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Kleer JS, Skattum L, Dubler D, Fischer I, Zgraggen A, Mundwiler E, Kim MJ, Trendelenburg M. Complement C1s deficiency in a male Caucasian patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1257525. [PMID: 38469558 PMCID: PMC10925646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies of the early complement components of the classical pathway (CP) are well-documented in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or SLE-like syndromes and severe pyogenic infections. Among these, complete C1s deficiency has been reported in nine cases so far. Here, we describe a 34-year-old male patient who presented with severe, recurrent infections since childhood, including meningitides with pneumococci and meningococci, erysipelas, subcutaneous abscess, and recurrent infections of the upper airways. The patient also exhibited adult-onset SLE, meeting 7/11 of the ACR criteria and 34 of the 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria, along with class IV-G (A) proliferative lupus nephritis (LN). A screening of the complement cascade showed immeasurably low CH50, while the alternative pathway (AP) function was normal. Subsequent determination of complement components revealed undetectable C1s with low levels of C1r and C1q, normal C3, and slightly elevated C4 and C2 concentrations. The patient had no anti-C1q antibodies. Renal biopsy showed class IV-G (A) LN with complement C1q positivity along the glomerular basement membranes (GBMs) and weak deposition of IgG, IgM, and complement C3 and C4 in the mesangium and GBM. In an ELISA-based functional assay determining C4d deposition, the patient's absent complement activity was fully restored by adding C1s. The genome of the patient was analyzed by whole genome sequencing showing two truncating variants in the C1S gene. One mutation was located at nucleotide 514 in exon 5, caused by a nucleotide substitution from G to T, resulting in a nonsense mutation from Gly172 (p.Gly172*). The other mutation was located at nucleotide 750 in exon 7, where C was replaced by a G, resulting in a nonsense mutation from Tyr250 (p.Tyr250*). Both mutations create a premature stop codon and have not previously been reported in the literature. These genetic findings, combined with the absence of C1s in the circulation, strongly suggest a compound heterozygote C1s deficiency in our patient, without additional defect within the complement cascade. As in a previous C1s deficiency case, the patient responded well to rituximab. The present case highlights unanswered questions regarding the CP's role in SLE etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Kleer
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lillemor Skattum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Denise Dubler
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingeborg Fischer
- Division of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Armin Zgraggen
- Division of Rheumatology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Esther Mundwiler
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Division of Nephrology , Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Xu J, Ma C, Hua M, Li J, Xiang Z, Wu J. CNS and CNS diseases in relation to their immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1063928. [PMID: 36466889 PMCID: PMC9708890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is the most important nervous system in vertebrates, which is responsible for transmitting information to the peripheral nervous system and controlling the body's activities. It mainly consists of the brain and spinal cord, which contains rich of neurons, the precision of the neural structures susceptible to damage from the outside world and from the internal factors of inflammation infection, leading to a series of central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic brain injury, nerve inflammation, etc., these diseases may cause irreversible damage on the central nervous or lead to subsequent chronic lesions. After disease or injury, the immune system of the central nervous system will play a role, releasing cytokines to recruit immune cells to enter, and the immune cells will differentiate according to the location and degree of the lesion, and become specific immune cells with different functions, recognize and phagocytose inflammatory factors, and repair the damaged neural structure. However, if the response of these immune cells is not suppressed, the overexpression of some genes can cause further damage to the central nervous system. There is a need to understand the molecular mechanisms by which these immune cells work, and this information may lead to immunotherapies that target certain diseases and avoid over-activation of immune cells. In this review, we summarized several immune cells that mainly play a role in the central nervous system and their roles, and also explained the response process of the immune system in the process of some common neurological diseases, which may provide new insights into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Yangzhou University Jianhu Clinical College, Jianhu, China
| | - Canyu Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menglu Hua
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Liu J, Guan F. B cell phenotype, activity, and function in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Res 2022:10.1038/s41390-022-02336-w. [PMID: 36316536 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is the most frequent glomerular disease in childhood. However, its underlying etiology mechanism lacks thorough understanding. Previous studies have described INS as a T cell functional disorder resulting in increased plasma lymphocyte-derived permeability factors. In children with frequent relapses of nephrotic syndrome, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of CD20 monoclonal antibodies in depleting B cells may provide additional evidence in exploring the critical role of B lymphocytes in INS pathogenesis. Previous studies have proposed that RTX bound to CD20 through antibody-dependent and complement-dependent cytotoxicity and led to lytic clearance of B cells. Additionally, RTX exerted an effect by blocking the interaction between B and T cells or regulating homeostasis and functions of T cell subsets. Recent studies on the development, differentiation, and activation of B-lymphocytes in glomerular diseases have suggested that the B-lymphocytes participate in the INS pathogenesis through interaction with T cells, secretion of antibodies, or production of cytokines. In this study, we aimed to provide a detailed description of the current knowledge on the development, differentiation, activity, functions, and related regulating factors of B cells involved in INS. Thus, further understanding of the immunopathogenesis of INS may offer some opportunities in precisely targeting B cells during therapeutic interventions. IMPACT: The topic "B cells play a role in glomerular disease" is a novel point, which is not completely described previously. We described interactions between T and B cells and immunoglobulin, IgG, IgM, IgE, etc. as well in glomerular disease. The research of regulatory factors associated with B cell's function, like BAFF, is a hot topic in other diseases; however, it is rare in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221002, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengjun Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221002, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Bolkun L, Tynecka M, Wasiluk T, Piszcz J, Starosz A, Grubczak K, Moniuszko M, Eljaszewicz A. A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand and B-Cell Activating Factor Are Upregulated in Patients with Essential Thrombocythemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164663. [PMID: 36012902 PMCID: PMC9409834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) are cytokines belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family which play an essential role in B-cell maturation, differentiation, and survival. Recent evidence indicates their importance in hematological disorders; however, their function in essential thrombocytosis (ET) pathogenesis remains elusive. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the role of APRIL and BAFF in megakaryocytopoiesis in ET patients. We observed elevated levels of APRIL and BAFF in the plasma of ET patients compared with healthy controls, while no differences were found among patients with different JAK2(V617F) statuses. In addition, APRIL levels were positively associated with the number of platelets and WBC count. In the bone marrow, APRIL but not BAFF levels were higher in ET patients with the JAK2(V617F) mutation; however, JAK2(V617F)-negative patients showed slightly reduced levels of BAFF. In ET patients, we showed that the differentiation of CD34+ progenitor cells towards megakaryocytes induces the expression of both APRIL and BAFF. More importantly, APRIL neutralization significantly reduced platelet production. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that blocking APRIL signaling, which acts as an autocrine growth factor for terminal megakaryocytopoiesis, inhibits platelet production in ET patients, regardless of the status of JAK2(V617F) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bolkun
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.E.); Tel.: +48-85-7468230 (L.B.); +48-85-748-59-72 (A.E.); Fax: +48-85-748-59-71 (A.E.)
| | - Marlena Tynecka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wasiluk
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 23, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Piszcz
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Starosz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.E.); Tel.: +48-85-7468230 (L.B.); +48-85-748-59-72 (A.E.); Fax: +48-85-748-59-71 (A.E.)
