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Klitgaard M, Jacobsen J, Kristensen MN, Berthelsen R, Müllertz A. Characterizing interregional differences in the rheological properties and composition of rat small intestinal mucus. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01574-1. [PMID: 38526635 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The mucus layer in the small intestine is generally regarded as a barrier to drug absorption. However, the mucus layer is a complex system, and presently, only a few studies have been conducted to elucidate its physicochemical properties. The current study hypothesizes that the mucus layer contains solubility-enhancing surfactants and thus might aid the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Mucus was sampled from sections of the small intestine of fasted rats to analyze the rheological properties and determine the mucus pH and concentrations of proteins and endogenous surfactants, i.e., bile salts, polar lipids, and neutral lipids. The mucus layer in the two proximal sections of the small intestine exhibited different rheological properties such as higher zero-shear viscosity and lower loss tangent and higher protein concentrations compared to all subsequent sections of the small intestine. The pH of the mucus layer was stable at ~ 6.5 throughout most of the small intestine, but increased to 7.5 in the ileum. The bile salt concentrations increased from the duodenum (16.0 ± 2.2 mM) until the mid jejunum (55.1 ± 9.5 mM), whereas the concentrations of polar lipids and neutral lipids decreased from the duodenum (17.4 ± 2.2 mM and 37.8 ± 1.6 mM, respectively) until the ileum (4.8 ± 0.4 mM and 10.7 ± 1.1 mM, respectively). In conclusion, the mucus layer of the rat small intestine contains endogenous surfactants at levels that might benefit solubilization and absorption of orally administered poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Klitgaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Nørgaard Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Preparation of myricetin nanoliposomes using film-ultrasonic dispersion method and characterization. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Tan YM, Barton HA, Boobis A, Brunner R, Clewell H, Cope R, Dawson J, Domoradzki J, Egeghy P, Gulati P, Ingle B, Kleinstreuer N, Lowe K, Lowit A, Mendez E, Miller D, Minucci J, Nguyen J, Paini A, Perron M, Phillips K, Qian H, Ramanarayanan T, Sewell F, Villanueva P, Wambaugh J, Embry M. Opportunities and challenges related to saturation of toxicokinetic processes: Implications for risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105070. [PMID: 34718074 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Top dose selection for repeated dose animal studies has generally focused on identification of apical endpoints, use of the limit dose, or determination of a maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The intent is to optimize the ability of toxicity tests performed in a small number of animals to detect effects for hazard identification. An alternative approach, the kinetically derived maximum dose (KMD), has been proposed as a mechanism to integrate toxicokinetic (TK) data into the dose selection process. The approach refers to the dose above which the systemic exposures depart from being proportional to external doses. This non-linear external-internal dose relationship arises from saturation or limitation of TK process(es), such as absorption or metabolism. The importance of TK information is widely acknowledged when assessing human health risks arising from exposures to environmental chemicals, as TK determines the amount of chemical at potential sites of toxicological responses. However, there have been differing opinions and interpretations within the scientific and regulatory communities related to the validity and application of the KMD concept. A multi-stakeholder working group, led by the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), was formed to provide an opportunity for impacted stakeholders to address commonly raised scientific and technical issues related to this topic and, more specifically, a weight of evidence approach is recommended to inform design and dose selection for repeated dose animal studies. Commonly raised challenges related to the use of TK data for dose selection are discussed, recommendations are provided, and illustrative case examples are provided to address these challenges or refute misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Brunner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Rhian Cope
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Dawson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Peter Egeghy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pankaj Gulati
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brandall Ingle
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program, Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Lowe
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mendez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Miller
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Minucci
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James Nguyen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Monique Perron
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua Qian
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, USA
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, UK
| | - Philip Villanueva
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington DC, USA.
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4
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Santana Luz AB, de Araújo Costa RO, de Medeiros GCBS, Piuvezam G, Passos TS, de Araújo Morais AH. What are the digestion and absorption models used to reproduce gastrointestinal protein processes?: A protocol for systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26697. [PMID: 34397697 PMCID: PMC8322556 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal, cell, and in vitro studies have been applied to simulate the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and evaluate the behavior of biomolecules. Understanding the peptides and/or proteins stability when exposed to these physiological conditions of the GIT can assist in the application of these molecules in the treatment of diseases such as obesity. This study describes a protocol of systematic reviews to analyze the methodologies that mimic the digestive and absorptive processes of peptides and/or proteins. METHODS The protocol follows the guidelines described by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes Protocols (PRISMA-P). The search strategies will be applied in the electronic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Evidence portal, Virtual Health Library, and EMBASE. The intervention group will be formed by in vivo, in cells, and in vitro (gastrointestinal simulating fluids) studies of digestion and absorption of peptides and/or proteins presenting a schedule, duration, frequency, dosages administered, concentration, and temperature, and the control group consisting in studies without peptides and/or proteins. The selection of studies, data extraction, and assessment of the risk of bias will be carried out independently by 2 reviewers. For animal studies, the risk of bias will be assessed by the instrument of the Systematic Review Center for Experimentation with Laboratory Animals (SYRCLE) and the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool will be used to assess the risk of bias in cell studies. RESULTS This protocol contemplates the development of 2 systematic reviews and will assist the scientific community in identifying methods related to the digestive and absorptive processes of peptides and/or proteins. CONCLUSION Both systematic reviews resulting from this protocol will provide subsidies for the construction of research related to the clinical application of bioactive peptides and/or proteins. In this context, they will make it possible to understand the gastrointestinal processes during administering these molecules, as the gastrointestinal environment can affect its functionality. Therefore, validating the effectiveness of these protocols is important, as it mimics in vitro biological conditions, reducing the use of animals, being consistent with the reduction, refine and replace program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beatriz Santana Luz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Rafael Oliveira de Araújo Costa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Grasiela Piuvezam
- Public Health Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Thais Souza Passos
