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Byrne JF, Healy C, Föcking M, Heurich M, Susai SR, Mongan D, Wynne K, Kodosaki E, Woods SW, Cornblatt BA, Stone WS, Mathalon DH, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Addington J, Walker EF, Cannon TD, Cannon M, Jeffries C, Perkins D, Cotter DR. Plasma complement and coagulation proteins as prognostic factors of negative symptoms: An analysis of the NAPLS 2 and 3 studies. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:188-196. [PMID: 38555993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Negative symptoms impact the quality of life of individuals with psychosis and current treatment options for negative symptoms have limited effectiveness. Previous studies have demonstrated that complement and coagulation pathway protein levels are related to later psychotic experiences, psychotic disorder, and functioning. However, the prognostic relationship between complement and coagulation proteins and negative symptoms is poorly characterised. METHODS In the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Studies 2 and 3, negative symptoms in 431 individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (mean age: 18.2, SD 3.6; 42.5 % female) were measured at multiple visits over 2 years using the Scale of Psychosis-Risk Symptoms. Plasma proteins were quantified at baseline using mass spectrometry. Four factors were derived to represent levels of proteins involved in the activation or regulation of the complement or coagulation systems. The relationships between standardised protein group factors and serial measurements of negative symptoms over time were modelled using generalised least squares regression. Analyses were adjusted for baseline candidate prognostic factors: negative symptoms, positive symptoms, functioning, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, cannabis use, tobacco use, antipsychotic use, antidepressant use, age, and sex. RESULTS Clinical and demographic prognostic factors of follow-up negative symptoms included negative, positive, and depressive symptoms, functioning, and age. Adjusting for all candidate prognostic factors, the complement regulators group and the coagulation regulators group were identified as prognostic factors of follow-up negative symptoms (β: 0.501, 95 % CI: 0.160, 0.842; β: 0.430, 95 % CI: 0.080, 0.780 respectively. The relationship between complement regulator levels and negative symptoms was also observed in NAPLS2 alone (β: 0.501, 95 % CI: -0.037, 1.039) and NAPLS3 alone, additionally adjusting for BMI (β: 0.442, 95 % CI: 0.127, 0.757). CONCLUSION The results indicate that plasma complement and coagulation regulator levels are prognostic factors of negative symptoms, independent of clinical and demographic prognostic factors. These results suggest complement and coagulation regulator levels could have potential utility in informing treatment decisions for negative symptoms in individuals at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah F Byrne
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Meike Heurich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Subash Raj Susai
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Mongan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleftheria Kodosaki
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - William S Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Mental Health Service 116d, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Clark Jeffries
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diana Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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2
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Rosenfeld MA, Yurina LV, Gavrilina ES, Vasilyeva AD. Post-Translational Oxidative Modifications of Hemostasis Proteins: Structure, Function, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S14-S33. [PMID: 38621742 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly generated in a living organism. An imbalance between the amount of generated reactive species in the body and their destruction leads to the development of oxidative stress. Proteins are extremely vulnerable targets for ROS molecules, which can cause oxidative modifications of amino acid residues, thus altering structure and function of intra- and extracellular proteins. The current review considers the effect of oxidation on the structural rearrangements and functional activity of hemostasis proteins: coagulation system proteins such as fibrinogen, prothrombin/thrombin, factor VII/VIIa; anticoagulant proteins - thrombomodulin and protein C; proteins of the fibrinolytic system such as plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Structure and function of the proteins, oxidative modifications, and their detrimental consequences resulting from the induced oxidation or oxidative stress in vivo are described. Possible effects of oxidative modifications of proteins in vitro and in vivo leading to disruption of the coagulation and fibrinolysis processes are summarized and systematized, and the possibility of a compensatory mechanism in maintaining hemostasis under oxidative stress is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rosenfeld
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Lyubov V Yurina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S Gavrilina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexandra D Vasilyeva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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3
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Hao W, Li K, Ge X, Yang H, Xu C, Liu S, Yu H, Li P, Xing R. The Effect of N-Acetylation on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chitooligosaccharides and Its Potential for Relieving Endotoxemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158205. [PMID: 35897781 PMCID: PMC9330575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia is mainly caused by a massive burst of inflammatory cytokines as a result of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) invasion. Chitooligosaccharides (COS) is expected to be a potential drug for relieving endotoxemia due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the structural parameters of COS are often ambiguous, and the effect of degree of acetylation (DA) of COS on its anti-inflammatory remains unknown. In this study, four COSs with different DAs (0%, 12%, 50% and 85%) and the same oligomers distribution were successfully obtained. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and MS analysis. Then, the effect of DA on the anti-inflammatory activity and relieving endotoxemia potential of COS was researched. The results revealed that COS with a DA of 12% had better anti-inflammatory activity than COSs with other DAs, mainly in inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines burst, down-regulating its mRNA expression and reducing phosphorylation of IκBα. Furthermore, this COS showed an obviously protective effect on endotoxemia mice, such as inhibiting the increase in inflammatory cytokines and transaminases, alleviating the injury of liver and intestinal tissue. This study explored the effect of DA on the anti-inflammatory activity of COS for the first time and lays the foundation for the development of COS as an anti-inflammatory drug against endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentong Hao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (R.X.); Tel.: +86-0532-82898512 (K.L.); +86-0532-82898780 (R.X.)
| | - Xiangyun Ge
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Haoyue Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chaojie Xu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.H.); (X.G.); (H.Y.); (C.X.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (R.X.); Tel.: +86-0532-82898512 (K.L.); +86-0532-82898780 (R.X.)
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Blocking human protein C anticoagulant activity improves clotting defects of hemophilia mice expressing human protein C. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3304-3314. [PMID: 35390147 PMCID: PMC9198932 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated novel hemophilia A or B mice expressing human protein C. Selectively blocking the anticoagulant activity of human activated protein C improves the clotting defects in hemophilia mice.
Hemophilia A and B are hereditary coagulation defects resulting in unstable blood clotting and recurrent bleeding. Current factor replacement therapies have major limitations such as the short half-life of the factors and development of inhibitors. Alternative approaches to rebalance the hemostasis by inhibiting the anticoagulant pathways have recently gained considerable interest. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of a monoclonal antibody, HAPC1573, that selectively blocks the anticoagulant activity of human activated protein C (APC). We generated F8−/− or F9−/− hemophilia mice expressing human protein C by genetically replacing the murine Proc gene with the human PROC. The resulting PROC+/+;F8−/− or PROC+/+;F9−/− mice had bleeding characteristics similar to their corresponding F8−/− or F9−/− mice. Pretreating the PROC+/+;F8−/− mice with HAPC1573 shortened the tail bleeding time. HAPC1573 pretreatment significantly reduced mortality and alleviated joint swelling, similar to those treated with either FVIII or FIX, of either PROC+/+;F8−/− or PROC+/+;F9−/− mice in a needle puncture–induced knee-joint bleeding model. Additionally, we found that HAPC1573 significantly improved the thrombin generation of PROC+/+;F8−/− mice but not F8−/− mice, indicating that HAPC1573 enhanced the coagulant activity of hemophilia mice by modulating human APC in vivo. We further documented that HAPC1573 inhibited the APC anticoagulant activity to improve the clotting time of human plasma deficient of FVIII, FIX, FXI, FVII, VWF, FV, or FX. These results demonstrate that selectively blocking the anticoagulant activity of human APC may be an effective therapeutic and/or prophylactic approach for bleeding disorders lacking FVIII, FIX, or other clotting factors.
