim MH, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Berahim Z, Mohd Zain NA. Shading Effects on Leaf Gas Exchange, Leaf Pigments and Secondary Metabolites of Polygonum minus Huds., an Aromatic Medicinal Herb. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030608. [PMID: 33806923 PMCID: PMC8004659 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand for high value aromatic herb Polygonum minus-based products have increased in recent years, for its antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Although few reports have indicated the chemical profiles and antioxidative effects of Polygonum minus, no study has been conducted to assess the benefits of micro-environmental manipulation (different shading levels) on the growth, leaf gas exchange and secondary metabolites in Polygonum minus. Therefore, two shading levels (50%:T2 and 70%:T3) and one absolute control (0%:T1) were studied under eight weeks and 16 weeks of exposures on Polygonum minus after two weeks. It was found that P. minus under T2 obtained the highest photosynthesis rate (14.892 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), followed by T3 = T1. The increase in photosynthesis rate was contributed by the enhancement of the leaf pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b). This was shown by the positive significant correlations observed between photosynthesis rate with chlorophyll a (r2 = 0.536; p ≤ 0.05) and chlorophyll b (r2 = 0.540; p ≤ 0.05). As the shading levels and time interval increased, the production of total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant properties of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) also increased. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also significantly enhanced under T2 and T3. The current study suggested that P.minus induce the production of more leaf pigments and secondary metabolites as their special adaptation mechanism under low light condition. Although the biomass was affected under low light, the purpose of conducting the study to boost the bioactive properties in Polygonum minus has been fulfilled by 50% shading under 16 weeks’ exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fairuz Fatini Mohd Yusof
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (F.F.M.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (N.O.)
| | - Jamilah Syafawati Yaacob
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (F.F.M.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (N.O.)
| | - Normaniza Osman
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (F.F.M.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (N.O.)
| | - Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Zulkarami Berahim
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nurul Amalina Mohd Zain
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (F.F.M.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (N.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-379-674-355
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Morales-Sánchez D, Schulze PS, Kiron V, Wijffels RH. Production of carbohydrates, lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by the polar marine microalga Chlamydomonas malina RCC2488. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Zarandi-Miandoab L, Hejazi MA, Bagherieh-Najjar MB, Chaparzadeh N. Optimization of the Four Most Effective Factors on β-Carotene Production by Dunaliella salina Using Response Surface Methodology. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 18:1566-1579. [PMID: 32641964 PMCID: PMC6934969 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, there was growing demand in using microalga valuable products such as β-carotene in health care. β-Carotene has anti-cancer and anti-aging properties for human. In Dunaliella salina cells, β-carotene has a major protecting role for biomolecules, when the production of reactive oxygen species is elevated. In the present study, we investigated the influence of the four most effective factors (light intensity, temperature, nitrate and salinity concentration) and their interactions on the β-carotene production and the total chlorophyll/β-carotene ratio in low light adapted D. salina cells. Box-Benken design and response surface methodology (RSM) were used for this purpose and optimization of the factor levels. Two models were developed to explain how β-carotene productivity and the total chlorophyll/β-carotene ratio may depend on the stress factors. Among the four stress variables for β-carotene production, light intensity was stronger than the others. Meanwhile, interaction between light intensity and salt concentration exhibited the most important effect on the total chlorophyll/ β-carotene ratio. The predicted optimal conditions for maximum β-carotene productivity and minimum total chlorophyll/β-carotene ratio were derived from the fitted model in 200 µmol photons m-2s-1 light intensity, 25 ºC, 0.9 mM nitrate and 3.8 M NaCl. When the predicted condition was tested experimentally, the expected results were observed. This suggests that overproduction of β-carotene in D. salina under certain conditions depends on used light intensity for preadaptation. The step-wise manner applying of stresses may act as a beneficial strategy to β-carotene overproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zarandi-Miandoab
- Department of Biology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amin Hejazi
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Branch for Northwest & West region, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nader Chaparzadeh
- Department of Biology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Correa SM, Fernie AR, Nikoloski Z, Brotman Y. Towards model-driven characterization and manipulation of plant lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101051. [PMID: 32640289 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant lipids have versatile applications and provide essential fatty acids in human diet. Therefore, there has been a growing interest to better characterize the genetic basis, regulatory networks, and metabolic pathways that shape lipid quantity and composition. Addressing these issues is challenging due to context-specificity of lipid metabolism integrating environmental, developmental, and tissue-specific cues. Here we systematically review the known metabolic pathways and regulatory interactions that modulate the levels of storage lipids in oilseeds. We argue that the current understanding of lipid metabolism provides the basis for its study in the context of genome-wide plant metabolic networks with the help of approaches from constraint-based modeling and metabolic flux analysis. The focus is on providing a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art of modeling plant lipid metabolic pathways, which we then contrast with the existing modeling efforts in yeast and microalgae. We then point out the gaps in knowledge of lipid metabolism, and enumerate the recent advances of using genome-wide association and quantitative trait loci mapping studies to unravel the genetic regulations of lipid metabolism. Finally, we offer a perspective on how advances in the constraint-based modeling framework can propel further characterization of plant lipid metabolism and its rational manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Correa
- Genetics of Metabolic Traits Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam 14476, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel; Departamento de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam 14476, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Systems Biology and Mathematical Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany.