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Price E, Kalvass JC, DeGoey D, Hosmane B, Doktor S, Desino K. Global Analysis of Models for Predicting Human Absorption: QSAR, In Vitro, and Preclinical Models. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9389-9403. [PMID: 34152772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Models intended to predict intestinal absorption are an essential part of the drug development process. Although many models exist for capturing intestinal absorption, many questions still exist around the applicability of these models to drug types like "beyond rule of 5" (bRo5) and low absorption compounds. This presents a challenge as current models have not been rigorously tested to understand intestinal absorption. Here, we assembled a large, structurally diverse dataset of ∼1000 compounds with known in vitro, preclinical, and human permeability and/or absorption data. In silico (quantitative structure-activity relationship), in vitro (Caco-2), and in vivo (rat) models were statistically evaluated for predictive performance against this human intestinal absorption dataset. We expect this evaluation to serve as a resource for DMPK scientists and medicinal/computational chemists to increase their understanding of permeability and absorption model utility and applications for academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Price
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - J Cory Kalvass
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David DeGoey
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Balakrishna Hosmane
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Stella Doktor
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kelly Desino
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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6
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Zhang D, Wei C, Hop CECA, Wright MR, Hu M, Lai Y, Khojasteh SC, Humphreys WG. Intestinal Excretion, Intestinal Recirculation, and Renal Tubule Reabsorption Are Underappreciated Mechanisms That Drive the Distribution and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Small Molecule Drugs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7045-7059. [PMID: 34010555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug reabsorption following biliary excretion is well-known as enterohepatic recirculation (EHR). Renal tubular reabsorption (RTR) following renal excretion is also common but not easily assessed. Intestinal excretion (IE) and enteroenteric recirculation (EER) have not been recognized as common disposition mechanisms for metabolically stable and permeable drugs. IE and intestinal reabsorption (IR:EHR/EER), as well as RTR, are governed by dug concentration gradients, passive diffusion, active transport, and metabolism, and together they markedly impact disposition and pharmacokinetics (PK) of small molecule drugs. Disruption of IE, IR, or RTR through applications of active charcoal (AC), transporter knockout (KO), and transporter inhibitors can lead to changes in PK parameters. The impacts of intestinal and renal reabsorption on PK are under-appreciated. Although IE and EER/RTR can be an intrinsic drug property, there is no apparent strategy to optimize compounds based on this property. This review seeks to improve understanding and applications of IE, IR, and RTR mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew R Wright
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - W Griff Humphreys
- Aranmore Pharma Consulting, 11 Andrew Drive, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
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7
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Phan TNQ, Ismail R, Le-Vinh B, Zaichik S, Laffleur F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. The Effect of Counterions in Hydrophobic Ion Pairs on Oral Bioavailability of Exenatide. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5032-5039. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nhu Quynh Phan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 530000 Hue, Thua Thien Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Ruba Ismail
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bao Le-Vinh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Sergey Zaichik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Saphier S, Yacov G, Wenger A, Klausner Z, Rosner A, Goldvaser M, Katalan S. The Effect of Anesthetic Regimens on Intestinal Absorption of Passively Absorbed Drugs in Rats. Pharm Res 2020; 37:87. [PMID: 32356106 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different anesthetic regimens are used during single pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) experiments for the study of intestinal drug absorption in rats. We examined the ketamine/xylazine anesthetic combination to evaluate its influence on drug absorption compared to older regimens. Additionally, we examined whether supplementary analgesia has any effect on drug absorption and the effect of the different anesthetic regimens on induction time and stress response. METHODS Rats were anesthetized using four different anesthetic regimens; ketamine/midazolam, pentobarbital, ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/xylazine/butorphanol. Three model drugs were administered to rat intestines and Peff was calculated. Stress response was evaluated by quantifying blood corticosterone levels and induction time was recorded. RESULTS We found absorption under pentobarbital to be higher or similar to absorption under ketamine/midazolam. These results partly correlate with past literature data. Ketamine/xylazine was found to give similar or higher Peff compared to pentobarbital and ketamine/midazolam. Addition of butorphanol did not affect absorption and reduced induction time and stress. CONCLUSIONS In studies of intestinal drug absorption, the ketamine/xylazine combination is superior to other anesthetic regimens as it is more convenient and seems to affect absorption to a lesser extent. Addition of butorphanol is highly recommended as it did not affect absorption but led to a more effective and less stress inducing experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Saphier
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
| | - Guy Yacov
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ada Wenger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ziv Klausner
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Michael Goldvaser
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahaf Katalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, 7410001, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
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9
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In Silico Studies on Triterpenoid Saponins Permeation through the Blood-Brain Barrier Combined with Postmortem Research on the Brain Tissues of Mice Affected by Astragaloside IV Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072534. [PMID: 32260588 PMCID: PMC7177733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of central nervous system (CNS) drug candidates is constantly growing, there is a strong need for precise a priori prediction of whether an administered compound is able to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability to cross the BBB of triterpenoid saponins occurring in Astragalus mongholicus roots. The research was carried out using in silico methods combined with postmortem studies on the brain tissues of mice treated with isolated astragaloside IV (AIV). Firstly, to estimate the ability to cross the BBB by the tested saponins, new quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models were established. The reliability and predictability of the model based on the values of the blood–brain barrier penetration descriptor (logBB), the difference between the n-octanol/water and cyclohexane/water logP (ΔlogP), the logarithm of n-octanol/water partition coefficient (logPow), and the excess molar refraction (E) were both confirmed using the applicability domain (AD). The critical leverage value h* was found to be 0.128. The relationships between the standardized residuals and the leverages were investigated here. The application of an in vitro acetylcholinesterase-inhibition test showed that AIV can be recognized as the strongest inhibitor among the tested compounds. Therefore, it was isolated for the postmortem studies on brain tissues and blood using semi-preparative HPLC with the mobile phase composed of water, methanol, and ethyl acetate (1.7:2.1:16.2 v/v/v). The results of the postmortem studies on the brain tissues show a regular dependence of the final concentration of AIV in the analyzed brain samples of animals treated with 12.5 and 25 mg/kg b.w. of AIV (0.00012299 and 0.0002306 mg, respectively, per one brain). Moreover, the AIV logBB value was experimentally determined and found to be equal to 0.49 ± 0.03.
