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Haydock LAJ, Fenton RK, Smerek D, Renaud DL, Caswell JL. Bronchopneumonia with interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle: Epidemiologic characteristics of affected animals. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:226-234. [PMID: 36636957 PMCID: PMC9969484 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221146096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bronchopneumonia with interstitial pneumonia (BIP) of feedlot cattle is characterized by gross and histologic lesions of cranioventral bronchopneumonia (BP) and caudodorsal interstitial pneumonia. This study described the characteristics and frequency of BIP in western Canadian feedlot cattle and identified epidemiologic differences between BIP and either BP or acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). The study of 9909 deaths on 4 western Canadian feedlots included 1105 BIP, 1729 BP, and 878 AIP cases. A population of 55 cases with gross, histopathology, and microbiology data was used to validate the primary data set. BIP was the second most common reason for death (or euthanasia) from respiratory disease (1105/9909 cases), and the observed frequency was twice what was expected from random concurrence of BP and AIP. Based on logistic regression models, epidemiologic characteristics of BIP were comparable to those of BP, although BIP cases were more chronic with more instances of clinical illness prior to death. BIP was epidemiologically distinct from AIP. Specifically, BIP more frequently affected steers than heifers, deaths occurred earlier in the feeding period at lower body weights and lower daily weight gains, and BIP cases had longer durations from the first clinical illness to death and more separate instances of clinical illness prior to death. Furthermore, death from BIP mainly occurred in winter and fall, while death from AIP was most frequent in summer. These findings define BIP as a unique condition of feedlot cattle and suggest that chronic BP may promote the development of fatal interstitial lung disease in at-risk cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Kent Fenton
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, AB, Canada
| | - Dani Smerek
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) of feedlot cattle is a sporadically occurring respiratory condition that is often fatal. Affected cattle have a sudden onset of labored breathing. There is no confirmed effective treatment of feedlot AIP; however, administration of antibiotics effective against common bacterial respiratory pathogens and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, especially aspirin, has been recommended. Protective strategies are not well defined, but efforts to limit dust exposure and heat stress; to ensure consistent formulation, mixing, and delivery of feed; and to identify and treat infectious respiratory disease in a timely manner may decrease rates of feedlot AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Panciera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA
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Woolums AR, Mason GL, Hawkins LL, Brown CC, Williams SM, Gould JA, Fox JJ, Sturgeon SD, Anderson JL, Duggan FE, Sanchez S, Barrett PB, Chitwood SW. Microbiologic findings in feedlot cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1525-32. [PMID: 15566091 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that feedlot cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) have bacterial infection of the lung or liver and concurrent bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection significantly more often than pen mates without AIP ANIMALS: 39 feedlot cattle with signs consistent with AIP and no history of treatment with antimicrobials and 32 healthy control cattle from the same pens. PROCEDURES Lung and liver specimens were obtained postmortem for bacterial or mycoplasmal culture and histologic examination; lung tissue was assessed for BRSV infection immunohistochemically. RESULTS Among affected cattle, 26 had AIP confirmed histologically. Lung tissue from 11 cattle with AIP yielded microbial respiratory tract pathogens on culture; tissues from control animals yielded no microbial growth. In 4 cattle with AIP and 2 control animals, liver abscesses were detected; bacteria were isolated from abscessed tissue in 3 and 1 of those animals, respectively. Immunohistochemically, 9 cattle with AIP and no control animals were BRSV-positive. Histologically, 9 AIP-affected cattle had only acute alveolar damage with exudation, and the other 17 had acute exudation with type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. No lesions of AIP were detected in control animals. Only 4 AIP-affected cattle had bacterial infection of the lung with concurrent BRSV infection. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that microbial respiratory tract pathogens are more common in cattle with AIP than in healthy pen mates. Control of bacterial pneumonia late in the feeding period may reduce the incidence of AIP at feedlots where AIP is a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Woolums
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Mason GL, Garry FB, Yost GS, Lanza DL, Miles DG, Hoffman BW, Mills LJ. Association of 3-methyleneindolenine, a toxic metabolite of 3-methylindole, with acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1525-30. [PMID: 11592314 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare concentrations of 3-methyleneindolenine (3MEIN) in lung tissues obtained from feedlot cattle that died as a result of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) and cattle that died as a result of other causes and to compare blood concentrations of 3MEIN in healthy feedlot cattle and feedlot cattle with AIP. STUDY POPULATION Blood samples and lung tissues collected from 186 cattle housed in 14 feedlots in the western United States. PROCEDURE Samples of lung tissues were collected during routine postmortem examination and submitted for histologic, microbiologic, and toxicologic examination. Blood samples were collected from cattle with clinical manifestations of AIP and healthy penmates. Histologic diagnoses were categorized as AIP, bronchopneumonia (BP), control samples, and other disorders. Concentrations of 3MEIN were determined in lung tissues and blood samples, using an ELISA. RESULTS Concentrations of 3MEIN in lung tissues were significantly greater in AIP and BP samples, compared with control samples. Absorbance per microgram of protein did not differ between BP and AIP samples. Blood concentrations of 3MEIN were significantly greater in cattle with AIP, compared with healthy cattle or cattle with BP. Odds of an animal with AIP being a heifer was 3.1 times greater than the odds of that animal being a steer. