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Yen L, Henao-Díaz A, Zimmerman J, Giménez-Lirola L. Considerations on the stability of IgG antibody in clinical specimens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2025; 37:13-26. [PMID: 39673476 PMCID: PMC11645686 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241296848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The 1890s marked a significant milestone with the introduction of antibody-based agglutination and precipitation assays, revolutionizing the detection of bacterial pathogens in both animals and humans. This era also witnessed pivotal contributions to our understanding of humoral immunity, as researchers elucidated the structure and functions of antibody molecules, laying the groundwork for diagnostic applications. Among antibody isotypes, IgG is of paramount importance in diagnostic investigations given its definitive indication of infection or vaccination, coupled with its widespread presence and detectability across various specimen types, such as serum, colostrum, milk, oral fluids, urine, feces, and tissue exudate. Despite their resilience, immunoglobulins are susceptible to structural alterations induced by physicochemical and enzymatic processes, which can compromise the reliability of their detection. Here we review comprehensively the historical milestones, underlying mechanisms, and influencing factors (e.g., temperature, pH, storage) that shape the structural integrity and stability of IgG antibodies in aqueous solutions and various clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexandra Henao-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Pig Improvement Company México, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Yu CD, Park JY, Kim SW, Choi YR, Cha SY, Jang HK, Kang M, Wei B. The Development of a One-Step PCR Assay for Rapid Detection of an Attenuated Vaccine Strain of Duck Hepatitis Virus Type 3 in Korea. Vet Sci 2024; 12:8. [PMID: 39852883 PMCID: PMC11768531 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus type 3 (DHAV-3) is a viral pathogen that causes acute, high-mortality hepatitis in ducklings, and vaccination with attenuated live vaccines is currently the main preventive measure against it. However, differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is crucial for clinical diagnosis and effective disease control. This study aimed to develop a rapid mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR (MAMA-PCR) diagnostic method to simultaneously detect and differentiate between wild-type and vaccine strains. The method was specifically designed to target the critical single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site (T→C at position 1143 in the VP0 gene) unique to the Korean vaccine strain AP04203-P100. MAMA-PCR demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, with detection limits as low as 102.4 ELD50/mL for wild strains and 100.5 ELD50/mL for vaccine strains, and showed no cross-reactivity with 11 other common duck pathogens. The clinical sample results were completely consistent with those obtained using nested PCR detection and gold-standard sequencing. In summary, we successfully developed a rapid, one-step MAMA-PCR method that is more suitable for clinical diagnosis than traditional sequencing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Dong Yu
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (C.-D.Y.); (J.-Y.P.)
| | - Jong-Yeol Park
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (C.-D.Y.); (J.-Y.P.)
| | - Sang-Won Kim
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (C.-D.Y.); (J.-Y.P.)
| | - Yu-Ri Choi
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (C.-D.Y.); (J.-Y.P.)
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (C.-D.Y.); (J.-Y.P.)
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (C.-D.Y.); (J.-Y.P.)
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (C.-D.Y.); (J.-Y.P.)
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (C.-D.Y.); (J.-Y.P.)
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Ronchi GF, Iorio M, Serroni A, Caporale M, Testa L, Palucci C, Antonucci D, Capista S, Traini S, Pinoni C, Di Matteo I, Laguardia C, Armillotta G, Profeta F, Valleriani F, Di Felice E, Di Teodoro G, Sacchini F, Luciani M, Di Pancrazio C, Podaliri Vulpiani M, Rossi E, Salini R, Morelli D, Ferri N, Mercante MT, Di Ventura M. The Safety and Efficacy of New DIVA Inactivated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1302. [PMID: 39771964 PMCID: PMC11680422 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Lumpy skin disease virus (Poxviridae family-Capripoxvirus genus) is the aetiological agent of LSD, a disease primarily transmitted by hematophagous biting, affecting principally cattle. Currently, only live attenuated vaccines are commercially available, but their use is limited to endemic areas. There is a need for safer vaccines, especially in LSD-free countries. This research aims to develop and test a safe and efficacious inactivated vaccine. Moreover, in this study, we used keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a positive marker to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Methods: Lumpy skin disease virus was propagated on primary lamb testis cells and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (PLT and MDBK, respectively), and four inactivated vaccines were produced. The vaccines differed from each other with the addition or not of KLH and in cells used for virus propagation. To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity, the vaccines and two placebos were administered to six groups comprising six male calves each, and antibody response was investigated using both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization (SN) test. In addition, the LSD/γ-interferon test and KLH (IgM-IgG) ELISA were performed on the collected samples. Furthermore, the use of KLH allowed us to distinguish vaccinated animals in the ELISA results, without any interference on the strength of the immune response against the LSDV. Finally, the efficacy of one of four vaccines was investigated through a challenge, in which one group of vaccinated animals and one animal control group were infected with a live field strain of LSDV. Results: Four out of the six control animals showed severe clinical signs suggestive of LSD, and, therefore, were euthanized for overcoming the predetermined limit of clinical score. By contrast, the vaccinated animals showed only mild symptoms, suggesting a reduction in severe disease notwithstanding the incapability of the vaccine in reducing the virus shedding. Conclusion: The vaccines produced were safe and able to elicit both a humoral and a cellular immune response, characteristics that, together with the demonstrated efficacy, make our vaccine a good candidate for countering the LSD spread in disease-free countries, thus also facilitating disease containment throughout the application of a DIVA strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Federico Ronchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Anna Serroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Marco Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Lilia Testa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Cristiano Palucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Daniela Antonucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Sara Capista
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Sara Traini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Chiara Pinoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Ivano Di Matteo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Caterina Laguardia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Gisella Armillotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Francesca Profeta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Fabrizia Valleriani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Elisabetta Di Felice
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Chiara Di Pancrazio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Michele Podaliri Vulpiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Romolo Salini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Maria Teresa Mercante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Mauro Di Ventura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.F.R.); (A.S.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (S.C.); (S.T.); (C.P.); (I.D.M.); (C.L.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (E.D.F.); (G.D.T.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.V.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (D.M.); (N.F.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.)
