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Yu M, Yu Y, Song T, Zhang Y, Wei F, Cheng J, Zhang B, Zhang X. Characterization of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its potential mechanism in response to drought and salinity stresses. Gene 2022; 809:146031. [PMID: 34678428 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are major transport proteins localized in the outer membrane of mitochondria and play critical roles in regulating plant growth and responding to stress. In this study, a total of 26 VDAC genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were identified. TaVDACs that contained β-barrel structures were classified into three groups with phylogenetic and sequence alignment. Additionally, the gene structure and protein conserved motif composition varied among diverse subfamilies but were relatively conserved within the same subfamily. The basic elements that were stress- and hormone-related, including TATA-box, CAAT-box, MBS, LTR, TC-rich repeats, ABRE, P-box and TATC-box, were predicted within the promoter region of TaVDAC genes. TaVDAC expression patterns differed among tissues, organs and abiotic stress conditions. Overexpression (OE) of TaVDAC1-B conferred high tolerance to salinity and less resistance to drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. TaVDAC1-B interacted with Nucleoredoxin-D1 (TaNRX-D1) protein. Furthermore, compared with WT lines, salinity stress further upregulated the level of AtNRX1 (homologous gene of TaNRX-D1 in Arabidopsis) expression and the activity of superoxide dismutase in TaVDAC1-B OE lines, which led to a decrease in superoxide radical accumulation; drought stress further downregulated AtNRX1 expression and superoxide dismutase activity in TaVDAC1-B OE lines, resulting in the accumulation of superoxide radicals. Our study not only presents comprehensive information for understanding the VDAC gene family in wheat but also proposes a potential mechanism in response to drought and salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianqi Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunrui Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Wei
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Karachitos A, Grabiński W, Baranek M, Kmita H. Redox-Sensitive VDAC: A Possible Function as an Environmental Stress Sensor Revealed by Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:750627. [PMID: 34966287 PMCID: PMC8710658 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.750627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) allows the exchange of small metabolites and inorganic ions across the mitochondrial outer membrane. It is involved in complex interactions that regulate mitochondrial and cellular functioning. Many organisms have several VDAC paralogs that play distinct but poorly understood roles in the life and death of cells. It is assumed that such a large diversity of VDAC-encoding genes might cause physiological plasticity to cope with abiotic and biotic stresses known to impact mitochondrial function. Moreover, cysteine residues in mammalian VDAC paralogs may contribute to the reduction-oxidation (redox) sensor function based on disulfide bond formation and elimination, resulting in redox-sensitive VDAC (rsVDAC). Therefore, we analyzed whether rsVDAC is possible when only one VDAC variant is present in mitochondria and whether all VDAC paralogs present in mitochondria could be rsVDAC, using representatives of currently available VDAC amino acid sequences. The obtained results indicate that rsVDAC can occur when only one VDAC variant is present in mitochondria; however, the possibility of all VDAC paralogs in mitochondria being rsVDAC is very low. Moreover, the presence of rsVDAC may correlate with habitat conditions as rsVDAC appears to be prevalent in parasites. Thus, the channel may mediate detection and adaptation to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andonis Karachitos
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grabiński
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Baranek
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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3
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VDAC1 Negatively Regulates Floral Transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111603. [PMID: 34769031 PMCID: PMC8584032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are the most important proteins in mitochondria. They localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane and contribute to the metabolite transport between the mitochondria and cytoplasm, which aids plant growth regulation. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana VDAC1 is involved in the floral transition, with the loss of AtVDAC1 function, resulting in an early-flowering phenotype. AtVDAC1 is expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis. To identify the flowering pathway integrators that may be responsible for AtVDAC1′s function during the floral transition, an RNA-seq analysis was performed. In total, 106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between wild-type and atvdac1-5 mutant seedlings. However, none were involved in flowering-related pathways. In contrast, AtVDAC1 physically associated with FLOWERING LOCUS T. Thus, in the floral transition, AtVDAC1 may function partly through the FLOWERING LOCUS T protein.
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4
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Zinghirino F, Pappalardo XG, Messina A, Nicosia G, De Pinto V, Guarino F. VDAC Genes Expression and Regulation in Mammals. Front Physiol 2021; 12:708695. [PMID: 34421651 PMCID: PMC8374620 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.708695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
VDACs are pore-forming proteins, coating the mitochondrial outer membrane, and playing the role of main regulators for metabolites exchange between cytosol and mitochondria. In mammals, three isoforms have evolutionary originated, VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3. Despite similarity in sequence and structure, evidence suggests different biological roles in normal and pathological conditions for each isoform. We compared Homo sapiens and Mus musculus VDAC genes and their regulatory elements. RNA-seq transcriptome analysis shows that VDAC isoforms are expressed in human and mouse tissues at different levels with a predominance of VDAC1 and VDAC2 over VDAC3, with the exception of reproductive system. Numerous transcript variants for each isoform suggest specific context-dependent regulatory mechanisms. Analysis of VDAC core promoters has highlighted that, both in a human and a mouse, VDAC genes show features of TATA-less ones. The level of CG methylation of the human VDAC genes revealed that VDAC1 promoter is less methylated than other two isoforms. We found that expression of VDAC genes is mainly regulated by transcription factors involved in controlling cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, and bioenergetic metabolism. A non-canonical initiation site termed "the TCT/TOP motif," the target for translation regulation by the mTOR pathway, was identified in human VDAC2 and VDAC3 and in every murine VDACs promoter. In addition, specific TFBSs have been identified in each VDAC promoter, supporting the hypothesis that there is a partial functional divergence. These data corroborate our experimental results and reinforce the idea that gene regulation could be the key to understanding the evolutionary specialization of VDAC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zinghirino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Xena Giada Pappalardo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicosia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, Catania, Italy
- Section of Catania, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, Catania, Italy
- Section of Catania, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Catania, Italy
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5
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Ravi B, Kanwar P, Sanyal SK, Bheri M, Pandey GK. VDACs: An Outlook on Biochemical Regulation and Function in Animal and Plant Systems. Front Physiol 2021; 12:683920. [PMID: 34421635 PMCID: PMC8375762 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.683920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are the most abundant proteins present on the outer mitochondrial membrane. They serve a myriad of functions ranging from energy and metabolite exchange to highly debatable roles in apoptosis. Their role in molecular transport puts them on the center stage as communicators between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial signaling events. Beyond their general role as interchangeable pores, members of this family may exhibit specific functions. Even after nearly five decades of their discovery, their role in plant systems is still a new and rapidly emerging field. The information on biochemical regulation of VDACs is limited. Various interacting proteins and post-translational modifications (PTMs) modulate VDAC functions, amongst these, phosphorylation is quite noticeable. In this review, we have tried to give a glimpse of the recent advancements in the biochemical/interactional regulation of plant VDACs. We also cover a critical analysis on the importance of PTMs in the functional regulation of VDACs. Besides, the review also encompasses numerous studies which can identify VDACs as a connecting link between Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species signaling in special reference to the plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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6