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Genetics of Metabolic Traits Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam 14476, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Foets J, Wetzel CE, Teuling AJ, Pfister L. Temporal and spatial variability of terrestrial diatoms at the catchment scale: controls on productivity and comparison with other soil algae. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9198. [PMID: 32551194 PMCID: PMC7289147 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial diatoms are an integral component of the soil microbial community. However, their productivity and how it compares to other algal groups remains poorly known. This lack of knowledge hampers their potential use as environmental markers in various applications. As a way forward, we investigated the seasonal and spatial patterns of diatom assemblages and the role of environmental factors on the soil diatom productivity. We collected soil algal samples in 16 sites across the Attert River basin (Luxembourg) every 4 weeks for a period of 12 months. The algal abundances were then derived from pigment analysis using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Our results indicate that diatom productivity is mainly controlled by factors related to soil moisture availability leading to seasonal patterns, whereas the concentration of green algae remained stable over the course of the study period. Generally, anthropic disturbed habitats contained less living diatom cells than undisturbed habitats. Also, we learned that diatoms can be the dominant algal group at periods of the year with high soil moisture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Foets
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Carlos E Wetzel
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Adriaan J Teuling
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Laurent Pfister
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McGee D, Archer L, Fleming GTA, Gillespie E, Touzet N. Influence of spectral intensity and quality of LED lighting on photoacclimation, carbon allocation and high-value pigments in microalgae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 143:67-80. [PMID: 31705368 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring spectral quality during microalgal cultivation can provide a means to increase productivity and enhance biomass composition for downstream biorefinery. Five microalgae strains from three distinct lineages were cultivated under varying spectral intensities and qualities to establish their effects on pigments and carbon allocation. Light intensity significantly impacted pigment yields and carbon allocation in all strains, while the effects of spectral quality were mostly species-specific. High light conditions induced chlorophyll photoacclimation and resulted in an increase in xanthophyll cycle pigments in three of the five strains. High-intensity blue LEDs increased zeaxanthin tenfold in Rhodella sp. APOT_15 relative to medium or low light conditions. White light however was optimal for phycobiliprotein content (11.2 mg mL-1) for all tested light intensities in this strain. The highest xanthophyll pigment yields for the Chlorophyceae were associated with medium-intensity blue and green lights for Brachiomonas submarina APSW_11 (5.6 mg g-1 lutein and 2.0 mg g-1 zeaxanthin) and Kirchneriella aperta DMGFW_21 (1.5 mg g-1 lutein and 1 mg g-1 zeaxanthin), respectively. The highest fucoxanthin content in both Heterokontophyceae strains (2.0 mg g-1) was associated with medium and high white light for Stauroneis sp. LACW_24 and Phaeothamnion sp. LACW_34, respectively. This research provides insights into the application of LEDs to influence microalgal physiology, highlighting the roles of low light on lipid metabolism in Rhodella sp. APOT_15, of blue and green lights for carotenogenesis in Chlorophyceae and red light-induced photoacclimation in diatoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dónal McGee
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, CERIS, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland.
| | - Lorraine Archer
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, CERIS, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Gerard T A Fleming
- Microbiology Department, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eoin Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, CERIS, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, CERIS, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun B, Jiang M, Liang S, Zheng H, Chen Q, Wang Y, Lin YX, Liu ZJ, Wang XR, Zhang F, Tang HR. Functional differences of BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 genes in Chinese kale. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190260. [PMID: 31417731 PMCID: PMC6689629 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a systematic analysis of the functional differences between two genes that encode phytoene desaturase (PDS) in Chinese kale. The promoter sequences of both BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 were amplified and cloned, and their lengths were 2005 bp and 2000 bp, respectively. The mining of cis-acting elements in the promoters showed that the two BaPDS genes are mainly associated with light and phytohormone responsiveness. Light quality, light intensity and plant hormone treatments were conducted in seedlings of Chinese kale, and the results indicated that the response of the two genes to different factors differed. Among them, BaPDSs collectively respond to the treatment with salicylic acid and abscisic acid. With regard to response differences, BaPDS1 is sensitive to red and blue light, blue light, and strong light, while BaPDS2 responds to blue light, weak light, darkness, gibberellin and methyl jasmonate. In addition, both BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 are likely targeted to the chloroplast. Furthermore, single and double mutants of BaPDSs were generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Phenotypic analysis showed that the double mutant with edited PDS1 and PDS2 was a pure albino, while the single mutants with edited PDS1 or PDS2 were partly whitened. In summary, BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 genes played different and indispensable roles in Chinese kale, and their functions were partially complementary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-xiu Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Jing Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Rong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Fen Zhang e-mail:
| | - Hao-Ru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Hao-Ru Tang e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
System-level analysis of metabolic trade-offs during anaerobic photoheterotrophic growth in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:233. [PMID: 31072303 PMCID: PMC6509789 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Living organisms need to allocate their limited resources in a manner that optimizes their overall fitness by simultaneously achieving several different biological objectives. Examination of these biological trade-offs can provide invaluable information regarding the biophysical and biochemical bases behind observed cellular phenotypes. A quantitative knowledge of a cell system’s critical objectives is also needed for engineering of cellular metabolism, where there is interest in mitigating the fitness costs that may result from human manipulation. Results To study metabolism in photoheterotrophs, we developed and validated a genome-scale model of metabolism in Rhodopseudomonas palustris, a metabolically versatile gram-negative purple non-sulfur bacterium capable of growing phototrophically on various carbon sources, including inorganic carbon and aromatic compounds. To quantitatively assess trade-offs among a set of important biological objectives during different metabolic growth modes, we used our new model to conduct an 8-dimensional multi-objective flux analysis of metabolism in R. palustris. Our results revealed that