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Fourie KR, Jeffery A, Chand D, Choudhary P, Ng SH, Liu H, Magloire D, Khatooni Z, Berberov E, Wilson HL. Vaccination with a Lawsonia intracellularis subunit water in oil emulsion vaccine mitigated some disease parameters but failed to affect shedding. Vaccine 2024; 42:126254. [PMID: 39213981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of ileitis in swine that manifests as slower weight gain, mild or hemorrhagic diarrhea and/or death in severe cases. As an economically important swine pathogen, development of effective vaccines is important to the swine industry. In developing a subunit vaccine with three recombinant antigens - FliC, GroEL and YopN - we wanted to identify a formulation that would produce robust immune responses that reduce disease parameters associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infection. We formulated these three antigens with four adjuvants: Montanide ISA 660 VG, Montanide Gel 02 PR, Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST, and Montanide ISA 61 VG in an immunogenicity study. Groups vaccinated with formulations including Montanide ISA 660 VG or Montanide ISA 61 VG had significantly more robust immune responses than groups vaccinated with formulations including Montanide Gel 02 PR or Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST. In the challenge study, animals vaccinated with these antigens and Montanide ISA 61 VG had reduced lesion scores, reduced lesion lengths, and increased average daily gain, but no reduction in shedding relative to the control animals. This work shows that this vaccine formulation should be considered for future study in a field and performance trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia R Fourie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Alison Jeffery
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Dylan Chand
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Haoming Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Donaldson Magloire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Zahed Khatooni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Emil Berberov
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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5
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Kamboj A, Dumka S, Saxena MK, Singh Y, Kaur BP, da Silva SJR, Kumar S. A Comprehensive Review of Our Understanding and Challenges of Viral Vaccines against Swine Pathogens. Viruses 2024; 16:833. [PMID: 38932126 PMCID: PMC11209531 DOI: 10.3390/v16060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pig farming has become a strategically significant and economically important industry across the globe. It is also a potentially vulnerable sector due to challenges posed by transboundary diseases in which viral infections are at the forefront. Among the porcine viral diseases, African swine fever, classical swine fever, foot and mouth disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, swine influenza, and transmissible gastroenteritis are some of the diseases that cause substantial economic losses in the pig industry. It is a well-established fact that vaccination is undoubtedly the most effective strategy to control viral infections in animals. From the period of Jenner and Pasteur to the recent new-generation technology era, the development of vaccines has contributed significantly to reducing the burden of viral infections on animals and humans. Inactivated and modified live viral vaccines provide partial protection against key pathogens. However, there is a need to improve these vaccines to address emerging infections more comprehensively and ensure their safety. The recent reports on new-generation vaccines against swine viruses like DNA, viral-vector-based replicon, chimeric, peptide, plant-made, virus-like particle, and nanoparticle-based vaccines are very encouraging. The current review gathers comprehensive information on the available vaccines and the future perspectives on porcine viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kamboj
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shaurya Dumka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
| | - Mumtesh Kumar Saxena
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yashpal Singh
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bani Preet Kaur
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
| | | | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
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6
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Vu HLX, McVey DS. Recent progress on gene-deleted live-attenuated African swine fever virus vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38480758 PMCID: PMC10937926 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly lethal viral disease in swine, with mortality rates approaching 100%. The disease has spread to many swine-producing countries, leading to significant economic losses and adversely impacting global food security. Extensive efforts have been directed toward developing effective ASF vaccines. Among the vaccinology approaches tested to date, live-attenuated virus (LAV) vaccines produced by rational deleting virulence genes from virulent African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) strains have demonstrated promising safety and efficacy in experimental and field conditions. Many gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates have been generated in recent years. The virulence genes targeted for deletion from the genome of virulent ASFV strains can be categorized into four groups: Genes implicated in viral genome replication and transcription, genes from the multigene family located at both 5' and 3' termini, genes participating in mediating hemadsorption and putative cellular attachment factors, and novel genes with no known functions. Some promising LAV vaccine candidates are generated by deleting a single viral virulence gene, whereas others are generated by simultaneously deleting multiple genes. This article summarizes the recent progress in developing and characterizing gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep L X Vu
- Department of Animal Science, and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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7
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Wang H, Li H, Tang B, Ye C, Han M, Teng L, Yue M, Li Y. Fast and sensitive differential diagnosis of pseudorabies virus-infected versus pseudorabies virus-vaccinated swine using CRISPR-Cas12a. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0261723. [PMID: 38078715 PMCID: PMC10783010 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02617-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes high mortality and miscarriage rates in the infected swine, and the eradication policy coupled with large-scale vaccination of live attenuated vaccines has been adopted globally against PRV. Differential diagnosis of the vaccinated and infected swine is highly demanded. Our multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA)-Cas12a detection method described in this study can diagnose PRV with a superior sensitivity comparable to the quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a competitive detection speed (only half the time as qPCR needs). The portable feature and the simple procedure of MIRA-Cas12a make it easier to deploy for clinical diagnosis, even in resource-limited settings. The MIRA-Cas12a method would provide immediate and accurate diagnostic information for policymakers to respond promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiqing Han
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Zimnyakov DA, Alonova MV, Lavrukhin MS, Lyapina AM, Feodorova VA. Polarization- and Chaos-Game-Based Fingerprinting of Molecular Targets of Listeria Monocytogenes Vaccine and Fully Virulent Strains. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:10056-10078. [PMID: 38132474 PMCID: PMC10742786 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two approaches to the synthesis of 2D binary identifiers ("fingerprints") of DNA-associated symbol sequences are considered in this paper. One of these approaches is based on the simulation of polarization-dependent diffraction patterns formed by reading the modeled DNA-associated 2D phase-modulating structures with a coherent light beam. In this case, 2D binarized distributions of close-to-circular extreme polarization states are applied as fingerprints of analyzed nucleotide sequences. The second approach is based on the transformation of the DNA-associated chaos game representation (CGR) maps into finite-dimensional binary matrices. In both cases, the differences between the structures of the analyzed and reference symbol sequences are quantified by calculating the correlation coefficient of the synthesized binary matrices. A comparison of the approaches under consideration is carried out using symbol sequences corresponding to nucleotide sequences of the hly gene from the vaccine and wild-type strains of Listeria monocytogenes as the analyzed objects. These strains differ in terms of the number of substituted nucleotides in relation to the vaccine strain selected as a reference. The results of the performed analysis allow us to conclude that the identification of structural differences in the DNA-associated symbolic sequences is significantly more efficient when using the binary distributions of close-to-circular extreme polarization states. The approach given can be applicable for genetic differentiation immunized from vaccinated animals (DIVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Zimnyakov
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya Str., 410054 Saratov, Russia;
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named after N.I. Vavilov, 335 Sokolovaya Str., 410005 Saratov, Russia; (M.S.L.); (A.M.L.); (V.A.F.)
| | - Marina V. Alonova
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya Str., 410054 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Maxim S. Lavrukhin
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named after N.I. Vavilov, 335 Sokolovaya Str., 410005 Saratov, Russia; (M.S.L.); (A.M.L.); (V.A.F.)
| | - Anna M. Lyapina
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named after N.I. Vavilov, 335 Sokolovaya Str., 410005 Saratov, Russia; (M.S.L.); (A.M.L.); (V.A.F.)
| | - Valentina A. Feodorova
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named after N.I. Vavilov, 335 Sokolovaya Str., 410005 Saratov, Russia; (M.S.L.); (A.M.L.); (V.A.F.)
- Department for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering Named after N.I. Vavilov, 335 Sokolovaya Str., 410005 Saratov, Russia
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9
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Panyasing Y, Gimenez-Lirola L, Thanawongnuwech R, Prakobsuk P, Kawilaphan Y, Kittawornrat A, Cheng TY, Zimmerman J. Performance of a Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) Serum and Oral Fluid Erns Antibody AlphaLISA Assay. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3802. [PMID: 38136839 PMCID: PMC10740410 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is an OIE-listed disease that requires effective surveillance tools for its detection and control. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the diagnostic performance of a novel CSFV Erns IgG AlphaLISA for both serum and oral fluid specimens that would likewise be compatible with the use of CSFV E2 DIVA vaccines. Test performance was evaluated using a panel of well-characterized serum (n = 760) and individual (n = 528) or pen-based (n = 30) oral fluid samples from four groups of animals: (1) negative controls (n = 60 pigs); (2) inoculated with ALD strain wild-type CSFV (n = 30 pigs); (3) vaccinated with LOM strain live CSFV vaccine (n = 30 pigs); and (4) vaccinated with live CSFV marker vaccine on commercial farms (n = 120 pigs). At a cutoff of S/P ≥ 0.7, the aggregate estimated diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of the assay were, respectively, 97.4% (95% CI 95.9%, 98.3%) and 100% for serum and 95.4% (95% CI 92.9%, 97.0%) and 100% for oral fluid. The Erns IgG antibody AlphaLISA combined DIVA capability with solid diagnostic performance, rapid turnaround, ease of use, and compatibility with both serum and oral fluid specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowalak Panyasing
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Luis Gimenez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (L.G.-L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Phakawan Prakobsuk
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Yanee Kawilaphan
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Apisit Kittawornrat
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (L.G.-L.); (J.Z.)
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10
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Kumari S, Chaudhari J, Huang Q, Gauger P, De Almeida MN, Ly H, Liang Y, Vu HLX. Assessment of Immune Responses to a Trivalent Pichinde Virus-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Hemagglutinin Genes from Three Co-Circulating Influenza A Virus Subtypes in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1806. [PMID: 38140210 PMCID: PMC10748346 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pichinde virus (PICV) can infect several animal species and has been developed as a safe and effective vaccine vector. Our previous study showed that pigs vaccinated with a recombinant PICV-vectored vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of an H3N2 influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) developed virus-neutralizing antibodies and were protected against infection by the homologous H3N2 strain. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a trivalent PICV-vectored vaccine expressing HA antigens from the three co-circulating IAV-S subtypes: H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. Pigs immunized with the trivalent PICV vaccine developed virus-neutralizing (VN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against all three matching IAV-S. Following challenge infection with the H1N1 strain, five of the six pigs vaccinated with the trivalent vaccine had no evidence of IAV-S RNA genomes in nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while all non-vaccinated control pigs showed high number of copies of IAV-S genomic RNA in these two types of samples. Overall, our results demonstrate that the trivalent PICV-vectored vaccine elicits antibody responses against the three targeted IAV-S strains and provides protection against homologous virus challenges in pigs. Therefore, PICV exhibits the potential to be explored as a viral vector for delivering multiple vaccine antigens in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Kumari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (S.K.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jayeshbhai Chaudhari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (S.K.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Qinfeng Huang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (Q.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (P.G.); (M.N.D.A.)
| | - Marcelo Nunes De Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (P.G.); (M.N.D.A.)
