1
|
Cao Y, Ji S, Chen Y, Zhang X, Ding G, Tang F. Association between autoimmune diseases of the nervous system and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Compr Psychiatry 2023; 122:152370. [PMID: 36709559 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have found an association between autoimmune diseases of the nervous system (ADNS) and schizophrenia (SCZ), but the findings remain controversial. We conducted the first meta-analysis to summarize the current evidence from cohort studies that evaluated the association between ADNS and SCZ. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were comprehensively searched until May 30, 2022 for articles on the association between ADNS and SCZ. Every included study was reported effect size with 95% CIs for the association between ADNS and SCZ. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to assess the heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 8 cohort studies with 12 cohorts were included in the meta-analysis. We observed a significant association between ADNS and SCZ (RR = 1.42; 95%CI, 1.18-1.72). Subgroup analysis showed that the risk of SCZ was significantly increased when ADNS were used as exposure factors (RR = 1.48; 95%CI, 1.15-1.89), whereas with SCZ did not observe an increased risk of subsequent ADNS (RR = 1.33; 95%CI, 0.92-1.92); multiple sclerosis (MS) was positively associated with SCZ (RR = 1.36; 95%CI, 1.12-1.66), but no significant association was found between Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and SCZ (RR = 1.90; 95%CI, 0.87-4.17). Meanwhile, we found location was the source of heterogeneity. LIMITATIONS High heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 92.0%), and only English literature was included in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS We found a positive association between ADNS and SCZ, and the association was different across the different types of ADNS. The results of the study are helpful for clinicians to carry out targeted preventive measures for ADNS and SCZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Cao
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Ji
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, China
| | - Guoyong Ding
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Tang
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China; Center for Big Data Research in Health and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pehlivan S, Oyaci Y, Tuncel FC, Aytac HM. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: an association study in Turkish population. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid or plasma of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients has been documented over the last decade. We aim to examine the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and IL-4 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in SCZ and BD patients by comparing them with healthy controls.
Methods
Two hundred and thirty-four unrelated patients (127 patients with SCZ, 107 patients with BD) and 204 healthy controls were included. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders was used to confirm the diagnosis. In addition, the polymerase chain reaction technique was used to investigate IL-1RA and IL-4 VNTR polymorphisms.
Results
Our results showed that the distributions of IL-1RA and IL-4 genotype and the allele frequencies of SCZ or BD patients were not significantly different from the healthy control group. IL-1RA allele 2 homozygous genotype and IL-1RA allele 2 frequencies were non-significantly higher among SCZ patients than in controls.
Conclusions
Our study indicates that the IL-1RA and IL-4 VNTR polymorphisms are not considered risk factors for developing SCZ and BD among Turkish patients.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kapelski P, Skibinska M, Maciukiewicz M, Wilkosc M, Frydecka D, Groszewska A, Narozna B, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Czerski P, Pawlak J, Rajewska-Rager A, Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Slopien A, Zaremba D, Twarowska-Hauser J. Association study of functional polymorphisms in interleukins and interleukin receptors genes: IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, IL6, IL6R, IL10, IL10RA and TGFB1 in schizophrenia in Polish population. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:1-9. [PMID: 26481614 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with a large range of autoimmune diseases, with a history of any autoimmune disease being associated with a 45% increase in risk for the illness. The inflammatory system may trigger or modulate the course of schizophrenia through complex mechanisms influencing neurodevelopment, neuroplasticity and neurotransmission. In particular, increases or imbalance in cytokine before birth or during the early stages of life may affect neurodevelopment and produce vulnerability to the disease. A total of 27 polymorphisms of IL1N gene: rs1800587, rs17561; IL1B gene: rs1143634, rs1143643, rs16944, rs4848306, rs1143623, rs1143633, rs1143627; IL1RN gene: rs419598, rs315952, rs9005, rs4251961; IL6 gene: rs1800795, rs1800797; IL6R gene: rs4537545, rs4845617, rs2228145, IL10 gene: rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872, rs1800890, rs6676671; IL10RA gene: rs2229113, rs3135932; TGF1B gene: rs1800469, rs1800470; each selected on the basis of molecular evidence for functionality, were investigated in this study. Analysis was performed on a group of 621 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia and 531 healthy controls in Polish population. An association of rs4848306 in IL1B gene, rs4251961 in IL1RN gene, rs2228145 and rs4537545 in IL6R with schizophrenia have been observed. rs6676671 in IL10 was associated with early age of onset. Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between analyzed polymorphisms in each gene, except of IL10RA. We observed that haplotypes composed of rs4537545 and rs2228145 in IL6R gene were associated with schizophrenia. Analyses with family history of schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders and alcohol abuse/dependence did not show any positive findings. Further studies on larger groups along with correlation with circulating protein levels are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kapelski
