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Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Zheng Y, Li F, Hao L, Yu J, Guo L, Zhou H, Ma C, Zhang X, Xu M. Elevated CO 2 concentration induces photosynthetic down-regulation with changes in leaf structure, non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen content of soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:255. [PMID: 31195963 PMCID: PMC6567668 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms of crops in response to elevated CO2 concentrations is pivotal to estimating the impacts of climate change on the global agricultural production. Based on earlier results of the "doubling-CO2 concentration" experiments, many current climate models may overestimate the CO2 fertilization effect on crops, and meanwhile, underestimate the potential impacts of future climate change on global agriculture ecosystem when the atmospheric CO2 concentration goes beyond the optimal levels for crop growth. RESULTS This study examined the photosynthetic response of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to elevated CO2 concentration associated with changes in leaf structure, non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen content with environmental growth chambers where the CO2 concentration was controlled at 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600 ppm. We found CO2-induced down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis as evidenced by the consistently declined leaf net photosynthetic rate (An) with elevated CO2 concentrations. This down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis was evident in biochemical and photochemical processes since the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) were dramatically decreased at higher CO2 concentrations exceeding their optimal values of about 600 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. Moreover, the down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis at high CO2 concentration was partially attributed to the reduced stomatal conductance (Gs) as demonstrated by the declines in stomatal density and stomatal area as well as the changes in the spatial distribution pattern of stomata. In addition, the smaller total mesophyll size (palisade and spongy tissues) and the lower nitrogen availability may also contribute to the down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis when soybean subjected to high CO2 concentration environment. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis associated with the changes in stomatal traits, mesophyll tissue size, non-structural carbohydrates, and nitrogen availability of soybean in response to future high atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpu Zheng
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Lihua Hao
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Jingjin Yu
- School of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Haoran Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
- Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
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Wu XJ, Sun S, Xing GM, Wang GL, Wang F, Xu ZS, Tian YS, Hou XL, Xiong AS. Elevated Carbon Dioxide Altered Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics, Ascorbic Acid Accumulation, and Related Gene Expression during Taproot Development in Carrots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2026. [PMID: 28119712 PMCID: PMC5221676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased significantly in recent decades and is projected to rise in the future. The effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on morphological and anatomical characteristics, and nutrient accumulation have been determined in several plant species. Carrot is an important vegetable and the effects of elevated CO2 on carrots remain unclear. To investigate the effects of elevated CO2 on the growth of carrots, two carrot cultivars ('Kurodagosun' and 'Deep purple') were treated with ambient CO2 (a[CO2], 400 μmol⋅mol-1) and elevated CO2 (e[CO2], 3000 μmol⋅mol-1) concentrations. Under e[CO2] conditions, taproot and shoot fresh weights and the root/shoot ratio of carrot significantly decreased as compared with the control group. Elevated CO2 resulted in obvious changes in anatomy and ascorbic acid accumulation in carrot roots. Moreover, the transcript profiles of 12 genes related to AsA biosynthesis and recycling were altered in response to e[CO2]. The 'Kurodagosun' and 'Deep purple' carrots differed in sensitivity to e[CO2]. The inhibited carrot taproot and shoot growth treated with e[CO2] could partly lead to changes in xylem development. This study provided novel insights into the effects of e[CO2] on the growth and development of carrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural UniversityTaigu, China
| | - Guo-Ming Xing