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5
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Depasse F, Binder NB, Mueller J, Wissel T, Schwers S, Germer M, Hermes B, Turecek PL. Thrombin generation assays are versatile tools in blood coagulation analysis: A review of technical features, and applications from research to laboratory routine. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2907-2917. [PMID: 34525255 PMCID: PMC9291770 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is the pivotal enzyme in the biochemistry of secondary hemostasis crucial to maintaining homeostasis of hemostasis. In contrast to routine coagulation tests (PT or aPTT) or procoagulant or anticoagulant factor assays (e.g. fibrinogen, factor VIII, antithrombin or protein C), the thrombin generation assay (TGA), also named thrombin generation test (TGT) is a so-called "global assay" that provides a picture of the hemostasis balance though a continuous and simultaneous measurement of thrombin formation and inhibition. First described in the early 1950s, as a manual assay, efforts have been made in order to standardize and automate the assay to offer researchers, clinical laboratories and the pharmaceutical industry a versatile tool covering a wide range of clinical and non-clinical applications. This review describes technical options offered to properly run TGA, including a review of preanalytical and analytical items, performance, interpretation, and applications in physiology research and pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus B. Binder
- Technoclone Herstellung von Diagnostika und Arzneimitteln GmbHViennaAustria
| | - Julia Mueller
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbHMarburgGermany
| | - Thomas Wissel
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbHMarburgGermany
| | | | | | - Björn Hermes
- DIN e.V. – DIN Standards Committee Medicine (NAMed)BerlinGermany
| | - Peter L. Turecek
- Baxalta Innovations GmbHPart of the Takeda group of companiesViennaAustria
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6
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Yin CM, Pan XY, Cao XT, Li T, Zhang YH, Lan JF. A crayfish ALF inhibits the proliferation of microbiota by binding to RPS4 and MscL of E. coli. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104106. [PMID: 33878364 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), most of which are small proteins, are necessary for innate immunity against pathogens. Anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) with a conserved lipopolysaccharide binding domain (LBD) can bind to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and neutralize LPS activity. The antibacterial mechanism of ALF, especially its role in bacteria, needs to be further investigated. In this study, the antibacterial role of an anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (PcALF5) derived from Procambarus clarkii was analyzed. PcALF5 could inhibit the replication of the microbiota in vitro and enhance the bacterial clearance ability in crayfish in vivo. Far-western blot assay results indicated that PcALF5 bound to two proteins of E. coli (approximately 25 kDa and 15 kDa). Mass spectrometry (MS), far-western blot assay, and pull-down results showed that 30S ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4, 25 kD) interacted with PcALF5. Further studies revealed that another E. coli protein binding to PcALF5 could be the large mechanosensitive channel (MscL), which is reported to participate in the transport of peptides and antibiotics. Additional assays showed that PcALF5 inhibited protein synthesis and promoted the transcription of ribosomal component genes in E. coli. Overall, these results indicate that PcALF5 could transfer into E. coli by binding to MscL and inhibit protein synthesis by interacting with RPS4. This study reveals the mechanism underlying ALF involvement in the antibacterial immune response and provides a new reference for the research on antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ming Yin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Pan
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying-Hao Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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7
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Talotta R, Robertson ES. Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of post-COVID-19 vaccination thrombophilia: The straw that breaks the camel's back? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:52-60. [PMID: 34090785 PMCID: PMC8159713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs), present in 1–5 % of healthy individuals, are associated with the risk of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which is the most common form of acquired thrombophilia. APLs may appear following infections or vaccinations and have been reported in patients with COronaVIrus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, their association with COVID-19 vaccination is unclear. Notably, a few cases of thrombocytopenia and thrombotic events resembling APS have been reported to develop in recipients of either adenoviral vector- or mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. The aim of this review is therefore to speculate on the plausible role of aPLs in the pathogenesis of these rare adverse events. Adenoviral vector-based vaccines can bind platelets and induce their destruction in the reticuloendothelial organs. Liposomal mRNA-based vaccines may instead favour activation of coagulation factors and confer a pro-thrombotic phenotype to endothelial cells and platelets. Furthermore, both formulations may trigger a type I interferon response associated with the generation of aPLs. In turn, aPLs may lead to aberrant activation of the immune response with participation of innate immune cells, cytokines and the complement cascade. NETosis, monocyte recruitment and cytokine release may further support endothelial dysfunction and promote platelet aggregation. These considerations suggest that aPLs may represent a risk factor for thrombotic events following COVID-19 vaccination, and deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU "Gaetano Martino", via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124, Messina, Italy.
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E JP, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Camire RM. Blood coagulation factor X: molecular biology, inherited disease, and engineered therapeutics. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:383-390. [PMID: 33886037 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood coagulation factor X/Xa sits at a pivotal point in the coagulation cascade and has a role in each of the three major pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic and the common pathway). Due to this central position, it is an attractive therapeutic target to either enhance or dampen thrombin generation. In this brief review, I will summarize key developments in the molecular understanding of this critical clotting factor and discuss the molecular basis of FX deficiency, highlight difficulties in expressing recombinant factor X, and detail two factor X variants evaluated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M Camire
- Division of Hematology and the Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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9
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Gaddh M, Rosovsky RP. Venous Thromboembolism: Genetics and Thrombophilias. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:271-283. [PMID: 33694139 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Up to one half of patients who present with VTE will have an underlying thrombophilic defect. This knowledge has led to a widespread practice of testing for such defects in patients who develop VTE. However, identifying a hereditary thrombophilia by itself does not necessarily change outcomes or dictate therapy. Furthermore, family history of VTE by itself can increase an asymptomatic person's VTE risk several-fold, independent of detecting a known inherited thrombophilia. In this article, we will describe the current validated hereditary thrombophilias including their history, prevalence, and association with VTE. With a focus on evaluating both risks and benefits of testing, we will also explore the controversies of why, who, and when to test as well as discuss contemporary societal guidelines. Lastly, we will share how these tests have been integrated into clinical practice and how to best utilize them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Gaddh
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rachel P Rosovsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Magnani HN. Rationale for the Role of Heparin and Related GAG Antithrombotics in COVID-19 Infection. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:1076029620977702. [PMID: 33539214 PMCID: PMC7868468 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620977702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has focused attention on prevention, restriction and treatment methods that are acceptable worldwide. This means that they should be simple and inexpensive. This review examines the possible role of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) antithrombotics in the treatment of COVID-19. The pathophysiology of this disease reveals a complex interplay between the hemostatic and immune systems that can be readily disrupted by SARS-CoV-2. Some of the GAG antithrombotics also possess immune-modulatory actions and since they are relatively inexpensive they could play an important role in the management of COVID-19 and its complications.
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11
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Kondreddy V, Keshava S, Esmon CT, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. A critical role of endothelial cell protein C receptor in the intestinal homeostasis in experimental colitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20569. [PMID: 33239717 PMCID: PMC7689504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the two forms of disorders of the human inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiologies. Endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) is a multifunctional and multiligand receptor, which is expressed on the endothelium and other cell types, including epithelial cells. Here, we report that EPCR is expressed in the colon epithelial cells, CD11c+, and CD21+/CD35+ myeloid cells surrounding the crypts in the colon mucosa. EPCR expression was markedly decreased in the colon mucosa during colitis. The loss of EPCR appeared to associate with increased disease index of the experimental colitis in mice. EPCR−/− mice were more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, manifested by increased weight loss, macrophage infiltration, and inflammatory cytokines in the colon tissue. DSS treatment of EPCR−/− mice resulted in increased bleeding, bodyweight loss, anemia, fibrin deposition, and loss of colon epithelial and goblet cells. Administration of coagulant factor VIIa significantly attenuated the DSS-induced colon length shortening, rectal bleeding, bodyweight loss, and disease activity index in the wild-type mice but not EPCR−/− mice. In summary, our data provide direct evidence that EPCR plays a crucial role in regulating the inflammation in the colon during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kondreddy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Shiva Keshava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Usha R Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA.
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12
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Hara T, Yabushita S, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Cell Density-Dependent Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Signaling Regulates Syndecan-4 Expression in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103698. [PMID: 32456321 PMCID: PMC7279341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-4 is a member of the syndecan family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and is involved in cell protection, proliferation, and the blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system in vascular endothelial cells. Heparan sulfate chains enable fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) to form a complex with its receptor and to transduce the cell growth signal. In the present study, bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultured, and the intracellular signal pathways that mediate the regulation of syndecan-4 expression in dense and sparse cultures by FGF-2 were analyzed. We demonstrated the cell density-dependent differential regulation of syndecan-4 expression. Specifically, we found that FGF-2 upregulated the synthesis of syndecan-4 in vascular endothelial cells via the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway in dense cell cultures, with only a transcriptional induction of syndecan-4 at a low cell density via the Akt pathway. This study highlights a critical mechanism underlying the regulation of endothelial cell functions by proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan; (T.H.); (C.Y.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Shiori Yabushita
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan; (T.H.); (C.Y.)