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maria Skibinska
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Maciukiewicz
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research, Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Monika Wilkosc
- Institute of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Groszewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
| | - Beata Narozna
- Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Czerski
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Anna Leszczynska-Rodziewicz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Slopien
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Zaremba
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Twarowska-Hauser
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang XY, Chen DC, Tan YL, Tan SP, Luo X, Zuo L, Rao W, Yu Q, Kou C, Allen M, Correll CU, Wu J, Soares JC. A functional polymorphism in the interleukin-1beta and severity of nicotine dependence in male schizophrenia: a case-control study. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 64:51-8. [PMID: 25858413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the functional 511C/T polymorphism in the IL-1beta-gene may be implicated in the susceptibility for schizophrenia. Moreover, recent studies suggested that IL-1 participates in the progression of lung disease in smokers, which are overrepresented in schizophrenia. We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between the IL-1beta-511C/T polymorphism and smoking behavior in schizophrenia versus healthy controls in a Chinese population. The IL-1beta-511C/T polymorphism was genotyped in 638 male patients with chronic schizophrenia (smoker/never-smoker = 486/152) and 469 male controls (smoker/never-smoker = 243/226). The cigarettes smoked per day, the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) and the Fagerstrom Test for nicotine dependence (FTND) were assessed. Patients were also rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The results showed no significant differences in genotype and allele distribution between patients and controls, and between smokers and never-smokers in either the patient or control group. However, in patients, smokers with the C/C genotype had significantly higher HSI (p < 0.005) and FTND (p < 0.05) scores than smokers with the T/T genotype, without significant differences in controls. Furthermore, there was a linear positive correlation between the number of C alleles and the HSI (p < 0.005) in patients. Our findings suggest that the IL-1beta-511C/T polymorphism may not be related to schizophrenia or smoking status in Chinese individuals, but may affect the severity of nicotine dependence among male smokers with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang Zhang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Da-Chun Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Long Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-ping Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenwang Rao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changgui Kou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Melissa Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Jingqin Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sayeh A, Cheikh CB, Mrad M, Lakhal N, Gritli N, Galelli S, Oumaya A, Fekih-Mrissa N. Association of HLA-DR/DQ polymorphisms with schizophrenia in Tunisian patients. Ann Saudi Med 2014; 34:503-7. [PMID: 25971824 PMCID: PMC6074579 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2014.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The hypothesis that human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) confer susceptibility to schizophrenic disorders has been tested by studying linkage and association in family samples. Our goal was to evaluate the role of HLA in the risk of developing schizophrenia in a Tunisian population. DESIGN AND SETTINGS Blood samples for this case-control study were collected from patients of the Department of Psychiatry at the Military Hospital of Tunisia between July 2012 and May 2013. METHODS A total of 140 patients with schizophrenia were recruited for genetic analysis. Controls included 100 persons matched for age, sex, and risk factors. Participants were tested for HLA class II alleles. HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers. RESULTS This study indicates that the alleles most responsible for disease susceptibility are DRB1*03 (P < 10-3) and DQB1*02 (P < 10-3) (P denotes probability values). The most protective alleles are DRB1*13 (P=.013) and DQB1*05 (P < 10-3). Further results revealed that DRB1*0301/DQB1*0201(P < 10-3), DRB1*0401/DQB1*0301 (P < 10-3) and DRB1*1101/DQB1*0301 (P < 10-3) are haplotypes most conducive to disease susceptibility. CONCLUSION The present findings support an association between schizophrenia and the HLA-DR-DQ locus among a Tunisian population. To our knowledge, this is the first study performed to analyze the association of HLA DRB1/DQB1 alleles on schizophrenia susceptibility in Tunisia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Najiba Fekih-Mrissa
- Najiba Fekih-Mrissaa, MD, Department of Hematology,, Laboratory of Molecular Biology,, Military Hospital of Tunisia,, Tunis 1008, Tunisia, T: +21622510488,, F: +21670762084,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rogers DP, Goldsmith CAW. Treatment of schizophrenia in the 21st Century: beyond the neurotransmitter hypothesis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:47-54. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.9.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
7
|