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (Q.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuying Liang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (Q.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Department of Animals Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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11
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Live Triple Gene-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus-Vectored Subunit PCV2b and CSFV Vaccine Undergoes an Abortive Replication Cycle in the TG Neurons following Latency Reactivation. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020473. [PMID: 36851689 PMCID: PMC9963255 DOI: 10.3390/v15020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other alpha herpesviruses, pseudorabies virus (PRV) establishes lifelong latency in trigeminal ganglionic (TG) neurons. Upon stress, the latent viruses in the TG neurons reactivate and are transported anterograde from the neuron cell bodies to the nerve endings in the nasal mucosa, where they replicate and are discharged in the nasal and oral secretions. Consequently, the virus is transmitted to other naïve animals. This cycle of latency and reactivation continues until the animal dies or is slaughtered. We have constructed a PRV triple mutant virus (PRVtmv) and used it as a live subunit vaccine vector against porcine circovirus 2b (PCV2b) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) (PRVtmv+). We compared the latency reactivation properties of PRVtmv+ with its parent wild-type (wt) Becker strain following intranasal infection. The results showed that PRV wt and PRVtmv+ established latency in the TG neurons. Based on nasal virus shedding, immediate early (infected cell protein 0; ICP0) and late genes, MCP (major capsid protein) and gC (glycoprotein C) transcriptions, and viral DNA copy numbers in the TGs of latently infected and dexamethasone (Dex)-treated pigs, both PRV wt and PRVtmv+ reactivated from latency. We noticed that PRV wt virus replicated productively in the terminally differentiated, postmitotic TG neurons, but PRVtmv+ failed to replicate and, therefore, there was no virus production in the TG. In addition, we found that only the PRV wt virus was shed in the nasal secretions following the Dex-induced reactivation. Our results demonstrated that the PRVtmv+ is safe as a live viral subunit vaccine vector without the possibility of productive replication in the TG upon reactivation from latency and without subsequent nasal virus shedding. This property of PRVtmv+ precludes the possibility of vaccine virus circulation in pigs and the risk of reversion to virulence.
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12
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Yuan M, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Abid M, Qiu HJ, Li Y. Different Types of Vaccines against Pestiviral Infections: "Barriers" for " Pestis". Viruses 2022; 15:2. [PMID: 36680043 PMCID: PMC9860862 DOI: 10.3390/v15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae mainly comprises classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, border disease virus (BDV), and multiple new pestivirus species such as atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), giraffe pestivirus, and antelope pestivirus. Pestiviruses cause infectious diseases, resulting in tremendous economic losses to animal husbandry. Different types of pestivirus vaccines have been developed to control and prevent these important animal diseases. In recent years, pestiviruses have shown great potential as viral vectors for developing multivalent vaccines. This review analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various pestivirus vaccines, including live attenuated pestivirus strains, genetically engineered marker pestiviruses, and pestivirus-based multivalent vaccines. This review provides new insights into the development of novel vaccines against emerging pestiviruses, such as APPV and ovine pestivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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13
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Jin YL, Yin D, Xing G, Huang YM, Fan CM, Fan CF, Qiu XH, Dong WR, Yan Y, Gu JY, Zhou JY. The Inactivated gE/TK Gene-Deleted Vaccine Against Pseudorabies Virus Type II Confers Effective Protection in Mice and Pigs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:943707. [PMID: 35992698 PMCID: PMC9389536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.943707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly virulent and antigenic variant of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) that emerged from classical Bartha-K61-vaccinated pig herds has caused substantial economic losses to the swine industry in China since 2011. A safe and more effective vaccine is most desirable. In this study, a gE/TK gene-deficient PRV, namely, HD/c, was constructed based on a PRV type II DX strain isolated from a commercial vaccine-immunized farm and the HD/c-based inactivated vaccine was formulated and evaluated for its safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in mice and piglets. The resulting PRV HD/c strain has a similar growth curve to the parental DX strain. After vaccination, the inactivated HD/c vaccine did not cause any visible gross pathological or histopathological changes in the tissues of mice and piglets and provided rapid and potent protection against the challenge of the classical and variant PRVs at day 21 post-vaccination in mice. A single immunization of 108.5TCID50 inactivated PRV HD/c strain-elicited robust immunity with high titer of neutralizing antibody and provided complete protection from the lethal challenge of PRV DX strain in piglets. These results indicated that the inactivated PRV HD/c vaccine with the deletion of gE/TK genes was a safe and effective PRV vaccine candidate for the control of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lan Jin
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Experimental Teaching Center, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Yin
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xing
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ming Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Mei Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Huo Qiu
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yan Gu
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Yong Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ji-Yong Zhou
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Zhang H, Zhang R, Wang F, Li G, Wen Y, Shan H. Comparative proteomic analysis of PK15 swine kidney cells infected with a pseudorabies pathogenic variant and the Bartha-K/61 vaccine strain. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Serological Investigation and Genetic Characteristics of Pseudorabies Virus between 2019 and 2021 in Henan Province of China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081685. [PMID: 36016307 PMCID: PMC9412869 DOI: 10.3390/v14081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2011, severe pseudorabies (PR) outbreaks occurred among swine herds vaccinated with the Bartha-K61 vaccine in many provinces of China, causing enormous economic losses for the pork industry. To understand the epidemic profile and genetic characteristics of the pseudorabies virus (PRV), a total of 35,796 serum samples were collected from 1090 pig farms of different breeding scales between 2019 and 2021 in the Henan province where swine had been immunized with the Bartha-K61 vaccine, and PRV glycoprotein E (gE)-specific antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results reveal that the overall positive rate for PRV gE antibodies was 20.33% (7276/35,796), which decreased from 25.00% (2596/10,385) in 2019 to 16.69% (2222/13,315) in 2021, demonstrating that PR still existed widely in pig herds in the Henan province but displayed a decreasing trend. Further analysis suggested that the PRV-seropositive rate may be associated with farm size, farm category, quarter, region and the cross-regional transportation of livestock. Moreover, the gE gene complete sequences of 18 PRV isolates were obtained, and they shared a high identity (97.1–100.0%) with reference strains at the nucleotide level. Interestingly, the phylogenetic analysis based on the gE complete sequences found that there were both classical strains and variant strains in pig herds. The deduced amino acid sequence analysis of the gE gene showed that there were unique amino acids in the classical strains, the variant strains and genotype Ⅱ strains. This study provides epidemiological data that could be useful in the prevention of pseudorabies in Henan, China, and this finding contributed to our understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of PRV.
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Validation of a Commercial Indirect ELISA Kit for the Detection of Bovine alphaherpesvirus1 (BoHV-1)-Specific Glycoprotein E Antibodies in Bulk Milk Samples of Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070311. [PMID: 35878328 PMCID: PMC9322109 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we validated a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to glycoprotein E (gE) of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in bulk milk (BM) samples using the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. The assay performance characteristics were evaluated using a panel of positive (n = 36) and negative (n = 80) samples with known infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) status. The assay showed adequate repeatability (within-run and between-run), with a coefficient of variability (CV%) of replicates below 30%; only two 1:40 diluted samples had a CV% above 20%. Additionally, an agreement analysis of the qualitative results of replicates led to a Gwet’s agreement coefficient of 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96−1.00, p < 0.001). The estimated diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) were 100% (95% CI: 90.3−100%) and 97.5% (95% CI: 91.3−99.7%), respectively. Overall, a good level of agreement was observed between the assay results and the true IBR status of samples (weighted Cohen’s κ: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.78−1.00). The findings demonstrate that the indirect ELISA kit validated here is an easy-to-use and economical method to differentiate infected and gE-deleted marker vaccine-immunised animals using BM samples.
