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Thomas BL, Guadagnin AR, Fehlberg LK, Sugimoto Y, Shinzato I, Drackley JK, Cardoso FC. Feeding rumen-protected lysine to dairy cows prepartum improves performance and health of their calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2256-2274. [PMID: 34955262 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Providing adequate concentrations of AA in the prepartum diet is pivotal for the cow's health and performance. However, less is known about the potential in utero effects of particular AA on early-life performance of calves. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects on dairy calves when their dams were fed rumen-protected lysine (RPL; AjiPro-L Generation 3, Ajinomoto Heartland Inc.; 0.54% dry matter of total mixed ration as top dress) from 26 ± 4.6 d (mean ± standard deviation) before calving until calving. Seventy-eight male (M) and female (F) Holstein calves were assigned to 2 treatments based on their dams' prepartum treatment, RPL supplementation (PRE-L) or without RPL (CON). At the time of birth (0.5-2 h after calving), before colostrum was fed, blood samples were collected. An initial body weight was obtained at 1 to 3 h after birth. Calves were fed 470 g of colostrum replacer (Land O'Lakes Bovine IgG Colostrum Replacer, Land O'Lakes, Inc.) diluted in 3.8 L of water. Calves were provided water ad libitum and fed milk replacer (Advance Excelerate, Milk Specialties Global Animal Nutrition; 28.5% crude protein, 15% fat) at 0600 h and 1700 h until 42 d of age. Calves were measured weekly, at weaning (d 42), and at the end of the experimental period (d 56). Plasma concentrations of AA were measured on d 0, 7, and 14 d using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Waters) with a derivatization method (AccQ-Tag Derivatization). Final body weight was greater for M (87 ± 11 kg) than F (79 ± 7 kg). Calves in PRE-L tended to have greater dry matter (814 ± 3 g/d) and crude protein (234 ± 6 g/d) intakes than those in CON (793 ± 9 g/d and 228 ± 11 g/d, respectively). Calves in PRE-L had greater average daily gain (0.96 ± 0.04 kg/d) than calves in CON (0.85 ± 0.03 kg/d) during wk 6 to 8. Calves in PRE-L tended to be medicated fewer days than CON (4.7 ± 1.2 d vs. 6.2 ± 3.4 d, respectively). Calves in PRE-L-M and CON-F (2,916 ± 112 µM and 2,848 ± 112 µM, respectively) had greater total AA concentration in plasma than calves in PRE-L-F and CON-M (2,684 ± 112 µM and 2,582 ± 112 µM, respectively). Calves in PRE-L-F and CON-M (4.09 ± 0.11% and 4.16 ± 0.11%, respectively) had greater concentration of Lys as a percentage of total AA compared with calves in CON-F and PRE-L-M (3.91 ± 0.11% and 3.90 ± 0.11%, respectively). Calves in PRE-L tended to have greater percentage of phagocytic neutrophils (39.6 ± 1.59%) than calves in CON (35.9 ± 1.59%). In conclusion, increasing the metabolizable lysine provided to prepartum dairy cows had modest effect over offspring performance, with the major result being a greater average daily gain for calves in PRE-L during the preweaning phase (wk 6-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A R Guadagnin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - L K Fehlberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Y Sugimoto
- Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Tokyo, Japan 104-8315
| | - I Shinzato
- Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Tokyo, Japan 104-8315
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Buczinski S, Achard D, Timsit E. Effects of calfhood respiratory disease on health and performance of dairy cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8214-8227. [PMID: 33896639 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common calfhood diseases in dairy cattle. Unfortunately, published data on the short- and long-term effects of calfhood BRD on health and performance are scarce and, when available, often conflicting and uncertain. The objective of this study was therefore to review the scientific literature on the effects of calfhood BRD on health and performance of dairy cattle and summarize the research findings using a meta-analysis approach. The systematic review and meta-analysis were performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and CAB Abstract databases were screened for relevant studies that were published in English (until February 3, 2020). Only studies reporting naturally occurring BRD cases from birth to 12 mo of age in dairy calves in Europe and North America were considered eligible. Both observational studies and randomized controlled trials were included. Random-effect meta-analysis models were used to quantify the effect of BRD on outcomes for which at least 5 studies reported a numeric estimation of the effect of BRD. From an initial pool of 525 references, 27 full-text articles with original data were included in the manuscript. Meta-analysis models were prepared for 4 outcomes: odds of mortality (n = 7 studies), odds of herd removal before first calving (n = 5 studies), average daily gain (n = 10 studies), and milk production during first lactation (n = 5 studies). In these models, heifers diagnosed with BRD during calfhood had 2.85 times higher odds of dying (95% confidence interval: 1.22 to 6.69) and 2.30 times higher odds of herd removal (i.e., dead, culled, or sold) before the first calving (95% confidence interval: 1.75 to 3.03) compared with heifers not diagnosed with this condition. Heifers experiencing calfhood BRD also had an average daily gain reduced by 0.067 kg/d (95% confidence interval: -0.099 to -0.034) and they produced 121.2 kg (95% confidence interval: -184.9 to -57.5) less milk during their first lactation. Other health and performance outcomes, such as age at first calving and odds of not finishing the first lactation, were also investigated but not summarized using a meta-analysis approach. Pooled estimates obtained in the present study may provide more accurate estimates of the overall economic losses associated with calfhood BRD in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2; Centre d'expertise et de recherche clinique en santé et bien-être animal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2.