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-7121-3621
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13
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Therapeutic strategies for thrombosis: new targets and approaches. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:333-352. [PMID: 32132678 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants are a mainstay for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. However, despite advances in antithrombotic therapy, a fundamental challenge is the side effect of bleeding. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of haemostasis and thrombosis has revealed new targets for attenuating thrombosis with the potential for less bleeding, including glycoprotein VI on platelets and factor XIa of the coagulation system. The efficacy and safety of new agents are currently being evaluated in phase III trials. This Review provides an overview of haemostasis and thrombosis, details the current landscape of antithrombotic agents, addresses challenges with preventing thromboembolic events in patients at high risk and describes the emerging therapeutic strategies that may break the inexorable link between antithrombotic therapy and bleeding risk.
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Tang X, Zhang Z, Fang M, Han Y, Wang G, Wang S, Xue M, Li Y, Zhang L, Wu J, Yang B, Mwangi J, Lu Q, Du X, Lai R. Transferrin plays a central role in coagulation balance by interacting with clotting factors. Cell Res 2020; 30:119-132. [PMID: 31811276 PMCID: PMC7015052 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation balance is maintained through fine-tuned interactions among clotting factors, whose physiological concentrations vary substantially. In particular, the concentrations of coagulation proteases (pM to nM) are much lower than their natural inactivator antithrombin (AT, ~ 3 μM), suggesting the existence of other coordinators. In the current study, we found that transferrin (normal plasma concentration ~40 μM) interacts with fibrinogen, thrombin, factor XIIa (FXIIa), and AT with different affinity to maintain coagulation balance. Normally, transferrin is sequestered by binding with fibrinogen (normal plasma concentration ~10 μM) at a molar ratio of 4:1. In atherosclerosis, abnormally up-regulated transferrin interacts with and potentiates thrombin/FXIIa and blocks AT's inactivation effect on coagulation proteases by binding to AT, thus inducing hypercoagulability. In the mouse model, transferrin overexpression aggravated atherosclerosis, whereas transferrin inhibition via shRNA knockdown or treatment with anti-transferrin antibody or designed peptides interfering with transferrin-thrombin/FXIIa interactions alleviated atherosclerosis. Collectively, these findings identify that transferrin is an important clotting regulator and an adjuster in the maintenance of coagulation balance and modifies the coagulation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingqian Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yajun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Xue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaxiong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 650041, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 650041, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 650041, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Biqing Yang
- Department of Laboratory, Dehong People's Hospital, 678400, Dehong, Yunnan, China
| | - James Mwangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiumin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Institute for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fifty-three years after the first description of an inherited prothrombotic condition (antithrombin deficiency), our knowledge on hereditary and acquired causes of hypercoagulability that can predispose carriers to venous thromboembolism (VTE) has greatly improved. Areas covered: Main causes of hereditary thrombophilia are summarized alongside new prothrombotic mutations recently discovered. The main causes of acquired thrombophilia, and namely, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and hyperhomocysteinemia, are also discussed together with other common acquired prothrombotic states characterized by an increase of procoagulant factors and/or a decrease of natural anticoagulants. Finally, suggestions for thromboprophylaxis in carriers of hereditary thrombophilia according to current guidelines/evidence are made for the most challenging high-risk situations (i.e. surgery, pregnancy, contraception, cancer, economy class syndrome) as well as for the prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome. Expert opinion: A carrier of inherited thrombophilia should be evaluated in the framework of other (genetic and/or acquired) coexisting risk factors for first or recurrent VTE when assessing the need and duration of prevention (primary prophylaxis). Prevention strategies should be tailored to each patient and every situational risk factor. The knowledge of the carriership status of severe thrombophilia in the proband can be important to provide asymptomatic relatives with adequate counseling on thrombophilia screening or primary thromboprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campello
- a Haemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED) , Padova University Hospital , Padova , Italy
| | - Luca Spiezia
- a Haemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED) , Padova University Hospital , Padova , Italy
| | - Angelo Adamo
- a Haemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED) , Padova University Hospital , Padova , Italy
| | - Paolo Simioni
- a Haemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED) , Padova University Hospital , Padova , Italy
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Jeen T, Algar WR. Mimicking Cell Surface Enhancement of Protease Activity on the Surface of a Quantum Dot Nanoparticle. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3783-3792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Jeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W. Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Rebl A, Goldammer T. Under control: The innate immunity of fish from the inhibitors' perspective. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:328-349. [PMID: 29631025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response involves a concerted network of induced gene products, preformed immune effectors, biochemical signalling cascades and specialised cells. However, the multifaceted activation of these defensive measures can derail or overshoot and, if left unchecked, overwhelm the host. A plenty of regulatory devices therefore mediate the fragile equilibrium between pathogen defence and pathophysiological manifestations. Over the past decade in particular, an almost complete set of teleostean sequences orthologous to mammalian immunoregulatory factors has been identified in various fish species, which prove the remarkable conservation of innate immune-control concepts among vertebrates. This review will present the current knowledge on more than 50 teleostean regulatory factors (plus additional fish-specific paralogs) that are of paramount importance for controlling the clotting cascade, the complement system, pattern-recognition pathways and cytokine-signalling networks. A special focus lies on those immunoregulatory features that have emerged as potential biomarker genes in transcriptome-wide research studies. Moreover, we report on the latest progress in elucidating control elements that act directly with immune-gene-encoding nucleic acids, such as transcription factors, hormone receptors and micro- and long noncoding RNAs. Investigations into the function of teleostean inhibitory factors are still mainly based on gene-expression profiling or overexpression studies. However, in support of structural and in-vitro analyses, evidence from in-vivo trials is also available and revealed many biochemical details on piscine immune regulation. The presence of multiple gene copies in fish adds a degree of complexity, as it is so far hardly understood if they might play distinct roles during inflammation. The present review addresses this and other open questions that should be tackled by fish immunologists in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Li H, Huang Y, Wu X, Wu T, Cao Y, Wang Q, Qiu Y, Fu W, Zhang Q, Pang J. Effects of hemocoagulase agkistrodon on the coagulation factors and its procoagulant activities. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1385-1398. [PMID: 29872262 PMCID: PMC5973382 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s159210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective Hemocoagulase agkistrodon (HCA), a thrombin-like enzyme (TLE) from the venom of the Chinese moccasin snake (Deinagkistrodon acutus), has been used in clinical practice as a hemostatic compound. The aim of this study was to further investigate the pharmacological properties of HCA. Materials and methods Sodium dodecyl sulfate or native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- or N-PAGE) as well as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were conducted to study the effects of HCA on the human plasma fibrinogen and prothrombin levels, as well as its in vitro interactions with some coagulation factors. In addition, the bleeding time effects of HCA in the mouse tail-bleeding model as well as its effects on the fibrinogen levels in rabbits were determined in vivo. Results In vitro results revealed that HCA exerts its procoagulant activities by hydrolyzing fibrinogen into segments that are easier to be absorbed, reducing the risk of thrombus formation. Besides, HCA could significantly inhibit the activation of prothrombin at the concentration of 0.3 μM. Unexpectedly, we also found that HCA was able to strongly bind to factor X/Xa (in a ratio of 1:1) and thus inhibit the acceleration of active factor X to tissue plasminogen activator-catalyzed plasminogen activation, demonstrating that it could be less likely to lead to thrombus formation. Finally, in vivo results indicated that HCA could significantly shorten the bleeding time in the mouse tail-bleeding model and had no effect on the fibrinogen levels in rabbits. Conclusion In summary, HCA, a unique and new family member of TLEs, may become a new clinical drug for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhage due to its unique and complex interactions with the blood system. Clarification of these features will enable us to further understand the mechanism of action of HCA and then promote its further application in clinical practice as a therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qimei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Good Clinical Practice Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Peacock RB, Davis JR, Markwick PRL, Komives EA. Dynamic Consequences of Mutation of Tryptophan 215 in Thrombin. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2694-2703. [PMID: 29634247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin normally cleaves fibrinogen to promote coagulation; however, binding of thrombomodulin to thrombin switches the specificity of thrombin toward protein C, triggering the anticoagulation pathway. The W215A thrombin mutant was reported to have decreased activity toward fibrinogen without significant loss of activity toward protein C. To understand how mutation of Trp215 may alter thrombin specificity, hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments (HDXMS), accelerated molecular dynamics (AMD) simulations, and activity assays were carried out to compare the dynamics of Trp215 mutants with those of wild type (WT) thrombin. Variation in NaCl concentration had no detectable effect on the sodium-binding (220sCT) loop, but appeared to affect other surface loops. Trp215 mutants showed significant increases in amide exchange in the 170sCT loop consistent with a loss of H-bonding in this loop identified by the AMD simulations. The W215A thrombin showed increased amide exchange in the 220sCT loop and in the N-terminus of the heavy chain. The AMD simulations showed that a transient conformation of the W215A thrombin has a distorted catalytic triad. HDXMS experiments revealed that mutation of Phe227, which engages in a π-stacking interaction with Trp215, also caused significantly increased amide exchange in the 170sCT loop. Activity assays showed that only the F227V mutant had wild type catalytic activity, whereas all other mutants showed markedly lower activity. Taken together, the results explain the reduced pro-coagulant activity of the W215A mutant and demonstrate the allosteric connection between Trp215, the sodium-binding loop, and the active site.