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Xu T, Wang X, Ma H, Su L, Wang W, Meng J, Xu Y. Functional Characterization of VDACs in Grape and Its Putative Role in Response to Pathogen Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670505. [PMID: 34220892 PMCID: PMC8242593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are the most abundant proteins in the mitochondrial outer membranes of all eukaryotic cells. They participate in mitochondrial energy metabolism, mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and cell growth and reproduction. Here, the chromosomal localizations, gene structure, conserved domains, and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed. The amino acid sequences of VDACs were found to be highly conserved. The tissue-specific transcript analysis from transcriptome data and qRT-PCR demonstrated that grapevine VDACs might play an important role in plant growth and development. It was also speculated that VDAC3 might be a regulator of modulated leaf and berry development as the expression patterns during these developmental stages are up-regulated. Further, we screened the role of all grape VDACs' response to pathogen stress and found that VDAC3 from downy mildew Plasmopara viticola-resistant Chinese wild grapevine species Vitis piasezkii "Liuba-8" had a higher expression than the downy mildew susceptible species Vitis vinifera cv. "Thompson Seedless" after inoculation with P. viticola. Overexpression of VpVDAC3 resulted in increased resistance to pathogens, which was found to prevent VpVDAC3 protein accumulation through protein post-transcriptional regulation. Taken together, these data indicate that VpVDAC3 plays a role in P. viticola defense and provides the evidence with which to understand the mechanism of grape response to pathogen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Li Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiangfei Meng
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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7
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Najbauer EE, Becker S, Giller K, Zweckstetter M, Lange A, Steinem C, de Groot BL, Griesinger C, Andreas LB. Structure, gating and interactions of the voltage-dependent anion channel. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:159-172. [PMID: 33782728 PMCID: PMC8071794 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is one of the most highly abundant proteins found in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and was one of the earliest discovered. Here we review progress in understanding VDAC function with a focus on its structure, discussing various models proposed for voltage gating as well as potential drug targets to modulate the channel's function. In addition, we explore the sensitivity of VDAC structure to variations in the membrane environment, comparing DMPC-only, DMPC with cholesterol, and near-native lipid compositions, and use magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy to locate cholesterol on the outside of the β-barrel. We find that the VDAC protein structure remains unchanged in different membrane compositions, including conditions with cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter E Najbauer
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karin Giller
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Senior Research Group of Translational Structural Biology in Dementia, Deutsches Zentrum Für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adam Lange
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut Für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Institut Für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bert L de Groot
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Loren B Andreas
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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8
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Kanwar P, Samtani H, Sanyal SK, Srivastava AK, Suprasanna P, Pandey GK. VDAC and its interacting partners in plant and animal systems: an overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:715-732. [PMID: 32338074 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1756214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular trafficking between different subcellular compartments is the key for normal cellular functioning. Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are small-sized proteins present in the outer mitochondrial membrane, which mediate molecular trafficking between mitochondria and cytoplasm. The conductivity of VDAC is dependent on the transmembrane voltage, its oligomeric state and membrane lipids. VDAC acts as a convergence point to a diverse variety of mitochondrial functions as well as cell survival. This functional diversity is attained due to their interaction with a plethora of proteins inside the cell. Although, there are hints toward functional conservation/divergence between animals and plants; knowledge about the functional role of the VDACs in plants is still limited. We present here a comparative overview to provide an integrative picture of the interactions of VDAC with different proteins in both animals and plants. Also discussed are their physiological functions from the perspective of cellular movements, signal transduction, cellular fate, disease and development. This in-depth knowledge of the biological importance of VDAC and its interacting partner(s) will assist us to explore their function in the applied context in both plant and animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kanwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsha Samtani
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish K Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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9
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Sanyal SK, Kanwar P, Fernandes JL, Mahiwal S, Yadav AK, Samtani H, Srivastava AK, Suprasanna P, Pandey GK. Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels Are Involved in Maintaining Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis, Oxidative and Salt Stress Tolerance in Yeast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:50. [PMID: 32184792 PMCID: PMC7058595 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are conserved proteins of the mitochondria. We have functionally compared Arabidopsis VDACs using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δpor1 and M3 yeast system. VDAC (1, 2, and 4) were able to restore Δpor1 growth in elevated temperature, in oxidative and salt stresses, whereas VDAC3 only partially rescued Δpor1 in these conditions. The ectopic expression of VDAC (1, 2, 3, and 4) in mutant yeast recapitulated the mitochondrial membrane potential thus, enabled it to maintain reactive oxygen species homeostasis. Overexpression of these VDACs (AtVDACs) in M3 strain did not display any synergistic or antagonistic activity with the native yeast VDAC1 (ScVDAC1). Collectively, our data suggest that Arabidopsis VDACs are involved in regulating respiration, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and stress tolerance in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibaji K. Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Kanwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Joel Lars Fernandes
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Mahiwal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh K. Yadav
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsha Samtani
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish K. Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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10
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Zhang M, Liu S, Takano T, Zhang X. The interaction between AtMT2b and AtVDAC3 affects the mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species generation under NaCl stress in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2019; 249:417-429. [PMID: 30225672 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AtMT2b interacts with AtVDAC3 in mitochondria in Arabidopsis. The overexpression of the AtMT2b and AtVDAC3 T-DNA insertion mutant confers tolerance to NaCl stress in Arabidopsis. Both AtMT2b and AtVDAC3 are involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) under NaCl stress. Metallothioneins (MTs) are small, cysteine rich, metal-binding proteins that perform multiple functions, such as heavy metal detoxification and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. MTs have been reported to be involved in mitochondrial function in mammals. However, whether a direct relationship exists between MTs and mitochondrial proteins remains unclear. In the present study, we used yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays to demonstrate that AtMT2b, which is a type 2 MT in Arabidopsis, interacts with the outer mitochondrial membrane voltage-dependent anion channel AtVDAC3. AtMT2b bound AtVDAC3, leading to its co-localization in mitochondria. AtMT2b transgenic seedlings exhibited increased tolerance to salt stress, and the atvdac3 mutant showed a similar phenotype. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was maintained, and ROS generation was reduced following AtMT2b overexpression and AtVDAC3 knockout under NaCl stress. Both AtMT2b and AtVDAC3 were shown to be involved in MMP regulation and ROS production under NaCl stress but showed opposite effects. We conclude that AtMT2b might negatively interact with AtVDAC3 in mitochondria, and both proteins are involved in the regulation of MMP and ROS under NaCl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- School of Medicine, He University, Shenyang, 110163, China