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increased pulmonary production of 3MEIN may be an important etiologic factor in feedlot-associated AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Loneragan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Mason GL, Garry FB, Yost GS, Miles DG, Hoffman BW, Mills LJ. Involvement of microbial respiratory pathogens in acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1519-24. [PMID: 11592313 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens and Mycoplasma spp isolated from lung tissues of cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) and cattle that had died as a result of other causes. SAMPLE POPULATION 186 samples of lung tissues collected from cattle housed in 14 feedlots in the western United States. PROCEDURE Lung tissues were collected during routine postmortem examination and submitted for histologic, microbiologic, and toxicologic examinations. Histologic diagnoses were categorized for AIP, bronchopneumonia (BP), control samples (no evidence of disease), and other disorders. RESULTS Cattle affected with AIP had been in feedlots for a mean of 1272 days before death, which was longer than cattle with BP and control cattle. Detection of a viral respiratory pathogen (eg, bovine respiratory syncytial virus [BRSV], bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, or parainfluenza virus 3) was not associated with histologic category of lung tissues. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus was detected in 8.3% of AIP samples and 24.0% of control samples. Histologic category was associated with isolation of an aerobic bacterial agent and Mycoplasma spp. Cattle with BP were at greatest risk for isolation of an aerobic bacterial agent and Mycoplasma spp. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of these results suggests that AIP in feedlot cattle is not a consequence of infection with BRSV. The increased, risk of isolation of an aerobic bacterial agent from cattle with AIP, compared with control cattle, may indicate a causal role or an opportunistic infection that follows development of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Loneragan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Sorden SD, Kerr RW, Janzen ED. Interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle: concurrent lesions and lack of immunohistochemical evidence for bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:510-7. [PMID: 11108450 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe the nature and distribution of microscopic lung lesions in feedlot cattle with interstitial pneumonia and to determine whether bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antigen was present in affected lungs. Lungs with macroscopic lesions compatible with interstitial pneumonia were collected from cattle from 5 west-central Saskatchewan feedlots that had been on feed for greater than 60 days at the time of death. Interstitial pneumonia was most consistently present in dorsal portions of caudal lung lobes and in 21/28 cases (75%) had a multifocal to coalescing distribution. All 28 lungs exhibited hyaline membrane formation and some degree of type II alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia, consistent with an acute to subacute duration. Twenty-one of 28 cases (75%) had concurrent bronchopneumonia in at least 1 lung lobe; bronchopneumonia was grossly evident in 9/28 cases (32%). Chronic bronchitis or bronchiolitis was present in at least 1 section in 12/28 (43%) of the lungs, and 25/28 (89%) had at least 1 focus of bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans. Bronchopneumonia and bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans were markedly less common in 10 sets of bovine lungs obtained from an abattoir. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus antigen was demonstrated using immunohistochemistry in 2/28 cases and was associated with bronchiolar epithelial necrosis that was more severe than the bronchiolar lesions in the BRSV antigen-negative cases. Interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle in this study was more frequently associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia and bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans than with BRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Sorden
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Abstract
This article reviews the basic types of immunity, the factors relevant to feedlot cattle that have been shown to suppress immune function, and what is known about the basis of protective acquired immunity against the common bovine respiratory pathogens. The characteristics and efficacy of vaccines for respiratory disease pathogens are also reviewed. Recommendations for optimizing vaccination are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Roth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
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Abstract
Effective treatment and control of bovine respiratory disease is dependent upon an accurate diagnosis. This article discusses the approach to diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease from the perspective of respiratory pathology. Topics covered include necropsy examination of the respiratory system, sample collection and submission, and the gross, and histopathologic lesions of the upper and lower bovine respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Andrews
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