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10
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Lucas AJ, Sproston JL, Barton P, Riley RJ. Estimating human ADME properties, pharmacokinetic parameters and likely clinical dose in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1313-1327. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1660642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Lucas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
| | | | - Patrick Barton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
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11
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Phan TNQ, Le-Vinh B, Efiana NA, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Oral self-emulsifying delivery systems for systemic administration of therapeutic proteins: science fiction? J Drug Target 2019; 27:1017-1024. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1584200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nhu Quynh Phan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Vietnam
| | - Bao Le-Vinh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nuri Ari Efiana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jl. Prof.Dr. Soepomo, S.H., Janturan, Warungboto, Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Cabrera-Pérez MÁ, Pham-The H, Cervera MF, Hernández-Armengol R, Miranda-Pérez de Alejo C, Brito-Ferrer Y. Integrating theoretical and experimental permeability estimations for provisional biopharmaceutical classification: Application to the WHO essential medicines. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:354-368. [PMID: 30021059 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of the provisional estimation of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is heavily influenced by the permeability measurement. In this study, several theoretical and experimental models currently employed for BCS permeability classification have been analysed. The experimental models included the in situ rat intestinal perfusion, the ex vivo rat intestinal tissue in an Ussing chamber, the MDCK and Caco-2 cell monolayers, and the parallel artificial membrane (PAMPA). The theoretical models included the octanol-water partition coefficient and the QSPeR (Quantitative Structure-Permeability Relationship) model recently developed. For model validation, a dataset of 43 compounds has been recompiled and analysed for the suitability for BCS permeability classification in comparison with the use of human intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability values. The application of the final model, based on a majority voting system showed a 95.3% accuracy for predicting human permeability. Finally, the present approach was applied to the 186 orally administered drugs in immediate-release dosage forms of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. The percentages of the drugs that were provisionally classified as BCS Class I and Class III was 62.4%, suggesting that in vivo bioequivalence (BE) may potentially be assured with a less expensive and more easily implemented in vitro dissolution test, ensuring the efficiency and quality of pharmaceutical products. The results of the current study improve the accuracy of provisional BCS classification by combining different permeability models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Cabrera-Pérez
- Unit of Modeling and Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Chemical Bioactive, Central University of Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Engineering, Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Hai Pham-The
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rosario Hernández-Armengol
- Unit of Modeling and Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Chemical Bioactive, Central University of Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Claudia Miranda-Pérez de Alejo
- Unit of Modeling and Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Chemical Bioactive, Central University of Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba
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13
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Rubbens J, Mols R, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Exploring gastric drug absorption in fasted and fed state rats. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:636-641. [PMID: 29981414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is generally considered the major site of absorption after oral drug administration. Absorption from the stomach is often disregarded, though passive diffusion across the gastric mucosal barrier is theoretically possible. In this study, an in situ gastric bolus administration model was used to study the gastric absorption of pharmaceutical compounds in fasted and fed state rats. Three drugs [paracetamol (neutral), diclofenac (acidic) and posaconazole (basic)] were administered directly into the stomach as solution (paracetamol and diclofenac) or suspension (posaconazole). Transfer to the intestine was blocked by ligating the pylorus; as a reference, non-ligated conditions were used. Blood samples were collected and gastric absorption was assessed by the appearance of compounds in the systemic circulation. Paracetamol and diclofenac were readily absorbed from the fasted and fed state rat stomach. For paracetamol, the relative contribution of gastric absorption was higher in the fed state compared to the fasted state. Posaconazole absorption was negligible. Since the ability of the stomach to absorb pharmaceutical compounds was clearly confirmed, the present study warrants further research to quantify the contribution of gastric absorption to total gastrointestinal drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Rubbens
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery & Disposition, Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Mols
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery & Disposition, Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery & Disposition, Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery & Disposition, Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Miranda C, Pérez-Rodríguez Z, Hernández-Armengol R, Quiñones-García Y, Betancourt-Purón T, Cabrera-Pérez MÁ. Biowaiver or Bioequivalence: Ambiguity in Sildenafil Citrate BCS Classification. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018. [PMID: 29532425 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to contribute to the scientific characterization of sildenafil citrate according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for biowaivers. The solubility and intestinal permeability data of sildenafil citrate were collected from literature; however, the experimental solubility studies are inconclusive and its "high permeability" suggests an API in the borderline of BCS Class I and Class II. The pH-solubility profile was determined using the saturation shake-flask method over the pH range of 1.2-6.8 at a temperature of 37 °C in aqueous media. The intestinal permeability was determined in rat by a closed-loop in situ perfusion method (the Doluisio technique). The solubility of sildenafil citrate is pH-dependent and at pH 6.8 the dose/solubility ratio obtained does not meet the WHO criteria for "high solubility." The high permeability values obtained by in situ intestinal perfusion in rat reinforce the published permeability data for sildenafil citrate. The experimental results obtained and the data available in the literature suggest that sildenafil citrate is clearly a Class II of BCS, according to the current biopharmaceutics classification system and WHO guidance.
