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T. RR, Demerdash ONA, Smith JC. TCR-H: explainable machine learning prediction of T-cell receptor epitope binding on unseen datasets. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1426173. [PMID: 39221256 PMCID: PMC11361934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1426173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial-intelligence and machine-learning (AI/ML) approaches to predicting T-cell receptor (TCR)-epitope specificity achieve high performance metrics on test datasets which include sequences that are also part of the training set but fail to generalize to test sets consisting of epitopes and TCRs that are absent from the training set, i.e., are 'unseen' during training of the ML model. We present TCR-H, a supervised classification Support Vector Machines model using physicochemical features trained on the largest dataset available to date using only experimentally validated non-binders as negative datapoints. TCR-H exhibits an area under the curve of the receiver-operator characteristic (AUC of ROC) of 0.87 for epitope 'hard splitting' (i.e., on test sets with all epitopes unseen during ML training), 0.92 for TCR hard splitting and 0.89 for 'strict splitting' in which neither the epitopes nor the TCRs in the test set are seen in the training data. Furthermore, we employ the SHAP (Shapley additive explanations) eXplainable AI (XAI) method for post hoc interrogation to interpret the models trained with different hard splits, shedding light on the key physiochemical features driving model predictions. TCR-H thus represents a significant step towards general applicability and explainability of epitope:TCR specificity prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Rajeshwar T.
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Omar N. A. Demerdash
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Xi X, Zhao W. Anti-Tumor Potential of Post-Translational Modifications of PD-1. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2119-2132. [PMID: 38534752 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a vital immune checkpoint molecule. The location, stability, and protein-protein interaction of PD-1 are significantly influenced by post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. The biological information of PD-1, including its gene and protein structures and the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, was briefly reviewed in this review. Additionally, recent research on PD-1 post-translational modification, including the study of ubiquitination, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and palmitoylation, was summarized, and research strategies for PD-1 PTM drugs were concluded. At present, only a part of PD-1/PD-L1 treated patients (35-45%) are benefited from immunotherapies, and novel strategies targeting PTM of PD-1/PD-L1 may be important for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 non-responders (poor responders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wuli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Lu D, Chen Y, Jiang M, Wang J, Li Y, Ma K, Sun W, Zheng X, Qi J, Jin W, Chen Y, Chai Y, Zhang CWH, Liang H, Tan S, Gao GF. KRAS G12V neoantigen specific T cell receptor for adoptive T cell therapy against tumors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6389. [PMID: 37828002 PMCID: PMC10570350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are broadly recognized as promising targets for tumor therapy. T cell receptors (TCRs) can specifically recognize KRAS mutant neoantigens presented by human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) and mediate T cell responses to eliminate tumor cells. In the present study, we identify two TCRs specific for the 9-mer KRAS-G12V mutant neoantigen in the context of HLA-A*11:01. The TCR-T cells are constructed and display cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity upon co-culturing with varied tumor cells expressing the KRAS-G12V mutation. Moreover, 1-2C TCR-T cells show anti-tumor activity in preclinical models in female mice. The 9-mer KRAS-G12V mutant peptide exhibits a distinct conformation from the 9-mer wildtype peptide and its 10-mer counterparts. Specific recognition of the G12V mutant by TCR depends both on distinct conformation from wildtype peptide and on direct interaction with residues from TCRs. Our study reveals the mechanisms of presentation and TCR recognition of KRAS-G12V mutant peptide and describes TCRs with therapeutic potency for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Centre for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keke Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Jin
- YKimmu (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- YKimmu (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hao Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China.
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Jia Z, Feng J, Dooley H, Zou J, Wang J. The first crystal structure of CD8αα from a cartilaginous fish. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156219. [PMID: 37122697 PMCID: PMC10140343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cartilaginous fishes are the most evolutionary-distant vertebrates from mammals and possess an immunoglobulin (Ig)- and T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. CD8 is the hallmark receptor of cytotoxic T cells and is required for the formation of T cell receptor-major histocompatibility complex (TCR-MHC) class I complexes. Methods RACE PCR was used to obtain gene sequences. Direct dilution was applied for the refolding of denatured recombinant CD8 protein. Hanging-drop vapor diffusion method was performed for protein crystallization. Results In this study, CD8α and CD8β orthologues (termed ScCD8α and ScCD8β) were identified in small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). Both ScCD8α and ScCD8β possess an extracellular immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) V domain as in previously identified CD8 proteins. The genes encoding CD8α and CD8β are tandemly linked in the genomes of all jawed vertebrates studied, suggesting that they were duplicated from a common ancestral gene before the divergence of cartilaginous fishes and other vertebrates. We determined the crystal structure of the ScCD8α ectodomain homodimer at a resolution of 1.35 Å and show that it exhibits the typical topological structure of CD8α from endotherms. As in mammals, the homodimer formation of ScCD8αα relies upon interactions within a hydrophobic core although this differs in position and amino acid composition. Importantly, ScCD8αα shares the canonical cavity required for interaction with peptide-loaded MHC I in mammals. Furthermore, it was found that ScCD8α can co-immunoprecipitate with ScCD8β, indicating that it can form both homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes. Conclusion Our results expand the current knowledge of vertebrate CD8 dimerization and the interaction between CD8α with p/MHC I from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Helen Dooley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junya Wang,
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Wu X, Xing J, Tang X, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Splenic protection network revealed by transcriptome analysis in inactivated vaccine-immunized flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) against Edwardsiella tarda infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1058599. [PMID: 36439120 PMCID: PMC9681833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The protective immune response produced by fish after vaccination is crucial for vaccine effectiveness. Our previous studies have shown inactivated vaccine against Edwardsiella tarda can induce immune response in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). To elucidate the protective immune response at the genetic level, in this study, flounder was immunized with inactivated E. tarda for 5 weeks, and then they were challenged with E. tarda. The spleen was dissected at 7th day post immunization, 1st and 7th day post challenge, respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed that average of 46 million clean reads were obtained per library, while percentage of clean reads being mapped to reference genome was more than 89% in all cases, which suggested good quality of samples. As for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identification in inactivated E. tarda groups, at 7th day post immunization, 1422 DEGs were identified and significantly enriched in innate immune-related pathways, such as Phagosome, Cell adhesion molecules and NF-kappa B signaling pathway; At 1st post challenge day, 1210 DEGs were identified and enriched to Antigen processing and presentation and Cell adhesion molecules, indicating that the pathogen was rapidly recognized and delivered; At 7th post challenge day, 1929 DEGs were identified, belonged to Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Antigen processing and presentation, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation and Th17 cell differentiation. Compared to 7th post immunization day, 73 immune-associated DEGs were identified at 1st post challenge day. Protein-protein interaction networks analysis revealed 11 hub genes (TLR7, TLR3, CXCR4, IFIH1, TLR8 etc), associated with recognition of pathogens and activation of innate immunity; while for 7th post challenge day, 141 immune-associated DEGs were identified. 30 hub genes (IL6, STAT1, HSP90A.1, TLR7, IL12β etc) were associated with stimulation of lymphocyte differentiation and activation of cellular immunity. Ten immune-related genes were randomly selected for RT-qPCR validation at each time point. In conclusion, data revealed protection of flounder against E. tarda infection by inactivated vaccine is mediated via immediate recognition of pathogen and subsequently activation of cellular immunity. Results give new aspect for vaccine protection cascades, is good references for vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | | | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Souter MN, Awad W, Li S, Pediongco TJ, Meehan BS, Meehan LJ, Tian Z, Zhao Z, Wang H, Nelson A, Le Nours J, Khandokar Y, Praveena T, Wubben J, Lin J, Sullivan LC, Lovrecz GO, Mak JY, Liu L, Kostenko L, Kedzierska K, Corbett AJ, Fairlie DP, Brooks AG, Gherardin NA, Uldrich AP, Chen Z, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI, McCluskey J, Pellicci DG, Eckle SB. CD8 coreceptor engagement of MR1 enhances antigen responsiveness by human MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213423. [PMID: 36018322 PMCID: PMC9424912 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells detect microbial infection via recognition of riboflavin-based antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-related protein 1 (MR1). Most MAIT cells in human peripheral blood express CD8αα or CD8αβ coreceptors, and the binding site for CD8 on MHC-I molecules is relatively conserved in MR1. Yet, there is no direct evidence of CD8 interacting with MR1 or the functional consequences thereof. Similarly, the role of CD8αα in lymphocyte function remains ill-defined. Here, using newly developed MR1 tetramers, mutated at the CD8 binding site, and by determining the crystal structure of MR1-CD8αα, we show that CD8 engaged MR1, analogous to how it engages MHC-I molecules. CD8αα and CD8αβ enhanced MR1 binding and cytokine production by MAIT cells. Moreover, the CD8-MR1 interaction was critical for the recognition of folate-derived antigens by other MR1-reactive T cells. Together, our findings suggest that both CD8αα and CD8αβ act as functional coreceptors for MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N.T. Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Troi J. Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy J. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zehua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Adam Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yogesh Khandokar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T. Praveena
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacinta Wubben
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy C. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George O. Lovrecz