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Abstract
Ensuring the maximum standards of quality and welfare in animal production requires developing effective tools to halt and prevent the spread of the high number of infectious diseases affecting animal husbandry. Many of these diseases are caused by pathogens of viral etiology. To date, one of the best strategies is to implement preventive vaccination policies whenever possible. However, many of the currently manufactured animal vaccines still rely in classical vaccine technologies (killed or attenuated vaccines). Under some circumstances, these vaccines may not be optimal in terms of safety and immunogenicity, nor adequate for widespread application in disease-free countries at risk of disease introduction. One step ahead is needed to improve and adapt vaccine manufacturing to the use of new generation vaccine technologies already tested in experimental settings. In the context of viral diseases of veterinary interest, we overview current vaccine technologies that can be approached, with a brief insight in the type of immunity elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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Development of an Inactivated H7N9 Subtype Avian Influenza Serological DIVA Vaccine Using the Chimeric HA Epitope Approach. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0068721. [PMID: 34585985 PMCID: PMC8557892 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00687-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, and it is necessary to develop a differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) vaccine for the purpose of eradication. H7N9 subtype AIV hemagglutinin subunit 2 glycoprotein (HA2) peptide chips and antisera of different AIV subtypes were used to screen H7N9 AIV-specific epitopes. A selected specific epitope in the HA2 protein of H7N9 AIV strain A/Chicken/Huadong/JD/17 (JD/17) was replaced with an epitope from an H3N2 subtype AIV strain by reverse genetics. The protection and serological DIVA characteristics of the recombinant H7N9 AIV strain were evaluated. The results showed that a specific epitope on the HA2 protein of H7N9 AIV, named the H7-12 peptide, was successfully screened. The recombinant H7N9 AIV with a modified epitope in the HA2 protein was rescued and named A/Chicken/Huadong/JD-cHA/17 (JD-cHA/17). The HA titer of JD-cHA/17 was 10 log2, and the 50% egg infective dose (EID50) titer was 9.67 log10 EID50/ml. Inactivated JD-cHA/17 induced a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer similar that of the parent strain and provided 100% protection against high-pathogenicity or low-pathogenicity H7N9 AIV challenge. A peptide chip coated with H7-12 peptide was successfully applied to detect the seroconversion of chickens infected or vaccinated with JD/17, while there was no reactivity with antisera of chickens vaccinated with JD-cHA/17. Therefore, the marked vaccine candidate JD-cHA/17 can be used as a DIVA vaccine against H7N9 avian influenza when combined with an H7-12 peptide chip, making it a useful tool for stamping out the H7N9 AIV. IMPORTANCE DIVA vaccine is a useful tool for eradicating avian influenza, especially for highly pathogenic avian influenza. Several different DIVA strategies have been proposed for avian influenza inactivated whole-virus vaccine, involving the neuraminidase (NA), nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e), or HA2 gene. However, virus reassortment, residual protein in a vaccine component, or reduced vaccine protection may limit the application of these DIVA strategies. Here, we constructed a novel chimeric H7N9 AIV, JD-cHA/17, that expressed the entire HA protein with substitution of an H3 AIV epitope in HA2. The chimeric H7N9 recombinant vaccine provides full clinical protection against high-pathogenicity or low-pathogenicity H7N9 AIV challenge. Combined with a short-peptide-based microarray chip containing the H7N9 AIV epitope in HA2, our finding is expected to be useful as a marker vaccine designed for avian influenza.
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van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Spedicato M, Savini G, van Gennip RGP. Pentavalent Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA)/DIVA Vaccine Provides Protection in Sheep and Cattle against Different Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101150. [PMID: 34696258 PMCID: PMC8537505 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a midge-borne OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). There are at least 29 BTV serotypes as determined by serum neutralization tests and genetic analyses of genome segment 2 encoding serotype immunodominant VP2 protein. Large parts of the world are endemic for multiple serotypes. The most effective control measure of BT is vaccination. Conventionally live-attenuated and inactivated BT vaccines are available but have their specific pros and cons and are not DIVA compatible. The prototype Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA)/DIVA vaccine based on knockout of NS3/NS3a protein of live-attenuated BTV, shortly named DISA8, fulfills all criteria for modern veterinary vaccines of sheep. Recently, DISA8 with an internal in-frame deletion of 72 amino acid codons in NS3/NS3a showed a similar ideal vaccine profile in cattle. Here, the DISA/DIVA vaccine platform was applied for other serotypes, and pentavalent DISA/DIVA vaccine for “European” serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 was studied in sheep and cattle. Protection was demonstrated for two serotypes, and neutralization Ab titers indicate protection against other included serotypes. The DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is flexible in use and generates monovalent and multivalent DISA vaccines to combat specific field situations with respect to Bluetongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A. van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8200 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.A.M.-V.); (R.G.P.v.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-320-238-686
| | - Mieke A. Maris-Veldhuis
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8200 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.A.M.-V.); (R.G.P.v.G.)
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- Public Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Public Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.S.)
| | - René G. P. van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8200 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.A.M.-V.); (R.G.P.v.G.)
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20
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The Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) Vaccine Platform Based on Deletion NS3/NS3a Protein Is Safe and Protective in Cattle and Enables DIVA. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050857. [PMID: 34067226 PMCID: PMC8151055 DOI: 10.3390/v13050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), an OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants. At least 29 BTV serotypes are described as determined by the outer shell proteins VP2 and VP5. Vaccination is the most effective control measure. Inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently available. These vaccines have their specific pros and cons, and both are not DIVA vaccines. The BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform is based on LAV without nonessential NS3/NS3a expression and is applicable for many serotypes by the exchange of outer shell proteins. The DISA vaccine is effective and completely safe. Further, transmission of the DISA vaccine by midges is blocked (DISA principle). Finally, the DISA vaccine enables DIVA because of a lack of antibodies against the immunogenic NS3/NS3a protein (DIVA principle). The deletion of 72 amino acids (72aa) in NS3/NS3a is sufficient to block virus propagation in midges. Here, we show that a prototype DISA vaccine based on LAV with the 72aa deletion enables DIVA, is completely safe and induces a long-lasting serotype-specific protection in cattle. In conclusion, the in-frame deletion of 72-aa codons in the BT DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is sufficient to fulfil all the criteria for modern veterinary vaccines.
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Campillo M, Smith SH, Gally DL, Opriessnig T. Review of methods for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:621-631. [PMID: 33739176 PMCID: PMC8225690 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211003551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium
associated with enteric disease in pigs. Clinical signs include weight loss,
diarrhea, and, in some cases, sudden death. The hallmark lesion is the
thickening of the intestinal mucosa caused by increased epithelial cell
replication, known as proliferative enteropathy. The immune response to
L. intracellularis is not well defined, and detection of
the infection, especially in the early stages, is still a significant challenge.
We review here the main approaches used to identify this important but poorly
understood pathogen. Detection of L. intracellularis infection
as the cause of clinical disease is confounded by the high prevalence of the
pathogen in many countries and that several other pathogens can produce similar
clinical signs. A single L. intracellularis–specific ELISA and
several amplification assays are available commercially to aid detection and
surveillance, although histopathology remains the primary way to reach a
conclusive diagnosis. There are major gaps in our understanding of L.
intracellularis pathogenesis, especially how the host responds to
infection and the factors that drive infection toward different clinical
outcomes. Knowledge of pathogenesis will increase the predictive value of
antemortem tests to guide appropriate interventions, including identification
and treatment of subclinically affected pigs in the early stages of disease,
given that this important manifestation reduces pig productivity and contributes
to the economic burden of L. intracellularis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campillo
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sionagh H Smith
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David L Gally
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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22
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Research Progress and Challenges in Vaccine Development against Classical Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030445. [PMID: 33801868 PMCID: PMC7998128 DOI: 10.3390/v13030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is one of the most devastating viral epizootic diseases of swine in many countries. To control the disease, highly efficacious and safe live attenuated vaccines have been used for decades. However, the main drawback of these conventional vaccines is the lack of differentiability of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA concept). Advances in biotechnology and our detailed knowledge of multiple basic science disciplines have facilitated the development of effective and safer DIVA vaccines to control CSF. To date, two types of DIVA vaccines have been developed commercially, including the subunit vaccines based on CSFV envelope glycoprotein E2 and chimeric pestivirus vaccines based on infectious cDNA clones of CSFV or bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Although inoculation of these vaccines successfully induces solid immunity against CSFV, none of them could ideally meet all demands regarding to safety, efficacy, DIVA potential, and marketability. Due to the limitations of the available choices, researchers are still striving towards the development of more advanced DIVA vaccines against CSF. This review summarizes the present status of candidate CSFV vaccines that have been developed. The strategies and approaches revealed here may also be helpful for the development of new-generation vaccines against other diseases.
