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Cha JJ, Park BY, Yoon SG, Park HJ, Yoo JA, Ghee JY, Cha DR, Seong JY, Kang YS. Spexin-based galanin receptor 2 agonist improves renal injury in mice with type 2 diabetes. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2023; 27:187-196. [PMID: 37789932 PMCID: PMC10543361 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2023.2263067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spexin-based GALR2 agonist (NS200) is a novel drug, which has shown antidepressant and anxiolytic action in a recent experimental study. In this study, we investigated the effects of NS200 on renal injury in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Eight-week-old diabetic db/db mice were administered NS200 for 12 weeks. NS200 was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day. Metabolic parameters and structural and molecular changes in the kidneys were compared among the three groups: non-diabetic db/m control, db/db mice, and NS200-treated db/db mice. In db/db mice, NS200 administration did not impact the body weight, food and water intake, urinary volume, fasting blood glucose level, or HbA1c levels. Insulin and glucose tolerance were also unaffected by NS200 treatment. However, NS200 improved urinary albumin excretion and glomerulosclerosis in diabetic kidneys. Activation of TGFβ1 and insulin signaling pathways, such as PI3 K /AKT/ERK, were inhibited by NS200. In conclusion, a spexin-based GALR2 agonist attenuated diabetic nephropathy by alleviating renal fibrosis in mice with type 2 diabetes. Spexin-based GALR2 agonists have considerable potential as novel treatment agents in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Yeon Park
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gi Yoon
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Park
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ae Yoo
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Ghee
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Genders SG, Scheller KJ, Djouma E. Neuropeptide modulation of addiction: Focus on galanin. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 110:133-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Lyu C, Xia S, Lyu GW, Dun XP, Zheng K, Su J, Barde S, Xu ZQD, Hökfelt T, Shi TJS. A preliminary study on DRGs and spinal cord of a galanin receptor 2-EGFP transgenic mouse. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:102000. [PMID: 31864679 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin functions via three G-protein coupled receptors, Gal1-3-R. Both Gal1-R and 2-R are involved in pain signaling at the spinal level. Here a Gal2-R-EGFP transgenic (TG) mouse was generated and studied in pain tests and by characterizing Gal2-R expression in both sensory ganglia and spinal cord. After peripheral spared nerve injury, mechanical allodynia developed and was ipsilaterally similar between wild type (WT) and TG mice. A Gal2-R-EGFP-positive signal was primarily observed in small and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and in spinal interneurons and processes. No significant difference in size distribution of DRG neuronal profiles was found between TG and WT mice. Both percentage and fluorescence intensity of Gal2-R-EGFP-positive neuronal profiles were overall significantly upregulated in ipsilateral DRGs as compared to contralateral DRGs. There was an ipsilateral reduction in substance P-positive and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive neuronal profiles, and this reduction was more pronounced in TG as compared to WT mice. Moreover, Gal2-R-EGFP partly co-localized with three pain-related neuropeptides, CGRP, neuropeptide Y and galanin, both in intact and injured DRGs, and with galanin also in local neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. Taken together, the present results provide novel information on the localization and phenotype of DRG and spinal neurons expressing the second galanin receptor, Gal2-R, and on phenotypic changes following peripheral nerve injury. Gal2-R may also be involved in autoreceptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gong-Wei Lyu
- Department of Neurology, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tie-Jun Sten Shi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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Pisarenko O, Timotin A, Sidorova M, Studneva I, Shulzhenko V, Palkeeva M, Serebryakova L, Molokoedov A, Veselova O, Cinato M, Boal F, Tronchere H, Kunduzova O. Cardioprotective properties of N-terminal galanin fragment (2-15) in experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101659-101671. [PMID: 29254194 PMCID: PMC5731904 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Galanin is an endogenous peptide involved in diverse physiological functions in the central nervous system including central cardiovascular regulation. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential effects of the short N-terminal galanin fragment 2-15 (G) on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Experimental Approach Peptide G was synthesized by the automatic solid phase method and identified by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Experiments were performed on cultured rat cardiomyoblast (H9C2) cells, isolated perfused working rat hearts and anaesthetized open-chest rats. Key Results Cell viability increased significantly after treatment with 10 and 50 nM of G peptide. In hypoxia and reoxygenation conditions, exposure of H9C2 cells to G peptide decreased cell apoptosis and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Postischemic infusion of G peptide reduced cell membrane damage and improved functional recovery in isolated hearts during reperfusion. These effects were accompanied by enhanced restoration of myocardial metabolic state. Treatment with G peptide at the onset of reperfusion induced minor changes in hemodynamic variables but significantly reduced infarct size and plasma levels of necrosis markers. Conclusion and implications These findings suggest that G peptide is effective in mitigating cardiac I/R injury, thereby providing a rationale for promising tool for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pisarenko
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei Timotin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Sidorova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Studneva
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin Shulzhenko
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Palkeeva
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa Serebryakova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Oksana Veselova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mathieu Cinato
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Boal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Helene Tronchere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