phototrophic metabolism in R. palustris is light-limited under anaerobic conditions, regardless of the available carbon source. Under photoheterotrophic conditions, R. palustris prioritizes the optimization of carbon efficiency, followed by ATP production and biomass production rate, in a Pareto-optimal manner. To achieve maximum carbon fixation, cells appear to divert limited energy resources away from growth and toward CO2 fixation, even in the presence of excess reduced carbon. We also found that to achieve the theoretical maximum rate of biomass production, anaerobic metabolism requires import of additional compounds (such as protons) to serve as electron acceptors. Finally, we found that production of hydrogen gas, of potential interest as a candidate biofuel, lowers the cellular growth rates under all circumstances. Conclusions Photoheterotrophic metabolism of R. palustris is primarily regulated by the amount of light it can absorb and not the availability of carbon. However, despite carbon’s secondary role as a regulating factor, R. palustris’ metabolism strives for maximum carbon efficiency, even when this increased efficiency leads to slightly lower growth rates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2844-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kato S, Tanno Y, Takaichi S, Shinomura T. Low Temperature Stress Alters the Expression of Phytoene Desaturase Genes (crtP1 and crtP2) and the ζ-Carotene Desaturase Gene (crtQ) Together with the Cellular Carotenoid Content of Euglena gracilis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:274-284. [PMID: 30346581 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids participate in photosynthesis and photoprotection in oxygenic phototrophs. Euglena gracilis, a eukaryotic phytoflagellate, synthesizes several carotenoids: β-carotene, neoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin. Temperature is one of the most striking external stimuli altering carotenoid production. In the present study, to elucidate the regulation of carotenoid synthesis of E. gracilis in response to environmental stimuli, we functionally identified phytoene desaturase genes (crtP1 and crtP2) and the ζ-carotene desaturase gene (crtQ) of this alga and analyzed expression of those genes and the composition of major carotenoids in cells grown under cold (20�C) and high-intensity light (HL; 240 �mol photon m-2 s-1) conditions. 20�C-HL treatment increased the transcriptional level of the phytoene synthase gene (crtB), and crtP1 and crtP2, whose products catalyze the early steps of carotenoid biosynthesis in this alga. Cultivation at 20�C under illumination at 55 �mol photon m-2 s-1 (low-intensity light; LL) decreased the cell concentration, Chl and total major carotenoid content by 61, 75 and 50%, respectively, relative to control (25�C-LL) cells. When grown at 20�C-HL, the cells showed a greater decrease in cell concentration and photosynthetic pigment contents than those in 20�C-LL. β-Carotene, neoxanthin and diadinoxanthin contents were decreased by more than half in 20�C-LL and 20�C-HL treatments. On the other hand, when subjected to 20�C-LL and 20�C-HL, the cells retained a diatoxanthin content comparable with control cells. Our findings suggested that diatoxanthin plays crucial roles in the acclimation to cold and intense light condition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a photosynthetic organism possessing dual crtP genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kato
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuri Tanno
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Graduate Schools, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shinomura
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Graduate Schools, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pick U, Zarka A, Boussiba S, Davidi L. A hypothesis about the origin of carotenoid lipid droplets in the green algae Dunaliella and Haematococcus. PLANTA 2019; 249:31-47. [PMID: 30470898 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypercarotenogenesis in green algae evolved by mutation of PSY that increased its transcription at high light, disintegration of the eyespot in Dunaliella and acquisition of the capacity to export carotenoids from chloroplasts in Haematococcus. Carotenoids (Car) are lipid-soluble pigments synthesized in plants, algae, bacteria and fungi. Car have strong antioxidative properties and as such are utilized to reduce the danger of different diseases in humans. Two green microalgae are utilized as rich natural sources for Car: Dunaliella salina/bardawil accumulates 10% (w/w) β-carotene (βC), which is also pro-vitamin A, and Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates 4% (w/w) astaxanthin (Ast), the strongest antioxidant among Car. D. bardawil accumulates βC in plastoglobules within the chloroplast, whereas H. pluvialis deposits Ast in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD). In this review we compare the hypercarotenogenic responses (HCR) in Dunaliella and in Haematococcus and try to outline hypothetical evolutionary pathways for its origin. We propose that a mutation in phytoene synthetase that increased its transcription level in response to high light stress had a pivotal role in the evolution of the HCR. Proteomic analyses indicated that in D. bardawil/salina the HCR evolved from dissociation and amplification of eyespot lipid globules. The more robust HCR in algae that accumulate carotenoids in CLD, such as H. pluvialis, required also acquisition of the capacity to export βC out of the chloroplast and its enzymatic conversion into Ast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Pick
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Aliza Zarka
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boker Campus, Beer-Sheva, 8499000, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boker Campus, Beer-Sheva, 8499000, Israel
| | - Lital Davidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang JY, Xu F, Zhou W. Effect of LED irradiation on the ripening and nutritional quality of postharvest banana fruit. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5486-5493. [PMID: 29688581 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the ability to tailor wavelengths necessary to the photosynthetically active radiation spectrum of plant pigments, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) offer vast possibilities in horticultural lighting. The influence of LED light irradiation on major postharvest features of banana was investigated. Mature green bananas were treated daily with selected blue (464-474 nm), green (515-525 nm) and red (617-627 nm) LED lights for 8 days, and compared with non-illuminated control. RESULTS The positive effect of LED lighting on the acceleration of ripening in bananas was greatest for blue, followed by red and green. Under the irradiation of LED lights, faster peel de-greening and flesh softening, and increased ethylene production and respiration rate in bananas were observed during storage. Furthermore, the accumulations of ascorbic acid, total phenols, and total sugars in banana fruit were enhanced by LED light exposure. CONCLUSION LED light treatment can induce the ripening of bananas and improve their quality and nutrition potential. These findings might provide new chemical-free strategies to shorten the time to ripen banana after harvest by using LED light source. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yi Huang
- Food Science and Technology Program, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Fengying Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Zhou