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y.W. Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyudmila Kostenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam P. Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel G. Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sidonia B.G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Hamed MM, Gouida MS, Abd EL-Aziz SR, EL-Sokkary AM. Evaluation PD-L1, CD8 and CD20 as early predictor and tracking markers for breast cancer (BC) in Egypt. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09474. [PMID: 35647336 PMCID: PMC9136277 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is considered as a common type of cancer threatening women throughout the world. Therefore, development of early predication biomarkers for BC got more concern especially for Egyptian females. This study was aimed to evaluate PD-L1, CD8, and CD20 as early prediction breast cancer biomarkers. Methods Flow cytometry (FC), immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western Blot, and q-PCR were used to compare PD-L1, CD20, and CD8 levels in tissues and blood samples of Breast Cancer and controls. Results Blood samples showed a significant increase in PD-L1, CD20, and CD8 compared to controls (p˂0.005). A Significant correlation was shown between PD-L1, CD8, and CD20 in tissue and breast cancer subtypes. Whereas, invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) was characterized by superior PD-L1 and CD20 levels compared to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). FC studies on Blood showed 83% and 45.7% PD-L1 expressions for IDC and ILC, respectively. CD20 in ILC and IDC were 78.2% and 62.5%, respectively. Nevertheless, CD8 was 74.2% for IDC and 67.7% for ILC. Whereas, FC studies for PD-L1, CD20, and CD8 in ILC in tissues gave 34.4%, 30.2% and 35.1%, respectively. In addition, IDC tissue samples showed 16%, 12.5, and 13.5% for PD-L1, CD20, and CD8. The moderate stage of adenocarcinoma caused expression of PD-L1 within inflammatory cells, while expression was within neoplastic glandular cells in late stage. Conclusion PD-L1, CD8, and CD20 are considered as early predictor and tracking markers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M. Hamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mona S. Gouida
- Genetic Unit, Children Hospital, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed M.A. EL-Sokkary
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
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8
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Czaja AJ. Immune Inhibitory Properties and Therapeutic Prospects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Interleukin 10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1163-1186. [PMID: 33835375 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have diverse immune inhibitory properties that have restored homeostatic defense mechanisms in experimental models of autoimmune disease. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of each cytokine, review their investigational use in animal models and patients, and indicate their prospects as interventions in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Transforming growth factor-beta expands the natural and inducible populations of regulatory T cells, limits the proliferation of natural killer cells, suppresses the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, decreases the production of interferon-gamma, and stimulates fibrotic repair. Interleukin 10 selectively inhibits the CD28 co-stimulatory signal for antigen recognition and impairs antigen-specific activation of uncommitted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells, suppresses Th17 cells, supports regulatory T cells, and limits production of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Contradictory immune stimulatory effects have been associated with each cytokine and may relate to the dose and accompanying cytokine milieu. Experimental findings have not translated into successful early clinical trials. The recombinant preparation of each agent in low dosage has been safe in human studies. In conclusion, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have powerful immune inhibitory actions of potential therapeutic value in autoimmune hepatitis. The keys to their therapeutic application will be to match their predominant non-redundant function with the pivotal pathogenic mechanism or cytokine deficiency and to avoid contradictory immune stimulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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CD8 coreceptor-mediated focusing can reorder the agonist hierarchy of peptide ligands recognized via the T cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019639118. [PMID: 34272276 PMCID: PMC8307375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019639118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are inherently cross-reactive and recognize numerous peptide antigens in the context of a given major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecule via the clonotypically expressed T cell receptor (TCR). The lineally expressed coreceptor CD8 interacts coordinately with MHCI at a distinct and largely invariant site to slow the TCR/peptide-MHCI (pMHCI) dissociation rate and enhance antigen sensitivity. However, this biological effect is not necessarily uniform, and theoretical models suggest that antigen sensitivity can be modulated in a differential manner by CD8. We used two intrinsically controlled systems to determine how the relationship between the TCR/pMHCI interaction and the pMHCI/CD8 interaction affects the functional sensitivity of antigen recognition. Our data show that modulation of the pMHCI/CD8 interaction can reorder the agonist hierarchy of peptide ligands across a spectrum of affinities for the TCR.
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10
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Zhang H, Sun M, Wang J, Zeng B, Cao X, Han Y, Tan S, Gao GF. Identification of NY-ESO-1 157-165 Specific Murine T Cell Receptors With Distinct Recognition Pattern for Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644520. [PMID: 33833762 PMCID: PMC8021954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) is a promising target for T-cell receptor-engineered T cell (TCR-T) therapy, and targeting the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 restricted NY-ESO-1157-165 epitope has yielded remarkable clinical benefits in the treatment of multiple advanced malignancies. Herein, we report the identification of two NY-ESO-1157-165 epitope-specific murine TCRs obtained from HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. NY-ESO-1157-165 specific TCRs were isolated after vaccinating HLA-A2 transgenic mice with epitope peptides. HZ6 and HZ8 TCRs could specifically bind to NY-ESO-1157-165/HLA-A2 and were capable of cytokine secretion with engineered Jurkat T cells and primary T cells upon recognition with K562 target cells expressing the single-chain trimer (SCT) of NY-ESO-1157-165/HLA-A2. The reactivity profiles of the HZ6 and HZ8 TCRs were found to be distinct from one another when co-cultured with K562 target cells carrying alanine-substituted NY-ESO-1157-165 SCTs. The binding characterization revealed that the recognition pattern of the HZ6 TCR to NY-ESO-1157-165/HLA-A2 was substantially different from the widely used 1G4 TCR. These findings would broaden the understanding of immunogenicity of the NY-ESO-1157-165, and the two identified TCRs may serve as promising candidates for the future development of TCR-T therapy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Zhang
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China.,College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Han
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Lalos A, Tülek A, Tosti N, Mechera R, Wilhelm A, Soysal S, Daester S, Kancherla V, Weixler B, Spagnoli GC, Eppenberger-Castori S, Terracciano L, Piscuoglio S, von Flüe M, Posabella A, Droeser RA. Prognostic significance of CD8+ T-cells density in stage III colorectal cancer depends on SDF-1 expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:775. [PMID: 33436863 PMCID: PMC7803998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common malignancies, a tremendous amount of studies keep taking place in this field. Over the past 25 years, a notable part of the scientific community has focused on the association between the immune system and colorectal cancer. A variety of studies have shown that high densities of infiltrating CD8+ T-cells are associated with improved disease-free and overall survival in CRC. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a protein that regulates leukocyte trafficking and is variably expressed in several healthy and malignant tissues. There is strong evidence that SDF-1 has a negative prognostic impact on a variety of solid tumors. However, the existing data do not provide sufficient evidence that the expression of SDF-1 has an influence on CRC. Knowing nowadays, that the microenvironment plays a crucial role in the development of cancer, we hypothesized that the expression of SDF-1 in CRC could influence the prognostic significance of CD8+ T-cells, as an indicator of the essential role of the immune microenvironment in cancer development. Therefore, we explored the combined prognostic significance of CD8+ T-cell density and SDF-1 expression in a large CRC collective. We analyzed a tissue microarray of 613 patient specimens of primary CRCs by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the CD8 + T-cells density and the expression of SDF-1 by tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Besides, we analyzed the expression of SDF-1 at the RNA level in The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. We found that the combined high CD8+ T-cell infiltration and expression of SDF-1 shows a favorable 5-year overall survival rate (66%; 95% CI 48-79%) compared to tumors showing a high expression of CD8+ T-cell only (55%; 95% CI 45-64%; p = 0.0004). After stratifying the patients in nodal negative and positive groups, we found that the prognostic significance of CD8+ T-cell density in nodal positive colorectal cancer depends on SDF-1 expression. Univariate and multivariate Hazard Cox regression survival analysis considering the combination of both markers revealed that the combined high expression of SDF-1 and CD8+ T-cell density was an independent, favorable, prognostic marker for overall survival (HR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.17-0.66; p = 0.002 and HR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.23-0.89; p = 0.021, respectively). In our cohort there was a very weak correlation between SDF-1 and CD8+ T-cells (rs = 0.13, p = 0.002) and in the trascriptomic expression of these two immune markers display a weak correlation (rs = 0.28, p < 0.001) which was significantly more pronounced in stage III cancers (rs = 0.40, p < 0.001). The combination of high CD8+ T-cell density and expression of SDF-1 represents an independent, favorable, prognostic condition in CRC, mostly in patients with stage III disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Lalos
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ali Tülek
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Tosti
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mechera
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Wilhelm
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas Soysal
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Daester
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Venkatesh Kancherla
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weixler
- Department of Surgery, Charité University Hospital, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Visceral Surgery Research Laboratory, Clarunis, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus von Flüe
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Visceral Surgery Research Laboratory, Clarunis, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Posabella
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul A Droeser
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Liu Y, Chen R, Liang R, Sun B, Wu Y, Zhang L, Kaufman J, Xia C. The Combination of CD8αα and Peptide-MHC-I in a Face-to-Face Mode Promotes Chicken γδT Cells Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605085. [PMID: 33329601 PMCID: PMC7719794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD8αα homodimer is crucial to both thymic T cell selection and the antigen recognition of cytotoxic T cells. The CD8-pMHC-I interaction can enhance CTL immunity via stabilizing the TCR-pMHC-I interaction and optimizing the cross-reactivity and Ag sensitivity of CD8+ T cells at various stages of development. To date, only human and mouse CD8-pMHC-I complexes have been determined. Here, we resolved the pBF2*1501 complex and the cCD8αα/pBF2*1501 and cCD8αα/pBF2*0401 complexes in nonmammals for the first time. Remarkably, cCD8αα/pBF2*1501 and the cCD8αα/pBF2*0401 complex both exhibited two binding modes, including an “antibody-like” mode similar to that of the known mammal CD8/pMHC-I complexes and a “face-to-face” mode that has been observed only in chickens to date. Compared to the “antibody-like” mode, the “face-to-face” binding mode changes the binding orientation of the cCD8αα homodimer to pMHC-I, which might facilitate abundant γδT cells to bind diverse peptides presented by limited BF2 alleles in chicken. Moreover, the forces involving in the interaction of cCD8αα/pBF2*1501 and the cCD8αα/pBF2*0401 are different in this two binding model, which might change the strength of the CD8-pMHC-I interaction, amplifying T cell cross-reactivity in chickens. The coreceptor CD8αα of TCR has evolved two peptide-MHC-I binding patterns in chickens, which might enhance the T cell response to major or emerging pathogens, including chicken-derived pathogens that are relevant to human health, such as high-pathogenicity influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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13