Kodavali CV, Watson AM, Prasad KM, Celik C, Mansour H, Yolken RH, Nimgaonkar VL. HLA associations in schizophrenia: are we re-discovering the wheel? Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:19-27. [PMID: 24142843 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms on chromosome 6p and schizophrenia (SZ) risk have been evaluated for over five decades. Numerous case-control studies from the candidate gene era analyzed moderately sized samples and reported nominally significant associations with several loci in the HLA region (sample sizes, n = 100-400). The risk conferred by individual alleles was modest (odds ratios < 2.0). The basis for the associations could not be determined, though connections with known immune and auto-immune abnormalities in SZ were postulated. Interest in the HLA associations has re-emerged following several recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS); which utilized 10- to 100-fold larger samples and also identified associations on the short arm of chromosome 6. Unlike the earlier candidate gene studies, the associations are statistically significant following correction for multiple comparisons. Like the earlier studies; they have modest effect sizes, raising questions about their utility in risk prediction or pathogenesis research. In this review, we summarize the GWAS and reflect on possible bases for the associations. Suggestions for future research are discussed. We favor, in particular; efforts to evaluate local population sub-structure as well as further evaluation of immune-related variables in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chowdari V Kodavali
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shibuya M, Watanabe Y, Nunokawa A, Egawa J, Kaneko N, Igeta H, Someya T. Interleukin 1 beta gene and risk of schizophrenia: detailed case-control and family-based studies and an updated meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:31-7. [PMID: 24155145 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To assess whether the IL1B gene confers increased susceptibility to schizophrenia, we conducted case-control and family-based studies and an updated meta-analysis. METHODS We tested the association between IL1B and schizophrenia in 1229 case-control and 112 trio samples using 12 markers, including common tagging single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and a rare non-synonymous variation detected by resequencing the coding regions. We also performed a meta-analysis of rs16944 using a total of 8724 case-control and 201 trio samples from 16 independent populations. RESULTS We found no significant associations between any of the 12 SNVs examined and schizophrenia in either case-control or trio samples. Moreover, our meta-analysis results showed no significant association between the common SNV, rs16944, and schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The present study does not support a role for IL1B in schizophrenia susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Shibuya
- Department of Psychiatry; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Health Administration Center, Headquarters for Health Administration; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Medical Education, Comprehensive Medical Education Center, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Ayako Nunokawa
- Department of Psychiatry; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Niigata Psychiatric Center; Niigata Japan
| | - Jun Egawa
- Department of Psychiatry; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Department of Pediatric Psychiatry, Center for Transdisciplinary Research; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Naoshi Kaneko
- Department of Psychiatry; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Oojima Hospital; Niigata Japan
| | - Hirofumi Igeta
- Department of Psychiatry; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization; Saigata National Hospital; Niigata Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of Psychiatry; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A gender-specific association of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist polymorphism with schizophrenia susceptibility. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013; 25:349-55. [PMID: 25287875 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2012.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent genetic studies have revealed that the interleukin (IL) 1 gene complex is associated with schizophrenia in the Caucasian population; however, data from the North African population are limited. To further assess the role of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein (IL1Ra) in schizophrenia, we examined a functional multiallelic polymorphism localised in intron 2 of this receptor gene associated with an altered level of IL1Ra. METHODS In the present case-control study, we have analysed the (86 bp) n polymorphism of the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) gene (RS 1794068) by polymerase chain reaction genotyping in 259 patients with schizophrenia and 178 healthy controls from the Tunisian population. RESULTS We showed that the frequencies of the IL1RN*2/2 genotype and allele 2 were higher in the patient group compared with the control group, and the difference was statistically significant [13.5% vs. 5.6%, p = 10-3, odds ratio (OR) = 3.2% and 32.8% vs. 21.9%, p = 3 × 10-4, OR = 1.76, respectively). When we evaluated the association between this genetic polymorphism and the clinical variables of schizophrenia, we found that the frequencies of the 2/2 genotype and allele 2 were significantly higher in the male patient group (p = 10-4 and 10-5, respectively) compared with the male control group, indicating a substantially increased risk for sex-onset schizophrenia with inheritance of the IL1RN2 allele. When the association between the genotypes and outcome was evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis, the adjusted OR for the IL1RN genotypes remained statistically significant [1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-1.73; p = 0.003]. CONCLUSION The intron 2 polymorphism in IL1RN or a genetic polymorphism at proximity seems to be associated specifically with schizophrenia in the Tunisian male population.