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Yau E, Petersson C, Dolgos H, Peters SA. A comparative evaluation of models to predict human intestinal metabolism from nonclinical data. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:163-186. [PMID: 28152562 PMCID: PMC5412686 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive gut metabolism is often associated with the risk of low and variable bioavailability. The prediction of the fraction of drug escaping gut wall metabolism as well as transporter-mediated secretion (Fg ) has been challenged by the lack of appropriate preclinical models. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of models that are widely employed in the pharmaceutical industry today to estimate Fg and, based on the outcome, to provide recommendations for the prediction of human Fg during drug discovery and early drug development. The use of in vitro intrinsic clearance from human liver microsomes (HLM) in three mechanistic models - the ADAM, Qgut and Competing Rates - was evaluated for drugs whose metabolism is dominated by CYP450s, assuming that the effect of transporters is negligible. The utility of rat as a model for human Fg was also explored. The ADAM, Qgut and Competing Rates models had comparable prediction success (70%, 74%, 69%, respectively) and bias (AFE = 1.26, 0.74 and 0.81, respectively). However, the ADAM model showed better accuracy compared with the Qgut and Competing Rates models (RMSE =0.20 vs 0.30 and 0.25, respectively). Rat is not a good model (prediction success =32%, RMSE =0.48 and AFE = 0.44) as it seems systematically to under-predict human Fg . Hence, we would recommend the use of rat to identify the need for Fg assessment, followed by the use of HLM in simple models to predict human Fg . © 2017 Merck KGaA. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Yau
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carl Petersson
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hugues Dolgos
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sheila Annie Peters
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
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Stepnik K, Malinowska I. Skin-mimetic chromatography for prediction of human percutaneous absorption of biologically active compounds occurring in medicinal plant extracts. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28004390 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to predict quantitatively human percutaneous absorption of chosen compounds commonly occurring in plants which can be used as medicinal extracts in the drug and beauty industries. The most important human percutaneous descriptors, i.e. logKp (logarithm of the water/skin partition coefficient) and logJmax (logarithm of the maximum flux of solutes penetrating the skin), of fatty acids and polyphenols were determined using both in vitro and in silico methods. For in vitro determination of human percutaneous absorption, micellar liquid chromatography based on hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether (Brij35) was used. Human percutaneous absorption was characterized by entirely new QSAR/QRAR models based on retention, lipophilic, steric and electronic data as well as on the linear free energy relationship parameters. Many different correlations between human skin absorption and different physicochemical parameters were performed, e.g. the in silico estimated logKp value was correlated with the retention parameter logkw (logarithm of the retention factor extrapolated to pure water) from the systems imitating a cutaneous environment (R2 = 0.92). Moreover, the influence of lipophilicity on percutaneous absorption was examined. The obtained correlation was excellent (R2 = 0.95).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stepnik
- Department of Planar Chromatography, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena Malinowska
- Department of Planar Chromatography, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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18
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Liao Y, Zhang X, Li C, Huang Y, Lei M, Yan M, Zhou Y, Zhao C. Inclusion complexes of HP-β-cyclodextrin with agomelatine: Preparation, characterization, mechanism study and in vivo evaluation. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 147:415-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Veryser L, Taevernier L, Joshi T, Tatke P, Wynendaele E, Bracke N, Stalmans S, Peremans K, Burvenich C, Risseeuw M, De Spiegeleer B. Mucosal and blood-brain barrier transport kinetics of the plant N-alkylamide spilanthol using in vitro and in vivo models. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:177. [PMID: 27296455 PMCID: PMC4907212 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background N-alkylamides (NAAs) are a large group of secondary metabolites occurring in more than 25 plant families which are often used in traditional medicine. A prominent active NAA is spilanthol. The general goal was to quantitatively investigate the gut mucosa and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability pharmacokinetic properties of spilanthol. Methods Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. extracts, as well as purified spilanthol were used to investigate (1) the permeation of spilanthol through a Caco-2 cell monolayer in vitro, (2) the absorption from the intestinal lumen after oral administration to rats, and (3) the permeation through the BBB in mice after intravenous injection. Quantification of spilanthol was performed using a validated bio-analytical UPLC-MS2 method. Results Spilanthol was able to cross the Caco-2 cell monolayer in vitro from the apical-to-basolateral side and from the basolateral-to-apical side with apparent permeability coefficients Papp between 5.2 · 10−5 and 10.2 · 10−5 cm/h. This in vitro permeability was confirmed by the in vivo intestinal absorption in rats after oral administration, where an elimination rate constant ke of 0.6 h−1 was obtained. Furthermore, once present in the systemic circulation, spilanthol rapidly penetrated the blood-brain barrier: a highly significant influx of spilanthol into the brains was observed with a unidirectional influx rate constant K1 of 796 μl/(g · min). Conclusions Spilanthol shows a high intestinal absorption from the gut into the systemic circulation, as well as a high BBB permeation rate from the blood into the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1159-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Peters SA, Jones CR, Ungell AL, Hatley OJD. Predicting Drug Extraction in the Human Gut Wall: Assessing Contributions from Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporter Proteins using Preclinical Models. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:673-96. [PMID: 26895020 PMCID: PMC4875961 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal metabolism can limit oral bioavailability of drugs and increase the risk of drug interactions. It is therefore important to be able to predict and quantify it in drug discovery and early development. In recent years, a plethora of models-in vivo, in situ and in vitro-have been discussed in the literature. The primary objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge in the quantitative prediction of gut-wall metabolism. As well as discussing the successes of current models for intestinal metabolism, the challenges in the establishment of good preclinical models are highlighted, including species differences in the isoforms; regional abundances and activities of drug metabolizing enzymes; the interplay of enzyme-transporter proteins; and lack of knowledge on enzyme abundances and availability of empirical scaling factors. Due to its broad specificity and high abundance in the intestine, CYP3A is the enzyme that is frequently implicated in human gut metabolism and is therefore the major focus of this review. A strategy to assess the impact of gut wall metabolism on oral bioavailability during drug discovery and early development phases is presented. Current gaps in the mechanistic understanding and the prediction of gut metabolism are highlighted, with suggestions on how they can be overcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Annie Peters
- Translational Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharma, R&D Global Early Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, F130/005, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Anna-Lena Ungell