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Better immune efficacy triggered by the inactivated gI/gE-deleted pseudorabies virus with the additional insertion of gC gene in mice and weaned pigs. Virus Res 2021; 296:198353. [PMID: 33640358 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new variant of pseudorabies virus (PRV) with high pathogenicity has been prevalent in many swineherds vaccinated with Bartha-K61 in China since 2011. Several gene-deleted vaccine candidates have been developed based on new emerging PRV variants. PRV-AH, a new emerging PRV strain from Anhui Province, was isolated in our laboratory in 2013. In the present study, rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- and rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ were generated based on PRV-AH by homologous recombination. The growth kinetics of rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- and rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ were similar to their parental strains. Compared with the commercial inactivated vaccine of Ea strain, the immune efficacy of the inactivated vaccine based on recombinant viruses was evaluated in mice and weaned pigs. The result showed that the level of neutralizing antibody in mice immunized with rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ was higher compared with those immunized with rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- at a dose of 106 TCID50 at 8 weeks post initial immunization (p < 0.0001). Among the groups immunized at a dose of 105 TCID50, the rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- group showed a survival rate of 37.5 %, while the rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ group showed a protection rate of 87.5 % against the PRV-AH challenge. Besides, the rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- and rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ group immunized at a dose of 106 TCID50 showed a survival rate of 100 %. Interestingly, compared with the commercial vaccine group, the group of 105 TCID50 rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ showed a lower level of neutralizing antibodies (p < 0.0001) but the same protection rate in mice. Moreover, in the pig experiment, the level of neutralizing antibodies in the group vaccinated with inactivated rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ was higher than any other groups at 8 weeks post initial immunization (p < 0.05). More importantly, the milder symptoms and pathological lesions occurred in pigs vaccinated with rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ after challenge with 106 TCID50 PRV-AH, revealing that additional insertion of gC gene could enhance the protective efficacy in PRV gI/gE-deleted vaccine in pigs. Collectively, these above-mentioned findings suggested that the inactivated vaccine of rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ had a better immune efficacy, which could be regarded as a promising inactivated vaccine candidate for PRV control.
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Singh A. Why not the 'marker' or DIVA vaccines for the control of emerging infectious diseases of humans? Vaccine 2021; 39:1476-1477. [PMID: 33573864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Singh
- Emeritus Scientist (ICAR), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India.
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25
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Xu H, Han G, Lu Y, Liu Z, Tao L, He F. Broad neutralization of CSFV with novel monoclonal antibodies in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:513-523. [PMID: 33493566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever is a highly contagious disease in China. Although vaccination against Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) has been widely carried out in China, CSFV cases still emerge in an endless stream. Therefore, it is necessary to take new antiviral measures to eliminate CSFV. Glycoprotein E2 of CSFV is the major vaccine candidate that confers protective immunity. Thus, in this study, a batch of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against E2, as alternative antiviral strategies, were produced. Among them, mAbs 6D10, 8D8 and 3C12 presented neutralizing reactivity against CSFV in a dose-dependent manner. Based on truncated overlapping fragments of E2 and mutants, three linear neutralizing epitopes were identified highly conserved in various CSFV strains. Epitopes 8YRYAIS13 and 254HECLIG259 were reported for the first time. All the three epitopes are involved in virus internalization and attachment as shown in pre- or post-attachment neutralization. Recombinant polypeptides carrying epitopes successfully inhibit virus infection in PK-15 cells, indicating epitopes were located in receptor-binding domain (RBD). Further, both prophylactic and therapeutic functions of neutralizing antibody were evaluated in rabbits upon CSFV challenge, confirming the efficacy in vivo. These findings provide alternative antiviral strategies against CSFV and deepen the understanding in E2 function during virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangwei Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehui Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Tao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Future perspectives on swine viral vaccines: where are we headed? Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:1. [PMID: 33397477 PMCID: PMC7780603 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deliberate infection of humans with smallpox, also known as variolation, was a common practice in Asia and dates back to the fifteenth century. The world's first human vaccination was administered in 1796 by Edward Jenner, a British physician. One of the first pig vaccines, which targeted the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, was introduced in 1883 in France by Louis Pasteur. Since then vaccination has become an essential part of pig production, and viral vaccines in particular are essential tools for pig producers and veterinarians to manage pig herd health. Traditionally, viral vaccines for pigs are either based on attenuated-live virus strains or inactivated viral antigens. With the advent of genomic sequencing and molecular engineering, novel vaccine strategies and tools, including subunit and nucleic acid vaccines, became available and are being increasingly used in pigs. This review aims to summarize recent trends and technologies available for the production and use of vaccines targeting pig viruses.
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Reverse Genetics and the Major Applications. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111245. [PMID: 33142752 PMCID: PMC7692847 DOI: 10.3390/v12111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that is known to infect only pigs. The virus emerged in the late 1980s and became endemic in most swine producing countries, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry. The first reverse genetics system for PRRSV was reported in 1998. Since then, several infectious cDNA clones for PRRSV have been constructed. The availability of these infectious cDNA clones has facilitated the genetic modifications of the viral genome at precise locations. Common approaches to manipulate the viral genome include site-directed mutagenesis, deletion of viral genes or gene fragments, insertion of foreign genes, and swapping genes between PRRSV strains or between PRRSV and other members of the Arteriviridae family. In this review, we describe the approaches to construct an infectious cDNA for PRRSV and the ten major applications of these infectious clones to study virus biology and virus–host interaction, and to design a new generation of vaccines with improved levels of safety and efficacy.
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The Attenuated Pseudorabies Virus Vaccine Strain Bartha K61: A Brief Review on the Knowledge Gathered During 60 Years of Research. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110897. [PMID: 33121171 PMCID: PMC7693725 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily of the herpesviruses and is the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease in pigs, causing respiratory, neurological, and reproductive symptoms. Given the heavy economic losses associated with Aujeszky’s disease epidemics, great efforts were made to develop efficacious vaccines. One of the best modified live vaccines to this day is the attenuated Bartha K61 strain. The use of this vaccine in extensive vaccination programs worldwide has assisted considerably in the eradication of PRV from the domesticated pig population in numerous countries. The Bartha K61 strain was described in 1961 by Adorján Bartha in Budapest and was obtained by serial passaging in different cell cultures. Ever since, it has been intensively studied by several research groups, for example, to explore its efficacy as a vaccine strain, to molecularly and mechanistically explain its attenuation, and to use it as a retrograde neuronal tracer and as a vector vaccine. Given that the Bartha K61 vaccine strain celebrates its 60th birthday in 2021 with no sign of retirement, this review provides a short summary of the knowledge on its origin, characteristics, and use as a molecular tool and as a vaccine.