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5
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Moon SJ, Jhun J, Ryu J, Kwon JY, Kim SY, Jung K, Cho ML, Min JK. The anti-arthritis effect of sulforaphane, an activator of Nrf2, is associated with inhibition of both B cell differentiation and the production of inflammatory cytokines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245986. [PMID: 33592002 PMCID: PMC7886167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in cellular defense against oxidative injury. Nrf2 signaling is involved in attenuating autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). B cells play several roles in the pathogenesis of RA, such as in autoantibody production, antigen presentation, and T-cell activation. We investigated the anti-arthritic mechanisms of sulforaphane, an activator of Nrf2, in terms of its effect on B cells. To investigate the effect of sulforaphane on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), sulforaphane was administered intraperitoneally after CIA induction. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were scored for inflammation, pannus invasion, and bone and cartilage damage. We assessed the expression levels of inflammation-related factors by real-time PCR and the levels of various IgG subclasses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sulforaphane treatment reduced the arthritis score and the severity of histologic inflammation in CIA mice. The joints from sulforaphane-treated CIA mice showed decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Sulforaphane-treated mice showed lower circulating levels of type-II-collagen-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a. In vitro, sulforaphane treatment significantly reduced the differentiation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine splenocytes into plasma B cells and germinal-center B cells. Finally, sulforaphane significantly inhibited the production of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of differentiation into plasma B and Germinal Center B cells may be the mechanism underlying the anti-arthritic effect of sulforaphane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, South Korea
| | - Jooyeon Jhun
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Ryu
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji ye Kwon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Impact Biotech, Seoul, South Korea
- Laboratory of Immune Network, Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic Disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JKM); (MLC)
| | - Jun-Ki Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, and the Clinical Medicine Research Institute of Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, Bucheon-si, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JKM); (MLC)
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6
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New insights into regulatory B cells biology in viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104753. [PMID: 33545392 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are primarily well known for their contribution to immunity by antibody production, antigen presentation and, the production of cytokines. In recent years several studies demonstrated the existence of B cells with regulatory functions, which have been termed regulatory B cells (Bregs), similar to regulatory T cells (Tregs). Bregs are a subpopulation of B cells that have immunosuppressive effects via the production of regulatory cytokines including interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and IL-35. Bregs limit host defense against various pathogens. In addition, Bregs contribute to increased levels of regulatory cytokines and leads to an induction of suppressive Tregs, which exert broader suppressive functions against various pathogens. The high percentage of Bregs is positively associated with viral and bacterial load and can contribute to poor vaccine responses. Bregs can also facilitate pathogen survival at an early stage of infection, and subsequently cause increased severity of disease by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, macrophage activation, and inflammatory T cells activation such as Th1, Th17, and Th22. Also, Bregs afford protection against the hyper-inflammatory response in parasitic infections. Here we review the central role of Bregs in many major bacterial and viral human infections, and provide an overview of the immunoregulatory mechanisms used by Bregs.
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Nejatbakhsh Samimi L, Farhadi E, Tahmasebi MN, Jamshidi A, Sharafat Vaziri A, Mahmoudi M. NF-κB signaling in rheumatoid arthritis with focus on fibroblast-like synoviocytes. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7414649 DOI: 10.1186/s13317-020-00135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway regulates multiple processes in innate and adaptive immune cells. This pathway is involved in inflammation through the regulation of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules expression. The NF-κB transcription factor also participates in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. Therefore, deregulated NF-κB activation contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is classified as a heterogeneous and complex autoimmune inflammatory disease. Although different immune and non-immune cells contribute to the RA pathogenesis, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a crucial role in disease progression. These cells are altered during the disease and produce inflammatory mediators, including inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, which result in joint and cartilage erosion. Among different cell signaling pathways, it seems that deregulated NF-κB activation is associated with the inflammatory picture of RA. NF-κB activation can also promote the proliferation of RA-FLSs as well as the inhibition of FLS apoptosis that results in hyperplasia in RA synovium. In this review, the role of NF-κB transcription factor in immune and non-immune cells (especially FLSs) that are involved in RA pathogenesis are discussed.
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Wu CY, Yang HY, Lai JH. Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114015. [PMID: 32512739 PMCID: PMC7312469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with high anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) titers have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although our knowledge of the generation and production of ACPAs has continuously advanced during the past decade, our understanding on the pathogenic mechanisms of how ACPAs interact with immune cells to trigger articular inflammation is relatively limited. Citrullination disorders drive the generation and maintenance of ACPAs, with profound clinical significance in patients with RA. The loss of tolerance to citrullinated proteins, however, is essential for ACPAs to exert their pathogenicity. N-linked glycosylation, cross-reactivity and the structural interactions of ACPAs with their citrullinated antigens further direct their biological functions. Although questions remain in the pathogenicity of ACPAs acting as agonists for a receptor-mediated response, immune complex (IC) formation, complement system activation, crystallizable fragment gamma receptor (FcγR) activation, cross-reactivity to joint cartilage and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-related mechanisms have all been suggested recently. This paper presents a critical review of the characteristics and possible biological effects and mechanisms of the immunopathogenesis of ACPAs in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yi Wu
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Huang-Yu Yang
- Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-8791-8382; Fax: +886-2-8791-8382
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9
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Immunomodulating potential of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bark extract. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Allegra A, Musolino C, Tonacci A, Pioggia G, Casciaro M, Gangemi S. Clinico-Biological Implications of Modified Levels of Cytokines in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Possible Therapeutic Role. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020524. [PMID: 32102441 PMCID: PMC7072434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the main cause of mortality among hematologic diseases in Western nations. B-CLL is correlated with an intense alteration of the immune system. The altered functions of innate immune elements and adaptive immune factors are interconnected in B-CLL and are decisive for its onset, evolution, and therapeutic response. Modifications in the cytokine balance could support the growth of the leukemic clone via a modulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as some cytokines have been reported to be able to affect the life of B-CLL cells in vivo. In this review, we will examine the role played by cytokines in the cellular dynamics of B-CLL patients, interpret the contradictions sometimes present in the literature regarding their action, and evaluate the possibility of manipulating their production in order to intervene in the natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marco Casciaro
- Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Cavallo S. Immune-mediated genesis of multiple sclerosis. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 3:100039. [PMID: 32743522 PMCID: PMC7388381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is widely acknowledged to be an autoimmune disease affecting the neuronal myelin structure of the CNS. Autoantigens recognized as the target of this autoimmune process are: myelin basal protein, anti-proteolipid protein, antimyelin-associated glycoprotein and antimyelin-based oligodendrocytic basic protein. Ample evidence supports the idea of a dysregulation of immunological tolerance towards self-antigens of neuronal myelin structure triggered by one or more viral or bacterial microbial agents in predisposed HLA gene subjects. Genetic predisposition to MS has been highlighted by numerous studies associating the disease to specific HLA haplotypes. Moreover, a wide range of evidence supports the fact that MS may be consequence of one or more viral or bacterial infections such as measles virus, EBV, HHV6, HZV, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter Pylori, and other microbial agents. Microbiota elements also seems to have a role on the determinism of the disease as a pathogenic or protective factor. The autoimmune pathogenetic process could arise when a molecular mimicry between a foreign microbial antigen and an auto-antigen occurs in an HLA gene subject competent for that particular antigen. The antigen-presenting cells in this case would induce the activation of a specific Th clone causing a cross-reaction between a foreign antigen and an autoantigen resulting in an autoimmune response. A multifactorial ethiopathogenetic model based on immunomediation is a reliable hypothesis for multiple sclerosis. Evidence found in the scientific literature makes it possible to reconstruct this etiopathogenetic hypothesis for MS. HLA gene predisposition, correlation with infections, molecular mimicry and other immunological data are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cavallo
- Expert Doctor in Non-Conventional Medicine, Professor and Member of the Board of the MMS, MMS (Medicina di Modulazione Dei Sistemi) Roma, Salvatore Cavallo Via G.B. Pergolesi, 28, 75100, Matera, Italy