| | - D Achard
- Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France 33100
| | - E Timsit
- Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France 33100; Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Dubrovsky SA, Van Eenennaam AL, Aly SS, Karle BM, Rossitto PV, Overton MW, Lehenbauer TW, Fadel JG. Preweaning cost of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and cost-benefit of implementation of preventative measures in calves on California dairies: The BRD 10K study. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1583-1597. [PMID: 31759608 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease that is estimated to affect 22% of preweaned dairy calves in the United States and is a leading cause of preweaning mortality in dairy calves. Overall cost of calfhood BRD is reflected in both the immediate cost of treating the disease as well as lifetime decrease in production and increased likelihood of affected cattle leaving the herd before their second calving. The goal of this paper was to develop an estimate of the cost of BRD based on longitudinal treatment data from a study of BRD with a cohort of 11,470 preweaned dairy calves in California. Additionally, a cost-benefit analysis was performed for 2 different preventative measures for BRD, an increase of 0.47 L of milk per day for all calves or vaccination of all dams with a modified live BRD vaccine, using differing assumptions about birth rate and number of calves raised per year. Average short-term cost of BRD per affected calf was $42.15, including the use of anti-inflammatory medications in the treatment protocols across all management conditions. The cost of treating BRD in calves appears to have increased in recent years and is greater than costs presented in previous studies. A cost-benefit analysis examined different herd scenarios for a range of cumulative incidences of BRD from 3 to 25%. Increasing milk fed was financially beneficial in all scenarios above a 3% cumulative incidence of BRD. Use of a modified live vaccine in dams during pregnancy, examining only its value as a form of BRD prevention in the calves raised on the farm, was financially beneficial only if the cumulative incidence of BRD exceeded 10 to 15% depending on the herd size and whether the dairy farm was raising any bull calves. The cost-benefit analysis, under the conditions studied, suggests that producers with high rates of BRD may benefit financially from implementing preventative measures, whereas these preventative measures may not be cost effective to implement on dairy farms with very low cumulative incidences of BRD. The long-term costs of calfhood BRD on lifetime productivity were not factored into these calculations, and the reduction in disease may be associated with additional cost savings and an improvement in calf welfare and herd life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Dubrovsky
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616
| | - A L Van Eenennaam
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616
| | - S S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616.
| | - B M Karle
- California Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland 95963
| | - Paul V Rossitto
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - M W Overton
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - T W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616
| | - J G Fadel
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616.