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Mehrotra N, Kharbanda S, Singh H. Peptide-based combination nanoformulations for cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2201-2217. [PMID: 32914691 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in cancer therapy is moving towards the use of biomolecules in combination with conventional approaches for improved disease outcome. Among the biomolecules explored, peptides are strong contenders due to their small size, high specificity, low systemic toxicity and wide inter/intracellular targets. The use of nanoformulations for such combination approaches can lead to further improvement in efficacy by reducing off-target cytotoxicity, increasing circulation time, tumor penetration and accumulation. This review focuses on nanodelivery systems for peptide-based combinations with chemo, immuno, radiation and hormone therapy. It gives an overview of the latest therapeutic research being conducted using combination nanoformulations with anticancer peptides, cell penetrating/tumor targeting peptides, peptide nanocarriers, peptidomimetics, peptide-based hormones and peptide vaccines. The challenges hindering clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mehrotra
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Surender Kharbanda
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Harpal Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
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14
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Midttun HLE, Vindas MA, Whatmore PJ, Øverli Ø, Johansen IB. Effects of Pseudoloma neurophilia infection on the brain transcriptome in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:863-875. [PMID: 32542843 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory zebrafish are commonly infected with the intracellular, brain-infecting microsporidian parasite Pseudoloma neurophilia. Chronic P. neurophilia infections induce inflammation in meninges, brain and spinal cord, and have been suggested to affect neural functions since parasite clusters reside inside neurons. However, underlying neural and immunological mechanisms associated with infection have not been explored. Utilizing RNA-sequencing analysis, we found that P. neurophilia infection upregulated 175 and downregulated 45 genes in the zebrafish brain, compared to uninfected controls. Four biological pathways were enriched by the parasite, all of which were associated with immune function. In addition, 14 gene ontology (GO) terms were enriched, eight of which were associated with immune responses and five with circadian rhythm. Surprisingly, no differentially expressed genes or enriched pathways were specific for nervous system function. Upregulated immune-related genes indicate that the host generally show a pro-inflammatory immune response to infection. On the other hand, we found a general downregulation of immune response genes associated with anti-pathogen functions, suggesting an immune evasion strategy by the parasite. The results reported here provide important information on host-parasite interaction and highlight possible pathways for complex effects of parasite infections on zebrafish phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene L E Midttun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco A Vindas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul J Whatmore
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida B Johansen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Henriksen JR, Donskov F, Waldstrøm M, Jakobsen A, Hjortkjaer M, Petersen CB, Dahl Steffensen K. Favorable prognostic impact of Natural Killer cells and T cells in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Acta Oncol 2020; 59:652-659. [PMID: 31931651 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1711173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic impact of intratumoral cytotoxic T cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils and PD-L1 expression in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.Methods: All patients diagnosed with high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) in Denmark in 2005 were included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining for PD-L1, CD8, CD66b and CD57 was performed on tumor tissue from 283 patients. Cell densities were analyzed using a digital image analysis method. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS).Results: The median OS for HGSC patients was 30 months. It was 45 months in patients with high level of CD57+ NK cells (≥10 cells/mm2) compared with 29 month in patients with low level (<10 cells/mm2) (p = .0310). The median OS was 37 and 25 months in patients with high vs. low level of CD8+ T cells (cutoff 80 cells/mm2) (p = .0008). In multivariate analysis, high numbers of CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T cells remained independent markers of favorable OS, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.67; p = .041, and HR 0.72; p = .020, respectively. PD-L1 expression was associated with improved OS (37 months vs. 22 months, p = .0006), but was only borderline significant in the multivariate analysis (HR 0.77, p = .061). CD66b + neutrophils had no association with OS.Conclusions: In patients with HGSC tumor-infiltrating CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T cells had favorable prognostic impact, while PD-L1 expression had borderline favorable prognostic significance. CD66b + neutrophils had no prognostic association. These findings may influence future immunotherapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Røikjaer Henriksen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frede Donskov
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Waldstrøm
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Anders Jakobsen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Hjortkjaer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Karina Dahl Steffensen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Wu L, Wei Q, Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ. Signaling from T cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:600-612. [PMID: 32451454 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells react to foreign or self-antigens through T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Several decades of research have delineated the mechanism of TCR signal transduction and its impact on T cell performance. This knowledge provides the foundation for chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) technology, by which T cells are redirected in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. TCR and CAR signaling plays a critical role in determining the T cell state, including exhaustion and memory. Given its artificial nature, CARs might affect or rewire signaling differently than TCRs. A better understanding of CAR signal transduction would greatly facilitate improvements to CAR-T cell technology and advance its usefulness in clinical practice. Herein, we systematically review the knowns and unknowns of TCR and CAR signaling, from the contact of receptors and antigens, proximal signaling, immunological synapse formation, and late signaling outcomes. Signaling through different T cell subtypes and how signaling is translated into practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore. .,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Frank AM, Weidner T, Brynza J, Uckert W, Buchholz CJ, Hartmann J. CD8-Specific Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins Improve Selective Gene Delivery into Human and Primate T Lymphocytes. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:679-691. [PMID: 32160795 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell immunotherapy in combination with gene therapy is a promising treatment concept for chronic infections and cancer. Recently, receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs) were shown to enable selective gene transfer into particular types of lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. This approach might facilitate the genetic engineering of a patient's own T lymphocytes, possibly even shifting this concept from personalized medicine to an off-the shelf therapy in future. Here, we describe novel high-affinity binders for CD8 consisting of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins), which were selected to bind to the CD8 receptor of human and nonhuman primate (NHP) cells. These binders were identified by ribosome display screening of DARPin libraries using recombinant human CD8 followed by receptor binding analysis on primary lymphocytes. CD8-targeted LVs (CD8-LVs) were then generated that delivered genes exclusively and specifically to human and NHP T lymphocytes by using the same targeting domain. These CD8-LVs were as specific for human T lymphocytes as their single-chain variable fragment-based counterpart, but they could be produced to higher titers. Moreover, they were superior in transducing cytotoxic T cells both in vitro and in vivo when equal particle numbers were applied. Since the here described CD8-LVs transduced primary T lymphocytes from NHP and human donors equally well, they offer the opportunity for preclinical studies in different animal models including large animals such as NHPs without the need for modifications in vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M Frank
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tatjana Weidner
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Julia Brynza
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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18
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Wu H, Gao R, Sheng YP, Chen B, Li S. SDAE-GAN: Enable high-dimensional pathological images in liver cancer survival prediction with a policy gradient based data augmentation method. Med Image Anal 2020; 62:101640. [PMID: 32120270 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2020.101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional pathological images produced by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods consist of many pathological indexes, which play critical roles in cancer treatment planning. However, these indexes currently cannot be utilized in survival prediction because joining them with patients' clinicopathological features (e.g., age and tumor size) is challenging due to their high dimension and sparse features. To address this problem, we propose a novel two-stage survival prediction model named ICSPM to join the IHC images and clinicopathological features. For the first stage, our proposed SDAE-GAN compresses high-dimensional IHC images to flat, compact and representative feature vectors by compressing and reconstructing them. For the first time, SDAE-GAN integrates dense blocks, the stacked auto-encoder and the GAN architecture to maximize the ability to detect patterns in IHC images. In addition, we propose a novel policy gradient based data augmentation method to involve the diversity in IHC images without breaking patterns inside them. For the second stage, ICSPM adopts a DenseNet to join feature vectors and clinicopathological features for survival prediction. Experimental results demonstrate that ICSPM reached a state-of-the-art prediction accuracy of 0.72 on the five-year survival. ICSPM is the first work to enable high-dimensional IHC images in cancer survival prediction. We prove that high-dimensional IHC images and clinicopathological features provide valuable and complementary information in survival prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Wu
- Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Bo Chen
- School of Health Science, Western University, Canada
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Medical Imaging and Medical Biophysics, Western University, Canada; Digital Imaging Group of London, Canada.
