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Paesmans I, Van Kolen K, Vandermeeren M, Shih PY, Wuyts D, Boone F, Garcia Sanchez S, Grauwen K, Van Hauwermeiren F, Van Opdenbosch N, Lamkanfi M, van Loo G, Bottelbergs A. NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis are dispensable for tau pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1459134. [PMID: 39381137 PMCID: PMC11458539 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1459134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is widely recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), alongside ß-amyloid deposition and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, part of the innate immune system, has been implicated in the neuropathology of both preclinical amyloid and tau transgenic models. Activation of the NLRP3 pathway involves an initial priming step, which increases the expression of Nlrp3 and interleukin (IL)-1β, followed by the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, comprising NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. This assembly leads to the proteolytic maturation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Additionally, the NLRP3 inflammasome induces Gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, forming membrane pores through which IL-1β and IL-18 are secreted. Inhibition of NLRP3 has been shown to enhance plaque clearance by modulating microglial activation. Furthermore, blocking NLRP3 in tau transgenic mice has been found to reduce tau phosphorylation by affecting the activity of certain tau kinases and phosphatases. Methods In this study, organotypic brain slice cultures from P301S transgenic mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus nigericin as a positive control or exposed to tau seeds (K18) to evaluate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The effect of tau seeding on NLRP3 activity was further examined using Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assays to measure IL1β secretion levels in the presence and absence of NLRP3 inhibitors. The role of NLRP3 activity was investigated in full-body Nlrp3 knockout mice crossbred with the tau transgenic P301S model. Additionally, full-body and microglia-selective Gsdmd knockout mice were crossbred with P301S mice, and tau pathology and neurodegeneration were evaluated at early and late stages of the disease using immunohistochemistry and biochemical assays. Results Activation of the NLRP3 pathway was observed in the mouse organotypic slice culture (OSC) model following stimulation with LPS and nigericin or exposure to tau seeds. However, Nlrp3 deficiency did not mitigate tauopathy or neurodegeneration in P301S mice in vivo, showing only a minor effect on plasma neurofilament (NF-L) levels. Consistently, Gsdmd deficiency did not alter tau pathology in P301S mice. Furthermore, neither full-body nor microglia-selective Gsdmd deletion had an impact on neuronal pathology or the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion The absence of key components of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway did not yield a beneficial effect on tau pathology or neurodegeneration in the preclinical Tau-P301S mouse model of AD. Nonetheless, organotypic slice cultures could serve as a valuable ex vivo mechanistic model for evaluating NLRP3 pathway activation and pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Paesmans
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Kolen
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Vandermeeren
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pei-Yu Shih
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dirk Wuyts
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fleur Boone
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sergio Garcia Sanchez
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien Grauwen
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Hauwermeiren
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nina Van Opdenbosch
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
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Alexander C, Parsaee A, Vasefi M. Polyherbal and Multimodal Treatments: Kaempferol- and Quercetin-Rich Herbs Alleviate Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1453. [PMID: 37998052 PMCID: PMC10669725 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder impairing cognition and memory in the elderly. This disorder has a complex etiology, including senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and damaged neuroplasticity. Current treatment options are limited, so alternative treatments such as herbal medicine could suppress symptoms while slowing cognitive decline. We followed PRISMA guidelines to identify potential herbal treatments, their associated medicinal phytochemicals, and the potential mechanisms of these treatments. Common herbs, including Ginkgo biloba, Camellia sinensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cyperus rotundus, and Buplerum falcatum, produced promising pre-clinical results. These herbs are rich in kaempferol and quercetin, flavonoids with a polyphenolic structure that facilitate multiple mechanisms of action. These mechanisms include the inhibition of Aβ plaque formation, a reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, the suppression of oxidative stress, and the modulation of BDNF and PI3K/AKT pathways. Using pre-clinical findings from quercetin research and the comparatively limited data on kaempferol, we proposed that kaempferol ameliorates the neuroinflammatory state, maintains proper cellular function, and restores pro-neuroplastic signaling. In this review, we discuss the anti-AD mechanisms of quercetin and kaempferol and their limitations, and we suggest a potential alternative treatment for AD. Our findings lead us to conclude that a polyherbal kaempferol- and quercetin-rich cocktail could treat AD-related brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Alexander
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77705, USA
| | - Ali Parsaee
- Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Maryam Vasefi
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77705, USA
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Llano DA, Devanarayan P, Devanarayan V. CSF peptides from VGF and other markers enhance prediction of MCI to AD progression using the ATN framework. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 121:15-27. [PMID: 36368195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid beta, tau, neurodegenerative markers framework has been proposed to serve as a system to classify and combine biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid AT (amyloid beta and tau)-based biomarkers have a well-established track record to distinguish AD from control subjects and to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD, there is not an established non-tau based neurodegenerative ("N") marker from CSF. Here, we examine the ability of several candidate peptides in the CSF to serve as "N" markers to both classify disease state and predict MCI to AD conversion. We observed that although many putative N markers involved in synaptic processing and neuroinflammation were able to, when examined in isolation, distinguish MCI converters from non-converters, a derivative from VGF, when combined with AT markers, most strongly enhanced prediction of MCI to AD conversion. Low CSF VGF levels were also predictive of MCI to dementia conversion in the setting of normal AT markers, suggesting that it may serve as a very early predictor of dementia conversion. Other markers derived from neuronal pentraxin 2, GAP-43 and a 14-3-3 protein were also able to enhance MCI to AD prediction when used as a marker of neurodegeneration, but VGF had the highest predictive capacity. Thus, we propose that low levels of VGF in CSF may serve as "N" in the amyloid beta, tau, neurodegenerative markers framework to enhance the prediction of MCI to AD conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Llano
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle Neuroscience Institute, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Priya Devanarayan
- Department of Biology and Schreyer Honors College, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Viswanath Devanarayan
- Eisai, Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA; Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Murray J, Meloni G, Cortes EP, KimSilva A, Jacobs M, Ramkissoon A, Crary JF, Morgello S. Frontal lobe microglia, neurodegenerative protein accumulation, and cognitive function in people with HIV. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:69. [PMID: 35526056 PMCID: PMC9080134 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are implicated in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis. In a middle-aged cohort enriched for neuroinflammation, we asked whether microgliosis was related to neocortical amyloid beta (A[Formula: see text]) deposition and neuronal phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and whether microgliosis predicted cognition. Frontal lobe tissue from 191 individuals autopsied with detectable (HIV-D) and undetectable (HIV-U) HIV infection, and 63 age-matched controls were examined. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate A[Formula: see text] plaques and neuronal p-tau, and quantitate microgliosis with markers Iba1, CD163, and CD68 in large regions of cortex. Glia in the A[Formula: see text] plaque microenvironment were quantitated by immunofluorescence (IF). The relationship of microgliosis to cognition was evaluated. No relationship between A[Formula: see text] or p-tau accumulation and overall severity of microgliosis was discerned. Individuals with uncontrolled HIV had the greatest microgliosis, but fewer A[Formula: see text] plaques; they also had higher prevalence of APOE [Formula: see text]4 alleles, but died earlier than other groups. HIV group status was the only variable predicting microgliosis over large frontal regions. In contrast, in the A[Formula: see text] plaque microenvironment, APOE [Formula: see text]4 status and sex were dominant predictors of glial infiltrates, with smaller contributions of HIV status. Cognition correlated with large-scale microgliosis in HIV-D, but not HIV-U, individuals. In this autopsy cohort, over large regions of cortex, HIV status predicts microgliosis, whereas in the A[Formula: see text] plaque microenvironment, traditional risk factors of AD (APOE [Formula: see text]4 and sex) are stronger determinants. While microgliosis does not predict neurodegenerative protein deposition, it does predict cognition in HIV-D. Increased neuroinflammation does not initiate amyloid deposition in a younger group with enhanced genetic risk. However, once A[Formula: see text] deposits are established, APOE [Formula: see text]4 predicts increased plaque-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Murray
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1137, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gregory Meloni
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1137, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Etty P Cortes
- Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ariadna KimSilva
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1137, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michelle Jacobs
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1137, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alyssa Ramkissoon
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1137, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10029, USA
| | - John F Crary
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1137, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
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Zhou X, Venigalla M, Raju R, Münch G. Pharmacological considerations for treating neuroinflammation with curcumin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:755-771. [PMID: 35294663 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prof. Dr. Peter Riederer, the former Head of the Neurochemistry Department of the Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Clinic at the University of Würzburg (Germany), has been one of the pioneers of research into oxidative stress in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review will outline how his scientific contribution to the field has opened a new direction for AD treatment beyond "plaques and tangles". In the 1990s, Prof. Riederer was one of the first scientists who proposed oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as one of the major contributors to Alzheimer's disease, despite the overwhelming support for the "amyloid-only" hypothesis at the time, which postulated that the sole and only cause of AD is β-amyloid. His group also highlighted the role of advanced glycation end products, sugar and dicarbonyl-derived protein modifications, which crosslink proteins into insoluble aggregates and potent pro-inflammatory activators of microglia. For the treatment of chronic neuroinflammation, he and his group suggested that the most appropriate drug class would be cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs) which have a broader anti-inflammatory action range than conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. One of the most potent CSAIDs is curcumin, but it suffers from a variety of pharmacokinetic disadvantages including low bioavailability, which might have tainted many human clinical trials. Although a variety of oral formulations with increased bioavailability have been developed, curcumin's absorption after oral delivery is too low to reach therapeutic concentrations in the micromolar range in the systemic circulation and the brain. This review will conclude with evidence that rectally applied suppositories might be the best alternatives to oral medications, as this route will be able to evade first-pass metabolism in the liver and achieve high concentrations of curcumin in plasma and tissues, including the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, 158-160 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Madhuri Venigalla
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Ritesh Raju
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.