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12
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Lee WS, Amengual O. B cells targeting therapy in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Med 2019; 43:16-35. [PMID: 32107989 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2019.1698929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease which affects the majority of organs and systems. Traditional therapies do not lead to complete remission of disease but only relieve symptoms and inflammation. B cells are the most important effector cell types in the pathogenesis of SLE. Therefore, therapies targeting B cells and their related cytokines are a very important milestone for SLE treatment. Several biologics that modulate B cells, either depleting B cells or blocking B cell functions, have been developed and evaluated in clinical trials. Belimumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically binds B cells activating factor (BAFF), was the first of these agents approved for SLE treatment. In this review, we explore the currently available evidence in B cell targeted therapies in SLE including agents that target B cell surface antigens (CD19, CD20, CD22), B cell survival factors (BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand, APRIL), cytokines (interleukin-1 and type 1 interferons) and co-stimulatory molecules (CD40 ligand). We highlighted the mechanisms of action and the individual characteristics of these biologics, and present an update on the clinical trials that have evaluated their efficacy and safety. Finally, we describe some of the emerging and promising therapies for SLE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Olga Amengual
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Haltaufderhyde K, Srikiatkhachorn A, Green S, Macareo L, Park S, Kalayanarooj S, Rothman AL, Mathew A. Activation of Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells During Acute Dengue Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1675-1685. [PMID: 29917084 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are specialized CD4 T cells required for B-cell help and antibody production. Methods Given the postulated role of immune activation in dengue disease, we measured the expansion and activation of TFH in the circulation (peripheral TFH [pTFH]) collected from Thai children with laboratory-confirmed acute dengue virus (DENV) infection. Results We found significant expansion and activation of pTFH subsets during acute infection with the highest frequencies of activated pTFH (PD1hi pTFH and PD1+CD38+ pTFH) detected during the critical phase of illness. Numbers of activated pTFH were higher in patients with secondary compared with primary infections and in patients with more severe disease. We also found a positive correlation between the frequencies of activated pTFH and the frequencies of plasmablasts. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first ex vivo analysis of pTFH activation during acute DENV infection. Overall, our study supports the model that pTFH contribute to disease evolution during the critical stage of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Haltaufderhyde
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Sharone Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Louis Macareo
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
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14
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Increase of Hspa1a and Hspa1b genes in the resting B cells of Sirt1 knockout mice. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4225-4234. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Simioni C, Zauli G, Martelli AM, Vitale M, Ultimo S, Milani D, Neri LM. Physical training interventions for children and teenagers affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia and related treatment impairments. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17199-17209. [PMID: 29682216 PMCID: PMC5908317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A decreased physical fitness has been reported in patients and survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This is influenced by the negative effects of the disease and by the treatments of childhood cancer. In the past, children were advised to recover in bed, and to take as much relax as possible. Nowadays, it is considered that too much immobility may result in a further decrease of physical fitness and functioning. Exercise training for ALL children has frequently been reported to improve physical fitness and the well-being of the children, since it prevents the negative effects of a sedentary life-style, such as obesity and a poor skeletal health. In recent years, different studies and protocols on this subject has become available for children and young adults with cancer, both during and after treatment. The efficacy of recent physical exercise training interventions, that act on several ALL impairments in children such as skeletal, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular systems, fatigue, body balance disorders and metabolism alterations have been examined. These side effects might be prevented or significantly reduced by introducing a physical exercise program during or shortly after cancer treatment. Several interventions are discussed and presented for each impairment, reducing their level caused by the disease and thus suggesting the importance of physical training activity in ameliorating the children quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simioni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,CoreLab, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Ultimo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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16
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Liu CC, Wang SC, Kao CW, Hsieh RK, Chang MC, Chang YF, Lim KH, Chen CG. B cells facilitate platelet production mediated by cytokines in patients with essential thrombocythaemia. Thromb Haemost 2017; 112:537-50. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-11-0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe investigated the role of activated B cells in thrombopoiesis through the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 in patients with essential thrombocythaemia. The number of B cells did not differ between essential thrombocythaemia patients, irrespective of the presence of Janus activated kinase-2 V617F mutation or wild type, and age-matched healthy adults. However, the number of IL-1beta/IL- 6-producing B cells was significantly higher in essential thrombocythaemia patients than that in healthy controls. The relatively high level of IL-1beta/IL-6 production by B cells was associated with serum B cell-activating factor and expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on B cells. A high level of B cell-activating factor was present in essential thrombocythaemia patients with both Janus activated kinase-2 genotypes. Incubation with B cell-activating factor enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on B cells. IL-1beta and IL-6 production was not stimulated by B cell-activating factor alone; Toll-like receptor 4 was activated by lipopolysaccharide or patients’ sera to produce IL-1beta and IL-6 in B cells. Moreover, essential thrombocythaemia patient B cells facilitated megakaryocyte differentiation when co-cultured with CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells. Antibody neutralisation of IL-1beta and IL-6 attenuated megakaryocyte differentiation. These data suggest that B cells play a crucial role in thrombopoiesis in essential thrombocythaemia patients.
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17
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Kim AH, Chung JJ, Akilesh S, Koziell A, Jain S, Hodgin JB, Miller MJ, Stappenbeck TS, Miner JH, Shaw AS. B cell-derived IL-4 acts on podocytes to induce proteinuria and foot process effacement. JCI Insight 2017; 2:81836. [PMID: 29093269 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.81836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of B cell depletion therapies in diseases such as nephrotic syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis suggests a broader role in B cells in human disease than previously recognized. In some of these diseases, such as the minimal change disease subtype of nephrotic syndrome, pathogenic antibodies and immune complexes are not involved. We hypothesized that B cells, activated in the kidney, might produce cytokines capable of directly inducing cell injury and proteinuria. To directly test our hypothesis, we targeted a model antigen to the kidney glomerulus and showed that transfer of antigen-specific B cells could induce glomerular injury and proteinuria. This effect was mediated by IL-4, as transfer of IL-4-deficient B cells did not induce proteinuria. Overexpression of IL-4 in mice was sufficient to induce kidney injury and proteinuria and could be attenuated by JAK kinase inhibitors. Since IL-4 is a specific activator of STAT6, we analyzed kidney biopsies and demonstrated STAT6 activation in up to 1 of 3 of minimal change disease patients, suggesting IL-4 or IL-13 exposure in these patients. These data suggest that the role of B cells in nephrotic syndrome could be mediated by cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Hj Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Jun-Jae Chung
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ania Koziell
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London and Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Hodgin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrey S Shaw
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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18
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Bankó Z, Pozsgay J, Gáti T, Rojkovich B, Ujfalussy I, Sármay G. Regulatory B cells in rheumatoid arthritis: Alterations in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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IL-4-producing B cells regulate T helper cell dichotomy in type 1- and type 2-controlled diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8430-E8439. [PMID: 28916732 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708125114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced T helper (Th) 2 cells promote susceptibility to the protozoan parasite Leishmania major, while conferring immunity to the intestinal trematode Schistosoma mansoni Here, we report that abrogation of IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) signaling on B cells in BALB/c mice (mb1creIL-4Rα-/lox) transformed nonhealer BALB/c to a healer phenotype with an early type 1 and dramatically reduced type 2 immune response and an absence of ulceration and necrosis during cutaneous leishmaniasis. From adoptive reconstitution and mixed bone-marrow chimera studies in B cell-deficient (µMT) mice, we reveal a central role for B cell-derived IL-4 and IL-4Rα in the optimal induction of the susceptible type 2 phenotype to L. major infection. We further demonstrate that the absence of IL-4Rα signaling on B cells exacerbated S. mansoni-induced mortality and pathology in BALB/c mice, due to a diminished type 2 immune response. In both disease models, IL-4Rα-responsive B cells displayed increased IL-4 production as early as day 1 after infection. Together, these results demonstrate that IL-4-producing and IL-4Rα-responsive B cells are critical in regulating and assisting early T helper dichotomy toward Th2 responses, which are detrimental in cutaneous leishmaniasis but beneficial in acute schistosomiasis.