- Food Science and Technology Program, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou Industrial Park, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu X, Tian L, Xu J, Xie C, Jiang L, Huang H. Analysis and expression of the carotenoid biosynthesis genes from Deinococcus wulumuqiensis R12 in engineered Escherichia coli. AMB Express 2018; 8:94. [PMID: 29860613 PMCID: PMC5984946 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus wulumuqiensis R12 is a red-pigmented extremophilic microorganism with powerful antioxidant properties that was isolated from radiation-contaminated soil in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. The key carotenoid biosynthesis genes, crtE, crtB and crtI, which are related to the cells’ antioxidant defense, were identified in the sequenced genome of R12 and analyzed. In order to improve the carotenoid yield in engineered Escherichia coli, the origin of carotenoid biosynthesis genes was discussed, and a strain containing the R12 carotenoid biosynthesis genes was constructed to produce lycopene, an important intermediate in carotenoid metabolism. The gene order and fermentation conditions, including the culture medium, temperature, and light, were optimized to obtain a genetically engineered strain with a high lycopene production capacity. The highest lycopene content was 688 mg L−1 in strain IEB, which corresponds to a 2.2-fold improvement over the original recombinant strain EBI.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen JH, Liu L, Wei D. Enhanced production of astaxanthin by Chromochloris zofingiensis in a microplate-based culture system under high light irradiation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:518-529. [PMID: 28898852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis is a promising producer of natural astaxanthin. In the present study, C. zofingiensis was first cultivated in shake flasks under low light irradiation and then subjected to continuous high light irradiation, which effectively promoted astaxanthin production. In addition, a microplate-based culture system in concert with high light irradiation from blue light and white light above 150μmolm-2s-1 was constructed and applied to improve astaxanthin production. Blue light exerted more positive influences on astaxanthin accumulation, but when the light intensity was increased to 300μmolm-2s-1, astaxanthin biosynthesis was substantially inhibited. Conversely, in a nitrogen-deprived culture under white light, the highest astaxanthin content for C. zofingiensis, 7.1mg/g, was obtained. The highest astaxanthin yield achieved was 38.9mg/L in a culture with 0.1g/L nitrate under the same culture conditions. This study demonstrates that C. zofingiensis has great potential for natural astaxanthin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Chen
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chatterjee A, Huma B, Shaw R, Kundu S. Reconstruction of Oryza sativa indica Genome Scale Metabolic Model and Its Responses to Varying RuBisCO Activity, Light Intensity, and Enzymatic Cost Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2060. [PMID: 29250098 PMCID: PMC5715477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To combat decrease in rice productivity under different stresses, an understanding of rice metabolism is needed. Though there are different genome scale metabolic models (GSMs) of Oryza sativa japonica, no GSM with gene-protein-reaction association exist for Oryza sativa indica. Here, we report a GSM, OSI1136 of O.s. indica, which includes 3602 genes and 1136 metabolic reactions and transporters distributed across the cytosol, mitochondrion, peroxisome, and chloroplast compartments. Flux balance analysis of the model showed that for varying RuBisCO activity (Vc/Vo) (i) the activity of the chloroplastic malate valve increases to transport reducing equivalents out of the chloroplast under increased photorespiratory conditions and (ii) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase can act as source of cytosolic ATP under decreased photorespiration. Under increasing light conditions we observed metabolic flexibility, involving photorespiration, chloroplastic triose phosphate and the dicarboxylate transporters of the chloroplast and mitochondrion for redox and ATP exchanges across the intracellular compartments. Simulations under different enzymatic cost conditions revealed (i) participation of peroxisomal glutathione-ascorbate cycle in photorespiratory H2O2 metabolism (ii) different modes of the chloroplastic triose phosphate transporters and malate valve, and (iii) two possible modes of chloroplastic Glu-Gln transporter which were related with the activity of chloroplastic and cytosolic isoforms of glutamine synthetase. Altogether, our results provide new insights into plant metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sudip Kundu
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Srinivasan R, Babu S, Gothandam KM. Accumulation of phytoene, a colorless carotenoid by inhibition of phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene in Dunaliella salina V-101. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 242:311-318. [PMID: 28347620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the accumulation of phytoene in Dunaliella salina V-101 by down-regulating its phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene expression using RNA interference and Antisense technology. RNAi and antisense constructs were introduced into the Dunaliella cells by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Among thirty-two transformants, six showed positive down-regulation of PDS expression with RNAi construct and five positive transformants were obtained using antisense construct. Characterization of PDS suppression was carried out using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and quantitative determination of phytoene as well as other carotenoids by HPLC. Both the RNAi and antisense lines showed a significant decrease in the expression levels of phytoene desaturase and carotenoid content compared to wild type cells. The RNAi line #5 showed maximum Phytoene content (108.34±22.34µg/100mg DCW) compared to other transgenic lines. These phytoene-accumulating phenotypes exhibited slower growth rates and were found to be sensitive to high light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Babu
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K M Gothandam
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kasim MU, Kasim R. While continuous white LED lighting increases chlorophyll content (SPAD), green LED light reduces the infection rate of lettuce during storage and shelf-life conditions. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ufuk Kasim
- Vocational School of Arslanbey; Kocaeli University; Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Horticulture, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences; Kocaeli University; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Rezzan Kasim
- Vocational School of Arslanbey; Kocaeli University; Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Horticulture, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences; Kocaeli University; Kocaeli Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liang MH, Jiang JG. Analysis of carotenogenic genes promoters and WRKY transcription factors in response to salt stress in Dunaliella bardawil. Sci Rep 2017; 7:37025. [PMID: 28128303 PMCID: PMC5269594 DOI: 10.1038/srep37025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular alga Dunaliella bardawil is a highly salt-tolerant organism, capable of accumulating glycerol, glycine betaine and β-carotene under salt stress, and has been considered as an excellent model organism to investigate the molecular mechanisms of salt stress responses. In this study, several carotenogenic genes (DbCRTISO, DbZISO, DbLycE and DbChyB), DbBADH genes involved in glycine betaine synthesis and genes encoding probable WRKY transcription factors from D. bardawil were isolated, and promoters of DbCRTISO and DbChyB were cloned. The promoters of DbPSY, DbLycB, DbGGPS, DbCRTISO and DbChyB contained the salt-regulated element (SRE), GT1GMSCAM4, while the DbGGPS promoter has another SRE, DRECRTCOREAT. All promoters of the carotenogenic genes had light-regulated elements and W-box cis-acting elements. Most WRKY transcription factors can bind to the W-box, and play roles in abiotic stress. qRT-PCR analysis showed that salt stress up-regulated both carotenogenic genes and WRKY transcription factors. In contrast, the transcription levels of DbBADH showed minor changes. In D. bardawil, it appears that carotenoid over-accumulation allows for the long-term adaptation to salt stress, while the rapid modulation of glycine betaine biosynthesis provides an initial response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Singh P, Baranwal M, Reddy SM. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of carotenes produced by Dunaliella salina under stress. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2269-2275. [PMID: 26983781 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1153660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Dunaliella salina Teodoresco (Dunaliellaceae) is one of the promising microalgae consumed as food and medicine for many years. Objective Dunaliella salina was grown under different stress conditions for enhancing carotene production. The carotene enriched extract was evaluated for antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Materials and methods Carotene content was calculated under salinity, nitrogen and temperature stress conditions. Antioxidant activity was determined through DPPH assay by incubating the samples for 45 min with 250 μg/mL of extract and reducing power assay was performed with 50, 100, 150 and 200 μg/mL of extract. Cytotoxicity was determined by incubating ∼2 × 10(4) MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells with 250 μg of extract in each well for 72 h by MTT assay. Result Carotene content was significantly increased to 9.8 (3.5 M NaCl), 13.9 (37 °C), 8.2 (250 mM KNO3) and 10.6 μg/mL (nitrogen-depleted medium) as compared with 3.2 μg/mL in normal conditions (1.7 M NaCl, 0.75 mM KNO3 and 28 °C). Free radical scavenging activity increased at 3.0 and 3.5 M NaCl (27.8 and 57.5%, respectively), 37 °C (31.4%) and in nitrogen-depleted medium (41.9%) compared with normal (15%) conditions. Carotene content and scavenging activity were positively correlated under salinity (r = 0.97), temperature (r = 0.85) and nitrogen (r = 0.7) stress conditions. Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell lines increased due to increase in carotene content suggesting that cytotoxicity may be associated with carotene accumulation. Discussion and conclusions Carotene content enhanced by D. salina under stress conditions increased the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pritika Singh
- a Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala , Punjab , India
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- a Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala , Punjab , India
| | - Sudhakara M Reddy
- a Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala , Punjab , India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dineshkumar R, Subramanian G, Dash SK, Sen R. Development of an optimal light-feeding strategy coupled with semi-continuous reactor operation for simultaneous improvement of microalgal photosynthetic efficiency, lutein production and CO2 sequestration. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
32
|
Gomes MP, Le Manac'h SG, Maccario S, Labrecque M, Lucotte M, Juneau P. Differential effects of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on photosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism in willow plants. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 130:65-70. [PMID: 27155486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We used a willow species (Salix miyabeana cultivar SX64) to examine the differential secondary-effects of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), the principal glyphosate by-product, on chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. Willow plants were treated with different concentrations of glyphosate (equivalent to 0, 1.4, 2.1 and 2.8kgha(-1)) and AMPA (equivalent to 0, 0.28, 1.4 and 2.8kgha(-1)) and evaluations of pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence, and oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxide content and antioxidant enzyme activities) in leaves were performed after 12h of exposure. We observed that AMPA and glyphosate trigger different mechanisms leading to decreases in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rates in willow plants. Both chemicals induced ROS accumulation in willow leaves although only glyphosate-induced oxidative damage through lipid peroxidation. By disturbing chlorophyll biosynthesis, AMPA induced decreases in chlorophyll contents, with consequent effects on photosynthesis. With glyphosate, ROS increases were higher than the ROS-sensitive threshold, provoking chlorophyll degradation (as seen by pheophytin accumulation) and invariable decreases in photosynthesis. Peroxide accumulation in both AMPA and glyphosate-treated plants was due to the inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities. The different effects of glyphosate on chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis as described in the literature may be due to various glyphosate:AMPA ratios in those plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada; Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement & GEOTOP, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, Montréal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Gingras Le Manac'h
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Maccario
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement & GEOTOP, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, Montréal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal H1X 2B2, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Lucotte
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement & GEOTOP, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, Montréal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hewes CD. The color of mass culture: spectral characteristics of a shallow water column through shade-limited algal growth dynamics(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:252-259. [PMID: 27037590 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is envisioned that mass algal cultivation for commercial biofuels production will entail the use of large raceway pond systems, which typically have shade-limited photosynthetic growth within depths of 20-30 cm. The attenuation of light and spectral qualities of red, green, and blue wavelengths in a 20-cm water column as a function of Chl-a concentration during exponential and linear phases of growth dynamics for the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was examined under laboratory conditions. While photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) was in excess throughout the water column during the phase of exponential growth, PAR became rate limiting differently for red, green, and blue wavelengths during the phase of linear growth. The transition from exponential to linear growth occurred at 1-2 mg Chl-a · L-1, whereby a scalar ~5 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 at 20-cm depth was found to occur as would be anticipated having the compensation point for where rates of photosynthesis and respiration are equal. During the phase of linear growth, red wavelengths became increasingly dominant at depth as Chl-a concentrations increased, being contrary to the optical conditions for those natural bodies of water that forced the evolution of phytoplankton photosynthesis. It is hypothesized this dramatic difference in water column optics between natural and synthetic environments could influence a variety of biological reactions, importantly non-photochemical quenching capacities, which could negatively impact crop yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Hewes
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Optimization of spectral light quality for growth and product formation in different microalgae using a continuous photobioreactor. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
35
|