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Modemann DJ, Maharadhika A, Yamoune S, Kreyenschmidt AK, Maaß F, Kremers S, Breunig C, Sahlmann CO, Bucerius JA, Stalke D, Wiltfang J, Bouter Y, Müller CE, Bouter C, Meller B. Development of high-affinity fluorinated ligands for cannabinoid subtype 2 receptor, and in vitro evaluation of a radioactive tracer for imaging. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Saxena S, Kruys V, Vamecq J, Maze M. The Role of Microglia in Perioperative Neuroinflammation and Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:671499. [PMID: 34122048 PMCID: PMC8193130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.671499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aseptic trauma of peripheral surgery activates a systemic inflammatory response that results in neuro-inflammation; the microglia, the resident immunocompetent cells in the brain, are a key element of the neuroinflammatory response. In most settings microglia perform a surveillance role in the brain detecting and responding to “invaders” to maintain homeostasis. However, microglia have also been implicated in producing harm possibly by changing its phenotype from its beneficial, anti-inflammatory state (termed M2) into an injurious pro-inflammatory state (termed M1); it is likely that there are intermediates states between these polar phenotypes and some consider that a gradient exists with a number of intermediates, rather than a strict dichotomy between M1 and M2. In the pro-inflammatory phenotypes, microglia can disrupt synaptic plasticity such as long- term potentiation that can result in disorders of learning and memory of the type observed in Peri-operative Neurocognitive Disorders. Therefore, investigators have sought strategies to prevent microglia from provoking this adverse event in the perioperative period. In preclinical studies microglia can be depleted by removing trophic factors required for its maintenance; subsequent repopulation with a more beneficial microglial phenotype may result in memory enhancement, improved sensory motor function, as well as suppression of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. Another approach consists of preventing microglial activation using the non-specific P38 MAP kinase blockers such as minocycline. Perhaps a more physiologic approach is the use of inhibitors of potassium (K+) channels that are required to convert the microglia into an active state. In this context the specific K+ channels that are implicated are termed Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 and high selective inhibitors for each have been developed. Data are accumulating demonstrating the utility of these K+ channel blockers in preventing Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, University Hospital Center (CHU de Charleroi), Charleroi, Belgium.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Veronique Kruys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Joseph Vamecq
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Univ Lille, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition and Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU Lille, University of North France, Lille, France
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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You JE, Jung SH, Kim PH. The Effect of Annexin A1 as a Potential New Therapeutic Target on Neuronal Damage by Activated Microglia. Mol Cells 2021; 44:195-206. [PMID: 33935041 PMCID: PMC8112165 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disease is known to cause irrevocable and fatal loss of biological function once damaged. One of various causes of its development is damage to neuron cells caused by hyperactivated microglia, which function as immune cells in brain. Among the genes expressed in microglia stimulated by various antigens, annexin A1 (ANXA1) is expressed in the early phase of the inflammatory response and plays an important role in controlling the immune response. In this study, we assessed whether ANXA1 can be a therapeutic target gene for the initial reduction of the immune response induced by microglia to minimize neuronal damage. To address this, mouse-origin microglial cells were stimulated to mimic an immune response by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. The LPS treatment caused activation of ANXA1 gene and expression of inflammatory cytokines. To assess the biological function in microglia by the downregulation of ANXA1 gene, cells were treated with short hairpin RNA-ANXA1. Downregulated ANXA1 affected the function of mitochondria in the microglia and showed reduced neuronal damage when compared to the control group in the co-culture system. Taken together, our results showed that ANXA1 could be used as a potential therapeutic target for inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun You
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Se-Hwa Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Pyung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
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Single Administration of the T-Type Calcium Channel Enhancer SAK3 Reduces Oxidative Stress and Improves Cognition in Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020741. [PMID: 33451040 PMCID: PMC7828528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by cognitive impairments, is considered to be one of the most widespread chronic neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. We recently introduced a novel therapeutic agent for AD treatment, the T-type calcium channel enhancer ethyl-8-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2-(piperidin-1-yl)-2H-spiro[cyclopentane-1,3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin]-2-ene-3-carboxylate (SAK3). SAK3 enhances calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and proteasome activity, thereby promoting amyloid beta degradation in mice with AD. However, the antioxidative effects of SAK3 remain unclear. We investigated the antioxidative effects of SAK3 in olfactory bulbectomized mice (OBX mice), compared with the effects of donepezil as a positive control. As previously reported, single oral administration of both SAK3 (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) and donepezil (1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved cognitive and depressive behaviors in OBX mice. Single oral SAK3 administration markedly reduced 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and nitrotyrosine protein levels in the hippocampus of OBX mice, which persisted until 1 week after administration. These effects are similar to those observed with donepezil therapy. Increased protein levels of oxidative stress markers were observed in the microglial cells, which were significantly rescued by SAK3 and donepezil. SAK3 could ameliorate oxidative stress in OBX mice, like donepezil, suggesting that the antioxidative effects of SAK3 and donepezil are among the neuroprotective mechanisms in AD pathogenesis.
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Label-free vibrational imaging of different Aβ plaque types in Alzheimer's disease reveals sequential events in plaque development. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:222. [PMID: 33308303 PMCID: PMC7733282 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by hyperphosphorylated tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. Aβ plaques are hypothesized to follow a development sequence starting with diffuse plaques, which evolve into more compact plaques and finally mature into the classic cored plaque type. A better molecular understanding of Aβ pathology is crucial, as the role of Aβ plaques in AD pathogenesis is under debate. Here, we studied the deposition and fibrillation of Aβ in different plaque types with label-free infrared and Raman imaging. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman imaging was performed on native snap-frozen brain tissue sections from AD cases and non-demented control cases. Subsequently, the scanned tissue was stained against Aβ and annotated for the different plaque types by an AD neuropathology expert. In total, 160 plaques (68 diffuse, 32 compact, and 60 classic cored plaques) were imaged with FTIR and the results of selected plaques were verified with Raman imaging. In diffuse plaques, we detect evidence of short antiparallel β-sheets, suggesting the presence of Aβ oligomers. Aβ fibrillation significantly increases alongside the proposed plaque development sequence. In classic cored plaques, we spatially resolve cores containing predominantly large parallel β-sheets, indicating Aβ fibrils. Combining label-free vibrational imaging and immunohistochemistry on brain tissue samples of AD and non-demented cases provides novel insight into the spatial distribution of the Aβ conformations in different plaque types. This way, we reconstruct the development process of Aβ plaques in human brain tissue, provide insight into Aβ fibrillation in the brain, and support the plaque development hypothesis.