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Dubrovsky SA, Van Eenennaam AL, Karle BM, Rossitto PV, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 10K study. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7306-7319. [PMID: 31202655 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the leading causes of death in dairy heifers. The objective of this prospective cohort study was to characterize the epidemiology of BRD in preweaned dairy calves and to identify management practices associated with decreased risk of BRD. Dairies were chosen for the study based on management practices, location, size, and willingness to participate. A total of 6 dairies, ranging in size from 700 to 3,200 milking cows, in 6 counties across California's Central Valley, were enrolled in the study for at least 1 year. A total of 11,945 calves were born on the study dairies and followed until weaning. Incidence of BRD was estimated using treatment records. Trained study personnel performed comprehensive calf management surveys and estimated BRD prevalence on every dairy at least once every season. A shared frailty model was used to model the associations between management practices and BRD hazard. The final models included data from complete records of 11,470 calves. The overall BRD study period prevalence across the study herds was 22.8%. The mean BRD incidence density rate on all the study dairies was 0.17 BRD cases [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16-1.74] per calf-month at risk. The shared frailty model identified that feeding only waste or saleable milk (compared with use of milk replacer), feeding over 3.8 L of milk per day to calves under 21 d of age, frequent changing of maternity pen bedding, and administration of modified live or killed BRD vaccines to dams before calving significantly reduced the risk of BRD. Risk factors for BRD included housing calves in wooden hutches with metal roofs, compared with all-wood hutches, twin births, and perception of dust occurring "regularly," as reported by calf managers, compared with a perception of "no dust" in the calf-raising area. All 4 seasons were analyzed, and both summer (hazard ratio = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.32) and spring (hazard ratio = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.44) were associated with a higher risk of BRD compared with winter. The current longitudinal study identified specific housing and feeding practices that could be modified to decrease risk of BRD. In addition, season was observed to have a strong effect on calves' risk of developing BRD on California dairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Dubrovsky
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | - B M Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland 95963
| | - P V Rossitto
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - T W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
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Ling T, Hernandez-Jover M, Sordillo LM, Abuelo A. Maternal late-gestation metabolic stress is associated with changes in immune and metabolic responses of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6568-6580. [PMID: 29729919 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic stress in periparturient dairy cows is characterized by excessive lipid mobilization, inflammation, and oxidative stress that is associated with immune dysfunction. Thus, metabolic stress around the time calving is linked to the development of various early-lactation health disorders. Maternal status during late pregnancy can have carryover effects on several health and production variables of neonatal calves. However, the effects of metabolic stress during gestation on metabolic and immune responses of newborn calves remain unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether metabolic stress in late-gestation dairy cows is associated with changes in the metabolic and immune responses of their offspring during the first month of life. Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 12) were blood sampled at 28 and 15 d before expected calving. The average between these 2 sampling points in the serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), haptoglobin (Hp), and oxidant status index (OSi)-defined as the ratio between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and total antioxidant potential-were calculated as indicators of the degree of lipid mobilization, inflammation, and oxidant status (OS), respectively. Calves were subsequently divided into groups (n = 6 each) according to their dams' high or low degree of lipid mobilization, inflammation, and OS. The metabolic responses of calves in each of these groups were compared weekly throughout their first month of life by assessing serum concentration of NEFA, Hp, and OSi. Additionally, whole blood was obtained from calves at each sampling period and subjected to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production assay to assess cell-mediated innate immunity against induced inflammatory responses, using high (5 μg/mL of blood) and low (10 ng/mL) concentrations of LPS. Calves born to cows with higher NEFA or OSi showed lower body weight at birth and throughout the study, whereas no association between any of the maternal groups and average daily gain at 4 wk of age was identified. Serum concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were higher in calves exposed to higher maternal NEFA concentrations or OSi when compared with calves born to cows with lower values of these biomarkers. Calves exposed to high maternal OS also had higher circulating concentrations of Hp and TNF-α, indicating greater basal inflammatory responses when compared with calves born to cows with a lower OSi. In contrast, LPS-induced inflammatory responses were less robust in calves exposed to higher maternal biomarkers of inflammation or OS, suggesting compromised immune responses to microbial agonists. Collectively, these data suggest that prenatal exposure to maternal parameters of metabolic stress may adversely affect some metabolic and inflammatory responses of the offspring that could influence disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahlia Ling
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Albert Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Angel Abuelo
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Albert Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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6