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Webling K, Runesson J, Lang A, Saar I, Kofler B, Langel Ü. Ala 5-galanin (2-11) is a GAL 2R specific galanin analogue. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:75-82. [PMID: 27592409 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is over 30years since the regulatory peptide galanin was discovered by Professor Mutt and co-workers. Galanin exerts its effects by binding to three galanin G-protein coupled receptors, namely GAL1R, GAL2R and GAL3R. Each galanin receptor has a different distribution in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system as well as distinctive signaling pathways, which implicates that the receptors are involved in different biological- and pathological effects. The delineation of the galaninergic system is however difficult due to a lack of stable, specific galanin receptor ligands. Herein, a new short GAL2R specific ligand, Ala5-galanin (2-11), is presented. The galanin (2-11) modified analogue Ala5-galanin (2-11) was tested in 125I-galanin competitive binding studies for the three galanin receptors and the G-protein coupled receptor signaling properties was tested by the ability to influence second-messenger molecules like inositol phosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In addition, two different label-free real-time assays, namely EnSpire® based on an optical biosensor and xCELLigence® based on an electric biosensor, were used for evaluating the signaling properties using cell lines with different levels of receptor expression. Ala5-galanin (2-11) was subsequently found to be a full agonist for GAL2R with more than 375-fold preference for GAL2R compared to both GAL1R and GAL3R. The single amino acid substitution of serine to alanine at position 5 in the short ligand galanin (2-11) resulted in a ligand subsequently unable to bind neither GAL3R nor GAL1R, even at concentrations as high as 0.1mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lang
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Indrek Saar
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Benjamin ER, Haftl SL, Xanthos DN, Crumley G, Hachicha M, Valenzano KJ. A Miniaturized Column Chromatography Method for Measuring Receptor-Mediated Inositol Phosphate Accumulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:343-53. [PMID: 15191651 DOI: 10.1177/1087057103262841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inositol phosphates (IPs), such as 1,4,5-inositol-trisphosphate (IP3), comprise a ubiquitous intracellular signaling cascade initiated in response to G protein-coupled receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C. Classical methods for measuring intracellular accumulation of these molecules include time-consuming high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation or large-volume, gravity-fed anion-exchange column chromatography. More recent approaches, such as radio-receptor and AlphaScreen™ assays, offer higher throughput. However, these techniques rely on measurement of IP3itself, rather than its accumulation with other downstream IPs, and often suffer from poor signal-to-noise ratios due to the transient nature of IP3. The authors have developed a miniaturized, anion-exchange chromatography method for measuring inositol phosphate accumulation in cells that takes advantage of signal amplification achieved through measuring IP3and downstream IPs. This assay uses centrifugation of 96-well-formatted anion-exchange mini-columns for the isolation of radiolabeled inositol phosphates from cell extracts, followed by low-background dry-scintillation counting. This improved assay method measures receptor-mediated IP accumulation with signal-to-noise and pharmacological values comparable to the classical large-volume, column-based methods. Assay validation data for recombinant muscarinic receptor 1, galanin receptor 2, and rat astrocyte metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 are presented. This miniaturized protocol reduces reagent usage and assay time as compared to large-column methods and is compatible with standard 96-well scintillation counters.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate
- Inositol Phosphates/analysis
- Inositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Miniaturization/instrumentation
- Miniaturization/methods
- Rats
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfrida R Benjamin
- Purdue Pharma Discovery Research, 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
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7
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Freimann K, Kurrikoff K, Langel Ü. Galanin receptors as a potential target for neurological disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26220265 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1072513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galanin is a 29/30 amino acid long neuropeptide that is widely expressed in the brains of many mammals. Galanin exerts its biological activities through three different G protein-coupled receptors, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3. The widespread distribution of galanin and its receptors in the CNS and the various physiological and pharmacological effects of galanin make the galanin receptors attractive drug targets. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the role of galanin and its receptors in the CNS, the involvement of the galaninergic system in various neurological diseases and the development of new galanin receptor-specific ligands. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances and novel approaches in migrating the directions of subtype-selective ligand development and chemical modifications of the peptide backbone highlight the importance of the galanin neurochemical system as a potential target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Freimann
- a 1 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia +372 737 4871 ;
| | - Kaido Kurrikoff
- b 2 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- c 3 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia.,d 4 Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Department of Neurochemistry , Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
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9
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Kane CD, Nuss JE, Bavari S. Novel therapeutic uses and formulations of botulinum neurotoxins: a patent review (2012 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:675-90. [PMID: 25842964 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most toxic of known biological molecules and function as acetylcholine release inhibitors and neuromuscular blocking agents. Paradoxically, these properties also make them valuable therapeutic agents for the treatment of movement disorders, urological conditions and hypersecretory disorders. Greater understanding of their molecular mechanism of action and advances in protein engineering has led to significant efforts to improve and expand their function with a view towards broadening their therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED Searches of Espacenet and Google Patent have revealed a number of patents related to BoNTs. This review will focus on novel therapeutic uses and formulations disclosed during 2012 - 2014. The seven patents discussed will include nanoformulations of FDA-approved BoNTs, additional BoNT subtypes and novel BoNT variants and chimeras created through protein engineering. Supporting patents and related publications are also briefly discussed. EXPERT OPINION The clinical and commercial success of BoNTs has prompted investigation into novel BoNTs or BoNT-mediated chimeras with promising in vitro results. Distinct strategies including the use of nanoformulations and targeted delivery have been implemented to identify new indication and improved functionality. Greater understanding of their systemic exposure, efficacy and safety profiles will be required for further development.