Kato S, Takaichi S, Ishikawa T, Asahina M, Takahashi S, Shinomura T. Identification and functional analysis of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (crtE) and phytoene synthase gene (crtB) for carotenoid biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:4. [PMID: 26733341 PMCID: PMC4702402 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euglena gracilis, a unicellular phytoflagellate within Euglenida, has attracted much attention as a potential feedstock for renewable energy production. In outdoor open-pond cultivation for biofuel production, excess direct sunlight can inhibit photosynthesis in this alga and decrease its productivity. Carotenoids play important roles in light harvesting during photosynthesis and offer photoprotection for certain non-photosynthetic and photosynthetic organisms including cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants. Although, Euglenida contains β-carotene and xanthophylls (such as zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and 9'-cis neoxanthin), the pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis has not been elucidated. RESULTS To clarify the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in E. gracilis, we searched for the putative E. gracilis geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthase gene (crtE) and phytoene synthase gene (crtB) by tblastn searches from RNA-seq data and obtained their cDNAs. Complementation experiments in Escherichia coli with carotenoid biosynthetic genes of Pantoea ananatis showed that E. gracilis crtE (EgcrtE) and EgcrtB cDNAs encode GGPP synthase and phytoene synthase, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the predicted proteins of EgcrtE and EgcrtB belong to a clade distinct from a group of GGPP synthase and phytoene synthase proteins, respectively, of algae and higher plants. In addition, we investigated the effects of light stress on the expression of crtE and crtB in E. gracilis. Continuous illumination at 460 or 920 μmol m(-2) s(-1) at 25 °C decreased the E. gracilis cell concentration by 28-40 % and 13-91 %, respectively, relative to the control light intensity (55 μmol m(-2) s(-1)). When grown under continuous light at 920 μmol m(-2) s(-1), the algal cells turned reddish-orange and showed a 1.3-fold increase in the crtB expression. In contrast, EgcrtE expression was not significantly affected by the light-stress treatments examined. CONCLUSIONS We identified genes encoding CrtE and CrtB in E. gracilis and found that their protein products catalyze the early steps of carotenoid biosynthesis. Further, we found that the response of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway to light stress in E. gracilis is controlled, at least in part, by the level of crtB transcription. This is the first functional analysis of crtE and crtB in Euglena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kato
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan.
| | - Masashi Asahina
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan.
| | - Senji Takahashi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Shinomura
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
A substantial proportion of the dazzling diversity of colors displayed by living organisms throughout the tree of life is determined by the presence of carotenoids, which most often provide distinctive yellow, orange and red hues. These metabolites play fundamental roles in nature that extend far beyond their importance as pigments. In photosynthetic lineages, carotenoids are essential to sustain life, since they have been exploited to maximize light harvesting and protect the photosynthetic machinery from photooxidative stress. Consequently, photosynthetic organisms have evolved several mechanisms that adjust the carotenoid metabolism to efficiently cope with constantly fluctuating light environments. This chapter will focus on the current knowledge concerning the regulation of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in leaves, which are the primary photosynthetic organs of most land plants.
Collapse
|
37
|
Li M, Cui Y, Gan Z, Shi C, Shi X. Isolation and Analysis of the Cppsy Gene and Promoter from Chlorella protothecoides CS-41. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6620-35. [PMID: 26516871 PMCID: PMC4663545 DOI: 10.3390/md13116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to form phytoene, the first colorless carotene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. So it is regarded as the crucial enzyme for carotenoid production, and has unsurprisingly been involved in genetic engineering studies of carotenoid production. In this study, the psy gene from Chlorella protothecoides CS-41, designated Cppsy, was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full-length DNA was 2488 bp, and the corresponding cDNA was 1143 bp, which encoded 380 amino acids. Computational analysis suggested that this protein belongs to the Isoprenoid_Biosyn_C1 superfamily. It contained the consensus sequence, including three predicted substrate-Mg2+ binding sites. The Cppsy gene promoter was also cloned and characterized. Analysis revealed several candidate motifs for the promoter, which exhibited light- and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsive characteristics, as well as some typical domains universally discovered in promoter sequences, such as the TATA-box and CAAT-box. Light- and MeJA treatment showed that the Cppsy expression level was significantly enhanced by light and MeJA. These results provide a basis for genetically modifying the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in C. protothecoides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiya Li
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Analytical Testing Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yan Cui
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhibing Gan
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sowmya R, Sachindra N. Carotenoid production by Formosa sp. KMW, a marine bacteria of Flavobacteriaceae family: Influence of culture conditions and nutrient composition. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
39
|
Zhang L, Ma G, Yamawaki K, Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Yoshioka T, Ohta S, Kato M. Effect of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation in citrus juice sacs. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 188:58-63. [PMID: 26432407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation and expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated in the juice sacs of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) in vitro. The results showed that 100 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue LED light (100B) was effective for increasing carotenoid content, especially β-cryptoxanthin, in Satsuma mandarin after cultured in vitro for four weeks. In Valencia orange, in contrast, 50 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue LED light (50B) treatment was effective for inducing carotenoid accumulation through increasing the contents of two major carotenoids, all-trans-violaxanthin and 9-cis-violaxanthin. In addition, gene expression results showed that the simultaneous increases in the expression of genes (CitPSY, CitPDS, CitZDS, CitLCYb2, and CitHYb) involved in producing β,β-xanthophylls were well consistent with the accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin in Satsuma mandarin under 100B, and violaxanthin in Valencia orange under 50B. The results presented herein contribute to further elucidating the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid accumulation by blue LED light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lancui Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikoma
- Department of Citrus Research, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- Department of Citrus Research, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Terutaka Yoshioka
- Department of Citrus Research, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohta