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Delabouglise A, James A, Valarcher JF, Hagglünd S, Raboisson D, Rushton J. Linking disease epidemiology and livestock productivity: The case of bovine respiratory disease in France. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189090. [PMID: 29206855 PMCID: PMC5716546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns are growing over the impact of livestock farming on environment and public health. The livestock industry is faced with the double constraint of limiting its use of natural resources and antimicrobials while ensuring its economic sustainability. In this context, reliable methods are needed to evaluate the effect of the prevention of endemic animal diseases on the productivity of livestock production systems. In this study, an epidemiological and productivity model was used to link changes in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) incidence with the productivity of the beef and dairy cattle sectors in France. Cattle production parameters significantly affected by BRD were selected through literature review. Previous field study results and national cattle performance estimates were used to infer growth performances, mortality rates and carcass quality in the cattle affected and not affected by BRD. A steady-state deterministic herd production model was used to predict the productivity of the dairy and beef sector and their defined compartments (breeding-fattening, feedlot young bulls, and feedlot veal) in case of BRD incidence reduction by 20%, 50% or 100%. Results suggested that BRD should be controlled at a priority in beef breeding farms as eradication of BRD in beef calves would increase the whole beef sector's productivity by 4.7-5.5% while eradication in other production stages would result in lower productivity gain in their respective sectors. However, the analysis performed at compartment level showed that, in both the beef and dairy sector, young bull and veal feedlot enterprises derive more economic benefits from BRD eradication for their own compartment (increase in productivity of 8.7-12.8% for beef young bulls) than the breeding farms (increase in productivity of 5.1-6% for beef calves), which may limit the investments in BRD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Delabouglise
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew James
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ruminant Medicine & Veterinary Epidemiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hagglünd
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ruminant Medicine & Veterinary Epidemiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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7
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Doyle D, Credille B, Lehenbauer TW, Berghaus R, Aly SS, Champagne J, Blanchard P, Crossley B, Berghaus L, Cochran S, Woolums A. Agreement Among 4 Sampling Methods to Identify Respiratory Pathogens in Dairy Calves with Acute Bovine Respiratory Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:954-959. [PMID: 28295570 PMCID: PMC5434980 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Four sampling techniques commonly are used for antemortem identification of pathogens from cattle with bovine respiratory disease (BRD): the nasal swab (NS), guarded nasopharyngeal swab (NPS), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and transtracheal wash (TTW). Agreement among these methods has not been well characterized. Objective To evaluate agreement among TTW and NS, NPS, or BAL for identification of viral and bacterial pathogens in dairy calves with BRD. Animals One hundred dairy calves with naturally acquired BRD. Methods Calves were sampled by all 4 methods. Viral agents were identified by real‐time RT‐PCR, bacteria were identified by aerobic culture, and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) isolates were speciated by PCR. Agreement among TTW and NS, NPS, or BAL was evaluated by calculating the kappa statistic and percent positive agreement. McNemar's exact test was used to compare the proportions of positive results. Results Agreement among TTW and NS, TTW and NPS, and TTW and BAL, was very good for identification of P. multocida, M. haemolytica, and M. bovis. For bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), agreement with TTW was moderate for NS, good for NPS, and very good for BAL. For bovine coronavirus (BCV), agreement with TTW was moderate for NS and NPS, and good for BAL. McNemar's test was significant only for BCV, indicating that for this pathogen the proportion of positive results from NS and NPS could not be considered comparable to TTW. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study provides guidance for veterinarians selecting diagnostic tests for antemortem identification of pathogens associated with BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Doyle
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - B Credille
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - T W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA
| | - R Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - S S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA
| | - J Champagne
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA
| | - P Blanchard
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - B Crossley
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - L Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - S Cochran
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - A Woolums
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Schaffer AP, Larson RL, Cernicchiaro N, Hanzlicek GA, Bartle SJ, Thomson DU. The association between calfhood bovine respiratory disease complex and subsequent departure from the herd, milk production, and reproduction in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:1157-64. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.10.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Murray C, Windeyer M, Duffield T, Haley D, Pearl D, Waalderbos K, Leslie K. Associations of serum haptoglobin in newborn dairy calves with health, growth, and mortality up to 4 months of age. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7844-55. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Clinical scoring systems have been proposed for respiratory disease diagnosis in calves, including the Wisconsin (WI) system (McGuirk in 2008) which uses five clinical signs, each partitioned into four levels of severity. Recently, we developed the California (CA) bovine respiratory disease (BRD) scoring system requiring less calf handling and consisting of six clinical signs, each classified as normal or abnormal. The objective of this study was to estimate the on-farm agreement between the WI and the CA scoring systems. A total of 100 calves were enrolled on a CA dairy and assessed for BRD case status using the two scoring systems simultaneously. The Kappa coefficient of agreement between these two systems was estimated to be 0.85, which indicated excellent agreement beyond chance. The simpler design and reduced calf handling required by the CA BRD scoring system may make it advantageous for on-farm use.