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gibney SM, Drexhage HA. Evidence for a dysregulated immune system in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:900-20. [PMID: 23645137 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive bi-directional communication between the brain and the immune system in both health and disease. In recent years, the role of an altered immune system in the etiology of major psychiatric disorders has become more apparent. Studies have demonstrated that some patients with major psychiatric disorders exhibit characteristic signs of immune dysregulation and that this may be a common pathophysiological mechanism that underlies the development and progression of these disorders. Furthermore, many psychiatric disorders are also often accompanied by chronic medical conditions related to immune dysfunction such as autoimmune diseases, diabetes and atherosclerosis. One of the major psychiatric disorders that has been associated with an altered immune system is schizophrenia, with approximately one third of patients with this disorder showing immunological abnormalities such as an altered cytokine profile in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. An altered cytokine profile is also found in a proportion of patients with major depressive disorder and is thought to be potentially related to the pathophysiology of this disorder. Emerging evidence suggests that altered immune parameters may also be implicated in the neurobiological etiology of autism spectrum disorders. Further support for a role of immune dysregulation in the pathophysiology of these psychiatric disorders comes from studies showing the immunomodulating effects of antipsychotics and antidepressants, and the mood altering effects of anti-inflammatory therapies. This review will not attempt to discuss all of the psychiatric disorders that have been associated with an augmented immune system, but will instead focus on several key disorders where dysregulation of this system has been implicated in their pathophysiology including depression, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinead M Gibney
- Department of Immunology, Na1101, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Debnath M, Cannon DM, Venkatasubramanian G. Variation in the major histocompatibility complex [MHC] gene family in schizophrenia: associations and functional implications. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:49-62. [PMID: 22813842 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with a complex genetic contribution. Although multiple genetic, immunological and environmental factors are known to contribute to schizophrenia susceptibility, the underlying neurobiological mechanism(s) is yet to be established. The immune system dysfunction theory of schizophrenia is experiencing a period of renewal due to a growth in evidence implicating components of the immune system in brain function and human behavior. Current evidence indicates that certain immune molecules such as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and cytokines, the key regulators of immunity and inflammation are directly involved in the neurobiological processes related to neurodevelopment, neuronal plasticity, learning, memory and behavior. However, the strongest support in favor of the immune hypothesis has recently emerged from on-going genome wide association studies advocating MHC region variants as major determinants of one's risk for developing schizophrenia. Further identification of the interacting partners and receptors of MHC molecules in the brain and their role in down-stream signaling pathways of neurotransmission have implicated these molecules as potential schizophrenia risk factors. More recently, combined brain imaging and genetic studies have revealed a relationship between genetic variations within the MHC region and neuromorphometric changes during schizophrenia. Furthermore, MHC molecules play a significant role in the immune-infective and neurodevelopmental pathogenetic pathways, currently hypothesized to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Herein, we review the immunological, genetic and expression studies assessing the role of the MHC in conferring risk for developing schizophrenia, we summarize and discuss the possible mechanisms involved, making note of the challenges to, and future directions of, immunogenetic research in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore-560029, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yoshida M, Shiroiwa K, Mouri K, Ishiguro H, Supriyanto I, Ratta-Apha W, Eguchi N, Okazaki S, Sasada T, Fukutake M, Hashimoto T, Inada T, Arinami T, Shirakawa O, Hishimoto A. Haplotypes in the expression quantitative trait locus of interleukin-1β gene are associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 140:185-91. [PMID: 22804923 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) and gene expression analyses have revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex diseases such as schizophrenia are significantly more likely to be associated with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). The interleukin-1β (IL1B) gene has been strongly implicated in the susceptibility to schizophrenia. In order to test this association, we selected five tag SNPs in the eQTL of the IL1B gene and conducted a case-control study using two independent samples. The first sample comprised 528 schizophrenic patients and 709 controls and the second sample comprised 576 schizophrenic patients and 768 controls. We identified two SNPs and several haplotypes as being significantly associated with schizophrenia. Previous reports indicated that one major haplotype that was protective against schizophrenia reduced IL1B transcription, while two risk haplotypes for schizophrenia enhanced IL1B transcription. Therefore, we measured IL1B mRNA expression in PAXgene-stabilized whole blood from 40 schizophrenic patients and 40 controls to explore the possibility of using five tag SNPs as schizophrenic trait markers. A multiple regression analysis taking confounding factors into account revealed that the T allele of rs4848306 SNP, which is a protective allele for schizophrenia, predicted reduced change in IL1B mRNA expression, regardless of phenotype. Our results appear to support the previous hypothesis that IL1B contributes to the genetic risk of schizophrenia and warrant further research on the association of eQTL SNPs with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakuni Yoshida