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural UniversityTaigu, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xi-Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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Paradiso R, De Micco V, Buonomo R, Aronne G, Barbieri G, De Pascale S. Soilless cultivation of soybean for Bioregenerative Life-Support Systems: a literature review and the experience of the MELiSSA Project - Food characterisation Phase I. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:69-78. [PMID: 23889907 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants play a key role in Bioregenerative Life-Support Systems (BLSS) for long-term missions in space, by regenerating air through photosynthetic CO2 absorption and O2 emission, recovering water through transpiration and recycling waste products through mineral nutrition. In addition, plants could provide fresh food to integrate into the crew diet and help to preserve astronauts' wellbeing. The ESA programme Micro-Ecological Life-Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) aims to conceive an artificial bioregenerative ecosystem for resources regeneration, based on both microorganisms and higher plants. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the four candidate species studied for soilless (hydroponic) cultivation in MELiSSA, because of the high nutritional value of the seeds. Within the MELiSSA programme - Food characterisation Phase I, the aim of the research carried out on soybean at the University of Naples was to select the most suitable European cultivars for cultivation in BLSS. In this context, a concise review on the state-of-the-art of soybean cultivation in space-oriented experiments and a summary of research activity for the preliminary theoretical selection and subsequent agronomical evaluation of four cultivars will be presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paradiso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
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Norikane A, Teixeira da Silva JA, Tanaka M. Growth of in vitro Oncidesa plantlets cultured under cold cathode fluorescent lamps with super-elevated CO 2 enrichment. AOB PLANTS 2013. [PMCID: PMC4455684 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
How can one increase the biomass of plants, particularly orchids, in an effective way? Photoautotrophic micropropagation is an effective means of increasing the biomass of Oncidesa orchids. Using 10,000 µmol mol−1 CO2 and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 60 µmol m−2 s−1, the number of leaves and roots and shoot and root fresh and dry weights could be considerably increased, but only when cultured on Kyoto medium rather than Vacin and Went medium. Super-elevated CO2 enrichment and growth under cold cathode fluorescent lamps can positively affect the efficiency and quality of commercial production of clonal Oncidesa plantlets. As interest in how to increase biomass production through biotechnological means gains traction, focus is turning towards the use of photoautotrophic micropropagation under elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) to maximize plant growth and productivity. The effect of super-elevated CO2 with cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) on the photoautotrophic growth of Oncidesa in vitro has been studied using a gas-permeable film culture vessel, the ‘Vitron’. The growth of Oncidesa (formerly Oncidesa Gower Ramsey ‘U-1’) plantlets on Vacin and Went (VW) medium was stimulated by 10 000 μmol mol−1 CO2. In particular, increasing the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) from 45 to 60 μmol m−2 s−1 under 10 000 μmol mol−1 CO2 in the growth chamber remarkably increased the number of leaves and roots, and shoot and root fresh and dry weights compared with plantlets under the same level of CO2 under low PPFD (45 μmol m−2 s−1). However, there was a remarkable decrease in photosynthetic capacity, and chlorosis and browning of leaves. In stark contrast, plantlets grown on Kyoto medium at 10 000 μmol mol−1 CO2 under high PPFD had a higher photosynthetic rate than plantlets grown on VW medium, and no chlorosis or browning was observed. Furthermore, shoot growth was remarkably enhanced. Therefore, super-elevated CO2 (10 000 μmol mol−1) enrichment and growth under CCFLs can positively affect the efficiency and quality of commercial production of clonal Oncidesa plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Norikane
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- Present address: PO Box 7, Miki-cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken 761-0799, Japan
- Corresponding authors' e-mail addresses: ,
| | - Michio Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- Corresponding authors' e-mail addresses: ,