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10
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Hermanowicz B, Bogus-Nowakowska K, Równiak M, Żakowski W, Wasilewska B, Najdzion J, Robak A. Distribution of Galanin and Galanin Receptor 2 in the Pre-optic Area of the Female Guinea Pig. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:308-16. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Hermanowicz
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - K. Bogus-Nowakowska
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - M. Równiak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - W. Żakowski
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - B. Wasilewska
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - J. Najdzion
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Robak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
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11
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Pan NC, Bai YF, Yang Y, Hökfelt T, Xu ZQD. Activation of galanin receptor 2 stimulates large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ (BK) channels through the IP3 pathway in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:316-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Charalambous P, Wang X, Thanos S, Schober A, Unsicker K. Regulation and effects of GDF-15 in the retina following optic nerve crush. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Kothandan G, Gadhe CG, Cho SJ. Theoretical Characterization of Galanin Receptor Type 3 (Gal3) and Its Interaction with Agonist (GALANIN) and Antagonists (SNAP 37889 and SNAP 398299): AnIn SilicoAnalysis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:757-74. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gugan Kothandan
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development; College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju; 501-759; Korea
| | - Changdev G. Gadhe
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development; College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju; 501-759; Korea
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Webling KEB, Runesson J, Bartfai T, Langel Ü. Galanin receptors and ligands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:146. [PMID: 23233848 PMCID: PMC3516677 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin was first discovered 30 years ago. Today, the galanin family consists of galanin, galanin-like peptide (GALP), galanin-message associated peptide (GMAP), and alarin and this family has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of biological and pathological functions. The effect is mediated through three GPCR subtypes, GalR1-3. The limited number of specific ligands to the galanin receptor subtypes has hindered the understanding of the individual effects of each receptor subtype. This review aims to summarize the current data of the importance of the galanin receptor subtypes and receptor subtype specific agonists and antagonists and their involvement in different biological and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. B. Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kristin E. B. Webling, Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 21A, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
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Osmond RIW, Martin-Harris MH, Crouch MF, Park J, Morreale E, Dupriez VJ. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor-Mediated MAPK and PI3-Kinase Signaling Is Maintained in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells after γ-Irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:361-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111425859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To expedite G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) drug screening studies, cell lines amenable to transfection (e.g. CHO cells) have been widely used as cellular models. These cells can be frozen in a ready-to-use format, allowing screening of a single batch of cells and validation of the cellular material prior to the screening run. A common method used to deliver frozen cells to screening programs is to γ-irradiate the cells, abrogating cell division after thawing and ensuring consistency in the number of cells analyzed per well. With the recognition that signaling proteins such as ERK and Akt are important markers of GPCR activation, along with the availability of suitable assays for their measurement, these outputs have become important for GPCR screening programs. Here we show that several γ-irradiated and frozen CHO-K1 cell lines expressing transfected GPCRs, initially optimized for performing cAMP or AequoScreen calcium flux assays, can be used for the measurement of GPCR-mediated ERK and Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, CHO-K1 cells transfected with NOP or GAL1 receptors show pharmacology for a number of agonists and antagonists that is consistent with non-irradiated cultured lines. These data indicate that γ-irradiated CHO-K1 cells can be reliably used for the measurement of GPCR-mediated kinase signaling outputs.