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Saffari PM, Alijanpour S, Takzaree N, Sahebgharani M, Etemad-Moghadam S, Noorbakhsh F, Partoazar A. Metformin loaded phosphatidylserine nanoliposomes improve memory deficit and reduce neuroinflammation in streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease model. Life Sci 2020; 255:117861. [PMID: 32473247 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely associated with neuroinflammation development in the brain. Co-delivery of metformin (MET) with phosphatidylserine liposomes neuroprotectant may be beneficial in ameliorating AD-related symptoms like memory impairment and inflammation. Therefore, we aimed to prepare metformin containing phosphatidylserine nanoliposomes formulation (MET-PSL) and to evaluate its effect on rats subjected to AD. Alzheimer's disease model was induced by bilateral intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (3 mg/kg) into rat brains using the stereotactic technique. MET-PSL, MET, and PSL alone were administered intraperitoneally to AD-induced animals and factors including learning and memory storage in addition to cytokine and tissue inflammatory changes were evaluated after a 22-day experiment period. The learning and memory parameters significantly (P < 0.05) improved in AD-rats treated with MET-PSL. Moreover, MET-PSL administration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased cytokine levels of IL1-β, TNF-α, and TGF-β in hippocampal tissues of rats with AD. Histological results indicated a considerable reduction in inflammatory and necrotic neural cells along with significantly (P < 0.05) increased neurogenesis in MET-PSL treated rats. Furthermore, our results showed that MET-PSL formulation could potentially act better than the free form of MET and PSL alone in the recovery process of rats with AD. In general, our data suggest that combination therapy of metformin loaded phosphatidylserine liposomes may enhance the therapeutic performance in AD patients of a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partow Mirzaee Saffari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Alijanpour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, P. O. Box 163, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Nasrin Takzaree
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Partoazar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cranston AL, Wysocka A, Steczkowska M, Zadrożny M, Palasz E, Harrington CR, Theuring F, Wischik CM, Riedel G, Niewiadomska G. Cholinergic and inflammatory phenotypes in transgenic tau mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa033. [PMID: 32954291 PMCID: PMC7425524 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An early and sizeable loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is a well-characterized feature associated with measurable deficits in spatial learning and cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, pro-inflammatory glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia may play a key role in the neurodegenerative cascade of Alzheimer’s disease and tauopathies. We recently presented two mouse models: Line 1, expressing the truncated tau fragment identified as the core of the Alzheimer’s paired helical filament, and Line 66, expressing full-length human tau carrying a double mutation (P301S and G335D). Line 1 mice have a pathology that is akin to Alzheimer’s, whilst Line 66 resembles frontotemporal lobar degeneration. However, their cholinergic and inflammatory phenotypes remain elusive. We performed histological evaluation of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, p75 neurotrophin receptor, microglial ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 and astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein in the basal forebrain, hippocampus and cortex of these models. A significant lowering of choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons and p75-positive neurons in the basal forebrain of Line 1 at 3, 6 and 9 months was observed in two independent studies, alongside a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase staining in the cortex and hippocampus. The reductions in choline acetyltransferase positivity varied between 30% and 50% at an age when Line 1 mice show spatial learning impairments. Furthermore, an increase in microglial ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 staining was observed in the basal forebrain, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of Line 1 at 6 months. Line 66 mice displayed an intact cholinergic basal forebrain, and no difference in p75-positive neurons at 3 or 9 months. In addition, Line 66 exhibited significant microglial ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 increase in the basal forebrain and hippocampus, suggesting a prominent neuroinflammatory profile. Increased concentrations of microglial interleukin-1β and astrocytic complement 3 were also seen in the hippocampus of both Line 1 and Line 66. The cholinergic deficit in Line 1 mice confirms the Alzheimer’s disease-like phenotype in Line 1 mice, whilst Line 66 revealed no measurable change in total cholinergic expression, a phenotypic trait of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. These two transgenic lines are therefore suitable for discriminating mechanistic underpinnings between the Alzheimer’s and frontotemporal lobar degeneration-like phenotypes of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Cranston
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | | | | | - Ewelina Palasz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.,TauRx Therapeutics Ltd, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Franz Theuring
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.,TauRx Therapeutics Ltd, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Gernot Riedel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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13
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Ullah F, Liang H, Niedermayer G, Münch G, Gyengesi E. Evaluation of Phytosomal Curcumin as an Anti-inflammatory Agent for Chronic Glial Activation in the GFAP-IL6 Mouse Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:170. [PMID: 32226360 PMCID: PMC7081170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic glial activation is characterized by an increased number of activated microglia and astroglia; these secrete free radicals and cytotoxic cytokines, subsequently causing neuronal damage. This study investigated the hypothesis that a soy-lecithin based phytosomal curcumin formulation can decrease glial activation in the brains of GFAP-IL6 mice, a model of chronic glial activation, which exhibits gliosis in various regions of the brain. Three doses of Meriva curcumin (MC) (874, 436, and 218 PPM) were fed to 3-month-old GFAP-IL6 and wild-type (WT) mice for 4 weeks. As markers of glial activation, the total numbers of Iba-1+ and TSPO+ microglia and macrophages, and GFAP+ astrocytes, were determined in the cerebellum and hippocampus by immunohistochemistry and unbiased stereology. Furthermore, the morphology of the glial cells was assessed by confocal microscopy and Sholl analysis. Administration of phytosomal curcumin led to a dose-dependent reduction in neuroinflammatory markers. Phytosomal curcumin (874 PPM) decreased the number of microglia by 26.2% in the hippocampus and by 48% in the cerebellum of the GFAP-IL6 mice compared with the GFAP-IL6 mice on normal food. Additionally, GFAP+ astrocyte numbers in the hippocampus of the GFAP-IL6 mice were decreased by 42%. The GFAP-IL6 mice exhibited a different microglial morphology to the WT mice, showing an increased soma size and perimeter. This difference was significantly reduced by the 874 PPM phytosomal curcumin dose. Our findings demonstrate that phytosomal curcumin is able to attenuate the inflammatory pathology, and potentially reverse the detrimental effects of chronic glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Ullah
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Garry Niedermayer
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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14
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Multiple inflammatory profiles of microglia and altered neuroimages in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:86-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Jung YJ, Tweedie D, Scerba MT, Greig NH. Neuroinflammation as a Factor of Neurodegenerative Disease: Thalidomide Analogs as Treatments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:313. [PMID: 31867326 PMCID: PMC6904283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is initiated when glial cells, mainly microglia, are activated by threats to the neural environment, such as pathogen infiltration or neuronal injury. Although neuroinflammation serves to combat these threats and reinstate brain homeostasis, chronic inflammation can result in excessive cytokine production and cell death if the cause of inflammation remains. Overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine with a central role in microglial activation, has been associated with neuronal excitotoxicity, synapse loss, and propagation of the inflammatory state. Thalidomide and its derivatives, termed immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), are a class of drugs that target the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of TNF-α mRNA, inhibiting TNF-α production. Due to their multi-potent effects, several IMiDs, including thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, have been repurposed as drug treatments for diseases such as multiple myeloma and psoriatic arthritis. Preclinical studies of currently marketed IMiDs, as well as novel IMiDs such as 3,6'-dithiothalidomide and adamantyl thalidomide derivatives, support the development of IMiDs as therapeutics for neurological disease. IMiDs have a competitive edge compared to similar anti-inflammatory drugs due to their blood-brain barrier permeability and high bioavailability, with the potential to alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative disease and slow disease progression. In this review, we evaluate the role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing specifically on the role of TNF-α in neuroinflammation, as well as appraise current research on the potential of IMiDs as treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Jung
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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King E, O'Brien J, Donaghy P, Williams-Gray CH, Lawson RA, Morris CM, Barnett N, Olsen K, Martin-Ruiz C, Burn D, Yarnall AJ, Taylor JP, Duncan G, Khoo TK, Thomas A. Inflammation in mild cognitive impairment due to Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1244-1250. [PMID: 30993722 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation appears to play a role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about inflammation during early stages of cognitive decline or whether this differs in different disease groups. We sought to investigate this by assessing the inflammatory profile in patients with Parkinson disease with the early stages of cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), patients with prodromal Alzheimer disease (MCI-AD), prodromal Lewy body disease (MCI-LB), and controls. METHODS We obtained venous blood samples from participants with PD-MCI (n = 44), PD-normal cognition (n = 112), MCI-LB (n = 38), MCI-AD (n = 21), and controls (n = 84). We measured 10 cytokines using Meso Scale Discovery V-Plex Plus including interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and tumour necrosis factor alpha. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was measured. RESULTS There was a higher level of inflammation in patients with MCI-AD and MCI-LB compared with controls. PD noncognitively impaired had higher inflammatory markers than controls, but there was no difference between PD-MCI and controls. There was a decrease in inflammatory markers with increasing motor severity based on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation may be involved in the onset of cognitive decline in patients with MCI-AD and MCI-LB but appears to be less prominent PD-MCI albeit in a small data set. This suggests that anti-inflammatory medications may have most benefit at the earliest stages of neurodegenerative diseases. For PD cases, this might be in advance of the development of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor King
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John O'Brien
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Donaghy
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachael A Lawson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicola Barnett
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty Olsen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gordan Duncan
- Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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17