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environment Science Center (ANESC), The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Midori Cho, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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11
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Ma H, Xiang G, Li Z, Wang Y, Dou M, Su L, Yin X, Liu R, Wang Y, Xu Y. Grapevine VpPR10.1 functions in resistance to Plasmopara viticola through triggering a cell death-like defence response by interacting with VpVDAC3. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1488-1501. [PMID: 29377445 PMCID: PMC6041444 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most serious diseases in grape, downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is a worldwide grape disease. Much effort has been focused on improving susceptible grapevine resistance, and wild resistant grapevine species are important for germplasm improvement of commercial cultivars. Using yeast two-hybrid screen followed by a series of immunoprecipitation experiments, we identified voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3) protein from Vitis piasezkii 'Liuba-8' as an interacting partner of VpPR10.1 cloned from Vitis pseudoreticulata 'Baihe-35-1', which is an important germplasm for its resistance to a range of pathogens. Co-expression of VpPR10.1/VpVDAC3 induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, which accompanied by ROS accumulation. VpPR10.1 transgenic grapevine line showed resistance to P. viticola. We conclude that the VpPR10.1/VpVDAC3 complex is responsible for cell death-mediated defence response to P. viticola in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Zhiqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Mengru Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Li Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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12
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Ye Z, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Song T, Chen X, Lei X, Wang C. Chemoproteomic Profiling Reveals Ethacrynic Acid Targets Adenine Nucleotide Translocases to Impair Mitochondrial Function. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2413-2422. [PMID: 29763317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ethacrynic acid (EA) is a diuretic drug that is widely used to treat high-blood pressure and swelling caused by congestive heart failure or kidney failure. It acts through noncovalent inhibition of the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Chemically, EA contains a Michael acceptor group that can react covalently with nucleophilic residues in proteins; however, the proteome reactivity of EA remains unexplored. Herein, we took a quantitative chemoproteomic approach to globally profile EA's targets in cancer cells. We discovered that EA induces impaired mitochondrial function accompanied by increased ROS production. Our profiling revealed that EA targets functional proteins on mitochondrial membranes, including adenine nucleotide translocases (ANTs). Site-specific mapping identified that EA covalently modifies a functional cysteine in ANTs, a mutation of which resulted in the rescuing effect on EA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. The newly discovered modes of action offer valuable information to repurpose EA for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ye
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yuangang Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Tong Song
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Chu Wang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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13
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Kakeshpour T, Monfared SR, Ebrahimi A, Beyraghdar Kashkooli A, Ebrahimie E. Expression analyses of salinity stress- associated ESTs in Aeluropus littoralis. Gene Expr Patterns 2017. [PMID: 28625895 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Salinity is among the most important abiotic stresses affecting crop production throughout the earth. Halophyte plants can sustain high salinity levels, therefore elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying their salinity resistance is beneficial for crop improvement. Aeluropus littoralis, a halophyte weed, is a great genetic resource for this purpose. Isolated expressed sequence taq (EST) sequences from A. littoralis under salinity stress, have given us the chance to find and analyze transcripts of genes involved in response to salinity. Transcriptome analyses indicated the expression levels of mRNAs corresponding to 10 of sequences were increased under treatments. All mRNAs were significantly induced under salt treatment with the highest peaks observed at different hours of treatments. Moreover, the full-length cDNA of vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (VP) was isolated utilizing 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) and characterized (GenBank accession number of KT253223.1). The extracted full-length of VP was 2732 bp, which contained ORF of 2292 bp encoding 763 amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Kakeshpour
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14977-13111, Iran.
| | - Sajad Rashidi Monfared
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14977-13111, Iran.
| | - Amin Ebrahimi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, 3619995161, Iran.
| | - Arman Beyraghdar Kashkooli
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700AA, The Netherlands; Department of Horticultural Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Terhran, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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14
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Mustafa G, Komatsu S. Insights into the Response of Soybean Mitochondrial Proteins to Various Sizes of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles under Flooding Stress. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4464-4475. [PMID: 27780359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapid developments in nanotechnology have led to the increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) in the agricultural sector. For possible interactions between NPs and crops under flooding stress to be investigated, the molecular mechanisms in soybeans affected by exposure to various sizes of Al2O3 NPs were analyzed using a proteomic technique. In plants exposed to 30-60 nm Al2O3 NPs, the length of the root including hypocotyl was increased, and proteins related to glycolysis were suppressed. Exposure to 30-60 nm Al2O3 NPs mediated the scavenging activity of cells by regulating the ascorbate/glutathione pathway. Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that ribosomal proteins were also increased upon exposure to flooding-stressed plants with 30-60 nm Al2O3 NPs. Mitochondrion was the target organelle of Al2O3 NPs under flooding-stress conditions. Mitochondrial proteomic analysis revealed that the abundance of voltage-dependent anion channel protein was increased upon exposure to flooding-stressed soybeans with 135 nm Al2O3 NPs, indicating the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane was increased. Furthermore, isocitrate dehydrogenase was increased upon exposure of plants to 5 nm Al2O3 NPs under flooding conditions. These results suggest that Al2O3 NPs of various sizes affect mitochondrial proteins under flooding stress by regulating membrane permeability and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Mustafa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
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15
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Castillejo MÁ, Iglesias-García R, Wienkoop S, Rubiales D. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of tolerance to drought in Pisum sativum. Proteomics 2016; 16:2776-2787. [PMID: 27539924 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses caused by adverse environmental conditions are responsible for heavy economic losses on pea crop, being drought one of the most important abiotic constraints. Development of pea cultivars well adapted to dry conditions has been one of the major tasks in breeding programs. The increasing food requirements drive the necessity to broaden the molecular basis of tolerance to drought to develop pea cultivars well adapted to dry conditions. We have used a shotgun proteomic approach (nLC-MSMS) to study the tolerance to drought in three pea genotypes that were selected based on differences in the level of water deficit tolerance. Multivariate statistical analysis of data unraveled 367 significant differences of 700 identified when genotypes and/or treatment were compared. More than half of the significantly changed proteins belong to primary metabolism and protein regulation categories. We propose different mechanisms to cope drought in the genotypes studied. Maintenance of the primary metabolism and protein protection seems a strategy for drought tolerance. On the other hand susceptibility might be related to maintenance of the homeostatic equilibrium, a very energy consuming process. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004587.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Ángeles Castillejo