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Riitho V, Strong R, Larska M, Graham SP, Steinbach F. Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101134. [PMID: 33036281 PMCID: PMC7601184 DOI: 10.3390/v12101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Riitho
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Burgess STG, Nunn F, Bartley K, Frew D, McLean K, Inglis NF, McGeachy K, Taliansky ME, Love AJ, Nisbet AJ. Psoroptes ovis-Early Immunoreactive Protein (Pso-EIP-1) a novel diagnostic antigen for sheep scab. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12788. [PMID: 32854149 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Serodiagnosis of sheep scab is an established diagnostic method and has become popular in recent years. However, the current diagnostic antigen, Pso o 2, has shown promise as a component of a recombinant vaccine for scab, making it incompatible with discriminating between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). Here, we describe the discovery and characterization of a novel Psoroptes ovis immunodiagnostic antigen, P. ovis-Early Immunoreactive Protein-1 (Pso-EIP-1). METHODS AND RESULTS Pso-EIP-1 is a highly abundant member of a six-gene family with no known homologs, indicating its potential uniqueness to P. ovis. Expression of recombinant Pso-EIP-1 (rPso-EIP-1) required a C-terminal fusion protein for stability and specific IgG immunoreactivity against rPso-EIP-1 was observed in sheep serum from 1 to 2 weeks post-infestation, indicating its highly immunogenic nature. Two of the three in silico-predicted B-cell epitopes of Pso-EIP-1 were confirmed by in vitro epitope mapping and, in a direct comparison by ELISA, Pso-EIP-1 performed to the same levels as Pso o 2 in terms of sensitivity, specificity and ability to diagnose P. ovis on sheep within 2 weeks of infestation. CONCLUSION Pso-EIP-1 represents a novel diagnostic antigen for sheep scab with comparable levels of sensitivity and specificity to the existing Pso o 2 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francesca Nunn
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kath Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Frew
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin McLean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil F Inglis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Michael E Taliansky
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, UK.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrew J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK
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van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Grobler M, Wright IM, Erasmus BJ, Maartens LH, Potgieter CA. Safety and efficacy of inactivated African horse sickness (AHS) vaccine formulated with different adjuvants. Vaccine 2020; 38:7108-7117. [PMID: 32921506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is a virus species in the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae causing African Horse Sickness (AHS) in equids with a mortality of about 95% in naïve horses. AHS causes serious losses in developing countries where horses play a central role in draft power and transportation. There are nine AHSV serotypes inducing no or low cross-neutralizing antibodies. AHSV is spread by biting Culicoides midges. AHS is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, and a serious threat outside Africa, since Culicoides species in moderate climate conditions are spreading the closely related bluetongue virus. AHS outbreaks will be devastating for the equestrian industry in developed countries. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are licensed, marketed and in use in Africa. Their application is controversial with regard to safety issues. LAVs are not allowed in AHS-free countries. We here studied inactivated AHSV with different adjuvants in guinea pigs and horses. Subcutaneous and intramuscular vaccination were studied in horses. Local reactions were observed after prime and boost vaccination. In general, neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) titres were very low after prime vaccination, whereas boost vaccination resulted in high nAb titres for some adjuvants. Vaccinated horses were selected based on local reactions and nAb titres to study efficacy. Unfortunately, not all vaccinated horses survived virulent AHSV infection. Further, most survivors temporarily developed clinical signs and viremia. Further, the current prototype inactivated AHS vaccine is not suitable as emergency vaccine, because onset of protection is slow and requires boost vaccinations. On the other hand, inactivated AHS vaccine is completely safe with respect to virus spread, and incorporation of the DIVA principle based on NS3/NS3a serology and exploring a vaccine production platform for other serotypes is feasible. A superior adjuvant increasing the protective response without causing local reactions will be required to develop payable and acceptable inactivated AHS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Mieke A Maris-Veldhuis
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Miemie Grobler
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Isabel M Wright
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine house - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng 2191, South Africa
| | - Baltus J Erasmus
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine house - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng 2191, South Africa
| | - Louis H Maartens
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine house - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng 2191, South Africa
| | - Christiaan A Potgieter
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine house - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng 2191, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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32
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Wolfrum N. Infectious laryngotracheitis: an update on current approaches for prevention of an old disease. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S27-S35. [PMID: 32810247 PMCID: PMC7531229 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wolfrum
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Murakami H, Yajima Y, Sato F, Kamisuki S, Taharaguchi S, Onda K, Roh S, Uchiyama J, Sakaguchi M, Tsukamoto K. Development of multipurpose recombinant reporter bovine leukemia virus. Virology 2020; 548:226-235. [PMID: 32771769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a global problem that results in significant economic losses to the livestock industry. We developed three virus strains by inserting the HiBiT reporter tag from NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc) into limited sites within BLV molecular clones. Initial analysis for site selection of the tag insertion revealed a permissible site immediately downstream of the viral envelope gene. Therefore, NLuc activity could be used to measure virus copy numbers in the supernatant and the levels of cell infection. Productivity and growth kinetics of the reporter virus were similar to those of the wild-type strain; therefore, the reporter virus can be used to characterize the replication of chimeric viruses as well as responses to the antiviral drug, amprenavir. Collectively, our results suggest that the BLV reporter virus with a HiBiT tag insertion is a highly versatile system for various purposes such as evaluating virus replication and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yajima
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamisuki
- Laboratory of Chemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taharaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tohoku University, 1-1, Amamiya-machi, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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Mettenleiter TC. Aujeszky's Disease and the Development of the Marker/DIVA Vaccination Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:E563. [PMID: 32664700 PMCID: PMC7400435 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aujeszky's disease or pseudorabies is an infection of animals caused by Suid alphaherpesvirus 1, also designated as pseudorabies virus (PrV). Whereas many mammals are susceptible to PrV, only pigs are able to survive productive infection. Early reports on this disease originate from cattle and companion animals with the hallmark sign of "mad itch", meaning development of pruritus. Although first reports date back to the early 19th century, it was Aladár Aujeszky who in 1902 described this disease, which has since been named after him, as a separate entity. AD expanded in the 20th century, despite efforts to control this infection in the growing pig farming industry. Live-attenuated vaccines were developed in the early 1960s, which assisted early eradication efforts. A major breakthrough in animal vaccinology occurred in the mid-1980s, when it was found that several live-attenuated PrV vaccine strains lacked a significant portion of the genome, including the gene encoding a major immunogenic viral envelope glycoprotein. Upon the development of a suitable serological assay, the first marker vaccine/DIVA concept (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) was developed. Moreover, the first genetically modified live vaccines emanated from molecular work on PrV. Thus, AD serves as a hallmark for the history of veterinary virology as well as for pioneering novel strategies for controlling animal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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35
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Murr M, Hoffmann B, Grund C, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Mettenleiter TC. A Novel Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored DIVA Vaccine against Peste des Petits Ruminants in Goats. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020205. [PMID: 32354145 PMCID: PMC7348985 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV, species: small ruminant morbillivirus) is the causative agent of the eponymous notifiable disease, the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in wild and domestic sheep and goats. Mortality rates vary between 50% and 100%, causing significant losses of estimated 1.5 to 2 billion US Dollars per year. Live-attenuated PPRV vaccine strains are used in the field for disease prevention, but the application of a more thermostable vaccine enabling differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) would be highly desirable to achieve the goal of global disease eradication. We generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) based on the live-attenuated NDV Clone 30 that expresses the surface protein hemagglutinin (H) of PPRV strain Kurdistan/11 (rNDV_HKur). In vitro analyses confirmed transgene expression as well as virus replication in avian, caprine, and ovine cells. Two consecutive subcutaneous vaccinations of German domestic goats with rNDV_HKur prevented clinical signs and hematogenic dissemination after an intranasal challenge with virulent PPRV Kurdistan/11. Virus shedding by different routes was reduced to a similar extent as after vaccination with the live-attenuated PPRV strain Nigeria 75/1. Goats that were either not vaccinated or inoculated with parental rNDV were used as controls. In summary, we demonstrate in a proof-of-concept study that an NDV vectored vaccine can protect against PPR. Furthermore, it provides DIVA-applicability and a high thermal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Murr
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1629
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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36
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Comparison of gE/gI- and TK/gE/gI-Gene-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus Vaccines Mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/Lox Systems. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040369. [PMID: 32230737 PMCID: PMC7232343 DOI: 10.3390/v12040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an acute and febrile infectious disease in swine. To eradicate PR, a more efficacious vaccine needs to be developed. Here, the gE/gI- and TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV (rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI) are constructed through CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/Lox systems. We found that the rGXΔTK/gE/gI was safer than rGXΔgE/gI in mice. Additionally, the effects of rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI were further evaluated in swine. The rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI significantly increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in swine, whereas there was no difference between rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI. Moreover, rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI promoted a PRV-specific humoral immune response. The PRV-specific humoral immune response induced by rGXΔgE/gI was consistent with that caused by rGXΔTK/gE/gI. After the challenge, swine vaccinated with rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI showed no clinical signs and viral shedding. However, histopathological detection revealed that rGXΔgE/gI, not rGXΔTK/gE/gI, caused pathological lesions in brain and lung tissues. In summary, these results demonstrate that the TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV was safer compared with rGXΔgE/gI in swine. The data imply that the TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV may be a more efficacious vaccine candidate for the prevention of PR.