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20
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Fenton OS, Kauffman KJ, Kaczmarek JC, McClellan RL, Jhunjhunwala S, Tibbitt MW, Zeng MD, Appel EA, Dorkin JR, Mir FF, Yang JH, Oberli MA, Heartlein MW, DeRosa F, Langer R, Anderson DG. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Ionizable Lipid Materials for the In Vivo Delivery of Messenger RNA to B Lymphocytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28681930 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes regulate several aspects of immunity including antibody production, cytokine secretion, and T-cell activation; moreover, B cell misregulation is implicated in autoimmune disorders and cancers such as multiple sclerosis and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) into B cells can be used to modulate and study these biological functions by means of inducing functional protein expression in a dose-dependent and time-controlled manner. However, current in vivo mRNA delivery systems fail to transfect B lymphocytes and instead primarily target hepatocytes and dendritic cells. Here, the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) system that can encapsulate mRNA, navigate to the spleen, transfect B lymphocytes, and induce more than 60 pg of protein expression per million B cells within the spleen is described. Importantly, this LNP induces more than 85% of total protein production in the spleen, despite LNPs being observed transiently in the liver and other organs. These results demonstrate that LNP composition alone can be used to modulate the site of protein induction in vivo, highlighting the critical importance of designing and synthesizing new nanomaterials for nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen S Fenton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin J Kauffman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - James C Kaczmarek
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rebecca L McClellan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Siddharth Jhunjhunwala
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Manhao D Zeng
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Joseph R Dorkin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Faryal F Mir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jung H Yang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Matthias A Oberli
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Frank DeRosa
- Shire Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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21
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Wang T, Li Z, Li X, Chen L, Zhao H, Jiang C, Song L. Expression of CD19+CD24highCD38high B cells, IL-10 and IL-10R in peripheral blood from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6326-6333. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Czarnowicki T, Esaki H, Gonzalez J, Renert-Yuval Y, Brunner P, Oliva M, Estrada Y, Xu H, Zheng X, Talasila S, Haugh I, Huynh T, Lyon S, Tran G, Sampson H, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E, Paller AS. Alterations in B-cell subsets in pediatric patients with early atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:134-144.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Dai YC, Zhong J, Xu JF. Regulatory B cells in infectious disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3-10. [PMID: 28534949 PMCID: PMC5482109 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B cells, which reportedly exert significant immunomodulatory effects through the production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35 and transforming growth factor-β. Over the last decade, studies have indicated that Bregs function in autoimmune and allergic diseases through antigen-specific and non-specific immunoregulatory mechanisms. However, only a limited number of reviews have focused on the role of Bregs during infection, particularly their functions in intracellular infections. The present review discusses the role of Bregs in infectious diseases in animal models and human studies, and provides an overview of the immunoregulatory mechanisms used by Bregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chao Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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24
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Comparative In Vitro Immune Stimulation Analysis of Primary Human B Cells and B Cell Lines. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5281823. [PMID: 28116319 PMCID: PMC5220478 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5281823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell specific immunomodulatory drugs still remain an unmet medical need. Utilisation of validated simplified in vitro models would allow readily obtaining new insights in the complexity of B cell regulation. For this purpose we investigated which human B lymphocyte stimulation assays may be ideally suited to investigate new B lymphocyte immunosuppressants. Primary polyclonal human B cells underwent in vitro stimulation and their proliferation, production of immunoglobulins (Igs) and of cytokines, and expression of cell surface molecules were analysed using various stimuli. ODN2006, a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, was the most potent general B cell stimulus. Subsequently, we investigated on which human B cell lines ODN2006 evoked the broadest immunostimulatory effects. The Namalwa cell line proved to be the most responsive upon TLR9 stimulation and hence may serve as a relevant, homogeneous, and stable B cell model in an in vitro phenotypic assay for the discovery of new targets and inhibitors of the B cell activation processes. As for the read-out for such screening assay, it is proposed that the expression of activation and costimulatory surface markers reliably reflects B lymphocyte activation.
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25
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Işıksaçan N, Çınar S, Aktaş Çetin E, Aktan M, Deniz G. Cytokine Contents in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Association with ZAP70 Expression. Turk J Haematol 2016; 33:202-8. [PMID: 26376785 PMCID: PMC5111465 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2014.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease that shows varying clinical progression, and expression of the protein tyrosine kinase ZAP70 has been described as a very valuable prognostic factor. Patients with ZAP70 positivity are characterized by worse clinical course and significantly shorter progression-free and overall survival. In this study, intracytoplasmic interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) content of T, B, and CLL cells in CLL patients and their correlations with Rai staging and ZAP70 positivity were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS CLL patients newly diagnosed or in follow-up at the İstanbul University İstanbul Medical Faculty Hematology Department were included in this study. These patients were classified according to Rai staging and ZAP70 expression. IL-4, IFN-γ, and ZAP70 expressions in peripheral blood T, B, and CLL cells were measured by four-color flow cytometry. RESULTS There was a statistically significant correlation between advanced disease and ZAP70 positivity. IL-4-secreting T cells were significantly increased; however, IFN-γ secretion was significantly decreased in CLL patients compared to healthy individuals, whereas IL-4-secreting B cells were significantly diminished in contrast to T cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest damage in the cellular immunity and that IL-4 might lead to many complications and may be important in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Günnur Deniz
- İstanbul University Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, İstanbul, Turkey, Phone : +90 212 414 20 00 (pbx) 33306 E-mail:
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26
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Tay C, Liu YH, Hosseini H, Kanellakis P, Cao A, Peter K, Tipping P, Bobik A, Toh BH, Kyaw T. B-cell-specific depletion of tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibits atherosclerosis development and plaque vulnerability to rupture by reducing cell death and inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:385-97. [PMID: 27492217 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS B2 lymphocytes promote atherosclerosis development but their mechanisms of action are unknown. Here, we investigated the role of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) produced by B2 cells in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that 50% of TNF-α-producing spleen lymphocytes were B2 cells and ∼20% of spleen and aortic B cells produced TNF-α in hyperlipidemic ApoE(-/-) mice. We generated mixed bone marrow (80% μMT/20% TNF-α(-/-)) chimeric LDLR(-/-) mice where only B cells did not express TNF-α. Atherosclerosis was reduced in chimeric LDLR(-/-) mice with TNF-α-deficient B cells. TNF-α expression in atherosclerotic lesions and in macrophages were also reduced accompanied by fewer apoptotic cells, reduced necrotic cores, and reduced lesion Fas, interleukin-1β and MCP-1 in mice with TNF-α-deficient B cells compared to mice with TNF-α-sufficient B cells. To confirm that the reduced atherosclerosis is attributable to B2 cells, we transferred wild-type and TNF-α-deficient B2 cells into ApoE(-/-) mice deficient in B cells or in lymphocytes. After 8 weeks of high fat diet, we found that atherosclerosis was increased by wild-type but not TNF-α-deficient B2 cells. Lesions of mice with wild-type B2 cells but not TNF-α-deficient B2 cells also had increased apoptotic cells and necrotic cores. Transferred B2 cells were found in lesions of recipient mice, suggesting that TNF-α-producing B2 cells promote atherosclerosis within lesions. CONCLUSION We conclude that TNF-α produced by B2 cells is a key mechanism by which B2 cells promote atherogenesis through augmenting macrophage TNF-α production to induce cell death and inflammation that promote plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tay
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yu-Han Liu
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Hamid Hosseini
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Peter Kanellakis
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Anh Cao
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Peter Tipping
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Tin Kyaw
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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27
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Autophagy and proteasome interconnect to coordinate cross-presentation through MHC class I pathway in B cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:964-974. [PMID: 27297581 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation of exogenous protein antigens by B cells through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway in lymphoid malignancies, and transplant setting has been recognised as an important mediator of immune pathogenesis and T cell-mediated immune regulation. However, the precise mechanism of cross-presentation of exogenous antigens in B cells has remained unresolved. Here we have delineated a novel pathway for cross-presentation in B cells, which involves synergistic cooperation of the proteasome and autophagy. After endocytosis, protein antigen is processed through an autophagy- and proteasome-dependent pathway and CD8+ T-cell epitopes are loaded onto MHC class I molecules within the autophagolysomal compartment rather than the conventional secretory pathway, which requires transporters associated with antigen processing-dependent transport. Interestingly, this cross-presentation was critically dependent on valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97 ATPase through its participation in autophagy. Loss of VCP/p97 ATPase was coincident with accumulation of LC3-II and marked reduction in antigen presentation. These observations provide unique insight on how the autophagy and proteasomal degradation systems interconnect to coordinate MHC class I-restricted cross-presentation in B cells.
