1
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Chen CW, Ho CH. Substitutions in the nonactive site of the passenger domain on the activity of Haemophilus influenzae immunoglobulin A1 protease. Infect Immun 2024:e0019324. [PMID: 38990045 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00193-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease is a critical virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae that facilitates bacterial mucosal infection. This study investigates the effect of iga gene polymorphism on the enzymatic activity of H. influenzae IgA1 protease. The IgA1 protease activity was examined in the H. influenzae Rd KW20 strain and 51 isolates. Genetic variations in iga and deduced amino acid substitutions affecting IgA1 protease activity were assessed. Machine learning tools and functional complementation assays were used to analyze the effects of identified substitutions on the stability and activity of IgA1 protease, respectively. All 51 isolates exhibited similar iga expression levels. No igaB expression was detected. According to comparisons with the reference Rd KW20 strain, four substitutions in the protease domain, 26 in the nonprotease passenger domain, and two in the β-barrel domain were associated with the change in IgA1 protease activity. No substitutions in the catalytic site of IgA1 protease were observed. Logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic curves, Venn diagrams, and protein stability analyses revealed that the substitutions Asn352Lys, Pro353Ala, Lys356Asn, Gln916Lys, and Gly917Ser, which were located in the nonactive site of the passenger domain, were associated with decreases in IgA1 protease activity and stability, whereas Asn914Lys was associated with an increase in these events. Functional complementation assays revealed that the Asn914Lys substitution increased IgA1 protease activity in the Rd KW20 strain. This study identified substitutions in the nonactive site of the passenger domain that affect both the activity and stability of H. influenzae IgA1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Chen
- Graduate Degree Program of Smart Healthcare & Bioinformatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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2
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Avalos-Gómez C, Ramírez-Rico G, Ruiz-Mazón L, Sicairos NL, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin: An Effective Weapon in the Battle Against Bacterial Infections. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3243-3260. [PMID: 36284379 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221025153216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains with respect to commercially available antimicrobial drugs has marked a watershed in treatment therapies to fight pathogens and has stimulated research on alternative remedies. Proteins of the innate immune system of mammals have been highlighted as potentially yielding possible treatment options for infections. Lactoferrin (Lf) is one of these proteins; interestingly, no resistance to it has been found. Lf is a conserved cationic nonheme glycoprotein that is abundant in milk and is also present in low quantities in mucosal secretions. Moreover, Lf is produced and secreted by the secondary granules of neutrophils at infection sites. Lf is a molecule of approximately 80 kDa that displays multiple functions, such as antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer actions. Lf can synergize with antibiotics, increasing its potency against bacteria. Lactoferricins (Lfcins) are peptides resulting from the N-terminal end of Lf by proteolytic cleavage with pepsin. They exhibit several anti-bacterial effects similar to those of the parental glycoprotein. Synthetic analog peptides exhibiting potent antimicrobial properties have been designed. The aim of this review is to update understanding of the structure and effects of Lf and Lfcins as anti-bacterial compounds, focusing on the mechanisms of action in bacteria and the use of Lf in treatment of infections in patients, including those studies where no significant differences were found. Lf could be an excellent option for prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases, mainly in combined therapies with antibiotics or other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Ramírez-Rico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán- Teoloyucan, Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - Lucero Ruiz-Mazón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Nidia León Sicairos
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Unidad de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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3
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Ramírez-Rico G, Martinez-Castillo M, Avalos-Gómez C, de la Garza M. Bovine apo-lactoferrin affects the secretion of proteases in Mannheimia haemolytica A2. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000269. [PMID: 34816089 PMCID: PMC8604176 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A2 is the main bacterial causative agent of ovine mannheimiosis, a disease that leads to substantial economic losses for livestock farmers. Several virulence factors allow M. haemolytica to colonize the lungs and establish infection. Virulence factors can be directly secreted into the environment by bacteria but are also released through outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). In addition, due to the abuse of antibiotics in the treatment of this disease, multidrug-resistant bacterial strains of M. haemolytica have emerged. One therapeutic alternative to antibiotics or an adjuvant to be used in combination with antibiotics could be lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional cationic glycoprotein of the mammalian innate immune system to which no bacterial resistance has been reported. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of bovine iron-free Lf (apo-BLf) on the production and secretion of proteases into culture supernatant (CS) and on their release in OMVs. Zymography assays showed that addition of sub-MIC concentrations of apo-BLf to M. haemolytica cultures inhibited protease secretion without affecting culture growth. Biochemical characterization revealed that these proteases were mainly cysteine- and metalloproteases. The secretion of a 100 kDa metalloprotease was inhibited by sub-MIC concentrations of apo-BLf since this protease was present in the cytoplasm and OMVs but not in CS proteins, as corroborated by Western blotting. On the other hand, proteases produced by M. haemolytica caused cleavage of apo-BLf. However, when Lf is cleaved, peptides known as lactoferricins, which are more bactericidal than natural Lf, can be produced. M. haemolytica A2 protease-mediated degradation of host tissue proteins could be an important virulence factor during the infectious process of pneumonia in ovines. The mechanism of M. haemolytica protease secretion could be inhibited by treatment with apo-BLf in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ramírez-Rico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CdMx 07360, Mexico.,Present address: Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - Moises Martinez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad (HIPAM). Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. Hospital General de México, Col Doctores, CdMx 06726, Mexico
| | - Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CdMx 07360, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CdMx 07360, Mexico
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Zhigis LS, Kotelnikova OV, Zinchenko AA, Karlinsky DM, Prokopenko YA, Rumsh LD. IgA1 Protease as a Vaccine Basis for Prevention of Bacterial Meningitis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816202104021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The review covers the study of the protective properties of IgA1 protease and the possibility of creating a vaccine preparation for the prevention of bacterial meningitis of various origins on its basis. Bacterial meningitis belongs to the group of socially dangerous diseases and is characterized by a severe course, numerous complications and high mortality. The approaches used at present in world practice to create antimicrobial vaccines are based on a narrow targeting against a specific pathogen. The development of a monocomponent vaccine against a wide range of bacterial pathogens with a common virulence factor is still relevant. IgA1 protease, a protein that is one of the main virulence factors of a number of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, can serve as such an antigen. Bacterial IgA1 protease is uniquely specific for immunoglobulins A1 (IgA1), cleaving peptide bonds in the hinge regions of the IgA1 in humans and other higher primates. Bacteria, getting on the mucous membrane, destroy IgA1, which acts as the first barrier to protect the body from infections. Neutralization of IgA1 protease at this stage can become an obstacle to the development of infection, hindering the adhesion of a number of pathogens that produce this protein. The data available in the literature on the mechanism of antibacterial protection are scattered and ambiguous. The review considers the literature data and the results of our own experiments on the protective activity of IgA1 protease. We have shown that the recombinant meningococcal IgA1 protease and some of its fragments protect mice from infection with a live virulent culture not only of meningococci of the main epidemic serogroups (A, B, C, and W135), but also of some of the most common virulent pneumococcal serotypes. The data obtained indicate the possibility of creating a monocomponent vaccine against these and, possibly, other bacterial infections. Currently, significant progress has been made in studying the structure and functions of secreted proteins in the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. In this review we describe protein translocation systems of N. meningitidis, which are related to the secretion of proteins in these bacteria, and also present modern data on the functions of these proteins. Analysis of experimental data on the structure of IgA1 protease of N. meningitidis and the formation of immunity during vaccination is of key importance in the development of prophylactic preparations.
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Porcine and Bovine Forms of Lactoferrin Inhibit Growth of Porcine Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Degrade Its Virulence Factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00524-20. [PMID: 32631861 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00524-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is an economically important, multifactorial disease affecting pigs within the first 2 weeks after weaning. The most common agent associated with PWD is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Currently, antibiotics are used to control PWD, and this has most likely contributed to an increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains. This puts pressure on veterinarians and farmers to decrease or even abandon the use of antibiotics, but these measures need to be supported by alternative strategies for controlling these infections. Naturally derived molecules, such as lactoferrin, could be potential candidates due to their antibacterial or immune-modulating activities. Here, we analyzed the ability of bovine lactoferrin (bLF), porcine lactoferrin (pLF), and ovotransferrin (ovoTF) to inhibit ETEC growth, degrade ETEC virulence factors, and inhibit adherence of these pathogens to porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Our results revealed that bLF and pLF, but not ovoTF, inhibit the growth of ETEC. Furthermore, bLF and pLF can degrade several virulence factors produced by ETEC strains, more specifically F4 fimbriae, F18 fimbriae, and flagellin. On the other hand, ovoTF degrades F18 fimbriae and flagellin but not F4 fimbriae. An in vitro adhesion assay showed that bLF, ovoTF, and pLF can decrease the number of bacteria adherent to epithelial cells. Our findings demonstrate that lactoferrin can directly affect porcine ETEC strains, which could allow lactoferrin to serve as an alternative to antimicrobials for the prevention of ETEC infections in piglets.IMPORTANCE Currently, postweaning F4+ and F18+ Escherichia coli infections in piglets are controlled by the use of antibiotics and zinc oxide, but the use of these antimicrobial agents most likely contributes to an increase in antibiotic resistance. Our work demonstrates that bovine and porcine lactoferrin can inhibit the growth of porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli strains. In addition, we also show that lactoferrin can reduce the adherence of these strains to small intestinal epithelial cells, even at a concentration that does not inhibit bacterial growth. This research could allow us to develop lactoferrin as an alternative strategy to prevent enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infections in piglets.