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Szczechowiak K, Diniz BS, Leszek J. Diet and Alzheimer's dementia - Nutritional approach to modulate inflammation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 184:172743. [PMID: 31356838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease causing dementia in the elderly population. Due to the fact that there is still no cure for Alzheimer's dementia and available treatment strategies bring only symptomatic benefits, there is a pressing demand for other effective strategies such as diet. Since the inflammation hypothesis gained considerable significance in the AD pathogenesis, elucidating the modulatory role of dietary factors on inflammation may help to prevent, delay the onset and slow the progression of AD. Current evidence clearly shows that synergistic action of combined supplementation and complex dietary patterns provides stronger benefits than any single component considered separately. Recent studies reveal the growing importance of novel factors such as dietary advanced glycation end products (d-AGE), gut microbiota, butyrate and vitamin D3 on inflammatory processes in AD. CONCLUSION This paper summarizes the available evidence of pro- and anti-inflammatory activity of some dietary components including fatty acids, vitamins, flavonoids, polyphenols, probiotics and d-AGE, and their potential for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Breno S Diniz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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18
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Rothman SM, Tanis KQ, Gandhi P, Malkov V, Marcus J, Pearson M, Stevens R, Gilliland J, Ware C, Mahadomrongkul V, O'Loughlin E, Zeballos G, Smith R, Howell BJ, Klappenbach J, Kennedy M, Mirescu C. Human Alzheimer's disease gene expression signatures and immune profile in APP mouse models: a discrete transcriptomic view of Aβ plaque pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:256. [PMID: 30189875 PMCID: PMC6127905 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with pathological hallmarks including the formation of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-beta (Aβ) known as plaques and intracellular tau tangles. Coincident with the formation of Aβ plaques is recruitment and activation of glial cells to the plaque forming a plaque niche. In addition to histological data showing the formation of the niche, AD genetic studies have added to the growing appreciation of how dysfunctional glia pathways drive neuropathology, with emphasis on microglia pathways. Genomic approaches enable comparisons of human disease profiles between different mouse models informing on their utility to evaluate secondary changes to triggers such as Aβ deposition. Methods In this study, we utilized two animal models of AD to examine and characterize the AD-associated pathology: the Tg2576 Swedish APP (KM670/671NL) and TgCRND8 Swedish plus Indiana APP (KM670/671NL + V717F) lines. We used laser capture microscopy (LCM) to isolate samples surrounding Thio-S positive plaques from distal non-plaque tissue. These samples were then analyzed using RNA sequencing. Results We determined age-associated transcriptomic differences between two similar yet distinct APP transgenic mouse models, known to differ in proportional amyloidogenic species and plaque deposition rates. In Tg2576, human AD gene signatures were not observed despite profiling mice out to 15 months of age. TgCRND8 mice however showed progressive and robust induction of lysomal, neuroimmune, and ITIM/ITAM-associated gene signatures overlapping with prior human AD brain transcriptomic studies. Notably, RNAseq analyses highlighted the vast majority of transcriptional changes observed in aging TgCRND8 cortical brain homogenates were in fact specifically enriched within the plaque niche samples. Data uncovered plaque-associated enrichment of microglia-related genes such as ITIM/ITAM-associated genes and pathway markers of phagocytosis. Conclusion This work may help guide improved translational value of APP mouse models of AD, particularly for strategies aimed at targeting neuroimmune and neurodegenerative pathways, by demonstrating that TgCRND8 more closely recapitulates specific human AD-associated transcriptional responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1265-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Rothman
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Keith Q Tanis
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pallavi Gandhi
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vladislav Malkov
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob Marcus
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Richard Stevens
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Gilliland
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Ware
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Elaine O'Loughlin
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gonzalo Zeballos
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger Smith
- Systems Toxicology, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., West Point, Kenilworth, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel Klappenbach
- Genetics and Genomics, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Kennedy
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Mirescu
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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19
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Kim MJ, Shrestha SS, Cortes M, Singh P, Morse C, Liow JS, Gladding RL, Brouwer C, Henry K, Gallagher E, Tye GL, Zoghbi SS, Fujita M, Pike VW, Innis RB. Evaluation of Two Potent and Selective PET Radioligands to Image COX-1 and COX-2 in Rhesus Monkeys. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1907-1912. [PMID: 29959215 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.211144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed whether the newly developed PET radioligands 11C-PS13 and 11C-MC1 could image constitutive levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, respectively, in rhesus monkeys. Methods: After intravenous injection of either radioligand, 24 whole-body PET scans were performed. To measure enzyme-specific uptake, scans of the 2 radioligands were also performed after administration of a nonradioactive drug preferential for either COX-1 or COX-2. Concurrent venous samples were obtained to measure parent radioligand concentrations. SUVs were calculated from 10 to 90 min. Results: 11C-PS13 showed specific uptake in most organs, including spleen, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and brain, which was blocked by COX-1, but not COX-2, preferential inhibitors. Specific uptake of 11C-MC1 was not observed in any organ except the ovaries and possibly kidneys. Conclusion: The findings suggest that 11C-PS13 has adequate signal in monkeys to justify its extension to human subjects. In contrast, 11C-MC1 is unlikely to show significant signal in healthy humans, though it may be able to do so in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kim
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stal S Shrestha
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michelle Cortes
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Prachi Singh
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cheryl Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert L Gladding
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chad Brouwer
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katharine Henry
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Evan Gallagher
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George L Tye
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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Boon BDC, Hoozemans JJM, Lopuhaä B, Eigenhuis KN, Scheltens P, Kamphorst W, Rozemuller AJM, Bouwman FH. Neuroinflammation is increased in the parietal cortex of atypical Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:170. [PMID: 29843759 PMCID: PMC5975447 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While most patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) present with memory complaints, 30% of patients with early disease onset present with non-amnestic symptoms. This atypical presentation is thought to be caused by a different spreading of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) than originally proposed by Braak and Braak. Recent studies suggest a prominent role for neuroinflammation in the spreading of tau pathology. Methods We aimed to explore whether an atypical spreading of pathology in AD is associated with an atypical distribution of neuroinflammation. Typical and atypical AD cases were selected based on both NFT distribution and amnestic or non-amnestic clinical presentation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the temporal pole and superior parietal lobe of 10 typical and 9 atypical AD cases. The presence of amyloid-beta (N-terminal; IC16), pTau (AT8), reactive astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba1, CD68, and HLA-DP/DQ/DR), and complement factors (C1q, C3d, C4b, and C5b-9) was quantified by image analysis. Differences in lobar distribution patterns of immunoreactivity were statistically assessed using a linear mixed model. Results We found a temporal dominant distribution for amyloid-beta, GFAP, and Iba1 in both typical and atypical AD. Distribution of pTau, CD68, HLA-DP/DQ/DR, C3d, and C4b differed between AD variants. Typical AD cases showed a temporal dominant distribution of these markers, whereas atypical AD cases showed a parietal dominant distribution. Interestingly, when quantifying for the number of amyloid-beta plaques instead of stained surface area, atypical AD cases differed in distribution pattern from typical AD cases. Remarkably, plaque morphology and localization of neuroinflammation within the plaques was different between the two phenotypes. Conclusions Our data show a different localization of neuroinflammatory markers and amyloid-beta plaques between AD phenotypes. In addition, these markers reflect the atypical distribution of tau pathology in atypical AD, suggesting that neuroinflammation might be a crucial link between amyloid-beta deposits, tau pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baayla D C Boon
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boaz Lopuhaä
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel N Eigenhuis
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kamphorst
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke H Bouwman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Hopperton KE, Mohammad D, Trépanier MO, Giuliano V, Bazinet RP. Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:177-198. [PMID: 29230021 PMCID: PMC5794890 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is proposed as one of the mechanisms by which Alzheimer's disease pathology, including amyloid-β plaques, leads to neuronal death and dysfunction. Increases in the expression of markers of microglia, the main neuroinmmune cell, are widely reported in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease, but the literature has not yet been systematically reviewed to determine whether this is a consistent pathological feature. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase and PsychINFO for articles published up to 23 February 2017. Papers were included if they quantitatively compared microglia markers in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease and aged controls without neurological disease. A total of 113 relevant articles were identified. Consistent increases in markers related to activation, such as major histocompatibility complex II (36/43 studies) and cluster of differentiation 68 (17/21 studies), were identified relative to nonneurological aged controls, whereas other common markers that stain both resting and activated microglia, such as ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (10/20 studies) and cluster of differentiation 11b (2/5 studies), were not consistently elevated. Studies of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 that used cell counts almost uniformly identified no difference relative to control, indicating that increases in activation occurred without an expansion of the total number of microglia. White matter and cerebellum appeared to be more resistant to these increases than other brain regions. Nine studies were identified that included high pathology controls, patients who remained free of dementia despite Alzheimer's disease pathology. The majority (5/9) of these studies reported higher levels of microglial markers in Alzheimer's disease relative to controls, suggesting that these increases are not solely a consequence of Alzheimer's disease pathology. These results show that increased markers of microglia are a consistent feature of Alzheimer's disease, though this seems to be driven primarily by increases in activation-associated markers, as opposed to markers of all microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Mohammad
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M O Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V Giuliano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 306, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada. E-mail:
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22
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Let's make microglia great again in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:751-770. [PMID: 29027011 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All of the common neurodegenerative disorders-Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion diseases-are characterized by accumulation of misfolded proteins that trigger activation of microglia; brain-resident mononuclear phagocytes. This chronic form of neuroinflammation is earmarked by increased release of myriad cytokines and chemokines in patient brains and biofluids. Microglial phagocytosis is compromised early in the disease process, obfuscating clearance of abnormal proteins. This review identifies immune pathologies shared by the major neurodegenerative disorders. The overarching concept is that aberrant innate immune pathways can be targeted for return to homeostasis in hopes of coaxing microglia into clearing neurotoxic misfolded proteins.