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Le Maître TW, Xia S, Le Maitre E, Dun XP, Lu J, Theodorsson E, Ogren SO, Hökfelt T, Xu ZQD. Galanin receptor 2 overexpressing mice display an antidepressive-like phenotype: possible involvement of the subiculum. Neuroscience 2011; 190:270-88. [PMID: 21672612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral phenotype of a transgenic mouse overexpressing a galanin receptor 2 (GalR2)-enhanced, green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-construct under the platelet-derived growth factor-B promoter, and of controls, was assessed in various behavioral tests, such as the Porsolt forced swim test, as well as the open field, elevated plus maze and passive avoidance tests. In addition, the distribution of GalR2-EGFP expressing cell bodies and processes was studied in the brain of these mice using histochemical methods. Three age groups of the transgenic mice demonstrated decreased levels of immobility in the forced swim test, indicative of antidepressive-like behavior and/or increased stress resistance. Anxiety-like behaviors, measured in two different tests, did not differ between the GalR2-overexpressing and the wild-type mice, nor did motor activity levels, emotional learning or memory behaviors. High levels of GalR2 mRNA and protein expression were observed in the presubiculum, subiculum, cingulate cortex, retrosplenial granular and agranular cortices, subregions of prefrontal cortex, and the olfactory bulb, regions which are directly or indirectly implicated in depression-like behavior. These results may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder and the role of GalR2 in the regulation of mood, and suggest a potential therapeutic effect by targeting the GalR2 for treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wardi Le Maître
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius Väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Novel galanin receptor subtype specific ligands in feeding regulation. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:714-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Determining receptor–ligand interaction of human galanin receptor type 3. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:804-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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GalR2-positive allosteric modulator exhibits anticonvulsant effects in animal models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:15229-34. [PMID: 20660766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008986107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin receptors type 1 (GalR1) and/or type 2 (GalR2) represent unique pharmacological targets for treatment of seizures and epilepsy. Previous studies have shown that the endogenous peptide ligand galanin exerts powerful anticonvulsant effect through activation of these two G protein-coupled receptors, which are highly expressed in the temporal lobe of rodent brain. Here we report the characterization of a putative GalR2-positive allosteric modulator CYM2503. CYM2503 potentiated the galanin-stimulated IP1 accumulation in HEK293 cells stably expressing GalR2 receptor, whereas it exhibited no detectable affinity for the (125)I galanin-binding site of GalR2 receptor, an effect consistent with that of a positive allosteric modulator. In the rat Li-pilocarpine status epilepticus model, CYM2503, injected intraperitoneally, increased the latency to first electrographic seizure and the latency to first stage 3 behavioral seizure, decreased the latency to the establishment of status epilepticus, and dramatically decreased the mortality. In a Li-pilocarpine seizure model in mice, CYM2503 increased the latency to first electrographic seizure and decreased the total time in seizure. CYM2503 also attenuated electroshock-induced seizures in mice. Thus, CYM2503 provides a starting point for the development of anticonvulsant therapy using the galanin R2 receptor as target.
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Robertson CR, Scholl EA, Pruess TH, Green BR, White HS, Bulaj G. Engineering galanin analogues that discriminate between GalR1 and GalR2 receptor subtypes and exhibit anticonvulsant activity following systemic delivery. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1871-5. [PMID: 20121116 DOI: 10.1021/jm9018349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galanin modulates seizures in the brain through two galanin receptor subtypes, GalR1 and GalR2. To generate systemically active galanin receptor ligands that discriminate between GalR1 and GalR2, the GalR1-preferring analogue Gal-B2 (or NAX 5055) was rationally redesigned to yield GalR2-preferring analogues. Systematic truncations of the N-terminal backbone led to [N-Me,des-Sar]Gal-B2, containing N-methyltryptophan. This analogue exhibited 18-fold preference in binding toward GalR2, maintained agonist activity, and exhibited potent anticonvulsant activity in mice following intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Robertson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 421 WakaraWay, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Anselmi L, Stella SL, Brecha NC, Sternini C. Galanin inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx in rat cultured myenteric neurons is mediated by galanin receptor 1. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1107-14. [PMID: 19006083 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Galanin activates three receptors, the galanin receptor 1 (GalR1), GalR2, and GalR3. In the gastrointestinal tract, GalR1 mediates the galanin inhibition of cholinergic transmission to the longitudinal muscle and reduction of peristalsis efficiency in the small intestine. Galanin has also been shown to inhibit depolarization-evoked Ca2+ increases in cultured myenteric neurons. Because GalR1 immunoreactivity is localized to cholinergic myenteric neurons, we hypothesized that this inhibitory action of galanin on myenteric neurons is mediated by GalR1. We investigated the effect of galanin 1-16, which has high affinity for GalR1 and GalR2, in the presence or absence of the selective GalR1 antagonist, RWJ-57408, and of galanin 2-11, which has high affinity for GalR2 and GalR3, on Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in cultured myenteric neurons. Myenteric neurons were loaded with fluo-4 and depolarized by high K+ concentration to activate voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Intracellular Ca2+ levels were quantified with confocal microscopy. Galanin 1-16 (0.01-1 microM) inhibited the depolarization-evoked Ca2+ increase in a dose-dependent manner with an EC(50) of 0.172 microM. The selective GalR1 antagonist, RWJ-57408 (10 microM), blocked the galanin 1-16 (1 microM)-mediated inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel. By contrast, the GalR2/GalR3 agonist, galanin 2-11 did not affect the K+-evoked Ca2+ influx in myenteric neurons. GalR1 immunoreactivity was localized solely to myenteric neurons in culture, as previously observed in intact tissue. These findings indicate that the inhibition of depolarization-evoked Ca2+ influx in myenteric neurons in culture is mediated by GalR1 and confirm the presence of functional GalR1 in the myenteric plexus. This is consonant with the hypothesis that GalR1 mediates galanin inhibition of transmitter release from myenteric neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anselmi
- CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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Immunohistochemical localization of galanin receptors (GAL-R1, GAL-R2, and GAL-R3) on myenteric neurons from the sheep and dog stomach. Ann Anat 2008; 190:360-7. [PMID: 18595677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Galanin exerts its biological activities (inhibitory or excitatory) via three different G protein-coupled receptors. In the present study, double immunocytochemical labeling was used to localize GAL-R1, GAL-R2 and GAL-R3 on PGP 9.5-positive myenteric neurons from the dog and sheep stomach/forestomachs. In both species, the occurrence of galanin in neurons and nerve fibers of gastric ganglia was also studied. Myenteric ganglia of the dog stomach were supplied with numerous, mainly varicose, galanin-immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals whereas the frequency of galanin-positive nerve fibers in myenteric ganglia of the ovine stomach and forestomachs was moderate. The number of PGP 9.5-IR/galanin-IR myenteric neurons was significantly lower in the dog stomach (12.3+/-1.3%) as compared to the sheep rumen (20.1+/-0.7%), omasum (19.5+/-2.9%), abomasum (23.8+/-1.2%) but not reticulum (8.1+/-0.8%). In the canine stomach the frequencies of GAL-R1, GAL-R2 and GAL-R3 expressing myenteric neurons were statistically equivalent (4.4+/-0.9%, 3.5+/-0.7% and 3.1+/-0.5%, respectively). Immunoreactivity to GAL-R1 was absent in myenteric ganglia from the ovine rumen, reticulum as well as omasum. GAL-R1 was localized on 0.5+/-0.3% of myenteric perikarya from the abomasum. GAL-R2 bearing myenteric neurons were localized in the ovine rumen (0.6+/-0.3%), reticulum (0.5+/-0.3%), omasum (1.0+/-0.2%) and abomasum (1.1+/-0.3%). The percentages of PGP 9.5-IR/GAL-R3-IR neurons were 0.8+/-0.2% in the rumen, 0.6+/-0.3% in the reticulum, 0.7+/-0.2% in the omasum and 0.9+/-0.3% in the abomasum. In all compartments of the sheep stomach, the proportions of GAL-R1, GAL-R2 and GAL-R3 expressing neurons were significantly lower when compared to analogous neuronal subpopulations present in the dog. It is suggested that, although endogenous galanin may potentially inhibit or stimulate the activity of sparse gastric enteric neurons, its general role in indirect mediation of gastric motility and/or secretion seems to be of minor importance.
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Konkel MJ, Lagu B, Boteju LW, Jimenez H, Noble S, Walker MW, Chandrasena G, Blackburn TP, Nikam SS, Wright JL, Kornberg BE, Gregory T, Pugsley TA, Akunne H, Zoski K, Wise LD. 3-arylimino-2-indolones are potent and selective galanin GAL3 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3757-8. [PMID: 16789730 DOI: 10.1021/jm060001n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-imino-2-indolones are the first published, high-affinity antagonists of the galanin GAL3 receptor. One example, 1,3-dihydro-1-phenyl-3-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino]-2H-indol-2-one (9), was shown to have high affinity for the human GAL3 receptor (Ki=17 nM) and to be highly selective for GAL3 over a broad panel of targets, including GAL1 and GAL2. Compound 9 was also shown to be an antagonist in a human GAL3 receptor functional assay (Kb=29 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Konkel
- Lundbeck Research USA, Inc., 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, USA.