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20
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are expressed in various living organisms as first-line host defenses against potential harmful encounters in their surroundings. AMPs are short polycationic peptides exhibiting various antimicrobial activities. The principal antibacterial activity is attributed to the membrane-lytic mechanism which directly interferes with the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane and cell wall. In addition, a number of AMPs form a transmembrane channel in the membrane by self-aggregation or polymerization, leading to cytoplasm leakage and cell death. However, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that AMPs are able to exert intracellular inhibitory activities as the primary or supportive mechanisms to achieve efficient killing. In this review, we focus on the major intracellular targeting activities reported in AMPs, which include nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis and protein-folding, protease, cell division, cell wall biosynthesis, and lipopolysaccharide inhibition. These multifunctional AMPs could serve as the potential lead peptides for the future development of novel antibacterial agents with improved therapeutic profiles.
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21
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The Quest for Nonthrombotic Surface Modifications to Achieve Hemocompatibility of Implantable Devices. ASAIO J 2016; 61:623-34. [PMID: 26366685 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of blood-contacting implantable devices is limited by surface-induced thrombosis, which has led to the development of thromboresistant surfaces. Multidisciplinary efforts have promoted the development of surface modifications to minimize thrombosis by targeting surface-induced coagulation. To this date, no material has been identified that remains irrevocably hemocompatible with time but many options are now available with their own limitations. Essential to this review is the understanding of some of the challenges in this field and newer opportunities for hemocompatibility research. This report will also briefly review many of the achievements in the development of hemocompatible biomaterial coating, including surface modifications against protein adsorption and platelet adhesion, biomimetism, and endothelialization.
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22
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Lin C, von der Thüsen J, Isermann B, Weiler H, van der Poll T, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. High endogenous activated protein C levels attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:2029-2035. [PMID: 27295971 PMCID: PMC5082406 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation activation accompanied by reduced anticoagulant activity is a key characteristic of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although the importance of coagulation activation in IPF is well studied, the potential relevance of endogenous anticoagulant activity in IPF progression remains elusive. We assess the importance of the endogenous anticoagulant protein C pathway on disease progression during bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis. Wild‐type mice and mice with high endogenous activated protein C APC levels (APChigh) were subjected to bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis. Fibrosis was assesses by hydroxyproline and histochemical analysis. Macrophage recruitment was assessed immunohistochemically. In vitro, macrophage migration was analysed by transwell migration assays. Fourteen days after bleomycin instillation, APChigh mice developed pulmonary fibrosis to a similar degree as wild‐type mice. Interestingly, Aschcroft scores as well as lung hydroxyproline levels were significantly lower in APChigh mice than in wild‐type mice on day 28. The reduction in fibrosis in APChigh mice was accompanied by reduced macrophage numbers in their lungs and subsequent in vitro experiments showed that APC inhibits thrombin‐dependent macrophage migration. Our data suggest that high endogenous APC levels inhibit the progression of bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis and that APC modifies pulmonary fibrosis by limiting thrombin‐dependent macrophage recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Isermann
- Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Department of Physiology, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Chris A Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Vildy S, Osmaeva K, Closs-Prophette F, Maillard H. [Skin necrosis with vitamin K antagonists: An imbalance between coagulant and anticoagulant factors]. Rev Med Interne 2016; 38:143-146. [PMID: 27263119 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skin necrosis with vitamin k antagonists are rare. They affect more frequently middle-aged and obese women, often within 10 days after initiating of treatment. They occur most often in a context of thrombophilia. CASE REPORT An 18-year-old obese woman was treated with heparin and fluindione for a lower limb deep venous thrombosis. On day 5, the patient presented fever and skin necrosis, which extended rapidly. We identified an activated protein C resistance and a major inflammatory syndrome related to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The outcome was favorable after discontinuation of the fluindione, introduction of heparin and vitamin K, despite amputation of a toe. CONCLUSION Skin necrosis is due to a transient hypercoagulable state during the initiation of vitamin K antagonist treatment due to an imbalance between pro- and anticoagulant factors. In our case, it was caused by an activated protein C resistance and an inflammatory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vildy
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier, 194, avenue Rubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - K Osmaeva
- Service de médecine interne, centre hospitalier, 194, avenue Rubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - F Closs-Prophette
- Service de médecine interne, centre hospitalier, 194, avenue Rubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - H Maillard
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier, 194, avenue Rubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France
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Tripathi R, Sharma P, Chakraborty P, Varadwaj PK. Next-generation sequencing revolution through big data analytics. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2016.1178180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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In situ regeneration of bioactive coatings enabled by an evolved Staphylococcus aureus sortase A. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11140. [PMID: 27073027 PMCID: PMC4833859 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface immobilization of bioactive molecules is a central paradigm in the design of implantable devices and biosensors with improved clinical performance capabilities. However, in vivo degradation or denaturation of surface constituents often limits the long-term performance of bioactive films. Here we demonstrate the capacity to repeatedly regenerate a covalently immobilized monomolecular thin film of bioactive molecules through a two-step stripping and recharging cycle. Reversible transpeptidation by a laboratory evolved Staphylococcus aureus sortase A (eSrtA) enabled the rapid immobilization of an anti-thrombogenic film in the presence of whole blood and permitted multiple cycles of film regeneration in vitro that preserved its biological activity. Moreover, eSrtA transpeptidation facilitated surface re-engineering of medical devices in situ after in vivo implantation through removal and restoration film constituents. These studies establish a rapid, orthogonal and reversible biochemical scheme to regenerate selective molecular constituents with the potential to extend the lifetime of bioactive films. Bioactive coatings offer a strategy to modulate host response to implants, but their translation to the clinic is hampered by their fast in vivo degradation. Here, the authors use an engineered bacterial protein to regenerate an anti-thrombogenic film in vitro and in situ after device implantation.