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Dierick M, Vanrompay D, Devriendt B, Cox E. Lactoferrin, a versatile natural antimicrobial glycoprotein that modulates the host's innate immunity. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:61-65. [PMID: 32585120 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a multifunctional protein found in the secretions of mammals. The antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin was the first to be discovered and was assumed to be solely dependent on its iron-chelating ability. However, lactoferrin has been reported to display proteolytic activity towards bacterial virulence factors and to modulate the host defence by stimulating the immune system and balancing pathogen-induced inflammation. Here, we review the current understandings of the antimicrobial effect, interaction with host cells, and innate immune modulation of lactoferrin, and put forward this moonlighting protein as a possible alternative for antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dierick
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory for Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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7
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El-Saied S, Schmitt H, Durisin M, Joshua BZ, Abu Tailakh M, Prenzler N, Lenarz T, Kaplan DM, Lewis EC, Warnecke A. Endogenous α1-antitrypsin levels in the perilymphatic fluid correlates with severity of hearing loss. Clin Otolaryngol 2020; 45:495-499. [PMID: 32246580 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the levels of endogenous α1-antitrypsin in the perilymph of patients undergoing cochlear implant (CI), and its reverse association with the severity of hearing loss. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS The study includes 38 patients undergoing CI surgery, 11 patients diagnosed with congenital deafness and 27 non-congenital deafness, eight patients diagnosed with moderate hearing loss (N = 8; PTA = 70 dB), severe hearing loss (N = 11; PTA 70-90 dB) and profound hearing loss (N = 19; PTA > 90 dB). MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE 1 to 12 μL perilymphatic fluids were collected by micropipette. α1-antitrypsin levels were determined, and current and historic audiological parameters were obtained. RESULTS The congenital and non-congenital group exhibited AAT concentrations of 2.5 ± 1.9 × 106 LFQ and 3.2 ± 1.2 × 106 LFQ, respectively (mean ± SD; P = .38). Mean levels of α1-antitrypsin in the perilymph fluid within the moderate group was 3.64 × 106 ± 2.1 × 106 LFQ vs 3.5 × 106 ± 1.2 × 106 in severe hearing loss (P = .81) and 2.4 × 106 ± 1.1 × 106 LFQ in the profound hearings loss group (P = .06). The difference in levels of AAT in samples from the severe hearings loss group vs the profound hearings loss group reached statistical significance (P = .04). CONCLUSION Insufficiency in α1-antitrypsin levels in the perilymph fluid of the inner ear appears to display a relationship with the severity of hearing loss. The prospect of introducing clinical-grade plasma-purified α1-antitrypsin directly onto the site of cochlear injury deserves thorough investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri El-Saied
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of clinical biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Head and Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Durisin
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Head and Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ben-Zion Joshua
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Muhammad Abu Tailakh
- Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel and Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Nils Prenzler
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Head and Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Head and Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel M Kaplan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Eli C Lewis
- Department of clinical biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Head and Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
The distribution of all peptidase homologues across all phyla of organisms was analysed to determine within which kingdom each of the 271 families originated. No family was found to be ubiquitous and even peptidases thought to be essential for life, such as signal peptidase and methionyl aminopeptides are missing from some clades. There are 33 peptidase families common to archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes and are assumed to have originated in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). These include peptidases with different catalytic types, exo- and endopeptidases, peptidases with different tertiary structures and peptidases from different families but with similar structures. This implies that the different catalytic types and structures pre-date LUCA. Other families have had their origins in the ancestors of viruses, archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, and a number of families have had their origins in the ancestors of particular phyla. The evolution of peptidases is compared to recent hypotheses about the evolution of organisms. Sequences of proteolytic enzymes can be clustered into 271 families. No family is present in all organisms. Only 33 families are predicted to originate in the last universal common ancestor. Different structures and activities predate the last universal common ancestor. Other families have originated in organism kingdoms, phyla or even families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Rawlings
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
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9