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Konkel MJ, Packiarajan M, Chen H, Topiwala UP, Jimenez H, Talisman IJ, Coate H, Walker MW. Amino substituted analogs of 1-phenyl-3-phenylimino-2-indolones with potent galanin Gal3 receptor binding affinity and improved solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3950-4. [PMID: 16730981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino analogs of 1,3-dihydro-1-phenyl-3-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino]-2H-indol-2-one (1) were synthesized to improve aqueous solubility, while retaining high affinity for the human galanin Gal3 receptor. A very potent analog (9e, 1,3-dihydro-1-[3-(2-pyrrolidinylethoxy)phenyl]-3-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino]-2H-indol-2-one, Ki=5 nM) shows good selectivity and solubility of 48 microg/mL at pH 7.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Konkel
- Lundbeck Research USA, Inc., 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA.
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25
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Hong Y, Webb BL, Pai S, Ferrie A, Peng J, Lai F, Lahiri J, Biddlecome G, Rasnow B, Johnson M, Min H, Fang Y, Salon J. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Microarrays for Multiplexed Compound Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:435-8. [PMID: 16751338 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106287139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional assay methods for discovering and profiling drug-target interactions are typically developed on a target-by-target basis and hence can be cumbersome to enable and orchestrate. Herein the authors report a solid-state ligand-binding assay that operates in a multiplexed mode to report compound activity against a micorarray-configured panel of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) targets. The pharmacological fidelity of the system is high, and its miniaturized “plug-and-play” format provides improved efficiency both in terms of execution time and reagent consumption. Taken together, these features make the system ideally suited to explore the structure-activity relationship of compounds across a broad region of target class space.
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26
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Swanson CJ, Blackburn TP, Zhang X, Zheng K, Xu ZQD, Hökfelt T, Wolinsky TD, Konkel MJ, Chen H, Zhong H, Walker MW, Craig DA, Gerald CPG, Branchek TA. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like profiles of the galanin-3 receptor (Gal3) antagonists SNAP 37889 and SNAP 398299. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17489-94. [PMID: 16287967 PMCID: PMC1283534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508970102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin mediates its effects through the receptor subtypes Gal(1), Gal(2), and Gal(3) and has been implicated in anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Nevertheless, the receptor subtypes relevant to these behaviors are not known because of the lack of available galanin-selective ligands. In this article, we use behavioral, neurochemical, and electrophysiological approaches to investigate the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of two potent small-molecule, Gal(3)-selective antagonists, SNAP 37889 and the more soluble analog SNAP 398299. Acute administration of SNAP 37889 or SNAP 398299 enhanced rat social interaction. Furthermore, acute SNAP 37889 was also shown to reduce guinea pig vocalizations after maternal separation, to attenuate stress-induced hyperthermia in mice, to increase punished drinking in rats, and to decrease immobility and increase swimming time during forced swim tests with rats. Moreover, SNAP 37889 increased the social interaction time after 14 days of treatment and maintained its antidepressant effects during forced swim tests with rats after 21 days of treatment. In microdialysis studies, SNAP 37889 partially antagonized the galanin-evoked reduction in hippocampal serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), as did the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY100635. Their combination produced a complete reversal of the effect of galanin. SNAP 398299 partially reversed the galanin-evoked inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firing and galanin-evoked hyperpolarizing currents. These results indicate that Gal(3)-selective antagonists produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, possibly by attenuating the inhibitory influence of galanin on 5-HT transmission at the level of the dorsal raphe nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Swanson
- Lundbeck Research USA, Inc., Paramus, NJ 07652-1431, USA.