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23
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RAGE-Specific Inhibitor FPS-ZM1 Attenuates AGEs-Induced Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rat Primary Microglia. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2902-2911. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Garden GA, Campbell BM. Glial biomarkers in human central nervous system disease. Glia 2016; 64:1755-71. [PMID: 27228454 PMCID: PMC5575821 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing understanding that aberrant GLIA function is an underlying factor in psychiatric and neurological disorders. As drug discovery efforts begin to focus on glia-related targets, a key gap in knowledge includes the availability of validated biomarkers to help determine which patients suffer from dysfunction of glial cells or who may best respond by targeting glia-related drug mechanisms. Biomarkers are biological variables with a significant relationship to parameters of disease states and can be used as surrogate markers of disease pathology, progression, and/or responses to drug treatment. For example, imaging studies of the CNS enable localization and characterization of anatomical lesions without the need to isolate tissue for biopsy. Many biomarkers of disease pathology in the CNS involve assays of glial cell function and/or response to injury. Each major glia subtype (oligodendroglia, astroglia and microglia) are connected to a number of important and useful biomarkers. Here, we describe current and emerging glial based biomarker approaches for acute CNS injury and the major categories of chronic nervous system dysfunction including neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, neoplastic, and autoimmune disorders of the CNS. These descriptions are highlighted in the context of how biomarkers are employed to better understand the role of glia in human CNS disease and in the development of novel therapeutic treatments. GLIA 2016;64:1755-1771.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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25
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Huber AK, Giles DA, Segal BM, Irani DN. An emerging role for eotaxins in neurodegenerative disease. Clin Immunol 2016; 189:29-33. [PMID: 27664933 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eotaxins are C-C motif chemokines first identified as potent eosinophil chemoattractants. They facilitate eosinophil recruitment to sites of inflammation in response to parasitic infections as well as allergic and autoimmune diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The eotaxin family currently includes three members: eotaxin-1 (CCL11), eotaxin-2 (CCL24), and eotaxin-3 (CCL26). Despite having only ~30% sequence homology to one another, each was identified based on its ability to bind the chemokine receptor, CCR3. Beyond their role in innate immunity, recent studies have shown that CCL11 and related molecules may directly contribute to degenerative processes in the central nervous system (CNS). CCL11 levels increase in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of both mice and humans as part of normal aging. In mice, these increases are associated with declining neurogenesis and impaired cognition and memory. In humans, elevated plasma levels of CCL11 have been observed in Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis when compared to age-matched, healthy controls. Since CCL11 is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier of normal mice, it is plausible that eotaxins generated in the periphery may exert physiological and pathological actions in the CNS. Here, we briefly review known functions of eotaxin family members during innate immunity, and then focus on whether and how these molecules might participate in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Huber
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Giles
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N Irani
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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26
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Masuzzo A, Dinet V, Cavanagh C, Mascarelli F, Krantic S. Amyloidosis in Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 27551275 PMCID: PMC4976396 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system, the retina may reflect both physiological processes and abnormalities related to pathologies that affect the brain. Amyloidosis due to the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) was initially regarded as a specific and exclusive characteristic of neurodegenerative alterations seen in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. More recently, it was discovered that amyloidosis-related alterations, similar to those seen in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, also occur in the retina. Remarkably, these alterations were identified not only in primary retinal pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, but also in the retinas of Alzheimer's patients. In this review, we first briefly discuss the biogenesis of Aβ, a peptide involved in amyloidosis. We then discuss some pathological aspects (synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial failure, glial activation, and vascular abnormalities) related to the neurotoxic effects of Aβ. We finally highlight common features shared by AD, AMD, and glaucoma in the context of Aβ amyloidosis and further discuss why the retina, due to the transparency of the eye, can be considered as a "window" to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Virginie Dinet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Chelsea Cavanagh
- Department of Neuroscience, Douglas Hospital Research Center , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Frederic Mascarelli
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
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27
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Minter MR, Zhang C, Leone V, Ringus DL, Zhang X, Oyler-Castrillo P, Musch MW, Liao F, Ward JF, Holtzman DM, Chang EB, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Antibiotic-induced perturbations in gut microbial diversity influences neuro-inflammation and amyloidosis in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30028. [PMID: 27443609 PMCID: PMC4956742 DOI: 10.1038/srep30028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe amyloidosis and plaque-localized neuro-inflammation are key pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to astrocyte and microglial reactivity, emerging evidence suggests a role of gut microbiota in regulating innate immunity and influencing brain function. Here, we examine the role of the host microbiome in regulating amyloidosis in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of AD. We show that prolonged shifts in gut microbial composition and diversity induced by long-term broad-spectrum combinatorial antibiotic treatment regime decreases Aβ plaque deposition. We also show that levels of soluble Aβ are elevated and that levels of circulating cytokine and chemokine signatures are altered in this setting. Finally, we observe attenuated plaque-localised glial reactivity in these mice and significantly altered microglial morphology. These findings suggest the gut microbiota community diversity can regulate host innate immunity mechanisms that impact Aβ amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Daina L Ringus
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Mark W Musch
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph F Ward
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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28
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Bouvier DS, Jones EV, Quesseveur G, Davoli MA, A Ferreira T, Quirion R, Mechawar N, Murai KK. High Resolution Dissection of Reactive Glial Nets in Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24544. [PMID: 27090093 PMCID: PMC4835751 DOI: 10.1038/srep24544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fixed human brain samples in tissue repositories hold great potential for unlocking complexities of the brain and its alteration with disease. However, current methodology for simultaneously resolving complex three-dimensional (3D) cellular anatomy and organization, as well as, intricate details of human brain cells in tissue has been limited due to weak labeling characteristics of the tissue and high background levels. To expose the potential of these samples, we developed a method to overcome these major limitations. This approach offers an unprecedented view of cytoarchitecture and subcellular detail of human brain cells, from cellular networks to individual synapses. Applying the method to AD samples, we expose complex features of microglial cells and astrocytes in the disease. Through this methodology, we show that these cells form specialized 3D structures in AD that we refer to as reactive glial nets (RGNs). RGNs are areas of concentrated neuronal injury, inflammation, and tauopathy and display unique features around β-amyloid plaque types. RGNs have conserved properties in an AD mouse model and display a developmental pattern coinciding with the progressive accumulation of neuropathology. The method provided here will help reveal novel features of the healthy and diseased human brain, and aid experimental design in translational brain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Bouvier
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emma V Jones
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gaël Quesseveur
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Antonietta Davoli
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tiago A Ferreira
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rémi Quirion
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Rosenberger AFN, Morrema THJ, Gerritsen WH, van Haastert ES, Snkhchyan H, Hilhorst R, Rozemuller AJM, Scheltens P, van der Vies SM, Hoozemans JJM. Increased occurrence of protein kinase CK2 in astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26732432 PMCID: PMC4702323 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. In addition to the occurrence of amyloid deposits and widespread tau pathology, AD is associated with a neuroinflammatory response characterized by the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Protein kinase 2 (CK2, former casein kinase II) is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. Previous studies on CK2 in AD showed controversial results, and the involvement of CK2 in neuroinflammation in AD remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we used immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining methods to investigate the localization of CK2 in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of patients with AD and non-demented controls. We compared protein levels with Western blotting analysis, and we investigated CK2 activity in human U373 astrocytoma cells and human primary adult astrocytes stimulated with IL-1β or TNF-α. RESULTS We report increased levels of CK2 in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of AD patients compared to non-demented controls. Immunohistochemical analysis shows CK2 immunoreactivity in astrocytes in AD and control cases. In AD, the presence of CK2 immunoreactive astrocytes is increased. CK2 immunopositive astrocytes are associated with amyloid deposits, suggesting an involvement of CK2 in the neuroinflammatory response. In U373 cells and human primary astrocytes, the selective CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 shows a dose-dependent reduction of the IL-1β or TNF-α induced MCP-1 and IL-6 secretion. CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that CK2 in astrocytes is involved in the neuroinflammatory response in AD. The reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by human astrocytes using the selective CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 indicates that CK2 could be a potential target to modulate neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F N Rosenberger
- Alzheimer center & Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjado H J Morrema
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter H Gerritsen
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elise S van Haastert
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hripsime Snkhchyan
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Riet Hilhorst
- PamGene International BV, Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer center & Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia M van der Vies
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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In-vivo imaging of grey and white matter neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: a positron emission tomography study with a novel radioligand, [18F]-FEPPA. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1579-87. [PMID: 25707397 PMCID: PMC8026116 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our primary aim was to compare neuroinflammation in cognitively intact control subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by using positron emission tomography (PET) with translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO)-specific radioligand [(18)F]-FEPPA. [(18)F]-FEPPA PET scans were acquired on a high-resolution research tomograph in 21 patients with AD (47- 81 years) and 21 control subjects (49-82 years). They were analyzed by using a 2-tissue compartment model with arterial plasma input function. Differences in neuroinflammation, indexed as [(18)F]-FEPPA binding were compared, adjusting for differences in binding affinity class as determined by a single polymorphism in the TSPO gene (rs6971). In grey matter areas, [(18)F]-FEPPA was significantly higher in AD compared with healthy control subjects. Large increases were seen in the hippocampus, prefrontal, temporal, parietal and occipital cortex (average Cohen's d= 0.89). Voxel-based analyses confirmed significant clusters of neuroinflammation in the frontal, temporal and parietal cortex in patients with AD. In white matter, [(18)F]-FEPPA binding was elevated in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, and the cingulum bundle. Higher neuroinflammation in the parietal cortex (r= -0.7, P= 0.005), and posterior limb of the internal capsule (r= -0.8, P=0.001) was associated with poorer visuospatial function. In addition, a higher [(18)F]-FEPPA binding in the posterior limb of the internal capsule was associated with a greater impairment in language ability (r= -0.7, P=0.004). Elevated neuroinflammation can be detected in AD patients throughout the brain grey and white matter by using [(18)F]-FEPPA PET. Our results also suggest that neuroinflammation is associated with some cognitive deficits.