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Irwin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sasayama D, Hori H, Teraishi T, Hattori K, Ota M, Iijima Y, Tatsumi M, Higuchi T, Amano N, Kunugi H. Possible association between interleukin-1β gene and schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Behav Brain Funct 2011; 7:35. [PMID: 21843369 PMCID: PMC3168401 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence have implicated the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in the etiology of schizophrenia. Although a number of genetic association studies have been reported, very few have systematically examined gene-wide tagging polymorphisms. Methods A total of 533 patients with schizophrenia (302 males: mean age ± standard deviation 43.4 ± 13.0 years; 233 females; mean age 44.8 ± 15.3 years) and 1136 healthy controls (388 males: mean age 44.6 ± 17.3 years; 748 females; 46.3 ± 15.6 years) were recruited for this study. All subjects were biologically unrelated Japanese individuals. Five tagging polymorphisms of IL-1β gene (rs2853550, rs1143634, rs1143633, rs1143630, rs16944) were examined for association with schizophrenia. Results Significant difference in allele distribution was found between patients with schizophrenia and controls for rs1143633 (P = 0.0089). When the analysis was performed separately in each gender, significant difference between patients and controls in allele distribution of rs1143633 was observed in females (P = 0.0073). A trend towards association was also found between rs16944 and female patients with schizophrenia (P = 0.032). Conclusions The present study shows the first evidence that the IL-1β gene polymorphism rs1143633 is associated with schizophrenia susceptibility in a Japanese population. The results suggest the possibility that the influence of IL-1β gene variations on susceptibility to schizophrenia may be greater in females than in males. Findings of the present study provide further support for the role of IL-1β in the etiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daimei Sasayama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu M, He L. Convergent evidence shows a positive association of interleukin-1 gene complex locus with susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Caucasian population. Schizophr Res 2010; 120:131-42. [PMID: 20347268 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have revealed that the Interleukin-1 (IL1) gene complex (IL1 alpha, IL1 beta and IL1 receptor antagonist) is associated with schizophrenia, but contradictory findings have also been reported. We investigated the association of the IL1 gene complex locus and schizophrenia using meta-analytic techniques, covering all published data up to January 2010, to restrict to the most commonly reported 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). We also explored potential sources of heterogeneity and to investigate whether ancestry and study design moderated any association. The combined allele-wise odds ratio (OR) for schizophrenia of the rs16944 (IL1B gene; T-511C) polymorphism was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77to 0.96).When applying stratified analysis to this polymorphism, the pooled allele-wise OR was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.97) in 10 population-based studies and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.73 to 0.99) in Caucasian samples. In a stratified analysis of the rs1143634 (IL1B gene; T3953C) polymorphism, the pooled genotype-wise results in a dominant model were also statistically significant both in a population-based study subgroup with summary OR of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.99) and a Caucasian population subgroup with summary OR of 0.62 (95% CI: 0.40 to 0.97). Neither combined nor stratified analyses found any association of the rs1800587 (IL1A gene; T-889C) or rs1794068 (IL1RA Gene; IL1RN_86 bp; T/C) with schizophrenia susceptibility. Our study suggests the IL1B gene or the IL1 gene complex may play a moderate role in the etiology of schizophrenia in the Caucasian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Xu
- School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Association study of HLA-A gene and schizophrenia in Han Chinese from Taiwan. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1834-7. [PMID: 18786593 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune response has been proposed as a precipitating factor of schizophrenia, and human leukocyte antigens (HLA) play a critical role in regulating the cascade of immunological reaction. Hence, many studies have investigated the relationship between the HLA system and schizophrenia. HLA is a complex gene family that contains several highly polymorphic genes, while the HLA-A gene is the most often studied gene to be associated with schizophrenia in the literature. A recent study reported that the interaction of the HLA-A10 allele and Chlamydial infection was highly associated with schizophrenia in a German population, which prompted us to investigate whether the HLA-A gene was also associated with schizophrenia in our population. Using a sequencing-based HLA typing method, we determined the HLA-A genotypes in 377 Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia (214 males, 163 females) and 321 non-psychotic Han Chinese control subjects (164 males, 157 females) from Taiwan. In total, 26 DNA-defined HLA-A alleles were identified in this sample. However, no significant differences of these allelic frequencies were found between the patients and the control subjects, suggesting that the HLA-A gene was unlikely a major risk factor of schizophrenia in this sample. As different populations have different HLA polymorphisms, an examination of the relationship of other HLA genes and schizophrenia in our population, with a larger sample size, is warranted in the future.