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Lundström L, Lu X, Langel U, Bartfai T. Important pharmacophores for binding to galanin receptor 2. Neuropeptides 2005; 39:169-71. [PMID: 15944008 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galanin(2-11) has been introduced as a receptor subtype selective ligand for the GalR2 subtype of the galanin receptors, and has gained use in pharmacological studies of galaninergic signaling in the past two years. By introducing l-Ala substitutions in the galanin(2-11) sequence, we have examined the amino acid residues which are of importance for binding to the GalR2 receptor. Our study shows that Trp2, Asn5, Gly8 and Tyr9 are of great importance for high affinity binding. When placed in an alpha-helical conformation, the side chains of these residues are, with the exception of Tyr9, displayed on the same "side" of the peptide. This information is useful in the rational design of non-peptide type GalR2 receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Lundström
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 21A, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tadros TS, Strauss RM, Cohen C, Gal AA. Galanin immunoreactivity in paragangliomas but not in carcinoid tumors. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2003; 11:250-2. [PMID: 12966352 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200309000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a 29 to 30-amino acid neuropeptide involved in diverse regulatory effects in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although galanin has been found in paragangliomas and other tumors, its expression has not been studied in carcinoid tumors arising in various locations. Galanin was detected in 62% (15/24) of adrenal pheochromocytomas, 40% (2/5) of jugulotympanic paragangliomas, and 18% (2/11) of carotid body paragangliomas, but was absent in 4 extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas and 3 metastatic or recurrent paragangliomas. All 26 carcinoid tumors were negative. Galanin may have limited utility as a diagnostic marker alone but would be most useful in conjunction with other immunohistochemical markers for the differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talaat S Tadros
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, U.S.A
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Cunningham MJ, Scarlett JM, Steiner RA. Cloning and distribution of galanin-like peptide mRNA in the hypothalamus and pituitary of the macaque. Endocrinology 2002; 143:755-63. [PMID: 11861493 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.3.8661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a newly discovered hypothalamic neuropeptide, which is regulated by leptin and implicated in the regulation of GnRH secretion in the rodent. We searched the human genome database and determined that the human GALP gene comprises six exons, as has been shown for human galanin. We used rapid amplification of cDNA ends to clone a full-length cDNA (802 bp) of the macaque homologue of GALP and found it to be highly conserved between human and macaque at both the nucleotide (93%) and peptide (94%) levels. Mature GALP is predicted to be 60 amino acids in the macaque as in other species, and the region of GALP (9-21) that shows homology to the N-terminal 13 amino acids of galanin is perfectly conserved. We mapped the distribution of GALP mRNA in the hypothalamus and pituitary of the macaque by in situ hybridization and observed that, as in rodent species, the expression of GALP mRNA is confined to the arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and neurohypophysis. Using double-label in situ hybridization, we found that nearly all (98%) GALP mRNA-expressing cells in the arcuate nucleus also express mRNA for the long form of the leptin receptor. These findings suggest that a leptin-GALP signaling pathway exists in a primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cunningham
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology & Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290, USA
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Chapter IV Localization of galanin receptor subtypes in the rat CNS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(02)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Counts SE, Perez SE, Kahl U, Bartfai T, Bowser RP, Deecher DC, Mash DC, Crawley JN, Mufson EJ. Galanin: neurobiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2001; 7:445-70. [PMID: 11830760 PMCID: PMC6741671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely distributed in the mammalian CNS. Several lines of evidence suggest that GAL may play a critical role in cognitive processes such as memory and attention through an inhibitory modulation of cholinergic basal forebrain activity. Furthermore, GAL fibers hyperinnervate remaining cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This suggests that GAL activity impacts cholinergic dysfunction in advanced AD. Pharmacological and in vitro autoradiographic studies indicate the presence of heterogeneous populations of GAL receptor (GALR) sites in the basal forebrain which bind GAL with both high and low affinity. Interestingly, we have recently observed that GALR binding sites increase in the anterior basal forebrain in late-stage AD. Three G protein-coupled GALRs have been identified to date that signal through a diverse array of effector pathways in vitro, including adenylyl cyclase inhibition and phospholipase C activation. The repertoire and distribution of GALR expression in the basal forebrain remains unknown, as does the nature of GAL and GALR plasticity in the AD basal forebrain. Recently, GAL knockout and overexpressing transgenic mice have been generated to facilitate our understanding of GAL activity in basal forebrain function. GAL knockout mice result in fewer cholinergic basal forebrain neurons and memory deficits. On the other hand, mice overexpressing GAL display hyperinnervation of basal forebrain and memory deficits. These data highlight the need to explore further the putative mechanisms by which GAL signaling might be beneficial or deleterious for cholinergic cell survival and activity within basal forebrain. This information will be critical to understanding whether pharmacological manipulation of GALRs would be effective for the amelioration of cognitive deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Counts
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush‐Presbyterian‐St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush‐Presbyterian‐St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ulrika Kahl
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert P. Bowser
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Deborah C. Mash
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacqueline N. Crawley