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Li S, Hong Y, Jin X, Zhang G, Hu Z, Nie L. A new Agkistrodon halys venom-purified protein C activator prevents myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats. Croat Med J 2016; 56:439-46. [PMID: 26526881 PMCID: PMC4655929 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2015.56.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess the effects of protein C activator (PCA) from Agkistrodon halys snake venom on cardiac fibrosis in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat model, and investigate the mechanisms of its action. Methods PCA was identified by one-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (120-140 g) were randomly assigned to negative control (NC) and diabetic group. Diabetes was induced by STZ in high-fat diet fed rats. Diabetic group was subdivided into three groups: diabetic group (DM), diabetic group treated with PCA (0.5, 2, and 8 mg/kg), and diabetic group treated with metformin (5 mg/kg, positive control). NC and DM groups received the same volume of distilled water. Left ventricular mass index (LVWI) and collagen volume fraction were measured by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The diabetic rat model was successfully established by STZ induction and high-fat diet. Glucose level, LVWI, TGF-β1 and IL-1β level, and collagen volume fraction were significantly reduced in diabetic rats treated by PCA in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.050), especially in the high dose (8 mg/kg) group (P < 0.010), compared to diabetes group. The high dose PCA had the same effect as metformin positive control in reducing the level of fasting blood glucose. PCA decreased the expression of MMP-2 and reduced that of TIMP-2. Conclusion Our results indicate that PCA has anti-fibrotic effects and that it may be used to treat myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liuwang Nie
- Liuwang Nie, The Provincial Key Lab of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui Life Science College, Anhui Normal University, Beijing East Road 1#, Wuhu 241000, People's Republic of China,
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Ramadan SS, Sridharan V, Koturbash I, Miousse IR, Hauer-Jensen M, Nelson GA, Boerma M. A priming dose of protons alters the early cardiac cellular and molecular response to (56)Fe irradiation. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2016; 8:8-13. [PMID: 26948008 PMCID: PMC4782196 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent evidence suggests that the heart may be injured by ionizing radiation at lower doses than was previously thought. This raises concerns about the cardiovascular risks from exposure to radiation during space travel. Since space travel is associated with exposure to both protons from solar particle events and heavy ions from galactic cosmic rays, we here examined the effects of a "priming" dose of protons on the cardiac cellular and molecular response to a "challenge" dose of (56)Fe in a mouse model. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice at 10 weeks of age were exposed to sham-irradiation, 0.1 Gy of protons (150 MeV), 0.5 Gy of (56)Fe (600 MeV/n), or 0.1 Gy of protons 24 hours prior to 0.5 Gy of (56)Fe. Hearts were obtained at 7 days post-irradiation and western-blots were used to determine protein markers of cardiac remodeling, inflammatory infiltration, and cell death. RESULTS Exposure to (56)Fe caused an increase in expression of α-smooth muscle cell actin, collagen type III, the inflammatory cell markers mast cell tryptase, CD2 and CD68, the endothelial glycoprotein thrombomodulin, and cleaved caspase 3. Of all proteins investigated, protons at a dose of 0.1 Gy induced a small increase only in cleaved caspase 3 levels. On the other hand, exposure to protons 24 hours before (56)Fe prevented all of the responses to (56)Fe. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a low dose of protons may prime the heart to respond differently to a subsequent challenge dose of heavy ions. Further investigation is required to identify responses at additional time points, consequences for cardiac function, threshold dose levels, and mechanisms by which a proton priming dose may alter the response to heavy ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy S Ramadan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Surgical Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gregory A Nelson
- Departments of Basic Sciences and Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Özkan M, Kalçık M, Gürsoy MO, Öcal L, Griffini S, Karakoyun S, Yesin M, Gündüz S, Astarcıoğlu MA, Bayam E, Cerşit S, Aykan AÇ, Cugno M. Assessment of Anti-Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator Antibodies in Patients With Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis: The ATA Trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 21:372-80. [PMID: 26657322 DOI: 10.1177/1074248415615236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombolysis is an effective treatment strategy for prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT). Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is widely used as a thrombolytic agent. Infusion of rt-PA may trigger the production of anti-tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antibodies (ATAs). We aimed to evaluate the possible relationship between ATA levels and PVT formation, and the role of baseline ATA levels on outcomes of thrombolytic therapy in patients with PVT. METHODS This prospective, single-center cohort study included 28 patients with PVT undergoing thrombolysis and 31 controls with normal prostheses. Plasma samples were collected from patients with PVT at baseline and at 15th, 30th, 90th, and 180th days after thrombolysis and from controls at baseline only. The ATA levels were assessed in human plasma by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Baseline ATA-immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM were significantly higher in patients with PVT than in controls. The levels of IgM and IgG peaked at 15th and 30th days after rt-PA infusion, respectively. Subtherapeutic international normalized ratio and baseline ATA-IgM were independent predictors of PVT. Thrombolysis failed in 6 patients (21%) in whom baseline IgM levels were significantly higher than successfully lysed patients. Rethrombosis occurred in 9 patients (32%) in whom baseline IgG levels were significantly higher than those without rethrombosis. There was a moderate positive correlation between baseline and 15th-day IgM levels and the dose of rt-PA needed for successful lysis. CONCLUSION The ATA levels tended to be higher in patients with PVT at the time of initial diagnosis compared to controls without PVT. In addition, such patients with PVT and high ATA levels may be at high risk for failed thrombolysis or rethrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Özkan
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Ardahan, Ardahan, Turkey Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Macit Kalçık
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozan Gürsoy
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Lütfi Öcal
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Samantha Griffini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mahmut Yesin
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabahattin Gündüz
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Astarcıoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Bayam
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Cerşit
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Çağrı Aykan
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Massimo Cugno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Swanepoel AC, Nielsen VG, Pretorius E. Viscoelasticity and Ultrastructure in Coagulation and Inflammation: Two Diverse Techniques, One Conclusion. Inflammation 2015; 38:1707-26. [PMID: 25772112 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The process of blood clotting has been studied for centuries. A synopsis of current knowledge pertaining to haemostasis and the blood components, including platelets and fibrin networks which are closely involved in coagulation, are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on tissue factor (TF), calcium and thrombin since these components have been implicated in both the coagulation process and inflammation. Analysis of platelets and fibrin morphology indicate that calcium, tissue factor and thrombin at concentrations used during viscoelastic analysis (with thromboelastography or TEG) bring about alterations in platelet and fibrin network ultrastructure, which is similar to that seen in inflammation. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that, when investigating platelet structure in disease, addition of TF, calcium or thrombin will mask disease-induced alterations associated with platelet activation. Therefore, washed platelets without any additives is preferred for morphological analysis. Furthermore, morphological and viscoelastic analysis confirmed that thrombin activation is the preferred method of fibrin activation when investigating fibrin network ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albe C Swanepoel
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa,
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Secretion of human protein C in mouse milk. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4904-17. [PMID: 25749471 PMCID: PMC4394456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the production of recombinant human protein C (rec-hPC) in milk, we created two homozygous mice lines for the goat β-casein/hPC transgene. Females and males of both lines (#10 and #11) displayed normal growth, fertility, and lactated normally. The copy number of the transgene was about fivefold higher in #10 line as compared to #11 line. mRNA expression of the transgene was only detected in the mammary glands of both lines. Furthermore, mRNA expression was fourfold higher on day 7 than on day 1 during lactation. Northern blot analysis of mRNA expression in the #10 line of transgenic (Tg) mice indicated a strong expression of the transgene in the mammary glands after seven days of lactation. Comparison of rec-hPC protein level with that of mRNA in the mammary glands showed a very similar pattern. A 52-kDa band corresponding to the hPC protein was strongly detected in mammary glands of the #10 line during lactation. We also detected two bands of heavy chain and one weak band of light chain in the milk of the #10 and #11 lines. One single band at 52 kDa was detected from CHO cells transfected with hPC cDNA. hPC was mainly localized in the alveolar epithelial cell of the mammary glands. The protein is strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of the cultured mammary gland tissue. hPC protein produced in milk ranged from 2 to 28 ng/mL. These experiments indicated that rec-hPC can be produced at high levels in mice mammary glands.
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Spatial aspects of blood coagulation: two decades of research on the self-sustained traveling wave of thrombin. Thromb Res 2014; 135:423-33. [PMID: 25550187 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a number of experimental studies, it has been demonstrated that the forefront of blood coagulation can propagate in the manner of a signal relay. These data strongly support the concept that the formation of a blood clot is governed by a self-sustained traveling wave of thrombin. The present review critically appraises the experimental data obtained in recent decades concerning the self-sustained spatial propagation of thrombin. Open questions regarding the experimental detection of the self-sustained propagation of thrombin are discussed.