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19
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Abstract
The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now widely accepted. Immune cells, including T cells, are influenced by inflammatory signals and contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. T cell activation is modulated by T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition pathways. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting T cell inhibition pathways have revolutionized cancer treatment and improved survival in patients with cancer. However, ICIs might induce cardiovascular toxicity via T cell re-invigoration. With the rising use of ICIs for cancer treatment, a timely overview of the role of T cell co-stimulation and inhibition molecules in CVD is desirable. In this Review, the importance of these molecules in the pathogenesis of CVD is highlighted in preclinical studies on models of CVD such as vein graft disease, myocarditis, graft arterial disease, post-ischaemic neovascularization and atherosclerosis. This Review also discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting T cell co-stimulation and inhibition pathways to treat CVD, as well as the possible cardiovascular benefits and adverse events after treatment. Finally, the Review emphasizes that patients with cancer who are treated with ICIs should be monitored for CVD given the reported association between the use of ICIs and the risk of cardiovascular toxicity.
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20
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Zou A, Nadeau K, Wang PW, Lee JY, Guttman DS, Sharif S, Korver DR, Brumell JH, Parkinson J. Accumulation of genetic variants associated with immunity in the selective breeding of broilers. BMC Genet 2020; 21:5. [PMID: 31952471 PMCID: PMC6969402 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-0807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To satisfy an increasing demand for dietary protein, the poultry industry has employed genetic selection to increase the growth rate of broilers by over 400% in the past 50 years. Although modern broilers reach a marketable weight of ~ 2 kg in a short span of 35 days, a speed twice as fast as a broiler 50 years ago, the expedited growth has been associated with several negative detrimental consequences. Aside from heart and musculoskeletal problems, which are direct consequences of additional weight, the immune response is also thought to be altered in modern broilers. Results Given that identifying the underlying genetic basis responsible for a less sensitive innate immune response would be economically beneficial for poultry breeding, we decided to compare the genomes of two unselected meat control strains that are representative of broilers from 1957 and 1978, and a current commercial broiler line. Through analysis of genetic variants, we developed a custom prioritization strategy to identify genes and pathways that have accumulated genetic changes and are biologically relevant to immune response and growth performance. Our results highlight two genes, TLR3 and PLIN3, with genetic variants that are predicted to enhance growth performance at the expense of immune function. Conclusions Placing these new genomes in the context of other chicken lines, reveal genetic changes that have specifically arisen in selective breeding programs that were implemented in the last 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada.,Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kerry Nadeau
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Pauline W Wang
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3G5, ON, Canada
| | - Jee Yeon Lee
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3G5, ON, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3G5, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G5, ON, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Doug R Korver
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada.,Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada.
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21
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Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare and life-threatening bone marrow failure (BMF) that results in peripheral blood cytopenia and reduced bone marrow hematopoietic cell proliferation. The symptoms are similar to myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) making diagnosis of AA complicated. The pathogenesis of AA is complex and its mechanism needs to be deciphered on an individualized basis. This review summarizes several contributions made in trying to understand AA pathogenesis in recent years which may be helpful for the development of personalized therapies for AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- a Department of Hematology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- a Department of Hematology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , People's Republic of China
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22
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Wang G, Yu Y, Cai X, Zhou EM, Zimmerman JJ. Effects of PRRSV Infection on the Porcine Thymus. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:212-223. [PMID: 31744664 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) dramatically affects the thymus and its ability to carry out its normal functions. In particular, infection incapacitates PRRSV-susceptible CD14pos antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the thymus and throughout the body. PRRSV-induced autophagy in thymic epithelial cells modulates the development of T cells, and PRRSV-induced apoptosis in CD4posCD8pos thymocytes modulates cellular immunity against PRRSV and other pathogens. Pigs are less able to resist and/or eliminate secondary infectious agents due the effect of PRRSV on the thymus, and this susceptibility phenomenon is long recognized as a primary characteristic of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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23
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Li Y, Tan S, Zhang C, Chai Y, He M, Zhang CWH, Wang Q, Tong Z, Liu K, Lei Y, Liu WJ, Liu Y, Tian Z, Cao X, Yan J, Qi J, Tien P, Gao S, Gao GF. Limited Cross-Linking of 4-1BB by 4-1BB Ligand and the Agonist Monoclonal Antibody Utomilumab. Cell Rep 2019; 25:909-920.e4. [PMID: 30355497 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the co-stimulatory molecule 4-1BB are of interest for tumor immunotherapy. We determined the complex structures of human 4-1BB with 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or utomilumab to elucidate the structural basis of 4-1BB activation. The 4-1BB/4-1BBL complex displays a typical TNF/TNFR family binding mode. The structure of utomilumab/4-1BB complex shows that utomilumab binds to dimeric 4-1BB with a distinct but partially overlapping binding area with 4-1BBL. Competitive binding analysis demonstrates that utomilumab blocks the 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction, indicating the interruption of ligand-mediated signaling. The binding profiles of 4-1BBL and utomilumab to monomeric or dimeric 4-1BB indicate limited cross-linking of 4-1BB molecules. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the binding of 4-1BB with its ligand and its agonist mAb, which may facilitate the future development of anti-4-1BB biologics for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mengnan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Qihui Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yifan Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Po Tien
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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24
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Bess SN, Greening GJ, Muldoon TJ. Efficacy and clinical monitoring strategies for immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted cytokine immunotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 49:1-9. [PMID: 31679887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer type and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths annually in the United States. Conventional treatment options include postoperative (adjuvant) and preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although these treatment modalities have shown to decrease tumor burden, a major limitation to chemothearpy/radiotherapy is the high recurrence rate in patients. Immune-modulation strategies have emerged as a promising new therapeutic avenue to reduce this recurrence rate while minimizing undesirable systemic side effects. This review will focus specifically on the mechanisms of monoclonal antibodies: immune checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines, as well as current drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and new clinical/pre-clinical trials. Finally, this review will investigate emerging methods used to monitor tumor response post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby N Bess
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Gage J Greening
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Timothy J Muldoon
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA.