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Yin G, Whelan J, Wu S, Zhou J, Chen B, Chen X, Zhang J, He J, Xin X, Lu X. Comprehensive Mitochondrial Metabolic Shift during the Critical Node of Seed Ageing in Rice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148013. [PMID: 27124767 PMCID: PMC4849721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical node (CN) in seed aging in rice (Oryza sativa) is the transformation from Phase I (P-I) to Phase II (P-II) of the reverse S-shaped curve (RS-SC). Although mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in seed ageing, the metabolic shift in the CN remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial regulatory mechanisms during the CN of rice seed ageing. We showed that during the CN of seed ageing, the mitochondrial ultrastructure was impaired, causing oxygen consumption to decrease, along with cytochrome c (cyt c) oxidase and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity. In addition, the transcript levels for the alternative pathway of the electron transport chain (ETC) were significantly induced, whereas the transcripts of the cytochrome oxidase (COX) pathway were inhibited. These changes were concomitant with the down-regulation of mitochondrial protein levels related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism, ATP synthase (ATPase) complex, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, mitochondrial oxidative enzymes, and a variety of other proteins. Therefore, while these responses inhibit the production of ATP and its intermediates, signals from mitochondria (such as the decrease of cyt c and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)) may also induce oxidative damage. These events provide considerable information about the mitochondrial metabolic shifts involved in the progression of seed ageing in the CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangkun Yin
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - James Whelan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Shuhua Wu
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baoyin Chen
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinmei Zhang
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Juanjuan He
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xia Xin
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (XX)
| | - Xinxiong Lu
- National Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (XX)
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17
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Wang Y, Xu MY, Liu JP, Wang MG, Yin HQ, Tu JM. Molecular identification and interaction assay of the gene (OsUbc13) encoding a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in rice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:624-37. [PMID: 25001222 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugating enzyme, Ubc13, has been known to be involved in error-free DNA damage tolerance (or post-replication repair) via catalyzing Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains formation together with a Ubc variant. However, its functions remain largely unknown in plant species, especially in monocotyledons. In this study, we cloned a Ub-conjugating enzyme, OsUbc13, that shares the conserved domain of Ubc with AtUBC13B in Oryza sativa L., which encodes a protein of 153 amino acids; the deduced sequence shares high similarities with other homologs. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that OsUbc13 transcripts could be detected in all tissues examined, and the expression level was higher in palea, pistil, stamen, and leaf, and lower in root, stem, and lemma; the expression of OsUbc13 was induced by low temperature, methylmethane sulfate (MMS), and H(2)O(2), but repressed by mannitol, abscisic acid (ABA), and NaCl. OsUbc13 was probably localized in the plasma and nuclear membranes. About 20 proteins, which are responsible for the positive yeast two-hybrid interaction of OsUbc13, were identified. These include the confirmed OsVDAC (correlated with apoptosis), OsMADS1 (important for development of floral organs), OsB22EL8 (related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and DNA protection), and OsCROC-1 (required for formation of Lys63 polyubiquitylation and error-free DNA damage tolerance). The molecular characterization provides a foundation for the functional study of OsUbc13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Cereal Crops Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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18
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Zhang M, Takano T, Liu S, Zhang X. Arabidopsismitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (AtVDAC3) protein interacts with thioredoxin m2. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Li H, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Wu C, Ma C, Yu B, Zhu N, Koh J, Chen S. Salt stress response of membrane proteome of sugar beet monosomic addition line M14. J Proteomics 2015; 127:18-33. [PMID: 25845583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding how plants respond to and tolerate salt stress is important for engineering and breeding effort to boost plant productivity and bioenergy in an ever challenging environment. Sugar beet M14 line is a unique germplasm that contains genetic materials from Beta vulgaris L. and Beta corolliflora Zoss, and it exhibits tolerance to salt stress. Here we report the changes in membrane proteome of the M14 plants in response to salt stress (0, 200, 400mM NaCl) using an iTRAQ two-dimensional LC-MS/MS technology for quantitative proteomic analysis. In total, 274 proteins, mostly membrane proteins, were identified, and 50 proteins exhibited differential protein level changes, with 40 proteins increased and 10 decreased. The proteins were mainly involved in transport, metabolism, protein synthesis, photosynthesis, protein folding and degradation, signal transduction, stress and defense, energy, and cell structure. These results have revealed interesting mechanisms underlying the M14 response and tolerance to salt stress. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Sugar beet monosomic addition line M14 is a special variety with salt stress tolerance. Analysis of the M14 membrane proteome under salt stress may provide useful information regarding specific adaptive mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance. Membrane proteins are known to play critical roles in salt stress signaling and adaptation. The purpose of this study was to identify significantly changed membrane proteins and determine their possible relevance to salt tolerance. The proteomic analysis of the M14 line revealed important molecular mechanisms that can be potentially applied to improving crop salt tolerance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Yu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chunquan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FL, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jin Koh
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FL, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FL, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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20
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Martel C, Wang Z, Brenner C. VDAC phosphorylation, a lipid sensor influencing the cell fate. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt A:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Pan X, Chen Z, Yang X, Liu G. Arabidopsis voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (AtVDAC1) is required for female development and maintenance of mitochondrial functions related to energy-transaction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106941. [PMID: 25192453 PMCID: PMC4156401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), prominently localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane, play important roles in the metabolite exchange, energy metabolism and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis process in mammalian cells. However, relatively little is known about the functions of VDACs in plants. To further investigate the function of AtVDAC1 in Arabidopsis, we analyzed a T-DNA insertion line for the AtVDAC1 gene. The knock-out mutant atvdac1 showed reduced seed set due to a large number of undeveloped ovules in siliques. Genetic analyses indicated that the mutation of AtVDAC1 affected female fertility and belonged to a sporophytic mutation. Abnormal ovules in the process of female gametogenesis were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Interestingly, both mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ) and ATP synthesis rate were obviously reduced in the mitochondria isolated from atvdac1 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Wang ZQ, Xu XY, Gong QQ, Xie C, Fan W, Yang JL, Lin QS, Zheng SJ. Root proteome of rice studied by iTRAQ provides integrated insight into aluminum stress tolerance mechanisms in plants. J Proteomics 2014; 98:189-205. [PMID: 24412201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the major limitations to crop growth on acid soils is the prevalence of soluble aluminum ions (Al(3+)). Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been reported to be highly Al tolerant; however, large-scale proteomic data of rice in response to Al(3+) are still very scanty. Here, we used an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach for comparative analysis of the expression profiles of proteins in rice roots in response to Al(3+) at an early phase. A total of 700 distinct proteins (homologous proteins grouped together) with >95% confidence were identified. Among them, 106 proteins were differentially expressed upon Al(3+) toxicity in sensitive and tolerant cultivars. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that glycolysis/gluconeogenesis was the most significantly up-regulated biochemical process in response to excess Al(3+). The mRNA levels of eight proteins mapped in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were further analyzed by qPCR and the expression levels of all the eight genes were higher in tolerant cultivar than in sensitive cultivar, suggesting that these compounds may promote Al tolerance by modulating the production of available energy. Although the exact roles of these putative tolerance proteins remain to be examined, our data lead to a better understanding of the Al tolerance mechanisms in rice plants through the proteomics approach. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Aluminum (mainly Al(3+)) is one of the major limitations to the agricultural productivity on acid soils and causes heavy yield loss every year. Rice has been reported to be highly Al tolerant; however, the mechanisms of rice Al tolerance are still not fully understood. Here, a combined proteomics, bioinformatics and qPCR analysis revealed that Al(3+) invasion caused complex proteomic changes in rice roots involving energy, stress and defense, protein turnover, metabolism, signal transduction, transport and intracellular traffic, cell structure, cell growth/division, and transcription. Promotion of the glycolytic/gluconeogenetic pathway in roots appeared crucially important for Al tolerance. These results lead to a better understanding of the Al tolerance mechanisms in rice and help to improve plant performance on acid soils, eventually to increase the crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiao Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qiao Qiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chen Xie
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qi Shan Lin
- UAlbany Proteomics Facility, Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), known as outer mitochondrial membrane proteins, are present in all eukaryotic cells. In mammals, they are now recognized to play crucial roles in the regulation of metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria as well as in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, in association with various proteins and non-protein modulators. Although there is much less information available for plant than for animal VDACs, their similar electrophysiological and topological properties suggest that some common functions are conserved among eukaryotic VDACs. Recently, it has been revealed that plant VDACs also have various important physiological functions not only in developmental and reproductive processes, but also in biotic and abiotic stress responses, including programmed cell death. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the sequence motifs, localization, and function of plant VDACs and discuss these results in the light of recent advances in research on animal VDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
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24
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Krammer EM, Homblé F, Prévost M. Molecular origin of VDAC selectivity towards inorganic ions: a combined molecular and Brownian dynamics study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1284-92. [PMID: 23313453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) serves as the major pore for metabolites and electrolytes in the outer mitochondrial membrane. To refine our understanding of ion permeation through this channel we performed an extensive Brownian (BD) and molecular dynamics (MD) study on the mouse VDAC isoform 1 wild-type and mutants (K20E, D30K, K61E, E158K and K252E). The selectivity and the conductance of the wild-type and of the variant channels computed from the BD trajectories are in agreement with experimental data. The calculated selectivity is shown to be very sensitive to slight conformational changes which may have some bearing on the variability of the selectivity values measured on the VDAC open state. The MD and BD free energy profiles of the ion permeation suggest that the pore region comprising the N-terminal helix and the barrel band encircling it predominantly controls the ion transport across the channel. The overall 12μs BD and 0.9μs MD trajectories of the mouse VDAC isoform 1 wild-type and mutants feature no distinct pathways for ion diffusion and no long-lived ion-protein interactions. The dependence of ion distribution in the wild-type channel with the salt concentration can be explained by an ionic screening of the permanent charges of the protein arising from the pore. Altogether these results bolster the role of electrostatic features of the pore as the main determinant of VDAC selectivity towards inorganic anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krammer
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Centre de Biologie Structurale et de Bioinformatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 206/2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (AtVDAC1) negatively regulates plant cold responses during germination and seedling development in Arabidopsis and interacts with calcium sensor CBL1. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:701-13. [PMID: 23344040 PMCID: PMC3565290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a highly conserved major mitochondrial outer membrane protein, plays crucial roles in energy metabolism and metabolite transport. However, knowledge about the roles of the VDAC family in plants is limited. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of VDAC1 in Arabidopsis and found that cold stress promoted the accumulation of VDAC1 transcripts in imbibed seeds and mature plants. Overexpression of VDAC1 reduced tolerance to cold stress in Arabidopsis. Phenotype analysis of VDAC1 T-DNA insertion mutant plants indicated that a vdac1 mutant line had faster germination kinetics under cold treatment and showed enhanced tolerance to freezing. The yeast two-hybrid system revealed that VDAC1 interacts with CBL1, a calcium sensor in plants. Like the vdac1, a cbl1 mutant also exhibited a higher seed germination rate. We conclude that both VDAC1 and CBL1 regulate cold stress responses during seed germination and plant development.
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Robert N, d'Erfurth I, Marmagne A, Erhardt M, Allot M, Boivin K, Gissot L, Monachello D, Michaud M, Duchêne AM, Barbier-Brygoo H, Maréchal-Drouard L, Ephritikhine G, Filleur S. Voltage-dependent-anion-channels (VDACs) in Arabidopsis have a dual localization in the cell but show a distinct role in mitochondria. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 78:431-46. [PMID: 22294207 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are predominant proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) where they contribute to the exchange of small metabolites essential for respiration. They were shown to be as well associated with the plasma membrane (PM) and act as redox enzyme or are involved in ATP release for example. In Arabidopsis, we show that four out of six genomic sequences encode AtVDAC proteins. All four AtVDACs are ubiquitously expressed in the plant but each of them displays a specific expression pattern in root cell types. Using two complementary approaches, we demonstrate conclusively that the four expressed AtVDACs are targeted to both mitochondria and plasma membrane but in differential abundance, AtVDAC3 being the most abundant in PM, and conversely, AtVDAC4 almost exclusively associated with mitochondria. These are the first plant proteins to be shown to reside in both these two membranes. To investigate a putative function of AtVDACs, we analyzed T-DNA insertion lines in each of the corresponding genes. Knock-out mutants for AtVDAC1, AtVDAC2 and AtVDAC4 present slow growth, reduced fertility and yellow spots in leaves when atvdac3 does not show any visible difference compared to wildtype plants. Analyses of atvdac1 and atvdac4 reveal that yellow areas correspond to necrosis and the mitochondria are swollen in these two mutants. All these results suggest that, in spite of a localization in plasma membrane for three of them, AtVDAC1, AtVDAC2 and AtVDAC4 have a main function in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Robert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS-UPR 2355, Bât. 22, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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Homblé F, Krammer EM, Prévost M. Plant VDAC: facts and speculations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1486-501. [PMID: 22155681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) is the most abundant protein in the mitochondrial outer membrane and the major transport pathway for a large variety of compounds ranging from ions to large polymeric molecules such as DNA and tRNA. Plant VDACs feature a secondary structure content and electrophysiological properties akin to those of VDACs from other organisms. They however undergo a specific regulation. The general importance of VDAC in plant physiology has only recently emerged. Besides their role in metabolite transport, plant VDACs are also involved in the programmed cell death triggered in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, their colocalization in non-mitochondrial membranes suggests a diversity of function. This review summarizes our current understanding of the structure and function of plant VDACs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: VDAC structure, function, and regulation of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Homblé
- Structure et Fontion des Membranes Biologiques, Centre de Biologie Structurale et de Bioinformatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP, Brussels, Belgium.