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31
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Minter MR, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The contribution of neuroinflammation to amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 136:457-74. [PMID: 26509334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) remains a hallmark feature of the disease, yet the precise mechanism(s) by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remain unknown. Neuroinflammation has long been implicated in AD pathology, yet its contribution to disease progression is still not understood. Recent evidence suggests that various Aβ complexes interact with microglial and astrocytic expressed pattern recognition receptors that initiate innate immunity. This process involves secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and generation of reactive oxygen species that, in excess, drive a dysregulated immune response that contributes to neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which a neuroinflammatory response can influence Aβ production, aggregation and eventual clearance are now becoming key areas where future therapeutic intervention may slow progression of AD. This review will focus on evidence supporting the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD, describing the key cell types, pathways and mediators involved. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Deposition of intracellular plaques containing amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a hallmark proteinopathy of the disease yet the precise mechanisms by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remains unknown. A neuroinflammatory response involving polarized microglial activity, enhanced astrocyte reactivity and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine load has long been implicated in AD and proposed to facilitate neurodegeneration. In this issue we discuss key receptor systems of innate immunity that detect Aβ, drive pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and influence Aβ aggregation and clearance. Evidence summarized in this review supports the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD and highlights the potential of immunomodulatory agents as potential future therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Venigalla M, Sonego S, Gyengesi E, Sharman MJ, Münch G. Novel promising therapeutics against chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2015; 95:63-74. [PMID: 26529297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as microglial and astroglial activation, and, finally, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. Current treatments for AD primarily focus on enhancement of cholinergic transmission. However, these treatments are only symptomatic, and no disease-modifying drug is available for the treatment of AD patients. This review will provide an overview of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, neuroprotective, and cognition-enhancing effects of a variety of nutraceuticals including curcumin, apigenin, docosahexaenoic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, α-lipoic acid and resveratrol and their potential for AD prevention and treatment. We suggest that therapeutic use of these compounds might lead to a safe strategy to delay the onset of AD or slow down its progression. The continuing investigation of the potential of these substances is necessary as they are promising compounds to yield a possible remedy for this pervasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Venigalla
- Dept of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra Sonego
- Dept of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Dept of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Molecular Medicine Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Gerald Münch
- Dept of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Molecular Medicine Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
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33
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Venigalla M, Gyengesi E, Münch G. Curcumin and Apigenin - novel and promising therapeutics against chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1181-5. [PMID: 26487830 PMCID: PMC4590215 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by deposition of amyloid beta, neurofibrillary tangles, astrogliosis and microgliosis, leading to neuronal dysfunction and loss in the brain. Current treatments for Alzheimer's disease primarily focus on enhancement of cholinergic transmission. However, these treatments are only symptomatic, and no disease-modifying drug is available for Alzheimer's disease patients. This review will provide an overview of the proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, neuroprotective, and cognition-enhancing effects of curcumin and apigenin and discuss the potential of these compounds for Alzheimer's disease prevention and treatment. We suggest that these compounds might delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease or slow down its progression, and they should enter clinical trials as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Venigalla
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia ; Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia ; National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia ; Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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34
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Julian A, Dugast E, Ragot S, Krolak-Salmon P, Berrut G, Dantoine T, Hommet C, Hanon O, Page G, Paccalin M. There is no correlation between peripheral inflammation and cognitive status at diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2015; 27:589-94. [PMID: 25700558 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides the neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, an inflammatory process is involved at central and peripheral levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to determine whether peripheral inflammatory parameter levels, in plasma and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), could be correlated with the cognitive status at the time of AD diagnosis. METHODS Patients were included at diagnosis with MMSE score between 16 and 25 and were naive of symptomatic treatment for AD. C-reactive protein >10 mg/L and any acute or chronic inflammation were considered as exclusion criteria. Cognitive assessment also included the ADAScog scale. Plasma interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) were measured using Luminex(®) X-MAP(®) technology. A subgroup of patients also underwent measures of these parameters in extracellular and intracellular compartments of PBMCs (ancillary study). RESULTS One hundred and nine patients were included; mean age 79.4 ± 6.8 years with 37 patients in the ancillary study. The mean values of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and CCL5 values were 1.49, 7.18, 3.09 and 69,615.81 pg/mL, respectively. No correlation between plasma cytokines or chemokine levels and cognitive scores was found. In PBMCs, the levels of cytokines were detectable but did not either show any correlation with cognitive scores. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that at diagnosis, peripheral levels of cytokines and CCL5 display low values without any correlation with the cognitive status. Further results of our study will show if these circulating markers are related to the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Julian
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
- Department of Neurology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé Bâtiment B36/B37, Secteur β-Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Emilie Dugast
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé Bâtiment B36/B37, Secteur β-Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Stéphanie Ragot
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Krolak-Salmon
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Berrut
- Department of Geriatrics, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Thierry Dantoine
- Department of Geriatrics, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Caroline Hommet
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Hanon
- Department of Geriatrics, Paris Broca University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Guylène Page
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé Bâtiment B36/B37, Secteur β-Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Marc Paccalin
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé Bâtiment B36/B37, Secteur β-Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- Department of Geriatrics, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
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Neuroinflammatory signals in Alzheimer disease and APP/PS1 transgenic mice: correlations with plaques, tangles, and oligomeric species. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:319-44. [PMID: 25756590 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand neuroinflammation-related gene regulation during normal aging and in sporadic Alzheimer disease (sAD), we performed functional genomics analysis and analyzed messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of 22 genes involved in neuroinflammation-like responses in the cerebral cortex of wild-type and APP/PS1 transgenic mice. For direct comparisons, mRNA expression of 18 of the same genes was then analyzed in the entorhinal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and frontal cortex area 8 of middle-aged human subjects lacking Alzheimer disease-related pathology and in older subjects with sAD pathology covering Stages I-II/0(A), III-IV/A-B, and V-VI/C of Braak and Braak classification. Modifications of cytokine and immune mediator mRNA expression were found with normal aging in wild-type mice and in middle-aged individuals and patients with early stages of sAD-related pathology; these were accompanied by increased protein expression of certain mediators in ramified microglia. In APP/PS1 mice, inflammatory changes coincided with β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition; increased levels of soluble oligomers paralleled the modified mRNA expression of cytokines and mediators in wild-type mice. In patients with sAD, regulation was stage- and region-dependent and not merely acceleration and exacerbation of mRNA regulation with aging. Gene regulation at first stages of AD was not related to hyperphosphorylated tau deposition in neurofibrillary tangles, Aβ plaque burden, concentration of Aβ1-40 (Aβ40) and Aβ1-42 (Aβ42), or fibrillar Aβ linked to membranes but rather to increased levels of soluble oligomers. Thus, species differences and region- and stage-dependent inflammatory responses in sAD, particularly at the initial stages, indicate the need to identify new anti-inflammatory compounds with specific molecular therapeutic targets.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifactorial age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Current transgenic animal models do not fully recapitulate human Alzheimer's disease at the molecular, cellular and behavioural levels. This review aims to address the clinical relevance of using 'physiologically' aged rats, dogs and Octodon degus, as more representative 'natural' ecologically valid models to elucidate mechanistic aspects of Alzheimer's disease, and for the development of therapeutic agents to attenuate age-related cognitive decline. RECENT FINDINGS Aged rats, dogs and O. degus decline cognitively and ultimately develop Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms in response to the natural ageing process. Aged rats provide a tractable and popular model to examine the neurobiological basis underlying cognitive decline with age, but they do not develop Alzheimer's disease pathology. Progressive accumulation of abnormal amyloid-beta in extracellular plaques and surrounding cerebral vasculature is a common feature in human Alzheimer's disease, aged canine model and most nonhuman primates. Interestingly, the O. degus develops amyloid-beta deposits, neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein, altered cholinergic transmission and cognitive deficits analogous to those observed in Alzheimer's disease. Natural animal models better represent the full pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and are not only a viable alternative to transgenic models, but also are arguably the preferable model. SUMMARY 'Natural' models are useful to elucidate the neurobiological basis of Alzheimer's disease and develop effective therapeutic strategies that can be translated into human clinical trials.