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Zhao Y, Gillen JR, Meher AK, Burns JA, Kron IL, Lau CL. Rapamycin prevents bronchiolitis obliterans through increasing infiltration of regulatory B cells in a murine tracheal transplantation model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 151:487-96.e3. [PMID: 26481278 PMCID: PMC4728002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE B lymphocytes are generally considered to be activators of the immune response; however, recent findings have shown that a subtype of B lymphocytes, regulatory B lymphocytes, play a role in attenuating the immune response. Bronchiolitis obliterans remains the major limitation to modern-day lung transplantation. The role of regulatory B lymphocytes in bronchiolitis obliterans has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that regulatory B lymphocytes play a role in the attenuation of bronchiolitis obliterans. METHODS We performed a standard heterotopic tracheal transplant model. Tracheas from Balb/c mice were transplanted into C57BL/6 recipients. Rapamycin treatment and dimethyl sulfoxide control groups were each treated for the first 14 days after the transplant. Tracheas were collected on days 7, 14, and 28 post-transplantation. Luminal obliteration was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Picrosirius red staining. Immune cell infiltration and characteristics, and secretion of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 were accessed by immunohistochemistry. Cytokines and transforming growth factor-β1 were measured using the Luminex assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif). RESULTS The results revealed that intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin for 14 days after tracheal transplantation significantly reduced luminal obliteration on day 28 when compared with the dimethyl sulfoxide control group (97.78% ± 3.63% vs 3.02% ± 2.14%, P < .001). Rapamycin treatment markedly induced regulatory B lymphocytes (B220(+)IgM(+)IgG(-)IL-10(+)TGF-β1(+)) cells when compared with dimethyl sulfoxide controls. Rapamycin treatment inhibited interleukin-1β, 6, 13, and 17 on days 7 and 14. Rapamycin also greatly increased interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 production in B cells and regulatory T lymphocytes infiltration on day 28. CONCLUSIONS Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition decreases the development of bronchiolitis obliterans via inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and increasing regulatory B lymphocytes cell infiltration, which subsequently produces anti-inflammatory cytokines and upregulates regulatory T lymphocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunge Zhao
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Jacob R Gillen
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Akshaya K Meher
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Jordan A Burns
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Irving L Kron
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Christine L Lau
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
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Nielsen CH, Börnsen L, Sellebjerg F, Brimnes MK. Myelin Basic Protein-Induced Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-6, and Presentation of the Immunodominant Peptide MBP85-99 by B Cells from Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146971. [PMID: 26756931 PMCID: PMC4710535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are involved in driving relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), as demonstrated by the positive effect of therapeutic B-cell depletion. Aside from producing antibodies, B cells are efficient antigen-presenting and cytokine-secreting cells. Diverse polyclonal stimuli have been used to study cytokine production by B cells, but here we used the physiologically relevant self-antigen myelin basic protein (MBP) to stimulate B cells from untreated patients with RRMS and healthy donors. Moreover, we took advantage of the unique ability of the monoclonal antibody MK16 to recognize the immunodominant peptide MBP85-99 presented on HLA-DR15, and used it as a probe to directly study B-cell presentation of self-antigenic peptide. The proportions of B cells producing TNF-α or IL-6 after stimulation with MBP were higher in RRMS patients than in healthy donors, indicating a pro-inflammatory profile for self-reactive patient B cells. In contrast, polyclonal stimulation with PMA + ionomycin and MBP revealed no difference in cytokine profile between B cells from RRMS patients and healthy donors. Expanded disability status scale (EDSS) as well as multiple sclerosis severity score (MSSS) correlated with reduced ability of B cells to produce IL-10 after stimulation with MBP, indicative of diminished B-cell immune regulatory function in patients with the most severe disease. Moreover, EDSS correlated positively with the frequencies of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 producing B cells after polyclonal stimulation. Patient-derived, IL-10-producing B cells presented MBP85-99 poorly, as did IL-6-producing B cells, particulary in the healthy donor group. B cells from MS patients thus present antigen to T cells in a pro-inflammatory context. These findings contribute to understanding the therapeutic effects of B-cell depletion in human autoimmune diseases, including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H. Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars Börnsen
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie K. Brimnes
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Diverse activation and differentiation of multiple B-cell subsets in patients with atopic dermatitis but not in patients with psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:118-129.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with rituximab may be accompanied by a systemic cytokine release. We studied the effects of a single dose of rituximab on cytokine levels in transplant patients and examined the underlying mechanism. METHODS Twenty renal transplant recipients (10 rituximab-treated, 10 placebo-treated) were recruited from a randomized clinical trial. Rituximab or placebo was infused during surgery, and blood samples were taken before, during, and after surgery and analyzed for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, interferon-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, transforming growth factor-β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. in vitro, healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells, purified B cells, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, or combinations thereof were incubated with rituximab, rituximab-F(ab')2, or medium and MIP-1β, IL-10, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were measured in the supernatant. RESULTS Rituximab-treated patients had higher serum levels of IL-10 (101 ± 35 pg/mL vs 41 ± 9 pg/mL; P < 0.01) and MIP-1β (950 ± 418 pg/mL vs 125 ± 32 pg/mL; P < 0.001) compared to placebo-treated patients at 2 hours after start of infusion. There was no difference in the level of other cytokines. In vitro, the addition of rituximab, but not rituximab-F(ab')2 fragments, only led to significantly increased levels of MIP-1β in co-cultures of B and NK cells. Levels of MIP-1β were higher in patients with a high affinity Fc-receptor compared to those with a lower affinity FcγRIIIa (1356 ± 184 pg/mL vs 679 ± 273 pg/mL; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In addition to B-cell depletion, rituximab can modulate the immune response by inducing cytokine secretion, especially IL-10 and MIP-1β. Rituximab-induced MIP-1β secretion depends on the combined presence of B cells and FcR-bearing cells, especially NK cells.