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Abstract
AbstractThe primary source of data on bovine respiratory disease (BRD) prevalence in US adult dairy cattle is producer surveys, which estimate that 2.4–2.9% of cattle are affected. This estimate appears low when compared to calculations based on limited data regarding on-farm deaths due to BRD and the number of carcasses at slaughter with severe BRD. These calculations indicate that approximately 3% of dairy cows die on farm or go to slaughter with severe BRD. Not included in these data are cows that are treated for BRD and retained. The primary manifestation of BRD on dairy farms is in calves. Nationwide surveys have estimated that 12.4–16.4% of preweaned dairy heifer calves are affected with BRD, and 5.9–11% of calves are affected after weaning. More detailed prevalence studies have generally included a limited number of small farms, with limited calf age range studied. All studies relied on producer diagnosis. Prevalence in these studies ranged from 0 to 52%, with many cases occurring before weaning, and with BRD being associated with increased calf death rates. BRD affects heifer growth. It appears to have a small effect on age at first calving, and some studies have shown small effects on performance and herd life after calving. First lactation performance of heifers depends on many factors that can obscure the effects of calfhood BRD.
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12
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Stanton A, Kelton D, LeBlanc S, Wormuth J, Leslie K. The effect of respiratory disease and a preventative antibiotic treatment on growth, survival, age at first calving, and milk production of dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:4950-4960. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Pithua P, Godden SM, Fetrow J, Wells SJ. Effect of a plasma-derived colostrum replacement feeding program on adult performance and longevity in Holstein cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:1230-7. [PMID: 20513203 DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.11.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate longevity, milk production, and breeding performance in adult Holstein cows fed either a plasma-derived commercial colostrum replacer (CR) or raw bovine maternal colostrum (MC) at birth. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS 497 heifer calves born in 12 commercial dairies located in Minnesota and Wisconsin. PROCEDURES All calves were separated from their dams within 30 to 60 minutes after birth and systematically assigned to be fed either MC (control group [n = 261 calves]) or CR (treatment group [236]). Calves were observed from birth up to adulthood (approx 54 months old), during which time death and culling events plus milk yield and breeding performance data were collected. Time to death, time to culling, time to death or culling combined, time to first calving, and time to conception intervals were evaluated by use of proportional hazards survival analysis models. Number of times inseminated per conception and lifetime milk yield (up to 54 months old) were evaluated by use of general linear models. RESULTS Cows fed CR as calves at the time of birth were no different than cows fed MC as calves with respect to overall risk of death, culling, or death or culling combined (from birth to 54 months of follow-up and from first calving to 54 months old); lifetime milk yield; and breeding performance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE No difference was detected in overall risk of death or culling, milk production, or reproductive performance between cows fed CR and those fed MC as calves at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pithua
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Beaudeau F, Ohlson A, Emanuelson U. Associations between bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections and animal performance in Swedish dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1523-33. [PMID: 20338429 PMCID: PMC7094670 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To assess the economic impact of bovine coronavirus (BCV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections, accurate estimates of their associated effects on animal performance are needed. This study aimed to quantify the variation in individual test-day milk yield and somatic cell count, risk of reproductive failure after first service of dairy cows, and risk of death of calves and heifers according to the BCV and BRSV status of the herd. Three types of status were defined for BCV and BRSV infections, based on 1) the dynamics over a 7-mo period of BCV- and BRSV-specific antibody levels in pooled milk of primiparous cows; 2) the possible occurrence of presumably BCV- and BRSV-related clinical outbreaks; and 3) the combination of both pieces of information. A total of 36,184 test days, 2,716 cows with a first service, and 4,104 calves and heifers in 65 Swedish herds were included in the analyses. Animal performance associated with BCV and BRSV infections was quantified using hierarchical mixed generalized and survival models, after adjustment for covariates known to influence the performance under study. A significant reduction in milk yield was observed for cows in presumably BRSV recently infected herds, as well as in herds having a presumably BRSV-related clinical outbreak (of 0.57 and 0.91 kg/d, respectively), compared with cows in presumably infection-free herds. There was also a significant increase in somatic cell count (of 12,000 cells/mL) for cows located in herds with a BRSV outbreak. The risk of failure after first service, as well as the risk of death in calf and heifer, was numerically higher in BRSV-infected herds, although this was not statistically significant. In contrast, BCV infection herd status, as defined in the present study, was not significantly associated with any production losses in animals from infected herds compared with those in infection-free herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Beaudeau
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, UMR 1300 Bio-agression, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risque, F-44307 Nantes, France.