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Kaplan F, Zhao W, Richards JT, Wheeler RM, Guy CL, Levine LH. Transcriptional and metabolic insights into the differential physiological responses of arabidopsis to optimal and supraoptimal atmospheric CO2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43583. [PMID: 22916280 PMCID: PMC3423350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In tightly closed human habitats such as space stations, locations near volcano vents and closed culture vessels, atmospheric CO(2) concentration may be 10 to 20 times greater than Earth's current ambient levels. It is known that super-elevated (SE) CO(2) (>1,200 µmol mol(-1)) induces physiological responses different from that of moderately elevated CO(2) (up to 1,200 µmol mol(-1)), but little is known about the molecular responses of plants to supra-optimal [CO(2)]. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To understand the underlying molecular causes for differential physiological responses, metabolite and transcript profiles were analyzed in aerial tissue of Arabidopsis plants, which were grown under ambient atmospheric CO(2) (400 µmol mol(-1)), elevated CO(2) (1,200 µmol mol(-1)) and SE CO(2) (4,000 µmol mol(-1)), at two developmental stages early and late vegetative stage. Transcript and metabolite profiling revealed very different responses to elevated versus SE [CO(2)]. The transcript profiles of SE CO(2) treated plants were closer to that of the control. Development stage had a clear effect on plant molecular response to elevated and SE [CO(2)]. Photosynthetic acclimation in terms of down-regulation of photosynthetic gene expression was observed in response to elevated [CO(2)], but not that of SE [CO(2)] providing the first molecular evidence that there appears to be a fundamental disparity in the way plants respond to elevated and SE [CO(2)]. Although starch accumulation was induced by both elevated and SE [CO(2)], the increase was less at the late vegetative stage and accompanied by higher soluble sugar content suggesting an increased starch breakdown to meet sink strength resulting from the rapid growth demand. Furthermore, many of the elevated and SE CO(2)-responsive genes found in the present study are also regulated by plant hormone and stress. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides new insights into plant acclimation to elevated and SE [CO(2)] during development and how this relates to stress, sugar and hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kaplan
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhao
- MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey T. Richards
- Enterprise Advisory Services Inc., QinetiQ North America for Engineering Services Contract (ESC), Sustainable Systems Applied Research, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, United States of America
| | - Raymond M. Wheeler
- NASA Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Guy
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lanfang H. Levine
- Enterprise Advisory Services Inc., QinetiQ North America for Engineering Services Contract (ESC), Sustainable Systems Applied Research, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, United States of America
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Norikane A, Takamura T, Morokuma M, Tanaka M. In vitro growth and single-leaf photosynthetic response of Cymbidium plantlets to super-elevated CO2 under cold cathode fluorescent lamps. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:273-83. [PMID: 20094885 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effectiveness of super-elevated (10,000 micromol mol(-1)) CO(2) enrichment under cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) for the clonal propagation of Cymbidium, plantlets were cultured on modified Vacin and Went (VW) medium under 0, 3,000 and 10,000 micromol mol(-1) CO(2) enrichment and two levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 45 and 75 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). Under high PPFD, 10,000 micromol mol(-1) CO(2) increased root dry weight and promoted shoot growth. In addition, a decrease in photosynthetic capacity and chlorosis at leaf tips were observed. Rubisco activity and stomatal conductance of these plantlets were lower than those of plantlets at 3,000 micromol mol(-1) CO(2) under high PPFD, which had a higher photosynthetic capacity. On the other hand, plantlets on Kyoto medium grown in 10,000 micromol mol(-1) CO(2) under high PPFD had a higher photosynthetic rate than those on modified VW medium; no chlorosis was observed. Furthermore, growth of plantlets, in particular the roots, was remarkably enhanced. This result indicates that a negative response to super-elevated CO(2) under high PPFD could be improved by altering medium components. Super-elevated CO(2) enrichment of in vitro-cultured Cymbidium could positively affect the efficiency and quality of commercial production of clonal orchid plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Norikane
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
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8
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Xu CY, Griffin KL, Blazier JC, Craig EC, Gilbert DS, Sritrairat S, Anderson OR, Castaldi MJ, Beaumont L. The growth response of Alternanthera philoxeroides in a simulated post-combustion emission with ultrahigh [CO2] and acidic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2118-2125. [PMID: 19269074 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although post-combustion emissions from power plants are a major source of air pollution, they contain excess CO2 that could be used to fertilize commercial greenhouses and stimulate plant growth. We addressed the combined effects of ultrahigh [CO2] and acidic pollutants in flue gas on the growth of Alternanthera philoxeroides. When acidic pollutants were excluded, the biomass yield of A. philoxeroides saturated near 2000 micromol mol(-1) [CO2] with doubled biomass accumulation relative to the ambient control. The growth enhancement was maintained at 5000 micromol mol(-1) [CO2], but declined when [CO2] rose above 1%, in association with a strong photosynthetic inhibition. Although acidic components (SO2 and NO2) significantly offset the CO2 enhancement, the aboveground yield increased considerably when the concentration of pollutants was moderate (200 times dilution). Our results indicate that using excess CO2 from the power plant emissions to optimize growth in commercial green house could be viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yuan Xu