Collapse
|
17
|
Balancing selection and heterogeneity across the classical human leukocyte antigen loci: a meta-analytic review of 497 population studies. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:443-64. [PMID: 18638659 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a meta-analysis of high-resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele frequency data describing 497 population samples. Most of the datasets were compiled from studies published in eight journals from 1990 to 2007; additional datasets came from the International Histocompatibility Workshops and from the AlleleFrequencies.net database. In all, these data represent approximately 66,800 individuals from throughout the world, providing an opportunity to observe trends that may not have been evident at the time the data were originally analyzed, especially with regard to the relative importance of balancing selection among the HLA loci. Population genetic measures of allele frequency distributions were summarized across populations by locus and geographic region. A role for balancing selection maintaining much of HLA variation was confirmed. Further, the breadth of this meta-analysis allowed the ranking of the HLA loci, with DQA1 and HLA-C showing the strongest balancing selection and DPB1 being compatible with neutrality. Comparisons of the allelic spectra reported by studies since 1990 indicate that most of the HLA alleles identified since 2000 are very-low-frequency alleles. The literature-based allele-count data, as well as maps summarizing the geographic distributions for each allele, are available online.
Collapse
|
18
|
Goldsmith CAW, Rogers DP. The Case for Autoimmunity in the Etiology of Schizophrenia. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28:730-41. [DOI: 10.1592/phco.28.6.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Hänninen K, Katila H, Saarela M, Rontu R, Mattila KM, Fan M, Hurme M, Lehtimäki T. Interleukin-1 beta gene polymorphism and its interactions with neuregulin-1 gene polymorphism are associated with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 258:10-5. [PMID: 17901998 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-007-0756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) have an important role in development of the central nervous system. Several recent studies suggest that their genetic polymorphisms are associated with schizophrenia. We studied the effects of the IL-1beta gene (IL-1B) -511 and NRG-1 SNP8NRG221533 polymorphisms and their interactions on the risk and age of onset of schizophrenia in 113 Finnish schizophrenic patients and 393 healthy controls. The allele and genotype frequencies of IL-1B and NRG-1 did not differ between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls, but the risk of schizophrenia was more than 10 times higher (odds ratio 10.20, 95% CI 2.53-41.09, p = 0.001) among subjects with the IL-1B 2.2, NRG-1 CC genotypes compared to subjects with the IL-1B 2.2, NRG-1 T-allele carriage. There was also a trend for an association between the interaction between IL-1B and NRG-1 polymorphisms and the age at onset of schizophrenia (chi(2) = 2.80; df = 1; p = 0.09, log rank test). IL-1B-511 allele 1 homozygotes had a significantly higher age of onset than allele 2 carriers (mean age of onset 25.9 +/- 7.7 and 22.7 +/- 5.4 years, t-test: t = 2.46; p = 0.032). Our results suggest that there is an interaction between the IL-1B and NRG-1 genes in schizophrenia. In addition, the IL-1B-511 polymorphism seems to be associated with the age at onset of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hänninen
- Dept. of Psychiatry, South Karelia Central Hospital, Valto Käkelän katu 14 C/6, Lappeenranta 53130, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Watanabe Y, Nunokawa A, Kaneko N, Muratake T, Koizumi M, Someya T. Lack of association between the interleukin-1 gene complex and schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 61:364-9. [PMID: 17610660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL1) is an inflammatory cytokine and exerts neurodegenerative effects in the brain. Several studies have indicated that IL1 is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Recent genetic studies have revealed that the IL1 gene complex (IL,1 alpha, IL1, beta and IL1 receptor antagonist) was associated with schizophrenia, although contradictory findings have also been reported. To assess whether the IL1 gene complex was implicated in vulnerability to schizophrenia, the authors conducted a case-control association study (416 patients with schizophrenia and 440 control subjects) for nine polymorphisms in Japanese subjects. The authors found no association between the IL1 gene complex polymorphisms and schizophrenia using either single-marker or haplotype analyses. The results of the present study suggest that the IL1 gene complex does not play a major role in conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mata I, Crespo-Facorro B, Pérez-Iglesias R, Carrasco-Marín E, Arranz MJ, Pelayo-Terán JM, Leyva-Cobían F, Vázquez-Barquero JL. Association between the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene and negative symptom improvement during antipsychotic treatment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:939-43. [PMID: 16921503 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of immune system to schizophrenia has been an important area of focus in schizophrenia research. Several genetic variants in the cytokine system have been associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a