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Fatahaliha MH, Hosseini M, Rasolzadeh S, Bandi DS, Baradaran B, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Yousefi M. Analysis of human B cell response to recombinant Leishmania LPG3. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:624-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Armas-González E, Díaz-Martín A, Domínguez-Luis MJ, Arce-Franco MT, Herrera-García A, Hernández-Hernández MV, Bustabad S, Usategui A, Pablos JL, Cañete JD, Díaz-González F. Differential Antigen-presenting B Cell Phenotypes from Synovial Microenvironment of Patients with Rheumatoid and Psoriatic Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2015; 42:1825-34. [PMID: 26178284 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the qualitative and quantitative phenotypic changes that occur in molecules involved in antigen presentation and costimulation in synovial B cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS The presence of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD40 in CD20+ cells was studied in RA synovium biopsies using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Expression was assessed by flow cytometry of the Class II molecules CD40, CD86, CD23, and CD27 on B cells from the synovial fluid (SF), with respect to peripheral blood, from 13 patients with RA and 15 patients with PsA. Expression of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 4 (IFIT4) in immune-selected CD20+ cells from patients with RA was assessed by quantitative realtime PCR. RESULTS Infiltrating synovial RA, B cells expressed HLA-DR, CD40, and CD86. Increased expression of CD86, HLA-DR, and HLA-DQ in B cells from SF was found in patients with RA and PsA. HLA-DP was also elevated in rheumatoid SF B cells; conversely, a significantly lower expression was observed in SF from patients with PsA. CD40 expression was increased in SF B cells from PsA, but not in patients with RA. Interestingly, CD20 surface expression level was significantly lower in SF B cells (CD19+, CD138-) from RA, but not in patients with PsA. CD27 upregulation and CD23 downregulation were observed in synovial B cells in both pathologies. Finally, a 4-fold increase in IFIT4 mRNA content was shown in B cells from SF in patients with RA. CONCLUSION Synovial B cells from patients with RA and patients with PsA express different antigen-presenting cell phenotypes, suggesting that this cell type plays a dissimilar role in the pathogenesis of each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Armas-González
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - Ana Díaz-Martín
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - María Jesús Domínguez-Luis
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - María Teresa Arce-Franco
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - Ada Herrera-García
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - María Vanesa Hernández-Hernández
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - Sagrario Bustabad
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - Alicia Usategui
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - José L Pablos
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - Juan D Cañete
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna
| | - Federico Díaz-González
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, and Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife; Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.E. Armas-González, PhD; A. Díaz-Martín, PhD, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; M.J. Domínguez-Luis, PhD, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de las Islas Canarias, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna; M.T. Arce-Franco, PhD; A. Herrera-García, PhD; M.V. Hernández-Hernández, MD; S. Bustabad, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; A. Usategui, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.L. Pablos, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, and Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre; J.D. Cañete, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic; F. Díaz-González, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna.
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Demberg T, Mohanram V, Musich T, Brocca-Cofano E, McKinnon KM, Venzon D, Robert-Guroff M. Loss of marginal zone B-cells in SHIVSF162P4 challenged rhesus macaques despite control of viremia to low or undetectable levels in chronic infection. Virology 2015; 484:323-333. [PMID: 26151223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells generate T-independent antibody responses to pathogens before T-dependent antibodies arise in germinal centers. They have been identified in cynomolgus monkeys and monitored during acute SIV infection, yet have not been well-studied in rhesus macaques. Here we characterized rhesus macaque MZ B cells, present in secondary lymphoid tissue but not peripheral blood, as CD19(+), CD20(+), CD21(hi), IgM(+), CD22(+), CD38(+), BTLA(+), CD40(+), CCR6(+) and BCL-2(+). Compared to healthy macaques, SHIVSF162P4-infected animals showed decreased total B cells and MZ B cells and increased MZ B cell Ki-67 expression early in chronic infection. These changes persisted in late chronic infection, despite viremia reductions to low or undetectable levels. Expression levels of additional phenotypic markers and RNA PCR array analyses were in concert with continued low-level activation and diminished function of MZ B cells. We conclude that MZ B-cell dysregulation and dysfunction associated with SIV/HIV infection are not readily reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thomas Musich
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Katherine M McKinnon
- FACS Core, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Durali D, de Goër de Herve MG, Gasnault J, Taoufik Y. B cells and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: search for the missing link. Front Immunol 2015; 6:241. [PMID: 26042124 PMCID: PMC4437032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a deadly demyelinating disease due to JC virus (JCV) replication in the brain. PML classically occurs in patients with severe immunodepression, and cases have recently been linked to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies such as natalizumab and also rituximab, which depletes B cells. B cells appear to play a complex role in the pathogenesis of PML. They may act as a viral reservoir and as a vector for viral dissemination in the central nervous system. Anti-JCV antibody responses appear to have a limited effect on JCV replication in the brain. However, accumulating evidence suggests that B cells may considerably influence T cell responses through their cytokine secretion. This immunomodulatory function of B cells may play an important role in the control of JCV infection and in the pathogenesis of PML, including rituximab-induced PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Durali
- Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Jacques Gasnault
- IMVA-INSERM U1184, Department of Immunology, Bicetre Hospital, University Paris-sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Yassine Taoufik
- IMVA-INSERM U1184, Department of Immunology, Bicetre Hospital, University Paris-sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
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Miyagaki T, Fujimoto M, Sato S. Regulatory B cells in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: from mouse models to clinical research. Int Immunol 2015; 27:495-504. [PMID: 25957264 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been generally considered to be positive regulators of immune responses because of their ability to produce antigen-specific antibodies and to activate T cells through antigen presentation. Impairment of B cell development and function may cause inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recently, specific B cell subsets that can negatively regulate immune responses have been described in mouse models of a wide variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The concept of those B cells, termed regulatory B cells, is now recognized as important in the murine immune system. Among several regulatory B cell subsets, IL-10-producing regulatory B cells are the most widely investigated. On the basis of discoveries from studies of such mice, human regulatory B cells that produce IL-10 in most cases are becoming an active area of research. There have been emerging data suggesting the importance of human regulatory B cells in various diseases. Revealing the immune regulation mechanisms of human regulatory B cells in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases could lead to the development of novel B cell targeted therapies. This review highlights the current knowledge on regulatory B cells, mainly IL-10-producing regulatory B cells, in animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and in clinical research using human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Telesford K, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Kasper LH. Gut commensalism, cytokines, and central nervous system demyelination. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:605-14. [PMID: 25084177 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing support for the importance of risk factors such as genetic makeup, obesity, smoking, vitamin D insufficiency, and antibiotic exposure contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases, including human multiple sclerosis (MS). Perhaps the greatest environmental risk factor associated with the development of immune-mediated conditions is the gut microbiome. Microbial and helminthic agents are active participants in shaping the immune systems of their hosts. This concept is continually reinforced by studies in the burgeoning area of commensal-mediated immunomodulation. The clinical importance of these findings for MS is suggested by both their participation in disease and, perhaps of greater clinical importance, attenuation of disease severity. Observations made in murine models of central nervous system demyelinating disease and a limited number of small studies in human MS suggest that immune homeostasis within the gut microbiome may be of paramount importance in maintaining a disease-free state. This review describes three immunological factors associated with the gut microbiome that are central to cytokine network activities in MS pathogenesis: T helper cell polarization, T regulatory cell function, and B cell activity. Comparisons are drawn between the regulatory mechanisms attributed to first-line therapies and those described in commensal-mediated amelioration of central nervous system demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel Telesford
- 1 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine; Tuen Mun Hospital; Hong Kong China
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Yilmaz V, Oflazer P, Aysal F, Parman YG, Direskeneli H, Deymeer F, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. B cells produce less IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:201-7. [PMID: 25518708 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.992517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B cells from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with autoantibodies (Aab) against acetylcholine receptor (AChR), muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) or with no detectable Aab were investigated as cytokine producing cells in this study. B cells were evaluated for memory phenotypes and expressions of IL-10, IL-6 and IL-12A. Induced productions of IL-10, IL-6, IL-12p40, TNF-α and LT from isolated B cells in vitro were measured by immunoassays. MG patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment had higher proportions of memory B cells compared with healthy controls and untreated patients. With CD40 stimulation MG patients produced significantly lower levels of IL-10, IL-6. With CD40 and B cell receptor stimulation of B cells, TNF-α production also decreased in addition to these cytokines. The lower levels of these cytokine productions were not related to treatment. Our results confirm a disturbance of B cell subpopulations in MG subgroups on immunosuppressive treatment. B cell derived IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α are down-regulated in MG, irrespective of different antibody productions. Ineffective cytokine production by B cells may be a susceptibility factor in dysregulation of autoimmune Aab production.