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
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Levine LH, Richards JT, Wheeler RM. Super-elevated CO2 interferes with stomatal response to ABA and night closure in soybean (Glycine max). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:903-13. [PMID: 19131142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown stomatal conductance (g(s)) of plants exposed to super-elevated CO2 (>5000micromol mol(-1)) increases in several species, in contrast to a decrease of g(s) caused by moderate CO2 enrichment. We conducted a series of experiments to determine whether super-elevated CO2 alters stomatal development and/or interferes with stomatal closure in soybean (Glycine max). Plants were grown at nominal ambient (400), elevated (1200) and super-elevated (10,000micromol mol(-1)) CO2 in controlled environmental chambers. Stomatal density of the plant leaf was examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the stomatal response to the application of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone associated with water stress and stomatal control, was investigated in intact growing plants by measuring the g(s) of abaxial leaf surfaces using a steady-state porometer. Relative to the control (400micromol mol(-1) CO2) plants, daytime stomatal conductance (g(s,day)) of the plants grown under 1200 and 10,000micromol mol(-1) CO2 was reduced by 38% and 15%, respectively. Dark period stomatal conductance (g(s,night)) was unaffected by growing under 1200mumol mol(-1) CO2) but dramatically increased under 10,000micromol mol(-1) CO2. Stomatal density increased by 10% in the leaves of 10,000micromol mol(-1) CO2-grown plants, which in part contributed to the higher g(s,night) values. Elevating [CO2] to 1200micromol mol(-1) enhanced ABA-induced stomatal closure, but further increasing CO2 to 10,000micromol mol(-1) significantly reduced ABA-induced stomatal closure. These results demonstrated that stomatal response to ABA is CO2 dependent. Hence, a stomatal failure to effectively respond to an ABA signal and to close at night under extremely high CO2 may increase plants susceptibility to other abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang H Levine
- Dynamac Corp., Space Life Sciences Laboratory, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA.
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He C, Davies FT, Lacey RE. Separating the effects of hypobaria and hypoxia on lettuce: growth and gas exchange. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2007; 131:226-40. [PMID: 18251894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to determine the influence of hypobaria (reduced atmospheric pressure) and reduced partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) [hypoxia] on carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation (C(A)), dark-period respiration (DPR) and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Buttercrunch). Lettuce plants were grown under variable total gas pressures [25 and 101 kPa (ambient)] at 6, 12 or 21 kPa pO2)(approximately the partial pressure in air at normal pressure). Growth of lettuce was comparable between ambient and low total pressure but lower at 6 kPa pO2 (hypoxic) than at 12 or 21 kPa pO2. The specific leaf area of 6 kPa pO2 plants was lower, indicating thicker leaves associated with hypoxia. Roots were most sensitive to hypoxia, with a 50-70% growth reduction. Leaf chlorophyll levels were greater at low than at ambient pressure. Hypobaria and hypoxia did not affect plant water relations. While hypobaria did not adversely affect plant growth or C(A), hypoxia did. There was comparable C(A) and a lower DPR in low than in ambient total pressure plants under non-limiting CO2 levels (100 Pa pCO2, nearly three-fold that in normal air). The C(A)/DPR ratio was higher at low than at ambient total pressure, particularly at 6 kPa pO2- indicating a greater efficiency of C(A)/DPR in low-pressure plants. There was generally no significant interaction between hypoxia and hypobaria. We conclude that lettuce can be grown under subambient pressure ( congruent with25% of normal earth ambient total pressure) without adverse effects on plant growth or gas exchange. Furthermore, hypobaric plants were more resistant to hypoxic conditions that reduced gas exchange and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiu He
- Department of Horticultural Sciences and Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences (MEPS), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA
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Tikhomirov AA, Velichko VV, Ushakova SA. Effect of increased CO2 concentrations on gas exchange and productivity of cultivated vegetables contributing to the phototrophic component of biological regeneration life-support systems. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2007; 416:379-381. [PMID: 18047024 DOI: 10.1134/s001249660705016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Tikhomirov
- Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Division, Russian Acadenmy of Sciences, Akademngorodok, Krasnovarsk, 660036 Russia
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Thompson L, Morris J, Peffley E, Green C, Paré P, Tissue D, Jasoni R, Hutson J, Wehner B, Kane C. Flavonol content and composition of spring onions grown hydroponically or in potting soil. J Food Compost Anal 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Monje O, Stutte GW, Goins GD, Porterfield DM, Bingham GE. Farming in space: environmental and biophysical concerns. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2003; 31:151-167. [PMID: 12577999 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of space will depend on our ability to routinely provide for the metabolic needs (oxygen, water, and food) of a crew with minimal re-supply from Earth. On Earth, these functions are facilitated by the cultivation of plant crops, thus it is important to develop plant-based food production systems to sustain the presence of mankind in space. Farming practices on earth have evolved for thousands of years to meet both the demands of an ever-increasing population and the availability of scarce resources, and now these practices must adapt to accommodate the effects of global warming. Similar challenges are expected when earth-based agricultural practices are adapted for space-based agriculture. A key variable in space is gravity; planets (e.g. Mars, 1/3 g) and moons (e.g. Earth's moon, 1/6 g) differ from spacecraft orbiting the Earth (e.g. Space stations) or orbital transfer vehicles that are subject to microgravity. The movement of heat, water vapor, CO2 and O2 between plant surfaces and their environment is also affected by gravity. In microgravity, these processes may also be affected by reduced mass transport and thicker boundary layers around plant organs caused by the absence of buoyancy dependent convective transport. Future space farmers will have to adapt their practices to accommodate microgravity, high and low extremes in ambient temperatures, reduced atmospheric pressures, atmospheres containing high volatile organic carbon contents, and elevated to super-elevated CO2 concentrations. Farming in space must also be carried out within power-, volume-, and mass-limited life support systems and must share resources with manned crews. Improved lighting and sensor technologies will have to be developed and tested for use in space. These developments should also help make crop production in terrestrial controlled environments (plant growth chambers and greenhouses) more efficient and, therefore, make these alternative agricultural systems more economically feasible food production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Monje
- Dynamac Corporation, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32780, USA
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Grodzinski B, Schmidt JM, Watts B, Taylor J, Bates S, Dixon MA, Staines H. Regulating plant/insect interactions using CO2 enrichment in model ecosystems. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1999; 24:281-291. [PMID: 11542535 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(99)00315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The greenhouse environment is a challenging artificial ecosystem in which it is possible to study selected plant/insect interaction in a controlled environment. Due to a combination of "direct" and "indirect" effects of CO2 enrichment on plant photosynthesis and plant development, canopy productivity is generally increased. In this paper, we discuss the effects of daytime and nighttime CO2 enrichment protocols on gas exchange of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L, cv Cubico) grown in controlled environments. In addition, we present the effects of thrips, a common Insect pest, on the photosynthetic and respiratory activity of these plant canopies. Carbon dioxide has diverse effects on the physiology and mortality of insects. However, our data indicate that thrips and whiteflies, at least, are not killed "directly" by CO2 levels used to enhance photosynthesis and plant growth. Together the data suggest that the insect population is affected "indirectly" by CO2 and that the primary effect of CO2 is via its effects on plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grodzinski
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Guelph, Canada