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25
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FACS isolation of low percentage human antigen-specific CD8 + T cells based on activation-induced CD3 and CD8 downregulation. J Immunol Methods 2019; 472:35-43. [PMID: 31201792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As T cell activation leads to downregulation of T cell receptor (TCR) and coreceptor CD8, we developed a novel FACS-based sorting method to enrich activated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Using multiple established or low percentage T cell cultures, with either single antigen specificity or multiple influenza A virus antigen specificities, we have optimized the sorting method for T cell activation time and stimulating antigen dose. We have also sorted various numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells into 96-well plates to demonstrate these T cells are capable of expanding into nearly pure CD8+ T cell lines. Our approach has the advantage of sorting antigen-specific T cells without knowing their specific antigenic epitopes or restricting HLA. We believe this method can be very helpful for successfully establishing CD8+ T cell lines for various purpose, including immunotherapy.
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26
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Jiang C, Liu X, Wang M, Lv G, Wang G. High Blood miR-802 Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in HCC Patients by Regulating DNA Damage Response 1 (REDD1)-Mediated Function of T Cells. Oncol Res 2019; 27:1025-1034. [PMID: 30982498 PMCID: PMC7848258 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15456687424096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-802 has been reported to be dysregulated in multiple tumors and contribute to tumor progression. However, its role in HCC was still largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the function and mechanism of miR-802 in HCC progression. The results showed that miR-802 was upregulated in the peripheral blood and tumor tissue of HCC patients, and high levels of blood miR-802 predicted poor prognosis. miR-802 had no effect on the proliferation and migration of HCC cell lines. Interestingly, the levels of CD8/CD28 and regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) were declined along with the upregulation of miR-802 in vivo. Hence, it is speculated that miR-802 participated in the regulation of T-cell function in HCC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that mir-802 directly targets REDD1 and inhibited its expression. miR-802 increased the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and decreased the expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and CD8+CD28+ T-cell number. In conclusion, miR-802 was involved in T-cell exhaustion through posttranscriptionally suppressing REDD1, which might offer the suppressive effect of miR-802 on HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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27
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Mansouri A, Abnous K, Alibolandi M, Taghdisi SM, Ramezani M. Targeted delivery of tacrolimus to T cells by pH-responsive aptamer-chitosan- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocomplex. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18262-18271. [PMID: 30883749 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TAC) acts as an inhibitor of calcineurin, which inhibits the production of interleukin-2. In this study, we aimed to design a targeted delivery platform with poly (lactide-co-glycolide; PLGA) nanoparticles modified with chitosan (CS) and CD8AP17s aptamer (Apt). MOLT-4 cells as CD8 positive and JURKAT cells as CD negative were adopted to investigate the efficacy of the proposed delivery system in vitro. The particle size and Ζ potential of the TAC-PLGA-CS-Apt nanocomplex were 345 nm and 13.7 mV, respectively. Release study showed an efficient TAC release from complex in citrate buffer (pH 5.5). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that TAC-PLGA-CS-Apt nanocomplex was highly selective toward MOLT-4 cells. Complex increased the cellular uptake of TAC in MOLT-4 cells (target) while reducing its cytotoxicity in JURKAT cells (nontarget). Our study showed that complex nanoconjugate could efficiently deliver TAC into MOLT-4 cells as a model of cytotoxic T cell and it could be considered as a potential candidate for TAC delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Mansouri
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Students Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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28
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Shen X, Li Q, Wang F, Bao J, Dai M, Zheng H, Lao X. Generation of a novel long-acting thymosin alpha1-Fc fusion protein and its efficacy for the inhibition of breast cancer in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:610-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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29
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Liu W, Rask-Andersen H. Super-resolution immunohistochemistry study on CD4 and CD8 cells and the relation to macrophages in human cochlea. J Otol 2018; 14:1-5. [PMID: 30936894 PMCID: PMC6424713 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the human cochlea has been shown to contain numerous resident macrophages under steady-state. The macrophages accumulate in the stria vascularis, among the auditory nerves, and are also spotted in the human organ of Corti. These macrophages may process antigens reaching the cochlea by invasion of pathogens and insertion of CI electrode. Thus, macrophages execute an innate, and possibly an adaptive immunity. Here, we describe the molecular markers CD4 and CD8 of T cells, macrophage markers MHCII and CD11b, as well as the microglial markers TEME119 and P2Y12, in the human cochlea. Immunohistochemistry and the advantageous super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) were used in the study. CD4+ and CD8+ cells were found in the human cochleae. They were seen in the modiolus in a substantial number adjacent to the vessels, in the peripheral region of the Rosenthal's canal, and occasionally in the spiral ligament. While there are a surprisingly large number of macrophages in the stria vascularis as well as between the auditory neurons, CD4+ and CD8+ cells are hardly seen in these areas, and neither are seen in the organ of Corti. In the modiolus, macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ cells appeared often in clusters. Interaction between these different cells was easily observed with SR-SIM, showing closely placed cell bodies, and the processes from macrophages reaching out and touching the lymphocytes. Otherwise the CD4+ and CD8+ cells in human cochlear tissue are discretely scattered. The possible roles of these immune cells are speculated. CD4+ and CD8+ cells were found in the human cochleae. They were seen in the modiolus in a substantial number adjacent to the vessels, in the peripheral region of the Rosenthal's canal, and occasionally in the spiral ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Ganesan A, Arulraj T, Choulli T, Barakat KH. A mathematical modelling tool for unravelling the antibody-mediated effects on CTLA-4 interactions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2018; 18:37. [PMID: 29890992 PMCID: PMC5996525 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-018-0606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies blocking the Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) receptor have revolutionized the field of anti-cancer therapy for the last few years. The human T-cell-based immune responses are modulated by two contradicting signals. CTLA-4 provides a T cell inhibitory signal through its interaction with B7 ligands (B7-1 and B7-2), while CD28 provides a stimulatory signal when interacting with the same ligands. A previous theoretical model has focused on understanding the processes of costimulatory and inhibitory complex formations at the synapse. Nevertheless, the effects of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediation on these complexes are relatively unexplored. In this work, we expand on the previous model to develop a new mathematical framework for studying the effects of anti-CTLA-4 mAbs on the co-stimulatory (CD28/B7 ligands) and the co-inhibitory (CTLA-4/B7 ligands) complex formation at the immunological synapse. In particular, we focus on two promising anti-CTLA-4 mAbs, tremelimumab (from AstraZeneca) and ipilimumab (from Bristol-Myers Squibb), which are currently in clinical trials and the market, respectively, for targeting multiple tumors. METHODS The mathematical model in this work has been constructed based on ordinary differential equations and available experimental binding kinetics data for the anti-CTLA-4 antibodies from literature. RESULTS The numerical simulations from the current model are in agreement with a number of experimental data. Especially, the dose-curves for blocking the B7 ligand binding to CTLA-4 by ipilimumab are comparable with the results from a previous competitive binding assay by flow cytometry and ELISA. Our simulations predict the dose response and the relative efficacies of the two mAbs in blocking the inhibitory CTLA-4/B7 complexes. CONCLUSIONS The results show that different factors, such as multivalent interactions, mobility of molecules and competition effects, could impact the effects of antibody-mediation. The results, in particular, describe that the competitive effects could impact the dose-dependent inhibition by the mAbs very significantly. We present this model as a useful tool that can easily be translated to study the effects of any anti-CTLA-4 antibodies on immunological synaptic complex formation, provided reliable biophysical data for mAbs are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindhan Ganesan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tahir Choulli
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Khaled H Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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31
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Du Z, Wang S, Wang Y. Preferential CD8 rather than CD4 T-cell response to wear particles of polyether-ether-ketone and highly cross-linked polyethylene. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1866-1874. [PMID: 35542597 PMCID: PMC9077207 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) as a bearing material in knee components, a potential alternative to the currently used highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE), has attracted a lot of attention recently. This study aimed to systematically assess the effect of particulate wear debris on CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. HXLPE and PEEK particles (96% less than 5 μm) were generated by custom cryo-milling and pulverization in liquid nitrogen, and then incubated with blood collected from 25 donors. The phenotypes of the T-cells were systematically analyzed by immunostaining and flow cytometry. For the in vivo study, 0.1 mL of each particle suspension (about 1.0 × 108 wear particles) was injected into murine knee joints; the synovium and spleen were collected one week later for histological examination and immunofluorescence staining. PEEK and HXLPE particles did not induce CD4+ T-cell responses; however, CD8+ T-cells might be involved in mediating particle-induced reactions. The T-cell and inflammatory responses induced by PEEK and HXLPE particles were comparable. Further investigations into the frictional properties of materials should be performed to expand on our results. Enriching the understanding of the effects of the particles on the adaptive immune response.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Du
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Immunology
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai
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32