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Krammer EM, Homblé F, Prévost M. Concentration dependent ion selectivity in VDAC: a molecular dynamics simulation study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27994. [PMID: 22164223 PMCID: PMC3229507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) forms the major pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Its high conducting open state features a moderate anion selectivity. There is some evidence indicating that the electrophysiological properties of VDAC vary with the salt concentration. Using a theoretical approach the molecular basis for this concentration dependence was investigated. Molecular dynamics simulations and continuum electrostatic calculations performed on the mouse VDAC1 isoform clearly demonstrate that the distribution of fixed charges in the channel creates an electric field, which determines the anion preference of VDAC at low salt concentration. Increasing the salt concentration in the bulk results in a higher concentration of ions in the VDAC wide pore. This event induces a large electrostatic screening of the charged residues promoting a less anion selective channel. Residues that are responsible for the electrostatic pattern of the channel were identified using the molecular dynamics trajectories. Some of these residues are found to be conserved suggesting that ion permeation between different VDAC species occurs through a common mechanism. This inference is buttressed by electrophysiological experiments performed on bean VDAC32 protein akin to mouse VDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krammer
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Homblé
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Godbole A, Mitra R, Dubey AK, Reddy PS, Mathew MK. Bacterial expression, purification and characterization of a rice voltage-dependent, anion-selective channel isoform, OsVDAC4. J Membr Biol 2011; 244:67-80. [PMID: 22057934 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-011-9399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) is the most abundant protein in the mitochondrial outer membrane and forms the major conduit for metabolite transport across this membrane. VDACs from different sources show varied primary sequence but conserved functional properties. Here, we report on the characterization of a rice channel, OsVDAC4, which complements a VDAC1 deficiency in yeast. We present a consensus secondary structure prediction of an N-terminal α-helix and 19 β-strands. Bacterially expressed OsVDAC4 was purified from inclusion bodies into detergent-containing solution, where it is largely helical. Detergent-solubilized OsVDAC4 inserts spontaneously into artificial membranes of two topologies-spherical liposomes and planar bilayers. Insertion into liposomes results in an increase in β-structure. Transport of polyethylene glycols was used to estimate a pore diameter of ~2.6 nm in liposomes. Channels formed in planar bilayers exhibit large conductance (4.6 ± 0.3 nS in 1 M KCl), strong voltage dependence and weak anion selectivity. The open state of the channel is shown to be permeable to ATP. These data are consistent with a large β-barrel pore formed by OsVDAC4 on inserting into membranes. This study forms a platform to carry out studies of the interaction of OsVDAC4 with putative modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Godbole
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
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VDAC isoforms in mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1466-76. [PMID: 22020053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
VDACs (Voltage Dependent Anion selective Channels) are a family of pore-forming proteins discovered in the mitochondrial outer membrane. In the animal kingdom, mammals show a conserved genetic organization of the VDAC genes, corresponding to a group of three active genes. Three VDAC protein isoforms thus exist. From a historically point of view most of the data collected about this protein refer to the VDAC1 isoform, the first to be identified and also the most abundant in the organisms. In this work we compare the information available about the three VDAC isoforms, with a special emphasis upon the human proteins, here considered prototypical of the group, and we try to shed some light on specific functional roles of this apparently redundant group of proteins. A new hypothesis about the VDAC(s) involvement in ROS control is proposed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: VDAC structure, function, and regulation of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Tateda C, Watanabe K, Kusano T, Takahashi Y. Molecular and genetic characterization of the gene family encoding the voltage-dependent anion channel in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4773-85. [PMID: 21705391 PMCID: PMC3192994 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a major outer mitochondrial membrane protein, is thought to play an important role in energy production and apoptotic cell death in mammalian systems. However, the function of VDACs in plants is largely unknown. In order to determine the individual function of plant VDACs, molecular and genetic analysis was performed on four VDAC genes, VDAC1-VDAC4, found in Arabidopsis thaliana. VDAC1 and VDAC3 possess the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin signature (MPS) in their C-termini, while VDAC2 and VDAC4 do not. Localization analysis of VDAC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions and their chimeric or mutated derivatives revealed that the MPS sequence is important for mitochondrial localization. Through the functional analysis of vdac knockout mutants due to T-DNA insertion, VDAC2 and VDAC4 which are expressed in the whole plant body are important for various physiological functions such as leaf development, the steady state of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and pollen development. Moreover, it was demonstrated that VDAC1 is not only necessary for normal growth but also important for disease resistance through regulation of hydrogen peroxide generation.
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32
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Modulation of plant mitochondrial VDAC by phytosterols. Biophys J 2011; 99:2097-106. [PMID: 20923643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of cholesterol and two abundant phytosterols (sitosterol and stigmasterol) on the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) purified from mitochondria of bean seeds (Phaseolus coccineus). These sterols differ by the degree of freedom of their lateral chain. We show that VDAC displays sensitivity to the lipid-sterol ratio and to the type of sterol found in the membrane. The main findings of this study are: 1), cholesterol and phytosterols modulate the selectivity but only stigmasterol alters the voltage-dependence of the plant VDAC in the range of sterol fraction found in the plant mitochondrial membrane; 2), VDAC unitary conductance is not affected by the addition of sterols; 3), the effect of sterols on the VDAC is reversible upon sterol depletion with 10 μM methyl-β-cyclodextrins; and 4), phytosterols are essential for the channel gating at salt concentration prevailing in vivo. A quantitative analysis of the voltage-dependence indicates that stigmasterol inhibits the transition of the VDAC in the lowest subconductance states.
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VDAC, a multi-functional mitochondrial protein regulating cell life and death. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:227-85. [PMID: 20346371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past decade has extended the prevailing view of the mitochondrion to include functions well beyond the generation of cellular energy. It is now recognized that mitochondria play a crucial role in cell signaling events, inter-organellar communication, aging, cell proliferation, diseases and cell death. Thus, mitochondria play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) and serve as the venue for cellular decisions leading to cell life or death. One of the mitochondrial proteins controlling cell life and death is the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), also known as mitochondrial porin. VDAC, located in the mitochondrial outer membrane, functions as gatekeeper for the entry and exit of mitochondrial metabolites, thereby controlling cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell. VDAC is also a key player in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Thus, in addition to regulating the metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria, VDAC appears to be a convergence point for a variety of cell survival and cell death signals mediated by its association with various ligands and proteins. In this article, we review what is known about the VDAC channel in terms of its structure, relevance to ATP rationing, Ca(2+) homeostasis, protection against oxidative stress, regulation of apoptosis, involvement in several diseases and its role in the action of different drugs. In light of our recent findings and the recently solved NMR- and crystallography-based 3D structures of VDAC1, the focus of this review will be on the central role of VDAC in cell life and death, addressing VDAC function in the regulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis with an emphasis on structure-function relations. Understanding structure-function relationships of VDAC is critical for deciphering how this channel can perform such a variety of functions, all important for cell life and death. This review also provides insight into the potential of VDAC1 as a rational target for new therapeutics.