- Investigative ADME, Non-Clinical Development, UCB New Medicines, BioPharma SPRL, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Oliver J D Hatley
- Simcyp Limited (A Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
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Stępnik KE. A concise review of applications of micellar liquid chromatography to study biologically active compounds. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna E. Stępnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Planar Chromatography; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; M. Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3 20-031 Lublin Poland
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Sjögren E, Eriksson J, Vedin C, Breitholtz K, Hilgendorf C. Excised segments of rat small intestine in Ussing chamber studies: A comparison of native and stripped tissue viability and permeability to drugs. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:361-8. [PMID: 27073083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Excised rat intestinal tissue mounted in an Ussing chamber can be used for intestinal permeability assessments in drug development. The outer layer of the intestine, the serosa and part of the muscle layer, is traditionally removed since it is considered a barrier to the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen as well as to that of pharmaceutical substances. However, the procedure for removing the serosal-muscle layer, i.e. stripping, is a technically challenging process in the pre-experimental preparation of the tissue which may result in tissue damage and reduced viability of the segment. In this study, the viability of stripped and native (non-stripped) rat small intestine tissue segments mounted in Ussing chambers was monitored and the apparent permeability of the tissue to a set of test compounds across both tissue preparations was determined. Electrical measurements, in particular the potential difference (PD) across the intestinal membrane, were used to evaluate the viability. In this study, there were no differences in initial PD (health status of the tissue) or PD over time (viability throughout the experiment) between native and stripped rat jejunum segments. Overall, there were also no significant differences in permeability between stripped and native rat intestinal tissue for the compounds in this study. Based on these results, we propose that stripping can be excluded from the preparation procedures for rat jejunal tissue for permeability studies when using the Ussing chamber technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75233, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Eriksson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75233, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Vedin
- DSM, Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Katarina Breitholtz
- DSM, Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Constanze Hilgendorf
- DSM, Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
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Explication of Definitional Description and Empirical Use of Fraction of Orally Administered Drugs Absorbed From the Intestine (F a ) and Intestinal Availability (F g ): Effect of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A on F a and F g. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:431-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hatton GB, Yadav V, Basit AW, Merchant HA. Animal Farm: Considerations in Animal Gastrointestinal Physiology and Relevance to Drug Delivery in Humans. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2747-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wang Y, Ning ZH, Tai HW, Long S, Qin WC, Su LM, Zhao YH. Relationship between lethal toxicity in oral administration and injection to mice: Effect of exposure routes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Stępnik KE, Malinowska I, Rój E. in vitro and in silico determination of oral, jejunum and Caco-2 human absorption of fatty acids and polyphenols. Micellar liquid chromatography. Talanta 2014; 130:265-73. [PMID: 25159408 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation chosen saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as polyphenols have been analyzed. The main aim of this study was to determine oral, jejunum and Caco-2 human absorption of chosen fatty acids and polyphenols using in vitro and in silico methods. For in vitro determination of human drug absorption, the usefulness of Micellar Liquid Chromatography (MLC) with mobile phases containing different surfactants (including Brij35-Biopartitioning Micellar Chromatography (BMC)) has been confirmed. On the basis of Foley's equation, 1/k vs. CM correlations for the tested compounds have been done. Satisfactory linearity of the relationships was found over the whole eluents composition range studied with R(2) approximately 0.99 in each case. Moreover, the analyte-micelle association constants (Kma) from Foley's equation have been compared for different micellar environments, containing Brij35, SDS and CTAB as a main component of micellar mobile phases. Completely new models describing human oral as well as Caco-2 and jejunum absorption have been constructed and compared with the cited models. These models are based on the Abraham descriptors and lipophilicity parameters as well as steric descriptors. Furthermore, many different correlations between physicochemical parameters and human intestinal absorption have been done, e.g. the correlation between human jejunum permeability estimated in silico and received using LSER parameters was excellent (R(2) nearly 0.99). Chromatographic parameters have been collated with steric, electronic and physicochemical ones using QRAR (Quantitative Retention - Activity Relationships) and QSAR (Quantitative Structure - Activity Relationships) models. Moreover, retention BMC data have been compared with lipophilicity parameter logPo/w (n-octanol-water partition coefficient). The influence of lipophilicity on oral absorption (%) has been checked. The correlation between predicted oral absorption (%) and logPo/w has been done. Obtained R(2) was 0.82. On the basis of chromatographic, lipophilicity, steric and different physicochemical parameters, the principal components analysis (PCA) has been done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna E Stępnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Planar Chromatography, Maria Curie - Skłodowska University, M. Curie - Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Irena Malinowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Planar Chromatography, Maria Curie - Skłodowska University, M. Curie - Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Edward Rój
- Fertilizer Research Institute, Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Ave.13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland
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Influence of ageing on the gastrointestinal environment of the rat and its implications for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:76-85. [PMID: 24834990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-mediated changes in gut physiology are considerations central to the elucidation of drug performance from oral formulations. Using rats of different age groups we measured the pH, buffer capacity, fluid volume, osmolality, and surface tension of gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, and therein explored the impact of these variables on prednisolone and mesalazine solubility in luminal fluids. We also studied the distribution of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and mucus layer thickness across the GI tract in rats of different age groups. At a mucosal level, there was an increase in GALT from young to adult rat. Gastrointestinal pH and buffer capacity remained mostly unchanged with age, except some pH differences in stomach and distal small intestine and a higher buffer capacity in the large intestinal fluids of young rats. Osmolality and surface tension also remained unaffected with the exception of a lower osmolality in elderly stomach and a lower surface tension in the small intestine of young rats. The difference in luminal environment on ageing influenced the solubility of studied drugs, for instance prednisolone solubility was shown to be higher in adult rats (mid small intestine and caecum) and solubility of mesalazine was significantly higher in the elderly distal small intestine.