- Department of Citrus Research, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Varela JC, Pereira H, Vila M, León R. Production of carotenoids by microalgae: achievements and challenges. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 125:423-36. [PMID: 25921207 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a wide group of lipophylic isoprenoids synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and also by some non-photosynthetic bacteria and fungi. Animals, which cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, must include them in their diet to fulfil essential provitamin, antioxidant, or colouring requirements. Carotenoids are indispensable in light harvesting and energy transfer during photosynthesis and in the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against photooxidative damage. In this review, we outline the factors inducing carotenoid accumulation in microalgae, the knowledge acquired on the metabolic pathways responsible for their biosynthesis, and the recent achievements in the genetic engineering of this pathway. Despite the considerable progress achieved in understanding and engineering algal carotenogenesis, many aspects remain to be elucidated. The increasing number of sequenced microalgal genomes and the data generated by high-throughput technologies will enable a better understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis in microalgae. Moreover, the growing number of industrial microalgal species genetically modified will allow the production of novel strains with enhanced carotenoid contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João C Varela
- Centre of Marine Science, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dineshkumar R, Dash SK, Sen R. Process integration for microalgal lutein and biodiesel production with concomitant flue gas CO2 sequestration: a biorefinery model for healthcare, energy and environment. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09306f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated green microalgal biorefinery was developed with a view to sequestering flue gas CO2 and synthesizing lutein and lipid for potential environmental, healthcare and biofuel applications respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Dineshkumar
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| | - Sukanta Kumar Dash
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gene cloning, sequence analysis, and expression profiles of a novel β-ring carotenoid hydroxylase gene from the photoheterotrophic green alga Chlorella kessleri. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7103-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
43
|
Kianianmomeni A. Cell-type specific light-mediated transcript regulation in the multicellular alga Volvox carteri. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:764. [PMID: 25194509 PMCID: PMC4167131 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri makes use of none less than 13 photoreceptors, which are mostly expressed in a cell-type specific manner. This gives reason to believe that trasncriptome pattern of each cell type could change differentially in response to environmental light. Here, the cell-type specific changes of various transcripts from different pathways in response to blue, red and far-red light were analyzed. RESULTS In response to different light qualities, distinct changes in transcript accumulation of genes encoding proteins involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, light-harvesting complexes, circadian clock and cell cycle control were observed. Namely, blue light tends to be effective to accumulate transcripts in the somatic cells; while red light leads to accumulate transcripts predominantly in the reproductive cells. Blue light also induced marked accumulation of two components of circadian rhythms only in the somatic cells, indicating that these clock-relevant components are affected by blue light in a cell-type specific manner. Further, we show that photosynthetic associated genes are regulated distinctly among cell types by different light qualities. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Volvox uses different sophisticated cell-type specific light signaling pathways to modulate expression of genes involved in various cellular and metabolic pathways including circadian rhythms and photosynthesis in response to environmental light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Kianianmomeni
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr, 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Light-Induced Production of An Antibody Fragment and Malaria Vaccine Antigen from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Processes (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/pr2030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
45
|
Wichuk K, Brynjólfsson S, Fu W. Biotechnological production of value-added carotenoids from microalgae: Emerging technology and prospects. Bioengineered 2014; 5:204-8. [PMID: 24691165 PMCID: PMC4101014 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.28720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently evaluated the relationship between abiotic environmental stresses and lutein biosynthesis in the green microalga Dunaliella salina and suggested a rational design of stress-driven adaptive evolution experiments for carotenoids production in microalgae. Here, we summarize our recent findings regarding the biotechnological production of carotenoids from microalgae and outline emerging technology in this field. Carotenoid metabolic pathways are characterized in several representative algal species as they pave the way for biotechnology development. The adaptive evolution strategy is highlighted in connection with enhanced growth rate and carotenoid metabolism. In addition, available genetic modification tools are described, with emphasis on model species. A brief discussion on the role of lights as limiting factors in carotenoid production in microalgae is also included. Overall, our analysis suggests that light-driven metabolism and the photosynthetic efficiency of microalgae in photobioreactors are the main bottlenecks in enhancing biotechnological potential of carotenoid production from microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Wichuk
- Center for Systems Biology; University of Iceland; Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sigurður Brynjólfsson
- Center for Systems Biology; University of Iceland; Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science; University of Iceland; Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Weiqi Fu
- Center for Systems Biology; University of Iceland; Reykjavík, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bender D, Diaz-Pulido G, Dove S. The impact of CO2 emission scenarios and nutrient enrichment on a common coral reef macroalga is modified by temporal effects. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:203-215. [PMID: 26988019 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Future coral reefs are expected to be subject to higher pCO2 and temperature due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Such global stressors are often paired with local stressors thereby potentially modifying the response of organisms. Benthic macroalgae are strong competitors to corals and are assumed to do well under future conditions. The present study aimed to assess the impact of past and future CO2 emission scenarios as well as nutrient enrichment on the growth, productivity, pigment, and tissue nutrient content of the common tropical brown alga Chnoospora implexa. Two experiments were conducted to assess the differential impacts of the manipulated conditions in winter and spring. Chnoospora implexa's growth rate averaged over winter and spring declined with increasing pCO2 and temperature. Furthermore, nutrient enrichment did not affect growth. Highest growth was observed under spring pre-industrial (PI) conditions, while slightly reduced growth was observed under winter A1FI ("business-as-usual") scenarios. Productivity was not a good proxy for growth, as net O2 flux increased under A1FI conditions. Nutrient enrichment, whilst not affecting growth, led to luxury nutrient uptake that was greater in winter than in spring. The findings suggest that in contrast with previous work, C. implexa is not likely to show enhanced growth under future conditions in isolation or in conjunction with nutrient enrichment. Instead, the results suggest that greatest growth rates for this species appear to be a feature of the PI past, with A1FI winter conditions leading to potential decreases in the abundance of this species from present day levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Bender