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Wu Y, Ren J, Zhou B, Ding C, Chen J, Wang G, Gu G, Liu S, Li J. Laser speckle contrast imaging for measurement of hepatic microcirculation during the sepsis: a novel tool for early detection of microcirculation dysfunction. Microvasc Res 2014; 97:137-46. [PMID: 25446370 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by severe infection. The aim of this study was to measure hepatic microcirculation during the sepsis with laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), as well as investigating the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Rats were divided into the sham group and sepsis group. The hepatic microcirculation was monitored with LSCI. In addition, hepatic endothelial function (expression of cell adhesion molecules, coagulation and vascular permeability) and neutrophils accumulation in the liver were compared between the two groups. RESULTS During the sepsis, hepatic microcirculation decreased dramatically (290.3±70.1 LSPU (laser speckle perfusion units) at baseline vs. 230.4±60.7 LSPU at 12h vs. 125.2±25.4 LSPU at 48h, P<0.001). The rats developed hyperbilirubinemia since 6h. In the early phase of sepsis, the accumulation of neutrophils and formation of microthrombus increased rapidly. In the late phase, hepatic neutrophils accumulation was already at its maximum level. Meanwhile, the endothelial coagulation status shifted from procoagulation to anticoagulation. The vascular leakage was involved in the microcirculation dysfunction since 12h after sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic microcirculation dysfunction occurs early during the sepsis and is associated with liver injury. This microcirculation dysfunction is due to neutrophil-endothelium interactions, microthrombus formation and vascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guosheng Gu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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Substantial non-electrostatic forces are needed to induce allosteric disruption of thrombin's active site through exosite 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:813-6. [PMID: 25201728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated β-O4 lignin (SbO4L), a non-saccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetic, was recently disclosed as a novel exosite 2-directed thrombin inhibitor with the capability of mimicking sulfated tyrosine sequences of glycoprotein Ibα resulting in dual anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities. SbO4L engages essentially the same residues of exosite 2 as heparin and yet induces allosteric inhibition. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies indicate that SbO4L reduces access of the active site to molecular probes and affinity studies at varying salt concentrations show nearly 6 ionic interactions, similar to heparin, but much higher non-ionic contribution. The results suggest that subtle increase in non-electrostatic forces arising from SbO4L's aromatic scaffold appear to be critical for inducing allosteric dysfunction of thrombin's active site.
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Kawasaki T, Okamoto K, Kawasaki C, Sata T. Thrombomodulin improved liver injury, coagulopathy, and mortality in an experimental heatstroke model in mice. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:956-63. [PMID: 24781566 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heatstroke is a life-threatening illness and causes high mortality due to multiple organ injuries. Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial anticoagulant cofactor that plays an important role in the regulation of intravascular coagulation. In this study, we investigated the effect of TM on the inflammatory process, liver function, coagulation status, and mortality in experimental heatstroke. METHODS Male C3H/HeN (8-10 weeks) mice were randomly assigned to the TM-treated group (TG-Pre) or nontreated heatstroke group (HS). In group TG-Pre, mice were treated with recombinant soluble TM (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) before heat exposure. In some experiments, recombinant soluble TM was administrated during heat exposure (TG-Delay). Heatstroke was induced by exposure to ambient temperature of 38°C for 4 hours. After heat exposure, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and plasma high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), liver function, plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations, and immunohistochemical and histopathological characteristics of the livers were determined. The coagulation status, plasma protein C levels, and thrombin-antithrombin complex levels were also measured. RESULTS In group HS, plasma cytokines and HMGB1 concentrations increased after heat exposure. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations increased after heat exposure. In group HS livers, strong and extensive immunostaining for HMGB1 was observed. In addition, there was extensive hepatocellular necrosis and collapse of nuclei observed. In group HS, plasma protein C levels were suppressed and plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex levels increased. In group TG-Pre, plasma cytokines and HMGB1 concentrations were suppressed after heat exposure compared with group HS. Liver injury, coagulopathy, and mortality also improved in group TG-Pre. Furthermore, recombinant soluble TM treatment decreased mortality even with delayed treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that recombinant soluble TM suppressed plasma cytokines and HMGB1 concentrations after heat exposure. Recombinant soluble TM also improved liver injury and coagulopathy. Recombinant soluble TM treatment improved mortality even with delayed treatment. Recombinant soluble TM may be a beneficial treatment for heatstroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawasaki
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Moura LDA, Marqui de Almeida AC, Francielle Souza Domingos T, Ortiz-Ramirez F, Negrão Cavalcanti D, Laneuville Teixeira V, Lopes Fuly A. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects of diterpenes isolated from the marine alga, Dictyota menstrualis. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2471-84. [PMID: 24796305 PMCID: PMC4052301 DOI: 10.3390/md12052471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Therapeutics are available, but they often have unsatisfactory results and may produce side effects. Alternative treatments based on the use of natural products have been extensively investigated, because of their low toxicity and side effects. Marine organisms are prime candidates for such products, as they are sources of numerous and complex substances with ecological and pharmacological effects. In this work, we investigated, through in vitro experiments, the effects of three diterpenes (pachydictyol A, isopachydictyol A and dichotomanol) from the Brazilian marine alga, Dictyota menstrualis, on platelet aggregation and plasma coagulation. Results showed that dichotomanol inhibited ADP- or collagen-induced aggregation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), but failed to inhibit washed platelets (WP). In contrast, pachydictyol A and isopachydictyol A failed to inhibit the aggregation of PRP, but inhibited WP aggregation induced by collagen or thrombin. These diterpenes also inhibited coagulation analyzed by the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time and on commercial fibrinogen. Moreover, diterpenes inhibited the catalytic activity of thrombin. Theoretical studies using the Osiris Property Explorer software showed that diterpenes have low theoretical toxicity profiles and a drug-score similar to commercial anticoagulant drugs. In conclusion, these diterpenes are promising candidates for use in anticoagulant therapy, and this study also highlights the biotechnological potential of oceans and the importance of bioprospecting to develop medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Andrade Moura
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, Niterói, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.A.M.); (A.C.M.A.); (T.F.S.D.)
| | - Ana Carolina Marqui de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, Niterói, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.A.M.); (A.C.M.A.); (T.F.S.D.)
| | - Thaisa Francielle Souza Domingos
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, Niterói, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.A.M.); (A.C.M.A.); (T.F.S.D.)
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, Niterói, 24001-970, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
| | - Fredy Ortiz-Ramirez
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, Niterói, 24001-970, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
| | - Diana Negrão Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, Niterói, 24001-970, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
| | - Valéria Laneuville Teixeira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, Niterói, 24001-970, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
| | - André Lopes Fuly
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, Niterói, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.A.M.); (A.C.M.A.); (T.F.S.D.)
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Conn G, Kidane AG, Punshon G, Kannan RY, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM. Is there an alternative to systemic anticoagulation, as related to interventional biomedical devices? Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 3:245-61. [PMID: 16515390 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.3.2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the toxic effects, related clinical problems and complications such as bleeding disorders associated with systemic anticoagulation, it has been hypothesized that by coating the surfaces of medical devices, such as stents, bypass grafts, extracorporeal circuits, guide wires and catheters, there will be a significant reduction in the requirement for systemic anticoagulation or, ideally, it will no longer be necessary. However, current coating processes, even covalent ones, still result in leaching followed by reduced functionality. Alternative anticoagulants and related antiplatelet agents have been used for improvement in terms of reduced restenosis, intimal hyperphasia and device failure. This review focuses on existing heparinization processes, their application in clinical devices and the updated list of alternatives to heparinization in order to obtain a broad overview, it then highlights, in particular, the future possibilities of using heparin and related moieties to tissue engineer scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Conn
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Centre, Academic Division of Surgical and Interventional Sciences, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Liu T, Liu S, Zhang K, Chen J, Huang N. Endothelialization of implanted cardiovascular biomaterial surfaces: The development fromin vitrotoin vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3754-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Chinese Education Ministry; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu China
| | - Shihui Liu
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Chinese Education Ministry; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu China
- Naton Institute of Medical Technology, Naton Medical Group; Peking China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Chinese Education Ministry; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu China