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Kaliamurthi S, Selvaraj G, Kaushik AC, Gu KR, Wei DQ. Designing of CD8 + and CD8 +-overlapped CD4 + epitope vaccine by targeting late and early proteins of human papillomavirus. Biologics 2018; 12:107-125. [PMID: 30323556 PMCID: PMC6174296 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s177901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic agent that causes over 90% of cases of cervical cancer in the world. Currently available prophylactic vaccines are type specific and have less therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, we aimed to predict the potential species-specific and therapeutic epitopes from the protein sequences of HPV45 by using different immunoinformatics tools. METHODS Initially, we determined the antigenic potential of late (L1 and L2) and early (E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, and E7) proteins. Then, major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ T-cell epitopes were selected based on their immunogenicity. In addition, epitope conservancy, population coverage (PC), and target receptor-binding affinity of the immunogenic epitopes were determined. Moreover, we predicted the possible CD8+, nested interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+, and linear B-cell epitopes. Further, antigenicity, allergenicity, immunogenicity, and system biology-based virtual pathway associated with cervical cancer were predicted to confirm the therapeutic efficiency of overlapped epitopes. RESULTS Twenty-seven immunogenic epitopes were found to exhibit cross-protection (≥55%) against the 15 high-risk HPV strains (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 69, 73, and 82). The highest PC was observed in Europe (96.30%), North America (93.98%), West Indies (90.34%), North Africa (90.14%), and East Asia (89.47%). Binding affinities of 79 docked complexes observed as global energy ranged from -10.80 to -86.71 kcal/mol. In addition, CD8+ epitope-overlapped segments in CD4+ and B-cell epitopes demonstrated that immunogenicity and IFN-γ-producing efficiency ranged from 0.0483 to 0.5941 and 0.046 to 18, respectively. Further, time core simulation revealed the overlapped epitopes involved in pRb, p53, COX-2, NF-X1, and HPV45 infection signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Even though the results of this study need to be confirmed by further experimental peptide sensitization studies, the findings on immunogenic and IFN-γ-producing CD8+ and overlapped epitopes provide new insights into HPV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyavani Kaliamurthi
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Science - Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China,
| | - Gurudeeban Selvaraj
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Science - Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China,
| | - Aman Chandra Kaushik
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Ke-Ren Gu
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Science - Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China,
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Science - Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China,
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,
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Effects of wear particles of polyether-ether-ketone and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum on CD4- and CD8-T-cell responses. Oncotarget 2017. [PMID: 29541407 PMCID: PMC5834256 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells, second only to macrophages, are often considered as the potential cells involved in debris-related failure of arthroplasty. Here, we assessed the effects of particulate wear debris on T-cells and inflammatory reactions. Blood samples from 25 donors were incubated with polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) particles generated by custom cryo-milling and pulverization. The T-cell phenotypes were assessed using immunostaining and flow cytometry. For the in vivo study, 0.1 mL of each particle suspension (approximately 1.0 × 108 wear particles) was injected into murine knee joints; the synovium and spleen were collected one week after the operation for histological examination and immunofluorescence staining. The T-cell responses observed included low-level activation of Th1, Th2, Th17, and CD8+ pathways after 72 h of co-culture of the particles with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Obvious CD8+ T-cell responses were observed in local synovium and peripheral spleen, with higher inflammatory cytokine expression in the CoCrMo group. Relatively minor cytotoxic and immunological reactions were observed in vitro, with PEEK and CoCrMo particle-induced immune responses being primarily mediated by CD8+ T-cells, rather than CD4+ T-cells, in vivo. Overall, PEEK wear particles induced fewer inflammatory reactions than CoCrMo particles. This study verified that PEEK was suitable as a potential alternative for metals in total knee replacements in terms of the immunological reaction to PEEK particles, and shed light on the effects of wear particles from polymer and metal-based implants on immune responses.
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34
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Identification of an HLA class I allele closely involved in the autoantigen presentation in acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 2017; 129:2908-2916. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-752378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Somatic mutations of HLA-B*40:02 are very frequently detected in granulocyte of patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Antigen presentation via HLA-B4002 may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of acquired aplastic anemia.
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35
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Remarkably similar CTLA-4 binding properties of therapeutic ipilimumab and tremelimumab antibodies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67129-67139. [PMID: 28978021 PMCID: PMC5620161 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody based immune checkpoint blockade therapies have achieved clinical successes in management of malignant tumors. As the first monoclonal antibody targeting immune checkpoint molecules entered into clinics, the molecular basis of ipilimumab-based anti-CTLA-4 blockade has not yet been fully understood. In the present study, we report the complex structure of ipilimumab and CTLA-4. The complex structure showed similar contributions from VH and VL of ipilimumab in binding to CTLA-4 front β-sheet strands. The blockade mechanism of ipilimumab is that the strands of CTLA-4 contributing to the binding to B7-1 or B7-2 were occupied by ipilimumab and thereafter prevents the binding of B7-1 or B7-2 to CTLA-4. Though ipilimumab binds to the same epitope with tremelimumab on CTLA-4 with similar binding affinity, the higher dissociation rate of ipilimumab may indicate the dynamic binding to CTLA-4, which may affect its pharmacokinetics. The molecular basis of ipilimumab-based anti-CTLA-4 blockade and comparative study of the binding characteristics of ipilimumab and tremelimumab would shed light for the discovery of small molecular inhibitors and structure-based monoclonal antibody optimization or new biologics.
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36
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An unexpected N-terminal loop in PD-1 dominates binding by nivolumab. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14369. [PMID: 28165004 PMCID: PMC5303876 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy by targeting of immune checkpoint molecules has been a research ‘hot-spot' in recent years. Nivolumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1, has been widely used clinically since 2014. However, the binding mechanism of nivolumab to PD-1 has not yet been shown, despite a recent report describing the complex structure of pembrolizumab/PD-1. It has previously been speculated that PD-1 glycosylation is involved in nivolumab recognition. Here we report the complex structure of nivolumab with PD-1 and evaluate the effects of PD-1 N-glycosylation on the interactions with nivolumab. Structural and functional analyses unexpectedly reveal an N-terminal loop outside the IgV domain of PD-1. This loop is not involved in recognition of PD-L1 but dominates binding to nivolumab, whereas N-glycosylation is not involved in binding at all. Nivolumab binds to a completely different area than pembrolizumab. These results provide the basis for the design of future inhibitory molecules targeting PD-1. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a key target for cancer immunotherapy. Here the authors present the crystal structure of the extracellular PD-1 domain with the clinically approved monoclonal antibody nivolumab, which shows that the N-terminal PD-1 loop is crucial for antibody binding.
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37
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Dockree T, Holland CJ, Clement M, Ladell K, McLaren JE, van den Berg HA, Gostick E, L Miners K, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Bridgeman JS, Man S, Bailey M, Burrows SR, Price DA, Wooldridge L. CD8 + T-cell specificity is compromised at a defined MHCI/CD8 affinity threshold. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:68-76. [PMID: 27670790 PMCID: PMC5215125 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CD8 co-receptor engages peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHCI) molecules at a largely invariant site distinct from the T-cell receptor (TCR)-binding platform and enhances the sensitivity of antigen-driven activation to promote effective CD8+ T-cell immunity. A small increase in the strength of the pMHCI/CD8 interaction (~1.5-fold) can disproportionately amplify this effect, boosting antigen sensitivity by up to two orders of magnitude. However, recognition specificity is lost altogether with more substantial increases in pMHCI/CD8 affinity (~10-fold). In this study, we used a panel of MHCI mutants with altered CD8-binding properties to show that TCR-mediated antigen specificity is delimited by a pMHCI/CD8 affinity threshold. Our findings suggest that CD8 can be engineered within certain biophysical parameters to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T-cell transfer irrespective of antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin Dockree
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Mathew Clement
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Emma Gostick
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Man
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mick Bailey
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Scott R Burrows
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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38
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Tan S, Chen D, Liu K, He M, Song H, Shi Y, Liu J, Zhang CWH, Qi J, Yan J, Gao S, Gao GF. Crystal clear: visualizing the intervention mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction by two cancer therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Protein Cell 2016; 7:866-877. [PMID: 27815822 PMCID: PMC5205664 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies have taken center stage in immunotherapies for cancer, with multiple clinical successes. PD-1 signaling plays pivotal roles in tumor-driven T-cell dysfunction. In contrast to prior approaches to generate or boost tumor-specific T-cell responses, antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade targets tumor-induced T-cell defects and restores pre-existing T-cell function to modulate antitumor immunity. In this review, the fundamental knowledge on the expression regulations and inhibitory functions of PD-1 and the present understanding of antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies are briefly summarized. We then focus on the recent breakthrough work concerning the structural basis of the PD-1/PD-Ls interaction and how therapeutic antibodies, pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 and avelumab targeting PD-L1, compete with the binding of PD-1/PD-L1 to interrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. We believe that this structural information will benefit the design and improvement of therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Danqing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Mengnan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | | | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China.