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Hultgren J, Svensson C. Calving Interval in Dairy Cows in Relation to Heifer Rearing Conditions in Southwest Sweden. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:136-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Poulsen KP, McGuirk SM. Respiratory disease of the bovine neonate. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2009; 25:121-37, vi-vii. [PMID: 19174286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory disease is an important problem in bovine neonates. Early detection of clinical disease is challenging. In the newborn calf, mucous membrane color, character and frequency of the respiratory effort, thoracic auscultation, and ability to oxygenate are critical elements of the examination to determine whether or not respiratory disease is present. Within a few days of birth, screening calves for fever, abnormal nasal or ocular discharge, or an inducible cough finds many calves with early respiratory disease. This article describes respiratory conditions in newborn calves that veterinarians are most likely to encounter, along with diagnostic and treatment options that can be applied to both herd investigations and individual animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith P Poulsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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17
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Maunsell FP, Donovan GA. Mycoplasma bovis Infections in young calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2009; 25:139-77, vii. [PMID: 19174287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis has emerged as an important pathogen of young intensively reared calves in North America. A variety of clinical diseases are associated with M bovis infections of calves, including respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis, and some less common presentations. Clinical disease associated with M bovis often is chronic, debilitating, and poorly responsive to antimicrobial therapy. Current control measures are centered on reducing exposure to M bovis through contaminated milk or other sources, and nonspecific control measures to maximize respiratory defenses of the calf. This article focuses on the clinical and epidemiologic aspects of M bovis infections in young calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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18
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Abstract
This article focuses on the most important diseases of dairy calves and heifers and presents clinical approaches that can improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment of herd-based problems. A systematic herd investigation strategy is pivotal to define the problems, understand important risk factors, develop a plan, and make recommendations for disease management accurately. A review of records, colostrum and feeding routines, housing and bedding management, routine procedures, vaccination, and treatment protocols begins the investigation and determines which diagnostic procedures and testing strategies are most useful. Disease management is most effective when the problem source is well defined and the exposure can be limited, calf immunity can be enhanced, or a combination of both. Screening examinations performed regularly or done at strategic time points improves detection of disease, can be used to monitor treatment outcomes, and can avoid disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M McGuirk
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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LeBlanc SJ, Lissemore KD, Kelton DF, Duffield TF, Leslie KE. Major Advances in Disease Prevention in Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:1267-79. [PMID: 16537959 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes some of the major points of progress and challenges in health management of dairy cattle in the last 25 yr. A selection of the leading contributors in the field is acknowledged. Specific advances in the areas of transition cow management, epidemiology, udder health, applied immunology, housing design, calf health, and health-monitoring tools are described. The greatest advances in dairy health in the last 25 yr have been the shifts to disease prevention, rather than treatment, as well as from focus on individual animals to groups and herds. A fundamental advancement has been recognition of the multifactorial nature of almost all diseases of importance in dairy cattle. Epidemiology has been a critical new tool used to describe and quantify the interconnected risk factors that produce disease. Another major advance has been redefining disease more broadly, to include subclinical conditions (e.g., subclinical mastitis, ketosis, rumen acidosis, and endometritis). This expansion resulted both from improved technology to measure function at the organ level and, just as importantly, from the evolution of the health management paradigm in which any factor that limits animal or herd performance might be considered a component of disease. Links between cattle and people through consideration of environmental or ecosystem health are likely to further expand the concept of disease prevention in the future. Notable successes are decreases in the incidence of milk fever, clinical respiratory disease in adults, contagious mastitis, and clinical parasitism. There has also been improved protection through vaccination against coliform mastitis and bovine virus diarrhea. Since 1980, average herd size and milk production per cow have increased dramatically. Despite these increased demands on cows' metabolism and humans' management skills, the incidence of most common and important diseases has remained stable. Great progress has been made in understanding the biology of energy metabolism and immune function in transition dairy cows, the time at which the majority of disease occurs. Coupled with an emerging understanding of how best to provide for dairy cows' behavioral needs, transition cow management promises to be the foundation for progress in maintenance and enhancement of the health of dairy cows in the next 25 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J LeBlanc
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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21