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Silva-Junior LC, Fontes KFLP, Nascimento SA, Rodriguez MC, Camargos MF, Freitas AC, Castro RS, Jesus ALS. Development of a DIVA ELISA for diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease using recombinant gE fused to thioredoxin as antigen. Vet J 2020; 257:105448. [PMID: 32546352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major control methods for Aujeszky's Disease (AD) involve SHV1 gE gene-deleted vaccines and ELISA for detection of specific gE antibodies in infected animals, distinguishing infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA). This work aimed to develop a DIVA ELISA recombinant gE (gErec) for AD diagnosis using recombinant gE fused to thioredoxin protein. The analytical sensitivity and specificity were assessed with World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) AD serum and sera from specific pathogen free (SPF), vaccinated SPF and AD-vaccinated SPF animals. The OIE serum reacted up to the recommended limit of detection and the other sera presented negative results. The cut-off point, diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity were determined by receiver operating curve analysis. This cut-off value corresponded to a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.60% and diagnostic specificity of 96.42%. Furthermore, two other cut-off points were chosen to discuss the ELISAgErec as a screening test in AD-endemic and free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Silva-Junior
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Karin F L P Fontes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Sérgio A Nascimento
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Maria C Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Virologia Animal, Centro de Diagnostico 'Marcos Enrietti' (CDME), Curitiba, PR, 80.040-340, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Camargos
- Laboratorio de Diagnostico de Doenças Virais, Laboratorio Federal de Defesa Agropecuaria, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Freitas
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto S Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - André L S Jesus
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil; Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
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Epitope-Containing Short Peptides Capture Distinct IgG Serodynamics That Enable Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals for Live-Attenuated Vaccines. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01573-19. [PMID: 31896600 PMCID: PMC7158722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01573-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategies have been central enabling techniques in several successful viral disease elimination programs. However, owing to their long and uncertain development process, no DIVA-compatible vaccines are available for many important diseases. We report herein a new DIVA strategy based on hybrid protein-peptide microarrays which can theoretically work with any vaccine. Leading from our findings from peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus, we found 4 epitope-containing short peptides (ECSPs) which have distinct IgG serodynamics: anti-ECSP IgGs only exist for 10 to 60 days postvaccination (dpv), while anti-protein IgGs remained at high levels for >1,000 dpv. These data enabled the design of a DIVA diagnostic microarray containing 4 ECSPs and 3 proteins, which, unlike competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and virus neutralization tests (VNTs), enables ongoing monitoring of serological differences between vaccinated individuals and individuals exposed to the pathogen. For 25 goats after 60 dpv, 13 were detected with positive anti-ECSP IgGs, indicating recent infections in vaccinated goat herds. These DIVA diagnostic microarrays will almost certainly facilitate eradication programs for (re)emerging pathogens and zoonoses.IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as pseudorabies (PR), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and PPR viruses, led to economic losses reaching billions of dollars. Both PR and FMD were eliminated in several countries via large-scale vaccination programs using DIVA-compatible vaccines, which lack the gE protein and nonstructural proteins, respectively. However, there are still extensive challenges facing the development and deployment of DIVA-compatible vaccines because they are time-consuming and full of uncertainty. Further, the negative marker strategy used for DIVA-compatible vaccines is no longer functional for live-attenuated vaccines. To avoid these disadvantageous scenarios, a new strategy is desired. Here, we made the exciting discovery that different IgG serodynamics can be monitored when using protein-based assays versus arrays comprising ECSPs. This DIVA microarray strategy should, in theory, work for any vaccine.
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Xu H, Wang Y, Han G, Fang W, He F. Identification of E2 with improved secretion and immunogenicity against CSFV in piglets. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:26. [PMID: 32019519 PMCID: PMC7001342 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) cause significant economic losses in the swine industry. Vaccination is the major method to prevent and control the disease. As live attenuated vaccines fail to elicit differentiable immunity between infected and vaccinated animals, subunit vaccine was considered as an alternative candidate to prevent and eradicate CSFV. Subunit vaccines present advantages in DIVA immunogenicity and safety. The technology was limited due to the low yield and the high cost with multiple and large doses. The native E2 signal peptide has not been well defined before. Here, the aim of this study is to develop a cost-effective and efficacious E2 vaccine candidate against CSFV with signal peptide and E2 sequence selection. RESULTS A novel CSFV E2 sequence (E2ZJ) was identified from an epidemic strain of Zhejiang for outstanding secretion in baculovirus and enhanced immunogenicity. E2 secretion induced with the selected signal peptide, SPZJ (SP23), increase at least 50% as compared to any other signal peptides tested. Besides, unique antigenic features were identified in E2ZJ. As indicated with immunized sera in IFA against CSFV infection, E2ZJ elicited CSFV antibodies at the earlier stage than other E2 types tested in mice. Moreover, higher level of neutralizing and CSFV antibodies against CSFV with E2ZJ was detected than other E2s with the same dosage at 28 dpi. Further, E2ZJ successfully elicited neutralizing immunity in piglets. A single dose of 5 μg of E2ZJ was sufficient to induce protective antibodies against CSFV in piglets and provided 100% protection against lethal virus challenge. CONCLUSIONS Our studies provide evidence that E2ZJ guided by a novel E2 signal peptide (SPZJ) was efficiently secreted and presented significantly improved immunogenicity than conventional E2 vaccines. Moreover, a single dose of 5 μg E2ZJ is efficacious against CSFV in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangwei Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Teffera M, Babiuk S. Potential of Using Capripoxvirus Vectored Vaccines Against Arboviruses in Sheep, Goats, and Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:450. [PMID: 31921911 PMCID: PMC6932975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus capripoxvirus consists of sheeppox virus, goatpox virus, and lumpy skin disease virus, which affect sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. Together capripoxviruses cause significant economic losses to the sheep, goat, and cattle industry where these diseases are present. These diseases have spread into previously free bordering regions most recently demonstrated with the spread of lumpy skin disease virus into the Middle East, some Eastern European countries, and Russia. This recent spread has highlighted the transboundary nature of these diseases. To control lumpy skin disease virus, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries as well as in response to an outbreak. For sheeppox and goatpox, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries; these diseases can also be contained through slaughter of infected animals to stamp out the disease. The thermostability, narrow host range, and ability of capripoxviruses to express a wide variety of antigens make capripoxviruses ideal vectors. The ability to immunize animals against multiple diseases simultaneously increases vaccination efficiency by decreasing the number of vaccinations required. Additionally, the use of capripoxvirus vectored vaccines allows the possibility of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Arboviruses such as bluetongue virus and Rift Valley fever viruses are also responsible for significant economic losses in endemic countries. In the case of Rift Valley fever virus, vaccination is not routinely practiced unless there is an outbreak making vaccination not as effective, therefore, incorporating Rift Valley fever vaccination into routine capripoxvirus vaccination would be highly beneficial. This review will discuss the potential of using capripoxvirus as a vector expressing protective arboviral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahder Teffera
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Téllez-Martínez D, Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis. Feasibility and prospects. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:432-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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van Rijn PA. Prospects of Next-Generation Vaccines for Bluetongue. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:407. [PMID: 31824966 PMCID: PMC6881303 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a haemorrhagic disease of wild and domestic ruminants with a huge economic worldwide impact on livestock. The disease is caused by BT-virus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and disease control without vaccination is hardly possible. Vaccination is the most feasible and cost-effective way to minimize economic losses. Marketed BT vaccines are successfully used in different parts of the world. Inactivated BT vaccines are efficacious and safe but relatively expensive, whereas live-attenuated vaccines are efficacious and cheap but are unsafe because of under-attenuation, onward spread, reversion to virulence, and reassortment events. Both manufactured BT vaccines do not enable differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) and protection is limited to the respective serotype. The ideal BT vaccine is a licensed, affordable, completely safe DIVA vaccine, that induces quick, lifelong, broad protection in all susceptible ruminant species. Promising vaccine candidates show improvement for one or more of these main vaccine standards. BTV protein vaccines and viral vector vaccines have DIVA potential depending on the selected BTV antigens, but are less effective and likely more costly per protected animal than current vaccines. Several vaccine platforms based on replicating BTV are applied for many serotypes by exchange of serotype dominant outer shell proteins. These platforms based on one BTV backbone result in attenuation or abortive virus replication and prevent disease by and spread of vaccine virus as well as reversion to virulence. These replicating BT vaccines induce humoral and T-cell mediated immune responses to all viral proteins except to one, which could enable DIVA tests. Most of these replicating vaccines can be produced similarly as currently marketed BT vaccines. All replicating vaccine platforms developed by reverse genetics are classified as genetic modified organisms. This implies extensive and expensive safety trails in target ruminant species, and acceptance by the community could be hindered. Nonetheless, several experimental BT vaccines show very promising improvements and could compete with marketed vaccines regarding their vaccine profile, but none of these next generation BT vaccines have been licensed yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Wetzel D, Barbian A, Jenzelewski V, Schembecker G, Merz J, Piontek M. Bioprocess optimization for purification of chimeric VLP displaying BVDV E2 antigens produced in yeast Hansenula polymorpha. J Biotechnol 2019; 306:203-212. [PMID: 31634510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric virus-like particles (VLP) are known as promising tools in the development of safe and effective subunit vaccines. Recently, a technology platform to produce VLP based on the small surface protein (dS) of the duck hepatitis B virus was established. In this study, chimeric VLP were investigated displaying the 195 N-terminal amino acids derived from the glycoprotein E2 of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on their surface. Isolation of the VLP from methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was allowed upon co-expression of wild-type dS and a fusion protein composed of the BVDV-derived antigen N-terminally fused to the dS. It was shown the VLP could be purified by a process adapted from the production of a recombinant hepatitis B VLP vaccine. However, the process essentially depended on costly ultracentrifugation which is critical for low cost production. In novel process variants, this step was avoided after modification of the initial batch capture step, the introduction of a precipitation step and adjusting the ion exchange chromatography. The product yield could be improved by almost factor 8 to 93 ± 12 mg VLP protein per 100 g dry cell weight while keeping similar product purity and antigenicity. This allows scalable and cost efficient VLP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wetzel