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Guillermo Diaz-Pulido
- Griffith School of Environment & Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Sophie Dove
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fu W, Guðmundsson O, Paglia G, Herjólfsson G, Andrésson OS, Palsson BO, Brynjólfsson S. Enhancement of carotenoid biosynthesis in the green microalga Dunaliella salina with light-emitting diodes and adaptive laboratory evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2395-403. [PMID: 23095941 PMCID: PMC3586100 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a particularly high interest to derive carotenoids such as β-carotene and lutein from higher plants and algae for the global market. It is well known that β-carotene can be overproduced in the green microalga Dunaliella salina in response to stressful light conditions. However, little is known about the effects of light quality on carotenoid metabolism, e.g., narrow spectrum red light. In this study, we present UPLC-UV-MS data from D. salina consistent with the pathway proposed for carotenoid metabolism in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We have studied the effect of red light-emitting diode (LED) lighting on growth rate and biomass yield and identified the optimal photon flux for D. salina growth. We found that the major carotenoids changed in parallel to the chlorophyll b content and that red light photon stress alone at high level was not capable of upregulating carotenoid accumulation presumably due to serious photodamage. We have found that combining red LED (75 %) with blue LED (25 %) allowed growth at a higher total photon flux. Additional blue light instead of red light led to increased β-carotene and lutein accumulation, and the application of long-term iterative stress (adaptive laboratory evolution) yielded strains of D. salina with increased accumulation of carotenoids under combined blue and red light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Fu
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ding J, Li X, Hu H. Systematic prediction of cis-regulatory elements in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome using comparative genomics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:613-23. [PMID: 22915576 PMCID: PMC3461543 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is one of the most important microalgae model organisms and has been widely studied toward the understanding of chloroplast functions and various cellular processes. Further exploitation of C. reinhardtii as a model system to elucidate various molecular mechanisms and pathways requires systematic study of gene regulation. However, there is a general lack of genome-scale gene regulation study, such as global cis-regulatory element (CRE) identification, in C. reinhardtii. Recently, large-scale genomic data in microalgae species have become available, which enable the development of efficient computational methods to systematically identify CREs and characterize their roles in microalgae gene regulation. Here, we performed in silico CRE identification at the whole genome level in C. reinhardtii using a comparative genomics-based method. We predicted a large number of CREs in C. reinhardtii that are consistent with experimentally verified CREs. We also discovered that a large percentage of these CREs form combinations and have the potential to work together for coordinated gene regulation in C. reinhardtii. Multiple lines of evidence from literature, gene transcriptional profiles, and gene annotation resources support our prediction. The predicted CREs will serve, to our knowledge, as the first large-scale collection of CREs in C. reinhardtii to facilitate further experimental study of microalgae gene regulation. The accompanying software tool and the predictions in C. reinhardtii are also made available through a Web-accessible database (http://hulab.ucf.edu/research/projects/Microalgae/sdcre/motifcomb.html).
Collapse
|
49
|
Efficient heterologous transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii npq2 mutant with the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene isolated and characterized from Chlorella zofingiensis. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1955-1976. [PMID: 23118714 PMCID: PMC3475266 DOI: 10.3390/md10091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the violaxanthin cycle, the violaxanthin de-epoxidase and zeaxanthin epoxidase catalyze the inter-conversion between violaxanthin and zeaxanthin in both plants and green algae. The zeaxanthin epoxidase gene from the green microalga Chlorella zofingiensis (Czzep) has been isolated. This gene encodes a polypeptide of 596 amino acids. A single copy of Czzep has been found in the C. zofingiensis genome by Southern blot analysis. qPCR analysis has shown that transcript levels of Czzep were increased after zeaxanthin formation under high light conditions. The functionality of Czzep gene by heterologous genetic complementation in the Chlamydomonas mutant npq2, which lacks zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) activity and accumulates zeaxanthin in all conditions, was analyzed. The Czzep gene was adequately inserted in the pSI105 vector and expressed in npq2. The positive transformants were able to efficiently convert zeaxanthin into violaxanthin, as well as to restore their maximum quantum efficiency of the PSII (Fv/Fm). These results show that Chlamydomonas can be an efficient tool for heterologous expression and metabolic engineering for biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
50
|
Tran PT, Sharifi MN, Poddar S, Dent RM, Niyogi KK. Intragenic enhancers and suppressors of phytoene desaturase mutations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42196. [PMID: 22912689 PMCID: PMC3419514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms synthesize carotenoids for harvesting light energy, photoprotection, and maintaining the structure and function of photosynthetic membranes. A light-sensitive, phytoene-accumulating mutant, pds1-1, was isolated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and found to be genetically linked to the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene. PDS catalyzes the second step in carotenoid biosynthesis—the conversion of phytoene to ζ-carotene. Decreased accumulation of downstream colored carotenoids suggested that the pds1-1 mutant is leaky for PDS activity. A screen for enhancers of the pds1-1 mutation yielded the pds1-2 allele, which completely lacks PDS activity. A second independent null mutant (pds1-3) was identified using DNA insertional mutagenesis. Both null mutants accumulate only phytoene and no other carotenoids. All three phytoene-accumulating mutants exhibited slower growth rates and reduced plating efficiency compared to wild-type cells and white phytoene synthase mutants. Insight into amino acid residues important for PDS activity was obtained through the characterization of intragenic suppressors of pds1-2. The suppressor mutants fell into three classes: revertants of the pds1-1 point mutation, mutations that changed PDS amino acid residue Pro64 to Phe, and mutations that converted PDS residue Lys90 to Met. Characterization of pds1-2 intragenic suppressors coupled with computational structure prediction of PDS suggest that amino acids at positions 90 and 143 are in close contact in the active PDS enzyme and have important roles in its structural stability and/or activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoi T. Tran
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Marina N. Sharifi
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Poddar
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Dent
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|