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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39
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Tan S, Zhang CWH, Gao GF. Seeing is believing: anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies in action for checkpoint blockade tumor immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2016; 1:16029. [PMID: 29263905 PMCID: PMC5661648 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural immunology, focusing on structures of host immune related molecules, enables the immunologists to see what the molecules look like, and more importantly, how they work together. Antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy has achieved brilliant successes in clinical applications. The recent breakthrough of the complex structures of checkpoint blockade antibodies with their counterparts, pembrolizumab with PD-1 and avelumab with PD-L1, have made it clear how these monoclonal antibodies compete the binding of PD-1/PD-L1 and function to blockade the receptor-ligand interaction. Herein, we summarize the structural findings of these two reports and look into the future for how this information would facilitate the development of more efficient PD-1/PD-L1 targeting antibodies, small molecule drugs, and other protein or non-protein inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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40
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Clement M, Pearson JA, Gras S, van den Berg HA, Lissina A, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Willis MD, Dockree T, McLaren JE, Ekeruche-Makinde J, Gostick E, Robertson NP, Rossjohn J, Burrows SR, Price DA, Wong FS, Peakman M, Skowera A, Wooldridge L. Targeted suppression of autoreactive CD8 + T-cell activation using blocking anti-CD8 antibodies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35332. [PMID: 27748447 PMCID: PMC5066216 DOI: 10.1038/srep35332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cells play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. However, drugs that target the entire CD8+ T-cell population are not desirable because the associated lack of specificity can lead to unwanted consequences, most notably an enhanced susceptibility to infection. Here, we show that autoreactive CD8+ T-cells are highly dependent on CD8 for ligand-induced activation via the T-cell receptor (TCR). In contrast, pathogen-specific CD8+ T-cells are relatively CD8-independent. These generic differences relate to an intrinsic dichotomy that segregates self-derived and exogenous antigen-specific TCRs according to the monomeric interaction affinity with cognate peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHCI). As a consequence, “blocking” anti-CD8 antibodies can suppress autoreactive CD8+ T-cell activation in a relatively selective manner. These findings provide a rational basis for the development and in vivo assessment of novel therapeutic strategies that preferentially target disease-relevant autoimmune responses within the CD8+ T-cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A Pearson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Anya Lissina
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Mark D Willis
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tamsin Dockree
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Julia Ekeruche-Makinde
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Neil P Robertson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Scott R Burrows
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ania Skowera
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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41
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Xiao J, Xiang W, Chai Y, Haywood J, Qi J, Ba L, Qi P, Wang M, Liu J, Gao GF. Diversified Anchoring Features the Peptide Presentation of DLA-88*50801: First Structural Insight into Domestic Dog MHC Class I. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2306-15. [PMID: 27511732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canines represent a crucial animal model for studying human diseases and organ transplantation, as well as the evolution of domestic animals. MHCs, with a central role in cellular immunity, are commonly used in the study of dog population genetics and genome evolution. However, the molecular basis for the peptide presentation of dog MHC remains largely unknown. In this study, peptide presentation by canine MHC class I DLA-88*50801 was structurally determined, revealing diversified anchoring modes of the binding peptides. Flexible and large pockets composed of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues can accommodate pathogen-derived peptides with diverse anchor residues, as confirmed by thermostability measurements. Furthermore, DLA-88*50801 contains an unusual α2 helix with a large coil in the TCR contact region. These results further our understanding of canine T cell immunity through peptide presentation of MHC class I and shed light on the molecular basis for vaccine development for canine infectious diseases, for example, canine distemper virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing 100095, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; China Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wangzhen Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing 100095, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Joel Haywood
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Limin Ba
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing 100095, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; and National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - George F Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; China Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; and National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
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42
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Immune-inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis: Role of an adaptive immunity mainly driven by T and B cells. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1014-33. [PMID: 27262513 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune response plays an important role in atherogenesis. In atherosclerosis, the proinflammatory immune response driven by Th1 is predominant but the anti-inflammatory response mediated mainly by regulatory T cells is also present. The role of Th2 and Th17 cells in atherogenesis is still debated. In the plaque, other T helper cells can be observed such as Th9 and Th22 but is little is known about their impact in atherosclerosis. Heterogeneity of CD4(+) T cell subsets presented in the plaque may suggest for plasticity of T cell that can switch the phenotype dependening on the local microenvironment and activating/blocking stimuli. Effector T cells are able to recognize self-antigens released by necrotic and apoptotic vascular cells and induce a humoral immune reaction. Tth cells resided in the germinal centers help B cells to switch the antibody class to the production of high-affinity antibodies. Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells that release antigen-specific antibodies. A variety of B cell subsets were found in human and murine atherosclerotic plaques. In mice, B1 cells could spontaneously produce atheroprotective natural IgM antibodies. Conventional B2 lymphocytes secrete either proatherogenic IgG, IgA, and IgE or atheroprotective IgG and IgM antibodies reactive with oxidation-specific epitopes on atherosclerosis-associated antigens. A small population of innate response activator (IRA) B cells, which is phenotypically intermediate between B1 and B2 cells, produces IgM but possesses proatherosclerotic properties. Finally, there is a minor subset of splenic regulatory B cells (Bregs) that protect against atherosclerotic inflammation through support of generation of Tregs and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β and proapoptotic molecules.
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43
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Hasegawa M, Iino T, Sudo A. Immune response in adverse reactions to metal debris following metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:221. [PMID: 27209084 PMCID: PMC4875693 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to determine whether T cell-mediated type IV hypersensitivity reactions could be a major cause of adverse reaction to metal debris (ARMD) after metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS Thirteen patients (1 man and 12 women; mean age 68 years, age range 60 to 83 years) with ARMD underwent revision surgery following metal-on-metal THA (15 hips). Lymphocyte stimulation testing was conducted. Periprosthetic tissue specimens underwent immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS Lymphocyte stimulation testing showed that five patients were nickel-sensitive, and one patient was also cobalt-sensitive. Immunohistochemical studies showed that T cells were dominant in five hips, and B cells were dominant in 10 hips. In four of the five patients with a positive lymphocyte stimulation test, the dominant lymphocytes were T cells, suggesting type IV hypersensitivity. The major cause of ARMD was not type IV hypersensitivity in the remaining nine patients. CONCLUSION Metal hypersensitivity does not appear to be the dominant biological reaction involved in the occurrence of ARMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsuv, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Iino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsuv, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsuv, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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44
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Zhang Z, Liu X, Yang X, Liu L, Wang S, Lu M, Ehsan M, Gadahi JA, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. The Molecular Characterization and Immunity Identification of Microneme 3 of Eimeria acervulina. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:709-721. [PMID: 27037629 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gene of Eimeria acervulina microneme protein 3 (EaMIC3) was cloned and characterized. According to the conserved sequence, the 3'- and 5'-ends of EaMIC3 were amplified by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full length cDNA of this gene was obtained by overlapping the sequences of 3'- and 5'-extremities and amplification by reverse transcription PCR. The sequence analysis revealed that the opening reading frame (ORF) of EaMIC3 was 2,607 bp and encoded a protein of 868 amino acids with 93.04 kDa. Western blotting assay showed that the recombinant protein was successfully recognized by the sera of chickens experimentally infected with E. acervulina, whereas the native protein in the somatic extract of sporozoites was as well detected by sera from rats immunized with the recombinant protein of EaMIC3. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that EaMIC3 was expressed in the sporozoites and merozoites stages of E. acervulina. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant protein of EaMIC3 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens and presented anticoccidial index (ACI) more than 165. Moreover, EaMIC3 protein produced significantly high level of IgG antibody, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17 TGF-β, CD4+ , and CD8+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenChao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - XinChao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - XinChao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - LianRui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - MingMin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Mohammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Javaid A Gadahi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - LiXin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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45