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40
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Xing C, Ma N, Xiao H, Wang X, Zheng M, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Shen B, Li Y, Wang R. Critical role for thymic CD19+CD5+CD1dhiIL-10+ regulatory B cells in immune homeostasis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:547-56. [PMID: 25516754 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0414-213rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that besides the spleen, LNs, peripheral blood, and thymus contain a regulatory IL-10-producing CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(high) B cell subset that may play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Indeed, this population was identified in the murine thymus, and furthermore, when cocultured with CD4(+) T cells, this population of B cells supported the maintenance of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in vitro, in part, via the CD5-CD72 interaction. Mice homozygous for Cd19(Cre) (CD19(-/-)) express B cells with impaired signaling and humoral responses. Strikingly, CD19(-/-) mice produce fewer CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and a greater percentage of CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells. Consistent with these results, transfer of thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi) B cells into CD19(-/-) mice resulted in significantly up-regulated numbers of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs with a concomitant reduction in CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cell populations in the thymus, spleen, and LNs but not in the BM of recipient mice. In addition, thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi) B cells significantly suppressed autoimmune responses in lupus-like mice via up-regulation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and IL-10-producing Bregs. This study suggests that thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi)IL-10(+) Bregs play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xing
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ning Ma
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - He Xiao
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mingke Zheng
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Li
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
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Brimnes MK, Hansen BE, Nielsen LK, Dziegiel MH, Nielsen CH. Uptake and presentation of myelin basic protein by normal human B cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113388. [PMID: 25401487 PMCID: PMC4234674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells may play both pathogenic and protective roles in T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). These functions relate to the ability of B cells to bind and present antigens. Under serum-free conditions we observed that 3–4% of circulating B cells from healthy donors were capable of binding the MS-associated self-antigen myelin basic protein (MBP) and of presenting the immunodominant peptide MBP85-99, as determined by staining with the mAb MK16 recognising the peptide presented by HLA-DR15-positive cells. In the presence of serum, however, the majority of B cells bound MBP in a complement-dependent manner, and almost half of the B cells became engaged in presentation of MBP85-99. Even though complement receptor 1 (CR1, CD35) and CR2 (CD21) both contributed to binding of MBP to B cells, only CR2 was important for the subsequent presentation of MBP85-99. A high proportion of MBP85-99 presenting B cells expressed CD27, and showed increased expression of CD86 compared to non-presenting B cells. MBP-pulsed B cells induced a low frequency of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells in 3 out of 6 donors, indicating an immunoregulatory role of B cells presenting MBP-derived peptides. The mechanisms described here refute the general assumption that B-cell presentation of self-antigens requires uptake via specific B-cell receptors, and may be important for maintenance of tolerance as well as for driving T-cell responses in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Klinge Brimnes
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Endel Hansen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Immudex, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif Kofoed Nielsen
- Department of Technology, Faculty of Health and Technology, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Blood Bank, KI2034, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hanefeld Dziegiel
- Blood Bank, KI2034, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Zoghi S, Liebig TM, Wennhold K, Chemitz J, Draube A, Kochanek M, Blaschke F, Pallasch C, Holtick U, Scheid C, Theurich S, Hallek M, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS. Inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation specifically interferes with CD40-dependent B cell activation, resulting in a reduced capacity to induce T cell immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5294-305. [PMID: 25311809 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab-independent effector functions of B cells, such as Ag presentation and cytokine production, have been shown to play an important role in a variety of immune-mediated conditions such as autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease. Most current immunosuppressive treatments target T cells, are relatively unspecific, and result in profound immunosuppression that places patients at an increased risk of developing severe infections and cancer. Therapeutic strategies, which interfere with B cell activation, could therefore be a useful addition to the current immunosuppressive armamentarium. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identified upregulation of genes that belong to the mevalonate pathway as a key molecular event following CD40-mediated activation of B cells. Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, by lipophilic statins such as simvastatin and atorvastatin resulted in a specific inhibition of B cell activation via CD40 and impaired their ability to act as stimulatory APCs for allospecific T cells. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effect resulted from the inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation subsequent to the depletion of mevalonate, the metabolic precursor for geranylgeranyl. Thus, inhibition of geranylgeranylation either directly through geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors or indirectly through statins represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of diseases in which Ag presentation by B cells plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Shimabukuro-Vornhagen
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Intensive Care Unit and Laboratory for Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Shahram Zoghi
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tanja M Liebig
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wennhold
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Chemitz
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Draube
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Kochanek
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Intensive Care Unit and Laboratory for Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Blaschke
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Pallasch
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Udo Holtick
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christof Scheid
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Intensive Care Unit and Laboratory for Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael S von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Stem Cell Transplantation Program, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Intensive Care Unit and Laboratory for Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
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Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Shigella flexneri 2a induces TLR2-mediated activation of B cells: involvement of protein tyrosine kinase, ERK and NF-κB. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109107. [PMID: 25286253 PMCID: PMC4186783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are critically important in combating bacterial infections and their differentiation into plasma cells and memory cells aids bacterial clearance and long-lasting immunity conferred by essentially all vaccines. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Shigella flexneri 2a has been demonstrated to induce the production of IgG and IgA in vivo following immunization of mice through intranasal route, but the direct involvement of B cells in OmpA-mediated immune regulation was not determined. Consequently, we investigated whether OmpA can modulate B cell functions and identified the molecular events involved in OmpA-induced B cell immune response in vitro. We show that OmpA of S. flexneri 2a activates B cells to produce protective cytokines, IL-6 and IL-10 as well as facilitates their differentiation into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). The immunostimulatory properties of OmpA are attributed to the increased surface expression of MHCII and CD86 on B cells. We also report here that B cell activation by OmpA is mediated strictly through recognition by TLR2, resulting in initiation of cascades of signal transduction events, involving increased phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), ERK and IκBα, leading to nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Importantly, a TLR2 antibody diminishes OmpA-induced upregulation of MHCII and CD86 on B cell surface as well as significantly inhibits B cell differentiation and cytokine secretion. Furthermore, we illustrate that B cell differentiation into ASCs and induction of cytokine secretion by OmpA are dependent on PTKs activity. Moreover, we identify that OmpA-induced B cell differentiation is entirely dependent on ERK pathway, whereas both NF-κB and ERK are essential for cytokine secretion by B cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that OmpA of S. flexneri 2a amplifies TLR signaling in B cells and triggers B cell immune response, which is critical for the development of an effective adaptive immunity to an optimal vaccine antigen.