- Section on Behavioral Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elliott J. Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush‐Presbyterian‐St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Korolkiewicz RP, Konstański Z, Rekowski P, Ruczyński J, Szyk A, Dabkowski J, Ujda M, Korolkiewicz KZ, Petrusewicz J. Increased potency of some substituted short peptide analogues in comparison to galanin(1-15)-NH(2)in rat fundus strips. Pharmacol Res 2001; 44:47-51. [PMID: 11428910 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.2001.0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The activity of short porcine galanin (Gal) analogues was tested in vitro using rat gastric fundus strips. The peptides contracted longitudinal smooth muscle in a concentration-dependent manner with the following order of potency: Gal(1-29) >[Cit(14)]Gal(1- 15) >[Asp(14)]Gal(1- 15) >[Dab(14)]Gal(1- 15) >[Nle(14)] Gal(1-15) >[Dpr(14)]Gal(1- 15) >[Arg(14)]Gal(1- 15) >[Orn(14)]Gal(1- 15) >Gal(1-15). Only in the case of two peptides, namely [Cit(14)]Gal(1-15) and [Dab(14)]Gal(1-15) did the values of Hill coefficients, estimated from the appropriate concentration-contraction curves, differ significantly from unity. Our results indicate that both N- and C-terminals of Gal molecule contribute towards the affinity and activity of Gal in rat gastric smooth muscle cell receptors, indicating that their integrity is essential for its full excitatory myogenic action. The substitution of histidine with citruline, aspartic acid, norleucine or diaminobutyric acid in position 14 of the amino acid chain led to a considerable increase in potency, suggesting that amino acids located at this position might play a crucial role where the strength of short analogues is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Korolkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Do Studzienki 38, 80-227 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Scott MK, Ross TM, Lee DH, Wang HY, Shank RP, Wild KD, Davis CB, Crooke JJ, Potocki AC, Reitz AB. 2,3-Dihydro-dithiin and -dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxides: small molecule non-peptide antagonists of the human galanin hGAL-1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1383-91. [PMID: 10896115 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin modulates several physiological functions such as cognition, learning, feeding behavior, and depression, probably via the galanin 1 receptor (GAL-R1). Using an HTS assay based on 125I-human galanin binding to the human galanin-1 receptor (hGAL-R1), we discovered a series of 1,4-dithiin and dithiipine-1,1,4,4-tetroxides that exhibited binding affinity IC50's to hGAL-R1 ranging from 190 to 2700 nM. Two of the dithiepin analogues, 7 and 23, behaved pharmacologically as hGAL-R1 antagonists in secondary assays involving adenylate cyclase activity and GTP binding to G-proteins. Analogues 7 and 23 were also active in functional assays involving galanin, reversing the inhibitory effect of galanin on acetylcholine (ACh) release in rat brain hippocampal slices and electrically-stimulated guinea pig ileum twitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Scott
- Drug Discovery Division, The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Institute, Spring House, PA 19447, USA.
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Todd JF, Edwards CM, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. The differential effects of galanin-(1-30) and -(3-30) on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in vivo in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278:E1060-6. [PMID: 10827009 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.6.e1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of galanin increases plasma growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations. In the rat, the effects of galanin on GH appear to be mediated via the hypothalamic galanin receptor GAL-R(1), at which galanin-(3-29) is inactive. In contrast, the effect of galanin on PRL is mediated via the pituitary-specific galanin receptor GAL-R(W), at which galanin-(3-29) is fully active. We investigated the effects of an intravenous infusion of human galanin (hGAL)-(1-30) and -(3-30) on anterior pituitary hormone levels in healthy females. Subjects were infused with saline, hGAL-(1-30) (80 pmol. kg(-1). min(-1)), and hGAL-(3-30) (600 pmol. kg(-1). min(-1)) and with boluses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Both hGAL-(1-30) and -(3-30) potentiated the rise in GHRH-stimulated GH levels [area under the curve (AUC), saline, 2,810 +/- 500 vs. hGAL-(1-30), 4,660 +/- 737, P < 0.01; vs. hGAL-(3-30), 6, 870 +/- 1,550 ng. min. ml(-1), P < 0.01]. In contrast to hGAL-(1-30), hGAL-(3-30) had no effect on basal GH levels (AUC, saline, -110 +/- 88 vs. hGAL 1-30, 960 +/- 280, P < 0.002; vs. hGAL-(3-30), 110 +/- 54 ng. min. ml(-1), P = not significant). These data suggest that the effects of galanin on basal and stimulated GH release are mediated via different receptor subtypes and that the human equivalent of GAL-R(W) may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Todd
- Endocrine Unit, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin, which is widely expressed in brain and peripheral tissues, exerts a broad range of physiological effects. Pharmacological studies using peptide analogues have led to speculation about multiple galanin receptor subtypes. Since 1994, a total of three G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes for galanin have been cloned (GAL1, gal2 and gal3). Potent, selective antagonists are yet to be found for any of the cloned receptors. Major challenges in this field include linking the receptor clones with each of the known physiological actions of galanin and evaluating the evidence for additional galanin receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Branchek
- Synaptic Pharmaceutical Corporation, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA.
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Abstract
Galanin was first isolated 15 years ago. Diversity of galanin receptors has been suspected from the study of native tissues and functional responses to galanin and galanin-like peptides in vitro and in vivo. The recent application of molecular biologic techniques to clone galanin receptors has extended this diversity. So far, three galanin receptor subtypes, GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3, have been cloned from both human and rat. Their molecular structure, pharmacologic profiles, tissue distribution, and signal transduction properties have been partially elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Branchek
- Synaptic Pharmaceutical Corporation, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, USA.
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