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Fotaki N. Pros and cons of methods used for the prediction of oral drug absorption. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 2:195-208. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kadono K, Koakutsu A, Naritomi Y, Terashita S, Tabata K, Teramura T. Comparison of intestinal metabolism of CYP3A substrates between rats and humans: application of portal–systemic concentration difference method. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:511-21. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.869375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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The use of ROC analysis for the qualitative prediction of human oral bioavailability from animal data. Pharm Res 2013; 31:720-30. [PMID: 24072264 PMCID: PMC4250569 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To develop and evaluate a tool for the qualitative prediction of human oral bioavailability (Fhuman) from animal oral bioavailability (Fanimal) data employing ROC analysis and to identify the optimal thresholds for such predictions. Methods A dataset of 184 compounds with known Fhuman and Fanimal in at least one species (mouse, rat, dog and non-human primates (NHP)) was employed. A binary classification model for Fhuman was built by setting a threshold for high/low Fhuman at 50%. The thresholds for high/low Fanimal were varied from 0 to 100 to generate the ROC curves. Optimal thresholds were derived from ‘cost analysis’ and the outcomes with respect to false negative and false positive predictions were analyzed against the BDDCS class distributions. Results We successfully built ROC curves for the combined dataset and per individual species. Optimal Fanimal thresholds were found to be 67% (mouse), 22% (rat), 58% (dog), 35% (NHP) and 47% (combined dataset). No significant trends were observed when sub-categorizing the outcomes by the BDDCS. Conclusions Fanimal can predict high/low Fhuman with adequate sensitivity and specificity. This methodology and associated thresholds can be employed as part of decisions related to planning necessary studies during development of new drug candidates and lead selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1193-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Stępnik KE, Malinowska I. The use of biopartitioning micellar chromatography and immobilized artificial membrane column for in silico and in vitro determination of blood-brain barrier penetration of phenols. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:127-36. [PMID: 23506703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biopartitioning Micellar Chromatography (BMC) is a mode of micellar liquid chromatography that uses C18 stationary phases and micellar mobile phases of Brij35 under adequate experimental conditions and can be useful to mimic human drug absorption, blood-brain barrier distribution or partitioning processes in biological systems. BMC system can be useful in constructing good predictive models because the characteristics of the BMC system are similar to biological barriers and extracellular fluids. Immobilized Artificial Membrane (IAM) chromatography uses stationary phase which consists of a monolayer of phosphatidylcholine covalently immobilized on an inert silica support. IAM columns are thought to mimic very closely a membrane bilayer and are used in a HPLC system with a physiological buffer as eluent. In this paper the usefulness of BMC and IAM system for in silico and in vitro determination of blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration of phenols has been demonstrated. The most important pharmacokinetic parameters of brain have been obtained for the determination of BBB penetration, i.e. BBB permeability - surface area product (PS), usually given as a logPS, brain/plasma equilibration rate (log(PS×fu,brain)) and fraction unbound in plasma (Fu). Moreover, the relationships between retention of eighteen phenols and different parameters of molecular size, lipophilicity and BBB penetration were studied. Extrapolated to pure water values of the logarithms of retention factors (logkw) have been compared with the corresponding octanol-water partition coefficient (logPo-w) values of the solutes. In addition, different physicochemical parameters from Foley's equation for BMC system have been collated with the chromatographic data. The Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (LSER) using Abraham model for the describing of phenols penetration across BBB has been used. Four equations were developed as a multiple linear regression using retention data from IAM and BMC system (QRAR models) and molecular volume parameter (Vm) and Abraham descriptors to correlate the logBB values. Moreover, in order to establish the relationships between different variables, the principal components analysis (PCA) has been done. The results of PCA were obtained using chromatographic data from IAM and BMC systems as well as from the structures of tested phenols. The four parameters: logkwIAM(exp), logkwBMC(exp), analyte-micelle association constant (Kma) and logPo-w have been checked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna E Stępnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Planar Chromatography, Maria Curie - Skłodowska University, M. Curie - Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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Zhang D, Frost CE, He K, Rodrigues AD, Wang X, Wang L, Goosen TC, Humphreys WG. Investigating the Enteroenteric Recirculation of Apixaban, a Factor Xa Inhibitor: Administration of Activated Charcoal to Bile Duct-Cannulated Rats and Dogs Receiving an Intravenous Dose and Use of Drug Transporter Knockout Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:906-15. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Bueters T, Juric S, Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Hu Y, Bylund J. Rat poorly predicts the combined non-absorbed and presystemically metabolized fractions in the human. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:607-16. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.752117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen T, Mager DE, Kagan L. Interspecies modeling and prediction of human exenatide pharmacokinetics. Pharm Res 2012; 30:751-60. [PMID: 23229855 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a model-based approach for interspecies scaling of the preclinical pharmacokinetics of exenatide and to predict concentration-time profiles in humans. METHODS A target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) model was simultaneously fit to concentration-time profiles of exenatide over a wide range of intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) doses obtained from mice, rats, and monkeys. Allometric relationships were incorporated into the model to scale parameters based on species body weight. Human pharmacokinetic profiles following IV and SC administration were simulated using the final model structure and parameter estimates and compared to clinical data. RESULTS The final model provided a good simultaneous fit to all animal data and reasonable parameter estimates. Exenatide receptor binding affinity and baseline receptor concentrations were species-dependent. Absorption parameters from rat provided the best prediction of exenatide SC absorption in humans, but good predictions could also be obtained using allometric scaling of preclinical absorption parameters. CONCLUSIONS A TMDD model combined with allometric scaling was successfully used to simultaneously describe preclinical data for exenatide from three animal species following both IV and SC administration. The majority of model parameters could be shared among the animal species and further used for projecting exenatide behavior in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo State University of New York, 433 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA
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35
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Munoz-muriedas J. Bioavailability Prediction at Early Drug Discovery Stages: In Vitro Assays and Simple Physico-Chemical Rules. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735377-00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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36
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Vuppugalla R, Marathe P, He H, Jones RDO, Yates JWT, Jones HM, Gibson CR, Chien JY, Ring BJ, Adkison KK, Ku MS, Fischer V, Dutta S, Sinha VK, Björnsson T, Lavé T, Poulin P. PhRMA CPCDC initiative on predictive models of human pharmacokinetics, part 4: prediction of plasma concentration-time profiles in human from in vivo preclinical data by using the Wajima approach. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4111-26. [PMID: 21480234 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Wajima allometry (Css -MRT) approach published in the literature, which is used to predict the human plasma concentration-time profiles from a scaling of preclinical species data. A diverse and blinded dataset of 108 compounds from PhRMA member companies was used in this evaluation. The human intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) pharmacokinetics (PK) data were available for 18 and 107 drugs, respectively. Three different scenarios were adopted for prediction of human PK profiles. In the first scenario, human clearance (CL) and steady-state volume of distribution (Vss ) were predicted by unbound fraction corrected intercept method (FCIM) and Øie-Tozer (OT) approaches, respectively. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR)-based approaches (TSrat-dog ) based on compound descriptors together with rat and dog data were utilized in the second scenario. Finally, in the third scenario, CL and Vss were predicted using the FCIM and Jansson approaches, respectively. For the prediction of oral pharmacokinetics, the human bioavailability and absorption rate constant were assumed as the average of preclinical species. Various statistical techniques were used for assessing the accuracy of the simulation scenarios. The human CL and Vss were predicted within a threefold error range for about 75% of the i.v. drugs. However, the accuracy in predicting key p.o. PK parameters appeared to be lower with only 58% of simulations falling within threefold of observed parameters. The overall ability of the Css -MRT approach to predict the curve shape of the profile was in general poor and ranged between low to medium level of confidence for most of the predictions based on the selected criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Vuppugalla
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myer's Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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Improved bioavailability of orally administered andrographolide from pH-sensitive nanoparticles. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 35:123-9. [PMID: 21302039 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-010-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Andrographolide, a major bioactive phytoconstituent derived from Androgaphis paniculata that is safe and beneficial in several ailments, was formulated into pH-sensitive nanoparticle suspension with a view of improving its oral bioavailability. The andrographolide-loaded pH-sensitive nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation technique using Eudragit® EPO (cationic poly methacrylate copolymer). The 3(2) factorial design was used to optimize the amount of polymer and stabilizer (Pluronic® F-68). The optimized batch obtained using 0.45% w/v of Eudragit® EPO and 0.6% w/v of Pluronic® F-68 showed high-encapsulation efficiency of 93.8±0.67% with particle size of 255±9 nm and zeta potential of 29.3±3.4 mV. The bioavailability of andrographolide from optimized nanoparticles and pure andrographolide was assessed in male Wistar albino rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg. As compared to the pure andrographolide, almost 2.2 and 3.2-fold increase in AUC0-∞, Cmax and 121.53% increase in relative bioavailability were observed for andrographolide from pH-sensitive nanoparticles (P<0.05). Shorter Tmax by about fourfold difference were observed with 2.2-fold decrease in Cl/F. The improved dissolution rate owing to its reduced particle size, increased surface area and reduced diffusion layer thickness may have contributed to oral bioavailability. The results clearly indicate the potential of pH-sensitive nanoparticles for oral delivery of low-bioavailability phytoconstituents such as andrographolide.