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CD19 as a molecular target in CNS autoimmunity. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:177-90. [PMID: 24993505 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are the most prevalent neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The immunological cascade of these disorders is complex, and the exact spatial and temporal role of different immune cells is not fully understood. Although MS has been considered for many years to be primarily T cell driven, it is well established that B cells and the humoral immune response play an important role in its pathogenesis. This has long been evident from laboratory findings that include the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF. In NMO, the importance of the humoral immune system appears even more obvious as evidenced by pathogenic antibodies against aquaporin 4 (AQP4). Besides their capacity to mature into antibody-producing plasma cells, B cells are potent antigen-presenting cells to T lymphocytes and they can provide soluble factors for cell activation and differentiation to other immune-competent cells. In MS and NMO, there are substantial data from clinical trials that B cell depletion with CD20-directed agents is effective and relatively safe. Plasma cells, which produce antibodies against molecular targets expressed by the host, but which also provide humoral immune responses against pathogens, are not targeted by anti-CD20 therapies. Therefore, the depletion of CD19-expressing cells would offer potential advantages with regard to efficacy, but potentially higher risks with regard to infectious complications. This review will outline the rationale for CD19 as a molecular target in CNS autoimmunity. The current stage of drug development is illustrated. Potential safety concerns will be discussed.
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Zheng M, Xing C, Xiao H, Ma N, Wang X, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Shen B, Li Y, Wang R. Interaction of CD5 and CD72 is involved in regulatory T and B cell homeostasis. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:705-16. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.917096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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46
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Targeting B cells in sensitized kidney transplant patients: state of the art and future perspectives. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2014; 15:709-15. [PMID: 20930637 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283402cf4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In sensitized kidney transplant recipients, whose number is continuously growing, the negative impact of antibody-mediated rejection is being increasingly recognized. The purpose of this review is to summarize the state of knowledge about the mechanisms of alloantibody production. We will also report the most recent clinical results of current immunosuppressive protocols - either preventive or curative - in this population. RECENT FINDINGS Even if progress in access to transplantation and short-term graft survival has been made in sensitized patients using therapeutic strategies targeting both alloantibodies (plasmapheresis and/or intravenous globulins) and B cells (CD20 antibodies), antibody-mediated rejection remains a critical issue frequently compromising renal function and middle-term graft survival. The partial efficacy of such strategies and the presence in sensitized patients of both peripheral memory B cells and bone marrow plasma cells capable of alloantibody synthesis in vitro suggest that, in vivo, alloantibody production most likely involves both cell types, not equally targeted by CD20 antibody-based therapies. SUMMARY The need for improved strategies of prevention/treatment of antibody-mediated rejection, have led, based on the actual understanding of alloantibody synthesis, to the use of drugs targeting plasma cells, that is proteasome inhibitors. Preliminary results are contrasted and highlight the necessity for controlled studies in the field of antihumoral therapies.
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47
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Szili D, Bankó Z, Tóth EA, Nagy G, Rojkovich B, Gáti T, Simon M, Hérincs Z, Sármay G. TGFβ activated kinase 1 (TAK1) at the crossroad of B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathways in human B cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96381. [PMID: 24801688 PMCID: PMC4011794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell development and activation are regulated by combined signals mediated by the B cell receptor (BCR), receptors for the B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF-R) and the innate receptor, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). However, the underlying mechanisms by which these signals cooperate in human B cells remain unclear. Our aim was to elucidate the key signaling molecules at the crossroads of BCR, BAFF-R and TLR9 mediated pathways and to follow the functional consequences of costimulation.Therefore we stimulated purified human B cells by combinations of anti-Ig, B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and the TLR9 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Phosphorylation status of various signaling molecules, B cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, plasma blast generation and the frequency of IgG producing cells were investigated. We have found that BCR induced signals cooperate with BAFF-R- and TLR9-mediated signals at different levels of cell activation. BCR and BAFF- as well as TLR9 and BAFF-mediated signals cooperate at NFκB activation, while BCR and TLR9 synergistically costimulate mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), ERK, JNK and p38. We show here for the first time that the MAP3K7 (TGF beta activated kinase, TAK1) is responsible for the synergistic costimulation of B cells by BCR and TLR9, resulting in an enhanced cell proliferation, plasma blast generation, cytokine and antibody production. Specific inhibitor of TAK1 as well as knocking down TAK1 by siRNA abrogates the synergistic signals. We conclude that TAK1 is a key regulator of receptor crosstalk between BCR and TLR9, thus plays a critical role in B cell development and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Szili
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bankó
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - György Nagy
- Buda Hospital of Hospitaller Brothers of St. John, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Rheumatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Gáti
- Buda Hospital of Hospitaller Brothers of St. John, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Simon
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hérincs
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Sármay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Md Yusof MY, Vital EMJ, Emery P. B-cell-targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus and ANCA-associated vasculitis: current progress. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:761-72. [PMID: 23971754 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.816479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. There are various strategies for targeting B cells including depletion, inhibition of survival factors, activation and inhibition of co-stimulatory molecules. Controlled trials in systemic lupus erythematosus have shown positive results for belimumab, promising results for epratuzumab and negative results for rituximab. The failure of rituximab in controlled trials has been attributed to trial design, sample size and outcome measures rather than true inefficacy. In anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, rituximab is effective for remission induction and in relapsing disease. However, the optimal long-term re-treatment strategy remains to be determined. Over the next 5 years, evidence will be available regarding the clinical efficacy of these novel therapies, biomarkers and their long-term safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yuzaiful Md Yusof
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by flares and remission, leading to accrual of organ damage over time as a result of persistent tissue inflammation and treatment-related complications. Novel therapies aiming at better treatment response and fewer adverse effects are being tested in the pipeline. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the B-cell abnormalities observed in patients with SLE, and updates recent data on the efficacy and safety of B-cell targeted therapies in the treatment of SLE. The pitfalls of clinical trial design and future directions of the development of SLE therapeutics are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The variability of clinical response to treatment in SLE reflects the clinical and immunological heterogeneity of the disease. The treatment plan for patients with SLE should be individualized with the aim of eradicating disease activity, preventing flares and minimizing treatment-related complications. Despite the disappointment of recent clinical trials, B-cell remains the promising target of future SLE therapies. Results from ongoing clinical trials on B-cell targeted biological agents are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Tuen Mun Hospital, Department of Medicine , Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR , China +852 2468 5386 ; +852 2456 9100 ;
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The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS: utility for understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:173-89. [PMID: 24507518 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While no single model can exactly recapitulate all aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS), animal models are essential in understanding the induction and pathogenesis of the disease and to develop therapeutic strategies that limit disease progression and eventually lead to effective treatments for the human disease. Several different models of MS exist, but by far the best understood and most commonly used is the rodent model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This model is typically induced by either active immunization with myelin-derived proteins or peptides in adjuvant or by passive transfer of activated myelin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. Mouse models are most frequently used because of the inbred genotype of laboratory mice, their rapid breeding capacity, the ease of genetic manipulation, and availability of transgenic and knockout mice to facilitate mechanistic studies. Although not all therapeutic strategies for MS have been developed in EAE, all of the current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunomodulatory drugs are effective to some degree in treating EAE, a strong indicator that EAE is an extremely useful model to study potential treatments for MS. Several therapies, such as glatiramer acetate (GA: Copaxone), and natalizumab (Tysabri), were tested first in the mouse model of EAE and then went on to clinical trials. Here we discuss the usefulness of the EAE model in understanding basic disease pathophysiology and developing treatments for MS as well as the potential drawbacks of this model.
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