| | - Junying Chen
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Chinese Education Ministry; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu China
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Chinese Education Ministry; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu China
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Fuglestad B, Gasper PM, McCammon JA, Markwick PRL, Komives EA. Correlated motions and residual frustration in thrombin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12857-63. [PMID: 23621631 PMCID: PMC3808083 DOI: 10.1021/jp402107u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is the central protease in the cascade of blood coagulation proteases. The structure of thrombin consists of a double β-barrel core surrounded by connecting loops and helices. Compared to chymotrypsin, thrombin has more extended loops that are thought to have arisen from insertions in the serine protease that evolved to impart greater specificity. Previous experiments showed thermodynamic coupling between ligand binding at the active site and distal exosites. We present a combined approach of molecular dynamics (MD), accelerated molecular dynamics (AMD), and analysis of the residual local frustration of apo-thrombin and active-site-bound (PPACK-thrombin). Community analysis of the MD ensembles identified changes upon active site occupation in groups of residues linked through correlated motions and physical contacts. AMD simulations, calibrated on measured residual dipolar couplings, reveal that upon active site ligation, correlated loop motions are quenched, but new ones connecting the active site with distal sites where allosteric regulators bind emerge. Residual local frustration analysis reveals a striking correlation between frustrated contacts and regions undergoing slow time scale dynamics. The results elucidate a motional network that probably evolved through retention of frustrated contacts to provide facile conversion between ensembles of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fuglestad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ⊥Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California, United States
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Zhou J, Pavlovic D, Willecke J, Friedel C, Whynot S, Hung O, Cerny V, Schroeder H, Wendt M, Shukla R, Lehmann C. Activated protein C improves pial microcirculation in experimental endotoxemia in rats. Microvasc Res 2012; 83:276-80. [PMID: 22426124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain is one of the first organs affected clinically in sepsis. Microcirculatory alterations are suggested to be a critical component in the pathophysiology of sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) on the pial microcirculation in experimental endotoxemia using intravital microscopy. Our hypothesis is rhAPC protects pial microcirculation in endotoxemia. METHODS Endotoxemia was generated in Lewis rats with intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg i.v.). Dura mater was removed through a cranial window to expose pial vessels on the brain surface. The microcirculation, including leukocyte-endothelial interaction, functional capillary density (FCD) and plasma extravasation of pial vessels was examined by fluorescent intravital microscopy (IVM) 2 h after administration of LPS, LPS and rhAPC or equivalent amount of saline (used as Control group). Plasma cytokine levels of interleukin 1 alpha (IL1-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were evaluated after IVM. RESULTS LPS challenge significantly increased leukocyte adhesion (773±190 vs. 592±152 n/mm(2) Control), decreased FCD (218±54 vs. 418±74 cm/cm(2) Control) and increased proinflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1α: 5032±1502 vs. 8±21 pg/ml; TNF-α: 1823±1007 vs. 168±228 pg/ml; IFN-γ: 785±434 vs. 0 pg/ml; GM-CSF: 54±52 vs. 1±3 pg/ml) compared to control animals. rhAPC treatment significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion (599±111 n/mm(2)), increased FCD (516±118 cm/cm(2)) and reduced IL-1α levels (2134±937 pg/ml) in the endotoxemic rats. CONCLUSION APC treatment significantly improves pial microcirculation by reducing leukocyte adhesion and increasing FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Qu Z, Muthukrishnan S, Urlam MK, Haller CA, Jordan SW, Kumar VA, Marzec UM, Elkasabi Y, Lahann J, Hanson SR, Chaikof EL. A biologically active surface enzyme assembly that attenuates thrombus formation. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2011; 21:4736-4743. [PMID: 23532366 PMCID: PMC3606904 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Activation of hemostatic pathways by blood-contacting materials remains a major hurdle in the development of clinically durable artificial organs and implantable devices. We postulate that surface-induced thrombosis may be attenuated by the reconstitution onto blood contacting surfaces of bioactive enzymes that regulate the production of thrombin, a central mediator of both clotting and platelet activation cascades. Thrombomodulin (TM), a transmembrane protein expressed by endothelial cells, is an established negative regulator of thrombin generation in the circulatory system. Traditional techniques to covalently immobilize enzymes on solid supports may modify residues contained within or near the catalytic site, thus reducing the bioactivity of surface enzyme assemblies. In this report, we present a molecular engineering and bioorthogonal chemistry approach to site-specifically immobilize a biologically active recombinant human TM fragment onto the luminal surface of small diameter prosthetic vascular grafts. Bioactivity and biostability of TM modified grafts is confirmed in vitro and the capacity of modified grafts to reduce platelet activation is demonstrated using a non-human primate model. These studies indicate that molecularly engineered interfaces that display TM actively limit surface-induced thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Sharmila Muthukrishnan
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Murali K. Urlam
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Carolyn A. Haller
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, and the Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston, MA 02115 (USA)
| | - Sumanas W. Jordan
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Vivek A. Kumar
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Ulla M. Marzec
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 (USA)
| | - Yaseen Elkasabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - Stephen R. Hanson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University Beaverton, OR 97006 (USA)
| | - Elliot L. Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, and the Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston, MA 02115 (USA)
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Cleavage at both Arg306 and Arg506 is required and sufficient for timely and efficient inactivation of factor Va by activated protein C. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2011; 22:317-24. [PMID: 21467919 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3283456c4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) inactivates membrane-bound factor Va following cleavages of the heavy chain at Arg, Arg, and Arg. The objective of this study is to examine which cleavage is most important for inactivation. The recombinant factor V molecules were constructed as follows: factor V (mutations R→Q), factor V (mutations R→Q), and factor V (mutations R→Q and R→Q). The recombinant molecules were expressed in mammalian cells, purified, and assayed prior and after incubation with APC and lipids for 30 min (factor Vai) in clotting assays and in an assay using purified reagents and saturating concentrations of factor Va. Clotting assays demonstrated that wild-type factor Vai (Vai), factor Vai, and factor Vai were devoid of activity, whereas factor Vai maintained approximately 70% activity following a 30 min incubation with APC. Prothrombinase assembled with all mutant cofactor molecules before and after treatment with APC had kinetic constant (Km) values similar to values found with prothrombinase assembled with factor Va. Prothrombinase assembled with factor Vai demonstrated a 20-fold reduction in kcat, whereas prothrombinase assembled with factor Vai had a two-fold reduction in kcat as compared with prothrombinase assembled with factor Va. In contrast, factor Vai and factor Vai did not show any loss in kcat under similar experimental conditions. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the activity of an APC-treated factor Va molecule bearing a single mutation at Arg or Arg depends on the assay used; and regardless of the assay employed, in the absence of the APC-cleavage sites at Arg and Arg, the active cofactor is unable to be significantly inactivated by APC in the presence of a membrane surface.
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de Andrade Moura L, Ortiz-Ramirez F, Cavalcanti DN, Ribeiro SM, Muricy G, Teixeira VL, Fuly AL. Evaluation of Marine Brown Algae and Sponges from Brazil as Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Products. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1346-1358. [PMID: 21892349 PMCID: PMC3164377 DOI: 10.3390/md9081346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ischemic disorders, in which platelet aggregation and blood coagulation are involved, represent a major cause of disability and death worldwide. The antithrombotic therapy has unsatisfactory performance and may produce side effects. So, there is a need to seek molecules with antithrombotic properties. Marine organisms produce substances with different well defined ecological functions. Moreover, some of these molecules also exhibit pharmacological properties such as antiviral, anticancer, antiophidic and anticoagulant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through in vitro tests, the effect of two extracts of brown algae and ten marine sponges from Brazil on platelet aggregation and blood coagulation. Our results revealed that most of the extracts were capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation and clotting measured by plasma recalcification tests, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogenolytic activity. On the other hand, five of ten species of sponges induced platelet aggregation. Thus, the marine organisms studied here may have molecules with antithrombotic properties, presenting biotechnological potential to antithrombotic therapy. Further chemical investigation should be conducted on the active species to discover useful molecules for the development of new drugs to treat clotting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Andrade Moura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
| | - Fredy Ortiz-Ramirez
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
| | - Diana Negrao Cavalcanti
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
| | - Suzi Meneses Ribeiro
- Department of Invertebrates, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Museum, 20940-040, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Guilherme Muricy
- Department of Invertebrates, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Museum, 20940-040, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Valeria Laneuville Teixeira
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
| | - Andre Lopes Fuly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.O.-R.); (D.N.C.); (V.L.T.)