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Yang J, Fan C, Pan L, Xie M, He Q, Li D, Wang S. C-reactive protein plays a marginal role in cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 30:156-65. [PMID: 25475551 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the association between peripheral levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and cognitive decline that is defined by 2-5 years of cognitive change in general cognitive function or specific cognitive domain. METHODS We searched PubMed and Google for prospective/longitudinal studies that report the association between peripheral levels of CRP and risk of cognitive decline in the nondementia population. RESULTS Out of 479 related articles from PubMed and Google, four studies with a total of 5255 non-demented subjects that report odds ratio (OR)/relative risk/hazard ratio of CRP levels and decline in general cognition met our criteria for meta-analysis. The association between higher levels of CRP and risk of global cognitive decline was weak but significant (OR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.02 to 1.58]). However, the systematic review from six other articles that were not suitable for meta-analysis revealed a marginal association between CRP and cognitive decline in certain domains. CONCLUSION Our analysis demonstrated a weak association between peripheral CRP level and global cognitive decline. Because of the small number of included studies and varied methodologies that they applied, caution should be taken when generalizing our finding to the full range of cognitive changes in different cognitive domains observed in non-demented people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Tracking neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: the role of positron emission tomography imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:120. [PMID: 25005532 PMCID: PMC4099095 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been reconceptualized as a dynamic pathophysiological process, where the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is thought to trigger a cascade of neurodegenerative events resulting in cognitive impairment and, eventually, dementia. In addition to Aβ pathology, various lines of research have implicated neuroinflammation as an important participant in AD pathophysiology. Currently, neuroinflammation can be measured in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) with ligands targeting diverse biological processes such as microglial activation, reactive astrocytes and phospholipase A2 activity. In terms of therapeutic strategies, despite a strong rationale and epidemiological studies suggesting that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the prevalence of AD, clinical trials conducted to date have proven inconclusive. In this respect, it has been hypothesized that NSAIDs may only prove protective if administered early on in the disease course, prior to the accumulation of significant AD pathology. In order to test various hypotheses pertaining to the exact role of neuroinflammation in AD, studies in asymptomatic carriers of mutations deterministic for early-onset familial AD may prove of use. In this respect, PET ligands for neuroinflammation may act as surrogate markers of disease progression, allowing for the development of more integrative models of AD, as well as for the measuring of target engagement in the context of clinical trials using NSAIDs. In this review, we address the biological basis of neuroinflammatory changes in AD, underscore therapeutic strategies using anti-inflammatory compounds, and shed light on the possibility of tracking neuroinflammation in vivo using PET imaging ligands.
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Mosher KI, Wyss-Coray T. Microglial dysfunction in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:594-604. [PMID: 24445162 PMCID: PMC3972294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, have long been a subject of study in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field due to their dramatic responses to the pathophysiology of the disease. With several large-scale genetic studies in the past year implicating microglial molecules in AD, the potential significance of these cells has become more prominent than ever before. As a disease that is tightly linked to aging, it is perhaps not entirely surprising that microglia of the AD brain share some phenotypes with aging microglia. Yet the relative impacts of both conditions on microglia are less frequently considered in concert. Furthermore, microglial "activation" and "neuroinflammation" are commonly analyzed in studies of neurodegeneration but are somewhat ill-defined concepts that in fact encompass multiple cellular processes. In this review, we have enumerated six distinct functions of microglia and discuss the specific effects of both aging and AD. By calling attention to the commonalities of these two states, we hope to inspire new approaches for dissecting microglial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Irving Mosher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Neuroscience IDP Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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Cardinali DP, Vigo DE, Olivar N, Vidal MF, Brusco LI. Melatonin Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:245-77. [PMID: 26784870 PMCID: PMC4665493 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major health problem and a growing recognition exists that efforts to prevent it must be undertaken by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. In this context, the pineal product, melatonin, has a promising significance because of its chronobiotic/cytoprotective properties potentially useful for a number of aspects of AD. One of the features of advancing age is the gradual decrease in circulating melatonin levels. A limited number of therapeutic trials have indicated that melatonin has a therapeutic value as a neuroprotective drug in the treatment of AD and minimal cognitive impairment (which may evolve to AD). Both in vitro and in vivo, melatonin prevented the neurodegeneration seen in experimental models of AD. For these effects to occur, doses of melatonin about two orders of magnitude higher than those required to affect sleep and circadian rhythmicity are needed. More recently, attention has been focused on the development of potent melatonin analogs with prolonged effects, which were employed in clinical trials in sleep-disturbed or depressed patients in doses considerably higher than those employed for melatonin. In view that the relative potencies of the analogs are higher than that of the natural compound, clinical trials employing melatonin in the range of 50-100 mg/day are urgently needed to assess its therapeutic validity in neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires 1007, Argentina.
| | - Daniel E Vigo
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires 1007, Argentina.
| | - Natividad Olivar
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
| | - María F Vidal
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
| | - Luis I Brusco
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
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Guillot-Sestier MV, Town T. Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease: a complex affair. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2014; 12:593-607. [PMID: 23574177 DOI: 10.2174/1871527311312050008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by three major histopathological hallmarks: β-amyloid deposits, neurofibrillary tangles and gliosis. While neglected for decades, the neuroinflammatory processes coordinated by microglia are now accepted as etiologic events in AD evolution. Microglial cells are found in close vicinity to amyloid plaques and display various activation phenotypes determined by the expression of a wide range of cytokines, chemokines, and innate immune surface receptors. During the development of AD pathology, microglia fail to restrict amyloid plaques and may contribute to neurotoxicity and cognitive deficit. Nevertheless, under specific activation states, microglia can participate in cerebral amyloid clearance. This review focuses on the complex relationship between microglia and Aβ pathology, and highlights both deleterious and beneficial roles of microglial activation states in the context of AD. A deeper understanding of microglial biology will hopefully pave the way for next-generation AD therapeutic approaches aimed at harnessing these enigmatic innate immune cells of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Victoire Guillot-Sestier
- Regenerative Medicine Institute Neural Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Steven Spielberg Building Room 345, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Campbell BM, Charych E, Lee AW, Möller T. Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:12. [PMID: 24567701 PMCID: PMC3915289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolizes the essential amino acid tryptophan and generates a number of neuroactive metabolites collectively called the kynurenines. Segregated into at least two distinct branches, often termed the “neurotoxic” and “neuroprotective” arms of the KP, they are regulated by the two enzymes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and kynurenine aminotransferase, respectively. Interestingly, several enzymes in the pathway are under tight control of inflammatory mediators. Recent years have seen a tremendous increase in our understanding of neuroinflammation in CNS disease. This review will focus on the regulation of the KP by inflammatory mediators as it pertains to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Campbell
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Erik Charych
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Anna W Lee
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
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Ghiso J, Fossati S, Rostagno A. Amyloidosis associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: cell signaling pathways elicited in cerebral endothelial cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 42 Suppl 3:S167-76. [PMID: 24670400 PMCID: PMC4467213 DOI: 10.3233/jad-140027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Substantial genetic, biochemical, and in vivo data indicate that progressive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Historically centered in the importance of parenchymal plaques, the role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)--a frequently neglected amyloid deposit present in >80% of AD cases--for the mechanism of disease pathogenesis is now starting to emerge. CAA consistently associates with microvascular modifications, ischemic lesions, micro- and macro-hemorrhages, and dementia, progressively affecting cerebral blood flow, altering blood-brain barrier permeability, interfering with brain clearance mechanisms and triggering a cascade of deleterious pro-inflammatory and metabolic events that compromise the integrity of the neurovascular unit. New evidence highlights the contribution of pre-fibrillar Aβ in the induction of cerebral endothelial cell dysfunction. The recently discovered interaction of oligomeric Aβ species with TRAIL DR4 and DR5 cell surface death receptors mediates the engagement of mitochondrial pathways and sequential activation of multiple caspases, eliciting a cascade of cell death mechanisms while unveiling an opportunity for exploring mechanistic-based therapeutic interventions to preserve the integrity of the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Agueda Rostagno
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Lunnon K, Mill J. Epigenetic studies in Alzheimer's disease: current findings, caveats, and considerations for future studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:789-99. [PMID: 24038819 PMCID: PMC3947441 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a sporadic, chronic neurodegenerative disease, usually occurring late in life. The last decade has witnessed tremendous advances in our understanding about the genetic basis of AD, but a large amount of the variance in disease risk remains to be explained. Epigenetic mechanisms, which developmentally regulate gene expression via modifications to DNA, histone proteins, and chromatin, have been hypothesized to play a role in other complex neurobiological diseases, and studies to identify genome-wide epigenetic changes in AD are currently under way. However, the simple brute-force approach that has been successfully employed in genome-wide association studies is unlikely to be successful in epigenome-wide association studies of neurodegeneration. A more academic approach to understanding the role of epigenetic variation in AD is required, with careful consideration of study design, methodological approaches, tissue-specificity, and causal inference. In this article, we review the empirical literature supporting a role for epigenetic processes in AD, and discuss important considerations and future directions for this new and emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Lunnon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK,Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
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Lin L, Huang QX, Yang SS, Chu J, Wang JZ, Tian Q. Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14575-93. [PMID: 23857055 PMCID: PMC3742260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with progressive cognition deficit, is characterized by extracellular senile plaques (SP) of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, mainly containing the hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. Multiple factors contribute to the etiology of AD in terms of initiation and progression. Melatonin is an endogenously produced hormone in the brain and decreases during aging and in patients with AD. Data from clinical trials indicate that melatonin supplementation improves sleep, ameliorates sundowning and slows down the progression of cognitive impairment in AD patients. Melatonin efficiently protects neuronal cells from Aβ-mediated toxicity via antioxidant and anti-amyloid properties. It not only inhibits Aβ generation, but also arrests the formation of amyloid fibrils by a structure-dependent interaction with Aβ. Our studies have demonstrated that melatonin efficiently attenuates Alzheimer-like tau hyperphosphorylation. Although the exact mechanism is still not fully understood, a direct regulatory influence of melatonin on the activities of protein kinases and protein phosphatases is proposed. Additionally, melatonin also plays a role in protecting the cholinergic system and in anti-inflammation. The aim of this review is to stimulate interest in melatonin as a potentially useful agent in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; E-Mail:
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Science, Jishou University, 120 People Road, Jishou 436100, China; E-Mails: (L.L.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Qiong-Xia Huang
- Department of TCM Rationale, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 West Road Huangjia Lake, Wuhan 430065, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shu-Sheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Science, Jishou University, 120 People Road, Jishou 436100, China; E-Mails: (L.L.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Jiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-Z.W.); (Q.T.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-8369-3883 (J.-Z.W.); Tel.: +86-27-8369-2625 (Q.T.)
| | - Qing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-Z.W.); (Q.T.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-8369-3883 (J.-Z.W.); Tel.: +86-27-8369-2625 (Q.T.)