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Liu Y, Li X, Qi J, Zhang N, Xia C. The structural basis of chicken, swine and bovine CD8αα dimers provides insight into the co-evolution with MHC I in endotherm species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24788. [PMID: 27122108 PMCID: PMC4848529 DOI: 10.1038/srep24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how the pivotal molecules of the adaptive immune system (AIS) maintain their inherent characteristics and relationships with their co-receptors over the course of co-evolution. CD8α, a fundamental but simple AIS component with only one immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain, is a good example with which to explore this question because it can fold correctly to form homodimers (CD8αα) and interact with peptide-MHC I (p/MHC I) with low sequence identities between different species. Hereby, we resolved the crystal structures of chicken, swine and bovine CD8αα. They are typical homodimers consisting of two symmetric IgV domains with distinct species specificities. The CD8αα structures indicated that a few highly conserved residues are important in CD8 dimerization and in interacting with p/MHC I. The dimerization of CD8αα mainly depends on the pivotal residues on the dimer interface; in particular, four aromatic residues provide many intermolecular forces and contact areas. Three residues on the surface of CD8α connecting cavities that formed most of the hydrogen bonds with p/MHC I were also completely conserved. Our data propose that a few key conserved residues are able to ensure the CD8α own structural characteristics despite the great sequence variation that occurs during evolution in endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apiculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,The Key Laboratory Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100094, China
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46
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Antonilli M, Rahimi H, Visconti V, Napoletano C, Ruscito I, Zizzari IG, Caponnetto S, Barchiesi G, Iadarola R, Pierelli L, Rughetti A, Bellati F, Panici PB, Nuti M. Triple peptide vaccination as consolidation treatment in women affected by ovarian and breast cancer: Clinical and immunological data of a phase I/II clinical trial. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1369-78. [PMID: 26892612 PMCID: PMC4777599 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with priming and expansion of tumour reacting T cells is an important therapeutic option to be used in combination with novel checkpoint inhibitors to increase the specificity of the T cell infiltrate and the efficacy of the treatment. In this phase I/II study, 14 high-risk disease-free ovarian (OC) and breast cancer (BC) patients after completion of standard therapies were vaccinated with MUC1, ErbB2 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) HLA-A2+-restricted peptides and Montanide. Patients were subjected to 6 doses of vaccine every two weeks and a recall dose after 3 months. ECOG grade 2 toxicity was observed at the injection site. Eight out of 14 patients showed specific CD8+ T cells to at least one antigen. None of 4 patients vaccinated for compassionate use showed a CD8 activation. An OC patient who suffered from a lymph nodal recurrence, showed specific anti-ErbB2 CD8+ T cells in the bulky aortic lymph nodes suggesting homing of the activated T cells. Results confirm that peptide vaccination strategy is feasible, safe and well tolerated. In particular OC patients appear to show a higher response rate compared to BC patients. Vaccination generates a long-lasting immune response, which is strongly enhanced by recall administrations. The clinical outcome of patients enrolled in the trial appears favourable, having registered no deceased patients with a minimum follow-up of 8 years. These promising data, in line with the results of similar studies, the high compliance of patients observed and the favourable toxicity profile, support future trials of peptide vaccination in clinically disease-free patients who have completed standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Antonilli
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Hassan Rahimi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Visconti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Napoletano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilary Ruscito
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Grazia Zizzari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caponnetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Barchiesi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Iadarola
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pierelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Rughetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Bellati
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Benedetti Panici
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
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47
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Rashin AA, Jernigan RL. Clusters of Structurally Similar MHC I HLA-A2 Molecules, Found with a New Method, Suggest Mechanisms of T-Cell Receptor Avidity. Biochemistry 2016; 55:167-85. [PMID: 26600404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Only α1 and α2 domains of the α-chain of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) directly bind peptide antigens (Ag-s) and the T-cell receptor (TCR). Significant plasticity was found in the TCR but only minor in (α1 + α2). The α3-domain position variation was noted only in connection to its binding the coreceptor CD8. We apply our methods for identifying functional conformational changes in proteins to a systematic study of similarities between 43 X-ray structures of the entire α chains of MHC-I HLA-A2. Out of 903 different αHLA-A2 pairs 203 show similarities within the earlier determined uncertainty threshold and unexpectedly form three similarity clusters (SCs) with all/most structures in a cluster similar within the uncertainty threshold. Pairs from different SCs always differ above the threshold, mainly due to variations in the α3 position/structure. All structures in SC3 cannot bind the CD8 coreceptor. Strong hydrogen bonds between (α1 + α2) and α3 differ between SC1 and SC2 but are nearly invariant within each SC. Small conformational changes in the (α1 + α2), caused by Ag-s differences, act as an α3 "allosteric switch" between SC2 and SC1. Binding of CD8 to SC2-HLA-A2 (Tax-type Ag-s) changes it to SC1-HLA-A2 (HuD-type Ag-s). HuD binding to HLA-A2 is much less stable than Tax binding. CD8-liganded HLA-A2 preference for binding HuD suggests that CD8-HLA-A2 may present a weakly binding peptide for TCR recognition, supporting the hypothesis that CD8 increases TCR avidity to weak Ag-s. Other HLA-A2 functions may involve α3. TCR-A6-liganded-Tax-type-HLA-A2s form two small clusters, similar to either A6-liganded-HuD or A6-liganded-native-Tax HLA-A2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Rashin
- BioChemComp Inc , 543 Sagamore Avenue, Teaneck, New Jersey 07666, United States
- LH Baker Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 112 Office and Lab Building, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, United States
| | - Robert L Jernigan
- LH Baker Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 112 Office and Lab Building, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, United States
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48
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
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49
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Hu WH, Miyai K, Cajas-Monson LC, Luo L, Liu L, Ramamoorthy SL. Tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T lymphocytes associated with clinical outcome in anal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2015; 112:421-6. [PMID: 26287957 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T lymphocytes in anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains unclear. We designed the study to investigate the association between CD8(+) T cells and clinical prognosis among anal SCC patients. METHODS The density of CD8(+) T cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The numbers of CD8(+) T cells were counted and their relationship with clinicopathological factors and survival was explored. RESULTS A strong positive correlation was noted between intratumoral and peritumoral CD8(+) T cells (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). High intratumoral and peritumoral CD8(+) T cells was associated with well tumor differentiation, early-stage diagnosis, and better prognosis (P < 0.05). Better disease-free survival rates were demonstrated in patients with high CD8(+) T cell density in intratumoral nest (P = 0.01); peritumoral stroma (P = 0.004); and both in combination (P = 0.01). High peritumoral CD8(+) T cell was associated with overall survival (P = 0.025). In HIV-infected patients, high CD8(+) T cell density also had association with disease-free survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cell density showed the potential to indicate a favorable effect on prognosis and survival for anal SCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsiang Hu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California.,Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Katsumi Miyai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Luis C Cajas-Monson
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California
| | - Linda Luo
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California.,Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California
| | - Lin Liu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Sonia L Ramamoorthy
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California.,Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California
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50
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Demian WLL, Kottari N, Shiao TC, Randell E, Roy R, Banoub JH. Direct targeted glycation of the free sulfhydryl group of cysteine residue (Cys-34) of BSA. Mapping of the glycation sites of the anti-tumor Thomsen-Friedenreich neoglycoconjugate vaccine prepared by Michael addition reaction. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:1223-1233. [PMID: 25476939 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present in this manuscript the characterization of the exact glycation sites of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen-BSA vaccine (TF antigen:BSA) prepared using a Michael addition reaction between the saccharide antigen as an electrophilic acceptor and the nucleophilic thiol and L-Lysine ε-amino groups of BSA using different ligation conditions. Matrix laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the neoglycoconjugates prepared with TF antigen:protein ratios of 2:1 and 8:1, allowed to observe, respectively, the protonated molecules for each neoglycoconjugates: [M + H](+) at m/z 67,599 and 70,905. The measurements of these molecular weights allowed us to confirm exactly the carbohydrate:protein ratios of these two synthetic vaccines. These were found to be closely formed by a TF antigen:BSA ratios of 2:1 and 8:1, respectively. Trypsin digestion and liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry allowed us to identify the series of released glycopeptide and peptide fragments. De novo sequencing affected by low-energy collision dissociation tandem mass spectrometry was then employed to unravel the precise glycation sites of these neoglycoconjugate vaccines. Finally, we identified, respectively, three diagnostic and characteristic glycated peptides for the synthetic glycoconjugate possessing a TF antigen:BSA ratio 2:1, whereas we have identified for the synthetic glycoconjugate having a TF:BSA ratio 8:1 a series of 14 glycated peptides. The net increase in the occupancy sites of these neoglycoconjugates was caused by the large number of glycoforms produced during the chemical ligation of the synthetic carbohydrate antigen onto the protein carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael L L Demian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
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