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Kagan L, Dreifinger T, Mager DE, Hoffman A. Role of P-Glycoprotein in Region-Specific Gastrointestinal Absorption of Talinolol in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1560-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.033019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kadono K, Akabane T, Tabata K, Gato K, Terashita S, Teramura T. Quantitative Prediction of Intestinal Metabolism in Humans from a Simplified Intestinal Availability Model and Empirical Scaling Factor. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1230-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.029322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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40
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Fagerholm U. Evaluation and suggested improvements of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:751-7. [PMID: 17637167 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.6.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This review has evaluated the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) and improvements have been proposed. The BCS has a very strict solubility/dissolution limit, a generous Pe-limit (≥ 14-times higher rate constant limit for dissolution than for permeation), and is stricter for drugs with a long half-life (t1/2). Available human in-vivo, in-vitro, and in-silico Pe-methods cannot classify Pe for moderately to highly permeable substances sufficiently well, and in-vitro data often underpredict the in-vivo dissolution potential and rate. Good in-vivo dissolution and absorption can be expected for most high Pe drug products. It has not been possible to find a highly permeable product with a Dose number (Do) < 385 (< 2400 in the fed state) that is clearly incompletely absorbed, and near complete uptake has been shown for a drug product with a Do of 660000. The potential implication of these findings is that many true BCS Class I drug products are incorrectly classified. This could be a reason for the limited use of this system. On this basis, it has been suggested that: the limit for high for solubility/dissolution is decreased (to >40 and >95% dissolved within 30min and 3 h, respectively); the limit for high Pe is increased (to >Pe of metoprolol); accurate Pe-models or in-vivo fraction absorbed data are used; solubility/dissolution tests are performed using real or validated simulated gastrointestinal fluids; in-vitro/in-vivo dissolution relationships are established; the t½ is considered; and the rate-limiting step for in-vivo absorption is determined. A major change could be to reduce the BCS into two classes: permeation-rate (Class I) or dissolution-rate (Class II) limited absorption. It is believed that this could give a better balance and increase the number of biowaivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Fagerholm
- Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden.
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41
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of the aminoglycoside tobramycin was evaluated after oral administration to fed or fasting (15 h) mice. As expected, under normal feeding conditions, oral absorption was negligible; however, fasting induced a dramatic increase in tobramycin bioavailability. The dual-sugar test with lactulose and l-rhamnose confirmed increased small bowel permeability via the paracellular route in fasting animals. When experiments aimed at increasing the oral bioavailability of hydrophilic compounds are performed, timing of fasting should be extremely accurate.
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Reynolds DP, Lanevskij K, Japertas P, Didziapetris R, Petrauskas A. Ionization-specific analysis of human intestinal absorption. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:4039-54. [PMID: 19360843 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a mechanistic QSAR analysis of human intestinal absorption of drugs and drug-like compounds using a data set of 567 %HIA values. Experimental data represent passive diffusion across intestinal membranes, and are considered to be reasonably free of carrier-mediated transport or other unwanted effects. A nonlinear model was developed relating %HIA to physicochemical properties of drugs (lipophilicity, ionization, hydrogen bonding, and molecular size). The model describes ion-specific intestinal permeability of drugs by both transcellular and paracellular routes, and also accounts for unstirred water layer effects. The obtained model was validated on two external data sets consisting of in vivo human jejunal permeability coefficients (P(eff)) and absorption rate constants (K(a)). Validation results demonstrate good predictive power of the model (RMSE = 0.35-0.45 log units for log K(a) and log P(eff)). High prediction accuracy together with clear physicochemical interpretation (log P, pK(a)) makes this model particularly suitable for use in property-based drug design.
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Dhumal RS, Biradar SV, Aher S, Paradkar AR. Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersion with polyglycolized glycerides for improved stability and bioavailability. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 61:743-51. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.06.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Cefuroxime axetil (CA), a poorly soluble, broad spectrum cephalosporin ester prodrug, is hydrolysed by intestinal esterase prior to absorption, leading to poor and variable bioavailability. The objective was therefore to formulate a stable amorphous solid dispersion of the drug with enhanced solubility and stability against enzymatic degradation.
Methods
Spray drying was used to obtain a solid dispersion of CA with Gelucire 50/13 and Aerosil 200 (SDCAGA), and a solid dispersion of CA with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (SDCAP); amorphous CA (ACA) was obtained by spray drying CA alone. The formulations were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies, and compared for solubility, dissolution and bioavailability in rats.