pharmacogenetic relationship exists between a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL-1RN) and clinical improvement during antipsychotic treatment in patients with a first non-affective psychotic episode. One hundred and fifty-four subjects presenting with a first non-affective psychotic episode were randomly assigned to treatment with haloperidol, risperidone, or olanzapine and rated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) both at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. A control sample of 336 blood bank donors was also included. No differences in genotype or allele distributions were found between patients and controls. However, after controlling for baseline SANS scores, the genotype in the VNTR polymorphism in the IL-1RN gene significantly predicted negative symptom improvement, accounting for approximately 7% of the variance (F = 5.23, df = 2, P = 0.006). The mean decrease in SANS scores was 58% for the IL-1RN* 2/2, 44% for the IL-1RN* 1/2, and 14% for the IL-1RN* 1/1 subjects, respectively. These results suggest that the VNTR polymorphism in the IL-1RN gene may be a useful predictor of negative symptom improvement in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Mata
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shirts BH, Wood J, Yolken RH, Nimgaonkar VL. Association study of IL10, IL1beta, and IL1RN and schizophrenia using tag SNPs from a comprehensive database: suggestive association with rs16944 at IL1beta. Schizophr Res 2006; 88:235-44. [PMID: 16905295 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic association studies of several candidate cytokine genes have been motivated by evidence of immune dysfunction among patients with schizophrenia. Intriguing but inconsistent associations have been reported with polymorphisms of three positional candidate genes, namely IL1beta, IL1RN, and IL10. We used comprehensive sequencing data from the Seattle SNPs database to select tag SNPs that represent all common polymorphisms in the Caucasian population at these loci. Associations with 28 tag SNPs were evaluated in 478 cases and 501 unscreened control individuals, while accounting for population sub-structure using the genomic control method. The samples were also stratified by gender, diagnostic category, and exposure to infectious agents. Significant association was not detected after correcting for multiple comparisons. However, meta-analysis of our data combined with previously published association studies of rs16944 (IL1beta -511) suggests that the C allele confers modest risk for schizophrenia among individuals reporting Caucasian ancestry, but not Asians (Caucasians, n=819 cases, 1292 controls; p=0.0013, OR=1.24, 95% CI 1.09, 1.41).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Shirts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saiz PA, Garcia-Portilla MP, Arango C, Morales B, Martinez-Barrondo S, Alvarez V, Coto E, Fernandez J, Bousono M, Bobes J. Interleukin-1 gene complex in schizophrenia: an association study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:678-80. [PMID: 16856121 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the association between three polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene complex and schizophrenia. We genotyped 228 outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) and 419 unrelated healthy controls. The following polymorphisms were analyzed: IL-1alpha -889 C/T, IL-1beta +3953 C/T, and IL-1RA (86 bp)n. No significant differences in genotype or in allelic distribution of the Il-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1RA polymorphisms were found. Estimated haplotype frequencies were similar in both groups. Our data do not suggest that genetically determined changes in the IL-1 gene complex confer increased susceptibility for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar A Saiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zanardini R, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Scassellati C, Bonvicini C, Tura GB, Rossi G, Perez J, Gennarelli M. Association between IL-1beta -511C/T and IL-1RA (86bp)n repeats polymorphisms and schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2003; 37:457-62. [PMID: 14563376 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(03)00072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that cytokines play a critical role in the regulation of the CNS and recent studies have suggested that dysfunctions of both pro-inflammatory (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1RA and IL-10) cytokines could be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Previous studies have reported that functional polymorphisms in some cytokines genes may have important regulatory effects on such system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the possible role of the IL-1beta -511C/T and IL-1RA (86bp)(n) repeats polymorphisms in schizophrenia. A case control association study comparing genotype and allele frequencies in 346 northen Italian subjects (169 schizophrenic patients and 177 unrelated healthy volunteers) was performed. The frequencies of IL-1beta -511C and IL-1RA allele 1 (86bp)(4) are significantly higher in schizophrenic patients compared to controls (IL-1beta -511 P=0.047; IL-1RA (86bp)(n) P=0.002). Moreover our data show a protective effect of the IL-1RA allele 2 (86bp)(2) against schizophrenia (OR=0.59 95%CI:0.388-0.910; P=0.016) and this effect is enhanced by the concomitant presence of IL-1beta -511T (OR=0.48 95%CI:0.30-0.76; P=0.002). Our findings support the hypothesis that genetically determined changes in IL-1 metabolism regulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia confirming a role of IL-1 gene cluster in disease susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zanardini