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Lundborg GK, Oltenacu PA, Maizon DO, Svensson EC, Liberg PGA. Dam-related effects on heart girth at birth, morbidity and growth rate from birth to 90 days of age in Swedish dairy calves. Prev Vet Med 2003; 60:175-90. [PMID: 12900157 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(03)00106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of dam-related factors (such as calving performance, milk leakage, diseases, milk production, and somatic-cell count (SCC)) on heart girth at birth and the incidence risk of diarrhoea and respiratory disease during the first 90 days in Swedish dairy calves. The effects of these dam-related factors and environmental and management-related (but not dietary) factors on the calves' growth rate during the first 90 days of life also were analysed. The study used nearly 3,000 heifer calves born in 1998 on 122 farms in the south-west of Sweden. Individual health records were kept by the farmers and visiting project veterinarians. The calf's heart girth was measured at birth and weaning. We used generalised linear mixed models for the size of the calf at birth and growth rate. Variables associated with the heart girth at birth were breed, calving performance, mastitis in the dam in the last 49 days before calving, milk production and parity. Variables associated with the growth rate were breed, calving performance, disease in the calf during its first 90 days of life, heart girth at birth, and housing of calves. The effect of the dam on the relative risk of diarrhoea and/or respiratory disease in the calf was evaluated by a generalised linear mixed model with a logit link. Morbidity in the dam during late pregnancy, retained placenta and SCC were associated with the relative risk of respiratory disease in the calf. None of the explanatory variables (other then breed) was associated with the relative risk of diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Lundborg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 234, 53223 Skara, Sweden.
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van der Fels-Klerx H, Saatkamp H, Verhoeff J, Dijkhuizen A. Effects of bovine respiratory disease on the productivity of dairy heifers quantified by experts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(01)00311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Sørensen JT, Jalvingh AW, Huirne RB. An economic model to calculate farm-specific losses due to bovine respiratory disease in dairy heifers. Prev Vet Med 2001; 51:75-94. [PMID: 11530196 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a personal-computer-based model estimating the economic losses associated with clinical bovine respiratory disease in replacement heifers raised on individual dairy farms. The model is based on the partial-budgeting technique, and calculates the losses for two types of the disease separately: calf pneumonia and a seasonal outbreak. Model input includes farm-specific data such as the incidence of bovine respiratory disease, prices, and effects of the disease on the heifers' productivity. The input database was linked directly with the economic model. For all input parameters, default values used are available to the user and can be modified easily. Losses considered by the model include treatment expenditures and costs associated with increased mortality, increased premature culling, reduced growth, reduced fertility and reduced milk production in first lactation. Uncertainty is taken into account for parameters related to disease incidence, mortality and culling.Basic calculations for a typical Dutch dairy farm with 60% of the heifers (<3 months) affected, indicated total annual losses due to pneumonia average 31.2 per heifer present on the farm (range 18.4-57.1). The estimated losses for one seasonal outbreak with heifers up to 15-months old affected were 27.0 per heifer present (range 17.2-43.1). For both BRD types, the model's outcome was most sensitive to the number of heifers affected. Most of the parameters that had a major impact on the total losses were related to treatment or to the effects on the heifers' productivity. The model is user-friendly and flexible, and can be used as an interactive tool by farmers and veterinarians in the (economic) decision-making process regarding on-farm prevention and control of bovine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J van der Fels-Klerx
- Department of Social Sciences, Farm Management Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Allore HG, Warnick LD, Hertl J, Gröhn YT. Censoring in survival analysis: a simulation study of the effect of milk yield on conception. Prev Vet Med 2001; 49:223-34. [PMID: 11311955 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Survival-analysis methods often are used to analyze data from dairy herds where the outcome of interest is the interval from calving to conception. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association between milk yield and culling biases the estimation of the effect of milk yield on conception. This was done by simulating four different scenarios modeling dairy-cattle milk yield and reproductive performance with known relationships among study factors. Cox's proportional-hazards model was used to analyze the effect of milk yield on days open under the following four scenarios: (1) no association between milk yield and culling or between milk yield and conception; (2) association between milk yield and culling only; (3) association between milk yield and conception only; (4) associations between milk yield and both culling and conception. The analyses also were repeated for data sets with an association between milk yield and culling, but with probabilities of culling ranging from 0.01 to 0.4. An effect of milk production on culling appeared to cause a small increase in the parameter estimates for the association of milk yield and days open - particularly when the probability of culling was high. The effect of high milk production on median days open (as estimated by survival functions) changed by 2 to 4 days when an association between milk yield and culling was programmed in the simulated data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Allore
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, P.O. Box 26, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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