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Kusano T, Tateda C, Berberich T, Takahashi Y. Voltage-dependent anion channels: their roles in plant defense and cell death. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1301-1308. [PMID: 19585120 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), mitochondrial outer membrane components, are present in organisms from fungi to animals and plants. They are thought to function in the regulation of metabolite transport between mitochondria and the cytoplasm. Sufficient knowledge on plant VDACs has been accumulated, so that we can here summarize the current information. Then, the involvement of mitochondria in plant defense and cell death is overviewed. While, in mammals, it is suggested that VDAC, also known as a component of the permeability transition pore (PTP) complex formed in the junction site of mitochondrial outer and inner membrane, is a key player in mitochondria-mediated cell death, little is known about the role of plant VDACs in this process. We have shown that plant VDACs are involved in mitochondria-mediated cell death and in defense against a non-host pathogen. In light of the current findings, we discuss the role of the PTP complex and VDAC as its component in plant pathogen defense and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Kusano
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai-City, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
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Yan J, He H, Tong S, Zhang W, Wang J, Li X, Yang Y. Voltage-dependent anion channel 2 of Arabidopsis thaliana (AtVDAC2) is involved in ABA-mediated early seedling development. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:2476-2486. [PMID: 19582214 PMCID: PMC2705501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10062476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is the major transport protein in the outer membrane of mitochondria and plays crucial roles in energy metabolism, apoptosis, and metabolites transport. In plants, the expression of VDACs can be affected by different stresses, including drought, salinity and pathogen defense. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of AtVDAC2 in A. thaliana and found ABA suppressed the accumulation of AtVDAC2 transcripts. Further, phenotype analysis of this VDAC deregulated-expression transgenic Arabidopsis plants indicated that AtVDAC2 anti-sense line showed an ABA-insensitivity phenotype during the early seedling development under ABA treatment. The results suggested that AtVDAC2 might be involved in ABA signaling in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; E-Mails:
(J.Y.);
(H.H.);
(S.T.);
(W.Z.);
(J.W.);
(X.L.)
- Biotechnology & Genetic Germplasm Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9# Xueyun Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Han He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; E-Mails:
(J.Y.);
(H.H.);
(S.T.);
(W.Z.);
(J.W.);
(X.L.)
| | - Shibo Tong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; E-Mails:
(J.Y.);
(H.H.);
(S.T.);
(W.Z.);
(J.W.);
(X.L.)
| | - Wanrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; E-Mails:
(J.Y.);
(H.H.);
(S.T.);
(W.Z.);
(J.W.);
(X.L.)
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; E-Mails:
(J.Y.);
(H.H.);
(S.T.);
(W.Z.);
(J.W.);
(X.L.)
| | - Xufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; E-Mails:
(J.Y.);
(H.H.);
(S.T.);
(W.Z.);
(J.W.);
(X.L.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; E-Mails:
(J.Y.);
(H.H.);
(S.T.);
(W.Z.);
(J.W.);
(X.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
; Tel. +86-28-85410957; Fax: +86-28-85410957
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Lee SM, Hoang MHT, Han HJ, Kim HS, Lee K, Kim KE, Kim DH, Lee SY, Chung WS. Pathogen inducible voltage-dependent anion channel (AtVDAC) isoforms are localized to mitochondria membrane in Arabidopsis. Mol Cells 2009; 27:321-7. [PMID: 19326079 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are reported to be porin-type, beta-barrel diffusion pores. They are prominently localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane and are involved in metabolite exchange between the organelle and the cytosol. In this study, we have investigated a family of VDAC isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtVDAC). We have shown that the heterologous expression of AtVDAC proteins can functionally complement a yeast mutant lacking the endogenous mitochondrial VDAC gene. AtVDACs tagged with GFP were localized to mitochondria in both yeast and plant cells. We also looked at the response of AtVDACs to biotic and abiotic stresses and found that four AtVDAC transcripts were rapidly up-regulated in response to a bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial porins, or voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC) allow the passage of small molecules across the mitochondrial outer membrane, and are involved in complex interactions regulating organellar and cellular metabolism. Numerous organisms possess multiple porin isoforms, and initial studies indicated an intriguing evolutionary history for these proteins and the genes that encode them. RESULTS In this work, the wealth of recent sequence information was used to perform a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary history of mitochondrial porins. Fungal porin sequences were well represented, and newly-released sequences from stramenopiles, alveolates, and seed and flowering plants were analyzed. A combination of Neighbour-Joining and Bayesian methods was used to determine phylogenetic relationships among the proteins. The aligned sequences were also used to reassess the validity of previously described eukaryotic porin motifs and to search for signature sequences characteristic of VDACs from plants, animals and fungi. Secondary structure predictions were performed on the aligned VDAC primary sequences and were used to evaluate the sites of intron insertion in a representative set of the corresponding VDAC genes. CONCLUSION Our phylogenetic analysis clearly shows that paralogs have appeared several times during the evolution of VDACs from the plants, metazoans, and even the fungi, suggesting that there are no "ancient" paralogs within the gene family. Sequence motifs characteristic of the members of the crown groups of organisms were identified. Secondary structure predictions suggest a common 16 beta-strand framework for the transmembrane arrangement of all porin isoforms. The GLK (and homologous or analogous motifs) and the eukaryotic porin motifs in the four representative Chordates tend to be in exons that appear to have changed little during the evolution of these metazoans. In fact there is phase correlation among the introns in these genes. Finally, our preliminary data support the notion that introns usually do not interrupt structural protein motifs, namely the predicted beta-strands. These observations concur with the concept of exon shuffling, wherein exons encode structural modules of proteins and the loss and gain of introns and the shuffling of exons via recombination events contribute to the complexity of modern day proteomes.