- Genetic Unit, I.R.C.C.S. San Giovanni di Dio- Fatebenefratelli, Via Pilastroni, 4, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gerber DJ, Hall D, Miyakawa T, Demars S, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M, Tonegawa S. Evidence for association of schizophrenia with genetic variation in the 8p21.3 gene, PPP3CC, encoding the calcineurin gamma subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:8993-8. [PMID: 12851458 PMCID: PMC166426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1432927100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by a complex mode of inheritance. Forebrain-specific CNB knockout mice display a spectrum of behavioral abnormalities related to altered behaviors observed in schizophrenia patients. To examine whether calcineurin dysfunction is involved in schizophrenia etiology, we undertook studies of an initial subset of calcineurin-related genes, prioritizing ones that map to loci previously implicated in schizophrenia by linkage studies. Transmission disequilibrium studies in a large sample of affected families detected association of the PPP3CC gene, which encodes the calcineurin gamma catalytic subunit, with disease. Our results identify PPP3CC, located at 8p21.3, as a potential schizophrenia susceptibility gene and support the proposal that alterations in calcineurin signaling contribute to schizophrenia pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Gerber
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, RIKEN/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Neuroscience Research Center, The Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brown JS. Identification of candidate genes for schizophrenia based on natural resistance to infectious diseases. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2003; 15:108-14. [PMID: 26983352 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of candidate genes for schizophrenia may be more successful than genome screens as the latter have not found consistent linkages. OBJECTIVE To assist in the gene search, a model of schizophrenia based on resistance to infectious diseases, rather than susceptibility, is proposed. The theory blends the geography of schizophrenia with the assumption that genes that cause schizophrenia likely evolved and persist from selection pressure. The theory includes the notion that schizophrenia enhances biological survival at the cost of psychological and social functioning. METHOD To demonstrate the utility of using this model, the Medline literature was searched for resistance genes, mostly identified in mice. RESULTS Based on homologous locations in the human genome, these resistance genes are shown to be located in human chromosome regions linked significantly, in at least one genome screen, with schizophrenia or some physiologically related function or condition associated with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The infectious disease resistance theory of schizophrenia is offered as a viable model for understanding the origins of schizophrenia. The theory also allows for the inclusion of persistent infections, seasonal variability and translational pathophysiology to contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S Brown
- 1McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Does narcolepsy, a neurological disease, need to be considered when diagnosing major mental illness? Clinicians have reported cases of narcolepsy with prominent hypnagogic hallucinations that were mistakenly diagnosed as schizophrenia. In some bipolar disorder patients with narcolepsy, the HH resulted in their receiving a more severe diagnosis (ie, bipolar disorder with psychotic features or schizoaffective disorder). The role of narcolepsy in psychiatric patients has remained obscure and problematic, and it may be more prevalent than commonly believed. Classical narcolepsy patients display the clinical "tetrad"--cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, daytime sleep attacks, and sleep paralysis. Over 85% also display the human leukocyte antigen marker DQB1*0602 (subset of DQ6). Since 1998, discoveries in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology have greatly advanced the understanding of narcolepsy, which involves a nearly total loss of the recently discovered orexin/hypocretin (hypocretin) neurons of the hypothalamus, likely by an autoimmune mechanism. Hypocretin neurons normally supply excitatory signals to brainstem nuclei producing norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and dopamine, with resultant suppression of sleep. They also project to basal forebrain areas and cortex. A literature review regarding the differential diagnosis of narcolepsy, affective disorder, and schizophrenia is presented. Furthermore, it is now possible to rule out classical narcolepsy in difficult psychiatric cases. Surprisingly, psychotic patients with narcolepsy will likely require stimulants to fully recover. Many conventional antipsychotic drugs would worsen their symptoms and make them appear to become a "chronic psychotic," while in fact they can now be properly diagnosed and treated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Douglass
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|