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Desmecht DJ, Linden AS, Lekeux PM. The relation of ventilatory failure to pulmonary, respiratory muscle and central nervous system disturbances in calves with an experimentally produced pneumonia. J Comp Pathol 1996; 115:203-19. [PMID: 8923232 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To explore the pathophysiology of respiratory failure in an experimental pneumonia, a Pasteurella haemolytica broth culture was injected intratracheally into 12 calves, which were then studied over a period of 10 h. Measurements were made of inspired minute ventilation (VE), ventilatory pattern [inspiratory time (TI), expiratory time (TE), respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (VT)], transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), occlusion pressure at the airway opening 100 milliseconds after onset of inspiration (Pawo100ms), arterial blood gas tensions and pH and recorded diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMGdi) and rectal temperature (Tr). On and after the third hour after inoculation, the animals varied in respect of clinical signs, Tr, RR, VE, Pawo100ms/EMGdi, and arterial gases and pH. In benign cases, diminished alertness, laboured respiration and fall of arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) worsened up to 7 h after inoculation, but then progressively improved, VE being maintained at approximately 150% baseline throughout the study (10 h). Neither arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) nor pH was altered. Moderate cases resembled benign cases in respect of laboured respiration, VE, PaO2 and PaCO2; however, pH was at first maintained at preinoculation levels, but declined thereafter. In severe cases, the animals were drowsy between hours 3 and 7, and became comatose between hours 8 and 10; in contrast to both benign and moderate cases: (1) RR was reduced by hour 5, (2) there was no trend towards recovery of PaO2 and pH, (3) VE, Pdi, Pawo100ms and Pawo100ms/EMGdi were severely decreased, and (4) PaCO2 increased. These results suggest that pneumonia does not alter ventilatory neuromuscular pump function in calves, unless concomitant cardiovascular collapse occurs. It is not clear whether fatal ventilatory failure is caused mainly by deterioration in ventilatory muscle fibre processes or structures, altered central nervous system adjustment of ventilatory timing, or cardiovascular dysfunction. However, inspiratory pressures fall when excitation to the diaphragm is still growing, which suggests peripheral respiratory muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Desmecht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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Healy AM, Monaghan ML, Bassett HF, Gunn HM, Markey BK, Collins JD. Morbidity and mortality in a large Irish feedlot; microbiological and serological findings in cattle with acute respiratory disease. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1993; 149:549-60. [PMID: 8111615 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A survey of morbidity and mortality was undertaken in a slatted unit containing 6399 beef cattle over a 6 month period. The mortality rate was 0.78% and the morbidity rate was 12.7%. The interval from arrival to morbidity was 25.5 days +/- 0.9. Significantly more sick cattle were identified on either Mondays or Tuesdays than were seen on Saturdays or Sundays (P < 0.005). The mean interval to mortality (all diseases) was 48.5 days +/- 7.4. Respiratory disease was the most frequently recorded disease and was responsible for 62% of morbidity and 58% of mortality. Samples from 133 cattle, taken as they presented with acute onset respiratory disease, contained antibodies to Bovine Herpes Virus -1(BHV-1) (14.3%), Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) (78%), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) (94%) and Parainfluenza type 1 Virus (P13V) (99%). When the same cattle were resampled 4 to 6 weeks later antibodies were found for BHV-1 (93.2%), BVDV (99.2%), BRSV (100%) and P13V (100%). Eleven of 27 bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from the above group of cattle exhibited positive fluorescence for BHV-1 but all 27 samples were negative for BVDV, BRSV and P13V. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from eight of the 27 lavage samples and Pasteurella haemolytica from one sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Healy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Bryson DG, Ball HJ, McAliskey M, McConnell W, McCullough SJ. Pathological, immunocytochemical and microbiological findings in calf pneumonias associated with Haemophilus somnus infection. J Comp Pathol 1990; 103:433-45. [PMID: 2079558 PMCID: PMC7130257 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathological, immunocytochemical and microbiological findings in 32 cases of calf pneumonia associated with Haemophilus somnus infection are described. The majority of cases were "found dead" or died after a sudden onset pneumonia of less than 24 h duration. Lesions of exudative bronchopneumonia were present and the cases could be divided into two main groups on the basis of histopathological and immunocytochemical features. In group A, cases were dominated by necrotizing bronchiolitis, degeneration and necrosis of airway and alveolar exudates, severe alveolitis with accumulations of degenerate basophilic cells, interstitial inflammatory changes and the widespread distribution of H. somnus antigen in airways and alveoli. In Group B, necrotizing and degenerative changes were much less extensive and less severe and the overall appearance was of suppurative bronchopneumonia with H. somnus antigen much less widespread within the lungs. Alveolar oedema, hyaline membrane formation and alveolar epithelial hyperplasia were present in caudodorsal lung areas of several calves. No major differences were seen between the histopathology of lungs where H. somnus was the sole isolate and that of lungs where H. somnus was isolated along with other bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Bryson
- Veterinary Research Laboratories, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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