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Salinas T, Duchêne AM, Delage L, Nilsson S, Glaser E, Zaepfel M, Maréchal-Drouard L. The voltage-dependent anion channel, a major component of the tRNA import machinery in plant mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18362-7. [PMID: 17105808 PMCID: PMC1838756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606449103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, as in most eukaryotic cells, import of nuclear-encoded cytosolic tRNAs is an essential process for mitochondrial biogenesis. Despite its broad occurrence, the mechanisms governing RNA transport into mitochondria are far less understood than protein import. This article demonstrates by Northwestern and gel-shift experiments that the plant mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) protein interacts with tRNA in vitro. It shows also that this porin, known to play a key role in metabolite transport, is a major component of the channel involved in the tRNA translocation step through the plant mitochondrial outer membrane, as supported by inhibition of tRNA import into isolated mitochondria by VDAC antibodies and Ruthenium red. However VDAC is not a tRNA receptor on the outer membrane. Rather, two major components from the TOM (translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane) complex, namely TOM20 and TOM40, are important for tRNA binding at the surface of mitochondria, suggesting that they are also involved in tRNA import. Finally, we show that proteins and tRNAs are translocated into plant mitochondria by different pathways. Together, these findings identify unexpected components of the tRNA import machinery and suggest that the plant tRNA import pathway has evolved by recruiting multifunctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Salinas
- *Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and
| | - Anne-Marie Duchêne
- *Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and
| | - Ludovic Delage
- *Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and
| | - Stefan Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marlyse Zaepfel
- *Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and
| | - Laurence Maréchal-Drouard
- *Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Guarino F, Specchia V, Zapparoli G, Messina A, Aiello R, Bozzetti MP, De Pinto V. Expression and localization in spermatozoa of the mitochondrial porin isoform 2 in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:665-70. [PMID: 16774740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial porins or VDACs (voltage-dependent anion-selective channels) are transmembrane pore-forming proteins. In eukaryotic genomes multiple genes coding for VDAC homologues have been discovered, but their function remains unknown. In Drosophila melanogaster three additional genes homologous to the gene porin have been found. In a previous report we have expressed in vitro Porin 2 (gene GC17137) and we have found that the reconstituted protein shows pore-forming activity but it is cation-selective and poorly dependent from voltage. In this work we have characterized the expression pattern of Porin 2. Amplification upon germinal and somatic or stage specific mRNA showed that the highest transcription level of Porin 2 is in testis. Western blot analysis performed with antibodies raised against the recombinant Porin 2 confirmed a high level of expression in the fly spermatozoa. Immuno-histochemical studies indicate that Porin 2 is selectively present in spermatozoa tail, where the mitochondria are located, but not in spermatocytes. A lethal mutant of D. melanogaster carrying a P-element in the first intron of the porin (Porin 1) gene hinders the expression of both Porin 1 and 2. Our results suggest that Porin 2 is truly expressed and that it is required for functional germinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Guarino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Desai MK, Mishra RN, Verma D, Nair S, Sopory SK, Reddy MK. Structural and functional analysis of a salt stress inducible gene encoding voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2006; 44:483-93. [PMID: 17023166 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized a gene encoding voltage-dependent anion channel from Pennisetum glaucum (PgVDAC). PgVDAC was identified while isolating genes that were differentially up-regulated following salt stress. The genomic organization of PgVDAC clone was well conserved compared to other plant VDAC genes in terms of number of introns, their position and phasing, however, the primary amino acid sequence of voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) proteins did not show much conservation with other plant VDACs but their secondary and tertiary structures are well conserved as predicted by in silico structural and CD spectra analyses and results show it to be a typical membrane-spanning beta-barrel leading to the formation of pore in the membrane. The heterologous expression of PgVDAC protein in yeast strain lacking the endogenous mitochondrial VDAC gene could not functionally complement it as was also previously observed for the potato VDAC. Using real-time quantitative PCR analysis it was found that transcript expression profile of PgVDAC was quantitatively and kinetically up-regulated in response to salinity, desiccation, cold and exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA); however, there was no effect of exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) on its expression. Constitutive over-expression of PgVDAC appears to be deleterious in transgenic rice plant; however, low level of up-regulation imparted salinity stress adaptive response. A search for a more suitable inducible transgene system is currently under way to understand PgVDAC expression levels in plant development and its role in stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Desai
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
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Holmes-Davis R, Tanaka CK, Vensel WH, Hurkman WJ, McCormick S. Proteome mapping of mature pollen of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteomics 2006; 5:4864-84. [PMID: 16247729 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200402011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The male gametophyte of Arabidopsis is a three-celled pollen grain that is thought to contain almost all the mRNAs needed for germination and rapid pollen tube growth. We generated a reference map of the Arabidopsis mature pollen proteome by using multiple protein extraction techniques followed by 2-DE and ESI-MS/MS. We identified 135 distinct proteins from a total of 179 protein spots. We found that half of the identified proteins are involved in metabolism (20%), energy generation (17%), or cell structure (12%); these percentages are similar to those determined for the pollen transcriptome and this similarity is consistent with the idea that in addition to the mRNAs, the mature pollen grain contains proteins necessary for germination and rapid pollen tube growth. We identified ten proteins of unknown function, three of which are flower- or pollen-specific, and we identified nine proteins whose RNAs were absent from the transcriptome, seven of which are involved in metabolism, energy generation, or cell wall structure. Our work complements and extends recent analyses of the pollen transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Holmes-Davis
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA/ARS and UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Wandrey M, Trevaskis B, Brewin N, Udvardi MK. Molecular and cell biology of a family of voltage-dependent anion channel porins in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 134:182-93. [PMID: 14657408 PMCID: PMC316298 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Revised: 09/11/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are generally considered as the main pathway for metabolite transport across the mitochondrial outer membrane. Recent proteomic studies on isolated symbiosome membranes from legume nodules indicated that VDACs might also be involved in transport of nutrients between plants and rhizobia. In an attempt to substantiate this, we carried out a detailed molecular and cellular characterization of VDACs in Lotus japonicus and soybean (Glycine max). Database searches revealed at least five genes encoding putative VDACs in each of the legumes L. japonicus, Medicago truncatula, and soybean. We obtained and sequenced cDNA clones from L. japonicus encoding five full-length VDAC proteins (LjVDAC1.1-1.3, LjVDAC2.1, and LjVDAC3.1). Complementation of a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant impaired in VDAC1, a porin of the mitochondrial outer membrane, showed that LjVDAC1.1, LjVDAC1.2, LjVDAC2.1, and LjVDAC3.1, but not LjVDAC1.3, are functional and targeted to the mitochondrial outer membrane in yeast. Studies of the expression pattern of the five L. japonicus VDAC genes revealed largely constitutive expression of each throughout the plant, including nodules. Antibodies to LjVDAC1.1 of L. japonicus and the related POM36 protein of potato (Solanum tuberosum) recognized several proteins between 30 and 36 kD on western blots, including LjVDAC1.1, LjVDAC1.2, LjVDAC1.3, and LjVDAC2.1. Immunolocalization of VDACs in L. japonicus and soybean root nodules demonstrated their presence on not only mitochondria but also on numerous, small vesicles at the cell periphery. No evidence was found for the presence of VDACs on the symbiosome membrane. Nonetheless, the data indicate that VDACs may play more diverse roles in plants than suspected previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Wandrey
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
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