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany; Technical University of Dortmund, Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Andreas Barbian
- Duesseldorf University Hospital, Institute for anatomy I, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Jenzelewski
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schembecker
- Technical University of Dortmund, Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juliane Merz
- Evonik Technology & Infrastructure GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau, Germany
| | - Michael Piontek
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany
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Schröder L, Klafack S, Bergmann SM, Lee PYA, Franzke K, Höper D, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Characterization of gene deletion mutants of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (koi herpesvirus) lacking the immunogenic envelope glycoproteins pORF25, pORF65, pORF148 and pORF149. Virus Res 2018; 261:21-30. [PMID: 30543872 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) or koi herpesvirus is a global pathogen causing mass mortality in koi and common carp, against which improved vaccines are urgently needed. In this study we investigated the role of four nonessential, but immunogenic envelope glycoproteins encoded by members of the ORF25 gene family (ORF25, ORF65, ORF148 and ORF149) during CyHV-3 replication. Single deletion of ORF65 did not affect in vitro replication, and deletion of ORF148 even slightly enhanced virus growth on common carp brain (CCB) cells. Deletions of ORF25 or ORF149 led to reduced plaque sizes and virus titers, which was due to delayed entry into host cells. An ORF148/ORF149 double deletion mutant exhibited wild-type like growth indicating opposing functions of the two proteins. Electron microscopy of CCB cells infected with either mutant did not indicate any effects on virion formation and maturation in nucleus or cytoplasm, nor on release of enveloped particles. The ORF148, ORF149 and double deletion mutants were also tested in animal experiments using juvenile carp, and proved to be insufficiently attenuated for use as live virus vaccines. However, surviving fish were protected against challenge with wild-type CyHV-3, demonstrating that these antibody inducing proteins are dispensable for an efficient immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandro Klafack
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Colitti B, Muratore E, Careddu ME, Bertolotti L, Iotti B, Giacobini M, Profiti M, Nogarol C, Böttcher J, Ponzo A, Facelli R, Rosati S. Field application of an indirect gE ELISA on pooled milk samples for the control of IBR in free and marker vaccinated dairy herds. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:387. [PMID: 30518363 PMCID: PMC6282388 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of a new strategy for monitoring the serological response against Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1), the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). Bulk milk samples have already been identified as cost effective diagnostic matrices for monitoring purposes. Nevertheless, most eradication programs are still based on individual standard assays. In a region of northwestern Italy (Piedmont), the voluntary eradication program for IBR has become economically unsustainable. Being the prevalence of infection still high, glycoprotein E-deleted marker vaccines are commonly used but gE blocking ELISAs are less sensitive on bulk milk samples compared to blood serum. RESULTS A recently developed indirect gE ELISA showed high versatility when applied to a wide range of matrices. In this study, we applied a faster, cost effective system for the concentration of IgG from pooled milk samples. The IgG enriched fractions were tested using a gE indirect ELISA for monitoring purposes in IBR-positive and IBR-marker-vaccinated herds. Official diagnostic tests were used as gold standard. During a 3 years study, a total 250 herds were involved, including more than 34,500 lactating cows. The proposed method showed a very good agreement with official diagnostic protocols and very good diagnostic performances: only 37 positive animals were not detected across the entire study. CONCLUSIONS The results highlighted the ability of the proposed method to support the surveillance of IBR in the Piedmont region, reducing the costs without affecting the diagnostic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Elvira Muratore
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Careddu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte della Liguria e della Valle D’Aosta (IZSPLV), 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Bryan Iotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Profiti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Jens Böttcher
- Tiergesundheitsdienst bayern e.V, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Andreino Ponzo
- Azienda sanitaria locale Cuneo (ASL CN1), 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Roberto Facelli
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Piemonte (ARAP), 12020 Madonna dell’Olmo, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Schröder L, Klafack S, Bergmann SM, Fichtner D, Jin Y, Lee PY, Höper D, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Generation of a potential koi herpesvirus live vaccine by simultaneous deletion of the viral thymidine kinase and dUTPase genes. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:642-655. [PMID: 30230443 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV, Cyprinidherpesvirus 3) causes a fatal disease of koi and common carp. To obtain safe and efficacious live vaccines, we generated deletion mutants of KHV lacking the nonessential genes encoding two enzymes of nucleotide metabolism, thymidine kinase (TK, ORF55) and deoxyuridine-triphosphatase (DUT, ORF123). Since single-deletion mutants based on a KHV isolate from Israel (KHV-I) only exhibited partial attenuation (Fuchs W, Fichtner D, Bergmann SM, Mettenleiter TC. Arch Virol 2011;156 : 1059-1063), a corresponding double mutant was generated and tested in vivo, and shown to be almost avirulent but still protective. To overcome the low in vitro virus titres of KHV-I (≤105 p.f.u. ml-1), single and double TK and DUT deletions were also introduced into a cell culture-adapted KHV strain from Taiwan (KHV-T). The deletions did not affect in vitro virus replication, and all KHV-T mutants exhibited wild-type-like plaque sizes and titres exceeding 107 p.f.u. ml-1, as a prerequisite for economic vaccine production. Compared to wild-type and revertant viruses, the single-deletion mutants of KHV-T were significantly attenuated in vivo, and immersion of juvenile carp in water containing high doses of the double mutant caused almost no fatalities. Nevertheless, the deletion mutants induced similar levels of KHV-specific serum antibodies to the parental wild-type virus, and conferred solid protection against disease after challenge with wild-type KHV. For the convenient differentiation of DNA samples prepared from gill swabs of carp infected with wild-type and TK-deleted KHV we developed a triplex real-time PCR. Thus, KHV-TΔDUT/TK might be suitable as a genetic DIVA vaccine in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schröder
- 1Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandro Klafack
- 2Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- 2Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dieter Fichtner
- 2Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yeonhwa Jin
- 2Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pei-Yu Lee
- 3GeneReach Biotechnology Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dirk Höper
- 4Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- 1Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- 1Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Ata EB, Zaghawa A, Ghazy AA, Elsify A, Abdelrahman K, Kasem S, Nayel M. Development and characterization of ORF68 negative equine herpes virus type-1, Ab4p strain. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:121-131. [PMID: 30165189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen, which infects horses worldwide with high morbidity but low mortality rates. The respiratory disorders and abortions are the most common indicators. Ab4p (an abortigenic and paralytic virus) is one of the most important and virulent strains. The development and functional characterization of the open reading frame-68 (ORF68) negative EHV-1 Ab4p mutants and an assessment of their roles in the infection at the cellular level were the main targets of the current study. Escherichia coli DH10β containing the Ab4p bacterial artificial chromosome (pAb4pBAC) and Red/ET expression vector were used to develop different ORF68 mutants. Multi-step growth kinetic experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the growth properties of the constructed mutant viruses. Growth of the Ab4pΔORF68 showed the lowest titer, compared to the Ab4pΔORF68R, Ab4pΔORF68R non-sense, and the parent Ab4p viruses without any significant difference (P > 0.05). The growth of the mutant viruses was almost similar across the cell types, but viruses growth was more efficient in FHK cells as judged by the number of the obtained virus particles. The plaque size of Ab4pΔORF68 was significantly (40%) smaller than those of Ab4p (P < 0.01), Ab4pΔORF68R, and Ab4pΔORF68R non-sense viruses which confirmed the importance of ORF68 protein in the cell-to-cell transmission of EHV-1. Subcellular localization of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) ORF68 gene fusion product showed late expression with intranuclear localization of the transfected cells while immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) localized it at the nucleus and nuclear membranes of the infected cells. Hence, it could be concluded that ORF68 protein may not be essential for EHV-1 Ab4p growth but plays a crucial role in virus penetration and transmission at the cellular level. Therefore, the generated EHV-1 ORF68 negative mutant could be a prospective candidate for the development of a vaccine marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Beshir Ata
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Ahmed Zaghawa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt
| | - Alaa A Ghazy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsify
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abdelrahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt
| | - Samy Kasem
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, El-Geish street, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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Characterisation of the antigenic epitopes in the subunit 2 haemagglutinin of avian influenza virus H5N1. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2199-2212. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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49
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van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Potgieter CA, van Gennip RG. African horse sickness virus (AHSV) with a deletion of 77 amino acids in NS3/NS3a protein is not virulent and a safe promising AHS Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform. Vaccine 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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50
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Effective surveillance for early classical swine fever virus detection will utilize both virus and antibody detection capabilities. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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