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Grotenhuis T, Reuveni J, Bugbee B. Super-optimal CO2 reduces wheat yield in growth chamber and greenhouse environments. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1997; 20:1901-1904. [PMID: 11542567 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(97)00858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seven growth chamber trials (six replicate trials using 0.035, 0.12, and 0.25% CO2 in air and one trial using 0.12, 0.80, and 2.0% CO2 in air) and three replicate greenhouse trials (0.035, 0.10, 0.18, 0.26, 0.50, and 1.0% CO2 in air) compare the effects of super-optimal CO2 on the seed yield, harvest index, and vegetative growth rate of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. USU-Apogee and Veery-10). Plants in the growth chamber trials were grown hydroponically under fluorescent lamps, while the greenhouse trials were grown under sunlight and high pressure sodium lamps and in soilless media. Plants in the greenhouse trials responded similarly to those in the growth chamber trials; maximum yields occurred near 0.10 and 0.12% CO2 and decreased significantly thereafter. This research indicates that the toxic effects of elevated CO2 are not specific to only one environment and has important implications for the design of bio-regenerative life support systems in space, and for the future of terrestrial agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grotenhuis
- Plants, Soils and Biometeorology Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4820, USA
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Wheeler RM, Mackowiak CL, Stutte GW, Yorio NC, Berry WL. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on nutritional quality of tomato. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1997; 20:1975-1978. [PMID: 11542578 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(97)00263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cvs. Red Robin (RR) and Reimann Philipp (RP) were grown hydroponically for 105 d with a 12 h photoperiod, 26 degrees C/22 degrees C thermoperiod, and 500 micromol m-2 s-1 PPF at either 400, 1200, 5000, or 10,000 micromol mol-1 (0.04, 0.12, 0.50, 1.00 kPa) CO2. Harvested fruits were analyzed for proximate composition, total dietary fiber, nitrate, and elemental composition. No trends were apparent with regard to CO2 effects on proximate composition, with fruit from all treatments and both cultivars averaging 18.9% protein, 3.6% fat, 10.2% ash, and 67.2% carbohydrate. In comparison, average values for field-grown fruit are 16.6% protein, 3.8% fat, 8.1% ash, and 71.5% carbohydrate (Duke and Atchely, 1986). Total dietary fiber was highest at 10,000 micromol mol-1 (28.4% and 22.6% for RR and RP) and lowest at 1000 micromol mol-1 (18.2% and 15.9% for RR and RP), but showed no overall trend in response to CO2. Nitrate values ranged from 0.19% to 0.35% and showed no trend with regard to CO2. K, Mg, and P concentrations showed no trend in response to CO2, but Ca levels increased from 198 and 956 ppm in RR and RP at 400 micromol mol-1, to 2537 and 2825 ppm at 10,000 micromol mol-1. This increase in Ca caused an increase in fruit Ca/P ratios from 0.07 and 0.37 for RR and RP at 400 micromol mol-1 to 0.99 and 1.23 for RR and RP at 10,000 micromol mol-1, suggesting that more dietary Ca should be available from high CO2-grown fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Wheeler
- NASA Biomedical Office, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA
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Wheeler RM, Mackowiak CL, Stutte GW, Sager JC, Yorio NC, Ruffe LM, Fortson RE, Dreschel TW, Knott WM, Corey KA. NASA's Biomass Production Chamber: a testbed for bioregenerative life support studies. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1996; 18:215-24. [PMID: 11538800 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00880-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) located at Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA provides a large (20 m2 area, 113 m3 vol.), closed environment for crop growth tests for NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program. Since the summer of 1988, the chamber has operated on a near-continuous basis (over 1200 days) without any major failures (excluding temporary power losses). During this time, five crops of wheat (64-86 days each), three crops of soybean (90 to 97 days), five crops of lettuce (28-30 days), and four crops of potato (90 to 105 days were grown, producing 481 kg of dry plant biomass, 196 kg edible biomass, 540 kg of oxygen, 94,700 kg of condensed water, and fixing 739 kg of carbon dioxide. Results indicate that total biomass yields were close to expected values for the given light input, but edible biomass yields and harvest indices were slightly lower than expected. Stand photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and nutrient uptake rates were monitored throughout growth and development of the different crops, along with the build-up of ethylene and other volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Data were also gathered on system hardware maintenance and repair, as well as person-hours required for chamber operation. Future tests will include long-term crop production studies, tests in which nutrients from waste treatment systems will be used to grow new crops, and multi-species tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Wheeler
- Biomedical Operations and Research Office, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA
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