Key findings
SDCAP and SDCAGA showed improved solubility and dissolution profiles owing to amorphization and formation of solid dispersions with hydrophilic carriers. The improved stability of amorphous CA in solid dispersions compared to ACA alone was attributed to hydrogen bonding interactions involving the amide of CA with the carbonyl of polyvinyl pyrrolidone in SDCAP, whereas in SDCAGA the interactions were at multiple sites involving the amide and carbonyl of CA with the carbonyl and hydroxyl of Gelucire 50/13. However, SDCAGA showed superior bioavailability compared to SDCAP, ACA and CA.
Conclusions
Improvement in physical stability of solid dispersions was attributed to hydrogen bonding, while improvement in bioavailability of SDCAGA compared to SDCAP, in spite of comparable solubility and dissolution profile, may be attributed to Gelucire, which utilizes intestinal esterase for lipolysis, protecting the prodrug from enzymatic degradation to its non-absorbable base form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra S Dhumal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Shailesh V Biradar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Suyog Aher
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Anant R Paradkar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovations, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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Buch P, Langguth P, Kataoka M, Yamashita S. IVIVC in oral absorption for fenofibrate immediate release tablets using a dissolution/permeation system. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2001-9. [PMID: 18855916 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of a dissolution/permeation (D/P) system to predict the in vivo performance of solid dosage forms containing the poorly soluble drug, fenofibrate, was studied. Biorelevant dissolution media simulating the fasted and fed state conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract were used in order to simulate the effect of food on the absorption of fenofibrate. Moreover, the results obtained from the D/P system were correlated with pharmacokinetic parameters obtained following in vivo studies in rats. The in vitro parameter (amount permeated in the D/P system) reflected well the in vivo performance in rats in terms of AUC and C(max) of fenofibric acid. This study thus demonstrates the potential of the D/P system as valuable tool for absorption screening of dosage forms for poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Buch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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45
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Lu R, Sun J, Wang Y, Li H, Liu J, Fang L, He Z. Characterization of biopartitioning micellar chromatography system using monolithic column by linear solvation energy relationship and application to predict blood–brain barrier penetration. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5190-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Lu R, Sun J, Wang Y, He Z. Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship Studies with Biopartitioning Micellar Chromatography Systems by Amended Linear Solvation Energy Relationships in Consideration of Electronic Factor. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Biopharmaceutical aspects of gastro-retentive dosage forms: the gabapentin paradigm. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wei Y, Neves LAA, Franklin T, Klyuchnikova N, Placzek B, Hughes HM, Curtis CG. Vascular perfused segments of human intestine as a tool for drug absorption. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:731-6. [PMID: 19118133 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-based vascular perfusion of isolated segments of human jejunum was developed as a tool for drug absorption studies before clinical trials. Acceptance criteria for viable human gut preparations included stable blood flow, arterial pressure, glucose utilization, active peristalsis, oxygen uptake, less than 3% absorption of a 70,000 mol. wt. dextran, and a ratio of first-order absorption rate constants (k(a)) of antipyrine to terbutaline of > or =1.4. Mannitol absorption was less than that of antipyrine but larger than that of terbutaline and could not be used as a negative control in absorption studies with human intestine. In separate perfusions (n = 3) a cassette of nine drugs was administered into the gut lumen, and the net absorption of each drug into the circulation was measured over 75 min. Using the mean values of k(a), the test compounds could be ranked into four groups: group 1: sulfasalazine and furosemide, k(a) = 3.9 to 4.0 x 10(-3) min(-1); group 2: cimetidine, timolol, nadolol, and ranitidine, k(a) = 6.4 to 8.3 x 10(-3) min(-1); group 3: atenolol and metoprolol, k(a) = 9.6 x 10(-3) min(-1); and group 4: theophylline, k(a) = 17.5 x 10(-3) min(-1). The rationale for evaluating yet another oral absorption system was as follows: first, a human gut segment with an intact vascular system is the closest system available to a clinical trial without performing one; and second, the data generated would be a direct measure of net drug transport from the gut lumen into the vascular circulation under near physiological conditions, which is not possible in models lacking a blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Wei
- Bowman Research Inc., Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
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49
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Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam administered as regular and fast dissolving formulations to the rat: Influence of gastrointestinal dysfunction on the relative bioavailability of two formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:889-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Giuliano C, Fiore F, Di Marco A, Padron Velazquez J, Bishop A, Bonelli F, Gonzalez-Paz O, Marcucci I, Harper S, Narjes F, Pacini B, Monteagudo E, Migliaccio G, Rowley M, Laufer R. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a potent non-nucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Xenobiotica 2008; 35:1035-54. [PMID: 16393860 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500356548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The disposition of compound A, a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase, was characterized in animals in support of its selection for further development. Compound A exhibited marked species differences in pharmacokinetics. Plasma clearance was 44 ml min-1 kg-1 in rats, 9 ml min-1 kg-1 in dogs and 16 ml min-1 kg-1 in rhesus monkeys. Oral bioavailability was low in rats (10%) but significantly higher in dogs (52%) and monkeys (26%). Compound A was eliminated primarily by metabolism in rats, with biliary excretion accounting for 30% of its clearance. Metabolism was mainly mediated by cyclohexyl hydroxylation, with N-deethylation and acyl glucuronide formation constituting minor metabolic pathways. Qualitatively, the same metabolites were identified using in vitro systems from all species studied, including humans. The low oral bioavailability of compound A in rats was mostly due to poor intestinal absorption. This conclusion was borne out by the findings that hepatic extraction in the rat was only 30%, intraperitoneal bioavailability was good, and compound A was poorly absorbed from the rat isolated intestinal loop, with no detectable intestinal metabolism. Compound A was not an inhibitor of major human cytochrome P450 enzymes, indicating minimal potential for clinical drug-drug interactions. The metabolic clearance of compound A in rat, dog and monkey hepatocytes correlated with the systemic clearance observed in these species. Since compound A was very stable in human hepatocytes, the results suggest that it will be a low clearance drug in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giuliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM) P. Angeletti, Merck Research Laboratories Rome, Pomezia, Italy
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