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Leung R, Proitsi P, Simmons A, Lunnon K, Güntert A, Kronenberg D, Pritchard M, Tsolaki M, Mecocci P, Kloszewska I, Vellas B, Soininen H, Wahlund LO, Lovestone S. Inflammatory proteins in plasma are associated with severity of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64971. [PMID: 23762274 PMCID: PMC3677891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are being widely sought with a number of studies suggesting blood measures of inflammatory proteins as putative biomarkers. Here we report findings from a panel of 27 cytokines and related proteins in over 350 subjects with AD, subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and elderly normal controls where we also have measures of longitudinal change in cognition and baseline neuroimaging measures of atrophy. In this study, we identify five inflammatory proteins associated with evidence of atrophy on MR imaging data particularly in whole brain, ventricular and entorhinal cortex measures. In addition, we observed six analytes that showed significant change (over a period of one year) in people with fast cognitive decline compared to those with intermediate and slow decline. One of these (IL-10) was also associated with brain atrophy in AD. In conclusion, IL-10 was associated with both clinical and imaging evidence of severity of disease and might therefore have potential to act as biomarker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufina Leung
- King’s College London and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centres at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Simmons
- King’s College London and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centres at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Lunnon
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Güntert
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Kronenberg
- King’s College London and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centres at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Pritchard
- King’s College London and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centres at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Department of Neurology, "G.Papanicolaou" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Iwona Kloszewska
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bruno Vellas
- UMR INSERM 1027, Gerontopole, CHU Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- University of Eastern Finland and University Hospital of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lars-Olaf Wahlund
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Section of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Lovestone
- King’s College London and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centres at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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McLean D, Cooke MJ, Albay R, Glabe C, Shoichet MS. Positron emission tomography imaging of fibrillar parenchymal and vascular amyloid-β in TgCRND8 mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:613-23. [PMID: 23509918 DOI: 10.1021/cn300226q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Few quantitative diagnostic and monitoring, tools are available to clinicians treating patients with Alzheimer's disease. Further, many of the promising quantitative imaging tools under development lack clear specificity toward different types of Amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology such as vascular or oligomeric species. Antibodies offer an opportunity to image specific types of Aβ pathology because of their excellent specificity. In this study, we developed a method to translate a panel of anti-Aβ antibodies, which show excellent histological performance, into live animal imaging contrast agents. In the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, we tested two antibodies, M64 and M116, that target parenchyma aggregated Aβ plaques and one antibody, M31, that targets vascular Aβ. All three antibodies were administered intravenously after labeling with both poly(ethylene glycol) to enhance circulation and (64)Cu to allow detection via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We were clearly able to differentiate TgCRND8 mice from wild type controls by PET imaging using either M116, the anti-Aβ antibody targeting parenchymal Aβ or M31, the antivascular Aβ antibody. To confirm the validity of the noninvasive imaging of specific Aβ pathology, brains were examined after imaging and showed clear evidence of binding to Aβ plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McLean
- Department of Chemical
Engineering
and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and
Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Michael J. Cooke
- Department of Chemical
Engineering
and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ricardo Albay
- Department of Molecular Biology
and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United
States
| | - Charles Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology
and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United
States
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical
Engineering
and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and
Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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48
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Bettcher BM, Kramer JH. Inflammation and clinical presentation in neurodegenerative disease: a volatile relationship. Neurocase 2013; 19:182-200. [PMID: 22515699 PMCID: PMC3733377 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2011.654227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A proposed immune mechanism that potentially modifies or exacerbates neurodegenerative disease presentation in older adults has received considerable attention in the past decade, with recent studies demonstrating a strong link between pro-inflammatory markers and neurodegeneration. The overarching aim of the following review is to synthesize recent research that supports a possible relationship between inflammation and clinical features of neurodegenerative diseases, including risk of development, cognitive and clinical correlates, and progression of the specified diseases. Specific emphasis is placed on providing a temporal context for the association between inflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Magouirk Bettcher
- Neurology Department, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1207, USA.
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49
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Schuitemaker A, Kropholler MA, Boellaard R, van der Flier WM, Kloet RW, van der Doef TF, Knol DL, Windhorst AD, Luurtsema G, Barkhof F, Jonker C, Lammertsma AA, Scheltens P, van Berckel BNM. Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: an (R)-[¹¹C]PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:128-36. [PMID: 22840559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inflammatory mechanisms, like microglial activation, could be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (R)-[(11)C]PK11195 (1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-1(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide), a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand, can be used to quantify microglial activation in vivo. The purpose of this study was to assess whether increased (R)-[(11)C]PK11195 binding is present in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), currently also known as "prodromal AD." METHODS Nineteen patients with probable AD, 10 patients with prodromal AD (MCI), and 21 healthy control subjects were analyzed. Parametric images of binding potential (BP(ND)) of (R)-[(11)C]PK11195 scans were generated using receptor parametric mapping (RPM) with supervised cluster analysis. Differences between subject groups were tested using mixed model analysis, and associations between BP(ND) and cognition were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS Voxel-wise statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis showed small clusters of significantly increased (R)-[(11)C]PK11195 BP(ND) in occipital lobe in AD dementia patients compared with healthy control subjects. Regions of interest (ROI)-based analyses showed no differences, with large overlap between groups. There were no differences in (R)-[(11)C]PK11195 BP(ND) between clinically stable prodromal AD patients and those who progressed to dementia, and BP(ND) did not correlate with cognitive function. CONCLUSION Microglial activation is a subtle phenomenon occurring in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alie Schuitemaker
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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50
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Cribbs DH, Berchtold NC, Perreau V, Coleman PD, Rogers J, Tenner AJ, Cotman CW. Extensive innate immune gene activation accompanies brain aging, increasing vulnerability to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration: a microarray study. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:179. [PMID: 22824372 PMCID: PMC3419089 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study undertakes a systematic and comprehensive analysis of brain gene expression profiles of immune/inflammation-related genes in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods In a well-powered microarray study of young (20 to 59 years), aged (60 to 99 years), and AD (74 to 95 years) cases, gene responses were assessed in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, and post-central gyrus. Results Several novel concepts emerge. First, immune/inflammation-related genes showed major changes in gene expression over the course of cognitively normal aging, with the extent of gene response far greater in aging than in AD. Of the 759 immune-related probesets interrogated on the microarray, approximately 40% were significantly altered in the SFG, PCG and HC with increasing age, with the majority upregulated (64 to 86%). In contrast, far fewer immune/inflammation genes were significantly changed in the transition to AD (approximately 6% of immune-related probesets), with gene responses primarily restricted to the SFG and HC. Second, relatively few significant changes in immune/inflammation genes were detected in the EC either in aging or AD, although many genes in the EC showed similar trends in responses as in the other brain regions. Third, immune/inflammation genes undergo gender-specific patterns of response in aging and AD, with the most pronounced differences emerging in aging. Finally, there was widespread upregulation of genes reflecting activation of microglia and perivascular macrophages in the aging brain, coupled with a downregulation of select factors (TOLLIP, fractalkine) that when present curtail microglial/macrophage activation. Notably, essentially all pathways of the innate immune system were upregulated in aging, including numerous complement components, genes involved in toll-like receptor signaling and inflammasome signaling, as well as genes coding for immunoglobulin (Fc) receptors and human leukocyte antigens I and II. Conclusions Unexpectedly, the extent of innate immune gene upregulation in AD was modest relative to the robust response apparent in the aged brain, consistent with the emerging idea of a critical involvement of inflammation in the earliest stages, perhaps even in the preclinical stage, of AD. Ultimately, our data suggest that an important strategy to maintain cognitive health and resilience involves reducing chronic innate immune activation that should be initiated in late midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 1226 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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