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Farmer JA, Liao J. Evolving concepts of the role of high-density lipoprotein in protection from atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:107-14. [PMID: 21380938 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is classified as a negative risk factor due to the inverse relationship between elevated levels of HDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis. The mechanism by which HDL can mediate protection from atherosclerosis is complex and multifactorial. The primary role of reverse cholesterol transport in the reduction of risk for coronary artery disease is supported by a considerable amount of experimental data. HDL is able to interact with and remove cholesterol from the lipid-laden foam cells in the peripheral vasculature with subsequent transportation to the liver for excretion. However, HDL has multiple other physiologic effects that may play a significant role in protection from atherosclerosis. HDL has been demonstrated to exhibit multiple beneficial effects on the coagulation system. Platelet function is improved by both direct and indirect mechanisms. HDL has a complex interaction with the protein C and protein S system. Thrombolytic balance is also improved by HDL. HDL has been demonstrated to have a significant natural antioxidant effect that inhibits the oxidative step required for low-density lipoprotein uptake by the macrophage. Additionally, HDL has also been demonstrated to exert multiple beneficial effects on endothelial function, including decreased apoptosis and endothelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Farmer
- Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Clinic, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Badger J, Chie-Leon B, Logan C, Sridhar V, Sankaran B, Zwart PH, Nienaber V. The structure of LpxD from Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 1.3 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:749-52. [PMID: 21795786 PMCID: PMC3144788 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111018811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
LpxD is a bacterial protein that is part of the biosynthesis pathway of lipid A and is responsible for transferring 3-hydroxymyristic acid from the R-3-hydroxymyristoyl-acyl carrier protein to the 2-OH group of UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl) glucosamine. The crystal structure of LpxD from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been determined at high resolution (1.3 Å). The crystal belonged to space group H3, with unit-cell parameters a=b=106.19, c=93.38 Å, and contained one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the known structure of LpxD from Escherichia coli (PDB entry 3eh0) as a search model and was refined to Rwork=16.4% (Rfree=18.5%) using 91,655 reflections. The final protein model includes 355 amino-acid residues (including 16 amino acids from a 20 amino-acid N-terminal His tag), one chloride ion and two ethylene glycol molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Badger
- Zenobia Therapeutics, 505 Coast Boulevard South, Suite 111, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA.
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Treuheit NA, Beach MA, Komives EA. Thermodynamic compensation upon binding to exosite 1 and the active site of thrombin. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4590-6. [PMID: 21526769 DOI: 10.1021/bi2004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of experimental evidence including amide exchange and NMR suggest that ligands binding to thrombin cause reduced backbone dynamics. Binding of the covalent inhibitor dPhe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl ketone to the active site serine, as well as noncovalent binding of a fragment of the regulatory protein, thrombomodulin, to exosite 1 on the back side of the thrombin molecule both cause reduced dynamics. However, the reduced dynamics do not appear to be accompanied by significant conformational changes. In addition, binding of ligands to the active site does not change the affinity of thrombomodulin fragments binding to exosite 1; however, the thermodynamic coupling between exosite 1 and the active site has not been fully explored. We present isothermal titration calorimetry experiments that probe changes in enthalpy and entropy upon formation of binary ligand complexes. The approach relies on stringent thrombin preparation methods and on the use of dansyl-l-arginine-(3-methyl-1,5-pantanediyl)amide and a DNA aptamer as ligands with ideal thermodynamic signatures for binding to the active site and to exosite 1. Using this approach, the binding thermodynamic signatures of each ligand alone as well as the binding signatures of each ligand when the other binding site was occupied were measured. Different exosite 1 ligands with widely varied thermodynamic signatures cause a similar reduction in ΔH and a concomitantly lower entropy cost upon DAPA binding at the active site. The results suggest a general phenomenon of enthalpy-entropy compensation consistent with reduction of dynamics/increased folding of thrombin upon ligand binding to either the active site or exosite 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Treuheit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0378, USA
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Scaldaferri F, Lancellotti S, Pizzoferrato M, Cristofaro RD. Haemostatic system in inflammatory bowel diseases: New players in gut inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:594-608. [PMID: 21350708 PMCID: PMC3040331 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i5.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and coagulation constantly influence each other and are constantly in balance. Emerging evidence supports this statement in acute inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, but it also seems to be very important in chronic inflammatory settings, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis have an increased risk of thromboembolic events, and several abnormalities concerning coagulation components occur in the endothelial cells of intestinal vessels, where most severe inflammatory abnormalities occur. The aims of this review are to update and classify the type of coagulation system abnormalities in IBD, and analyze the strict and delicate balance between coagulation and inflammation at the mucosal level. Recent studies on possible therapeutic applications arising from investigations on coagulation abnormalities associated with IBD pathogenesis will also be briefly presented and critically reviewed.
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de Andrade Moura L, Bianco EM, Pereira RC, Teixeira VL, Fuly AL. Anticoagulation and antiplatelet effects of a dolastane diterpene isolated from the marine brown alga Canistrocarpus cervicornis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011; 31:235-40. [PMID: 21210185 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-010-0545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Marine brown algae of the family Dictyotaceae are rich sources of monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic diterpenes. These molecules are responsible for a wide range of pharmacological and ecological functions, as antitumor and antiviral. Here, we analyzed the effect of the dolastane diterpene (4R, 9S, 14S)-4α-Acetoxy-9β,14α-dihydroxydolast-1(15),7-diene, isolated from the marine brown alga, Canistrocarpus cervicornis on blood clotting and platelet aggregation. The dolastane diterpene was able to inhibit either plasma or fibrinogen coagulation induced by thrombin as well as delayed coagulation in the recalcification test. The dolastane diterpene impaired, in a concentration-dependent manner platelet aggregation induced by collagen or adenosine diphosphate with no lysis on such cells. Thus, the dolastane diterpene maybe a promising source of natural inhibitors for hemostatic disturbs (clotting and platelet aggregation) leading to the discovery of drugs of potential use as antithrombotic and antiplatelet. In addition, the dolastane diterpene may be used as a molecular model for development of new antithrombotic agents giving new approaches to the management to the treatment of thrombotic disturbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Andrade Moura
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24001970, Brazil
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Hess C, Wiegmann B, Maurer AN, Fischer P, Möller L, Martin U, Hilfiker A, Haverich A, Fischer S. Reduced Thrombocyte Adhesion to Endothelialized Poly 4-Methyl-1-Pentene Gas Exchange Membranes—A First Step Toward Bioartificial Lung Development. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:3043-53. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hess
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Wiegmann
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas N. Maurer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Fischer
- Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Möller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andres Hilfiker
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Lo HM, Chen CL, Tsai YJ, Wu PH, Wu WB. Thrombin induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 release via PAR1 activation and ERK1/2- and p38 MAPK-dependent pathway in murine macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1143-52. [PMID: 19739103 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin levels increase at sites of vascular injury and during acute coronary syndromes. It is also increased several fold by sepsis with a reciprocal decrease in the anti-thrombin III levels. In this study we investigate the effects of thrombin on the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin (PG) production in macrophages. Thrombin-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression in RAW264.7 and primary cultured peritoneal macrophages. A serine proteinase, trypsin, also exerted a similar effect. The inducing effect by thrombin in macrophages was not affected by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding antibiotic, polymyxin B, excluding the possibility of LPS contamination. The increase of COX-2 expression by thrombin was functionally linked to release of PGE(2) and PGI(2) but not thromboxane A(2) into macrophage culture medium. Thrombin-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production were significantly attenuated by PD98059 and SB202190 but not by SP600125, suggesting that ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation were involved in this process. This was supported by the observation that thrombin could directly activate ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in macrophages. A further analysis indicated that the proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-activating agonist induced effects similar to those induced by thrombin in macrophages and the PAR1 antagonist-SCH79797 could attenuate thrombin-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) release. Taken together, we provided evidence demonstrating that thrombin can induce COX-2 mRNA and protein expression and PGE(2) production in macrophages through PAR1 activation and ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK-dependent pathway. The results presented here may explain, at least in part, the possible contribution of thrombin and macrophages in these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ming Lo
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
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50
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Godwin JW, Liem KF, Brockes JP. Tissue factor expression in newt iris coincides with thrombin activation and lens regeneration. Mech Dev 2010; 127:321-8. [PMID: 20420902 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lens regeneration in adult salamanders occurs at the pupillary margin of the mid-dorsal iris where pigmented epithelial cells (PEC) re-enter the cell cycle and transdifferentiate into lens. It is not understood how the injury caused by removal of the lens (lentectomy) in one location is linked to initiating the response in a different spatial location (dorsal iris) and to this particular sector. We propose that the blood provides a link between the localised coagulation and signal transduction pathways that lead to regeneration. A transmembrane protein (tissue factor) is expressed in a striking patch-like domain in the dorsal iris of the newt that localises coagulation specifically to this location, but is not expressed in the axolotl, a related species that does not show thrombin activation after lentectomy and cannot regenerate its lens. Our hypothesis is that tissue factor expression localises the initiation of regeneration through the activation of thrombin and the recruitment of blood cells, leading to local growth factor release. This is the first example of gene expression in a patch of cells that prefigures the location of a regenerative response, and links the immune system with the initiation of a regenerative program.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Godwin
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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