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Rosa L, Cutone A, Lepanto MS, Paesano R, Valenti P. Lactoferrin: A Natural Glycoprotein Involved in Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:1985. [PMID: 28914813 PMCID: PMC5618634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091985&n948647=v984776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf), an iron-binding multifunctional cationic glycoprotein secreted by exocrine glands and by neutrophils, is a key element of host defenses. HLf and bovine Lf (bLf), possessing high sequence homology and identical functions, inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm dependently from iron binding ability while, independently, bacterial adhesion to and the entry into cells. In infected/inflamed host cells, bLf exerts an anti-inflammatory activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus up-regulating ferroportin (Fpn) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and down-regulating ferritin (Ftn), pivotal actors of iron and inflammatory homeostasis (IIH). Consequently, bLf inhibits intracellular iron overload, an unsafe condition enhancing in vivo susceptibility to infections, as well as anemia of inflammation (AI), re-establishing IIH. In pregnant women, affected by AI, bLf oral administration decreases IL-6 and increases hematological parameters. This surprising effect is unrelated to iron supplementation by bLf (80 μg instead of 1-2 mg/day), but to its role on IIH. AI is unrelated to the lack of iron, but to iron delocalization: cellular/tissue overload and blood deficiency. BLf cures AI by restoring iron from cells to blood through Fpn up-expression. Indeed, anti-inflammatory activity of oral and intravaginal bLf prevents preterm delivery. Promising bLf treatments can prevent/cure transitory inflammation/anemia/oral pathologies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Paesano
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetric and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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10
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Rosa L, Cutone A, Lepanto MS, Paesano R, Valenti P. Lactoferrin: A Natural Glycoprotein Involved in Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1985. [PMID: 28914813 PMCID: PMC5618634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf), an iron-binding multifunctional cationic glycoprotein secreted by exocrine glands and by neutrophils, is a key element of host defenses. HLf and bovine Lf (bLf), possessing high sequence homology and identical functions, inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm dependently from iron binding ability while, independently, bacterial adhesion to and the entry into cells. In infected/inflamed host cells, bLf exerts an anti-inflammatory activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus up-regulating ferroportin (Fpn) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and down-regulating ferritin (Ftn), pivotal actors of iron and inflammatory homeostasis (IIH). Consequently, bLf inhibits intracellular iron overload, an unsafe condition enhancing in vivo susceptibility to infections, as well as anemia of inflammation (AI), re-establishing IIH. In pregnant women, affected by AI, bLf oral administration decreases IL-6 and increases hematological parameters. This surprising effect is unrelated to iron supplementation by bLf (80 μg instead of 1-2 mg/day), but to its role on IIH. AI is unrelated to the lack of iron, but to iron delocalization: cellular/tissue overload and blood deficiency. BLf cures AI by restoring iron from cells to blood through Fpn up-expression. Indeed, anti-inflammatory activity of oral and intravaginal bLf prevents preterm delivery. Promising bLf treatments can prevent/cure transitory inflammation/anemia/oral pathologies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Paesano
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetric and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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11
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Soboleva SE, Dmitrenok PS, Verkhovod TD, Buneva VN, Sedykh SE, Nevinsky GA. Very stable high molecular mass multiprotein complex with DNase and amylase activities in human milk. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:20-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana E. Soboleva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Lavrentiev Ave. 8 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690022 Russia
| | - Timofey D. Verkhovod
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Lavrentiev Ave. 8 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Valentina N. Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Lavrentiev Ave. 8 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova Ave. 10 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Lavrentiev Ave. 8 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Lavrentiev Ave. 8 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova Ave. 10 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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12
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Velliyagounder K, Alsaedi W, Alabdulmohsen W, Markowitz K, Fine DH. Oral lactoferrin protects against experimental candidiasis in mice. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:212-21. [PMID: 25319508 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the role of human lactoferrin (hLF) in protecting the oral cavities of mice against Candida albicans infection in lactoferrin knockout (LFKO(-/-)) mice was compared to wild-type (WT) mice. We also aim to determine the protective role of hLF in LFKO(-/-) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Antibiotic-treated immunosuppressed mice were inoculated with C. albicans (or sham infection) by oral swab and evaluated for the severity of infection after 7 days of infection. To determine the protective role of hLF, we added 0·3% solution of hLF to the drinking water given to some of the mice. CFU count, scoring of lesions and microscopic observations were carried out to determine the severity of infection. LFKO(-/-) I mice showed a 2 log (P = 0·001) higher CFUs of C. albicans in the oral cavity compared to the WT mice infected with C. albicans (WTI). LFKO(-/-) I mice given hLF had a 3 log (P = 0·001) reduction in CFUs in the oral cavity compared to untreated LFKO(-/-) I mice. The severity of infection, observed by light microscopy, revealed that the tongue of the LFKO(-/-) I mice showed more white patches compared to WTI and LFKO(-/-) I + hLF mice. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that more filiform papillae were destroyed in LFKO(-/-) I mice when compared to WTI or LFKO(-/-) I + hLF mice. CONCLUSIONS Human LF is important in protecting mice from oral C. albicans infection. Administered hLF may be used to prevent C. albicans infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Human LF, a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein can be used as a therapeutic active ingredient in oral healthcare products against C. albicans.
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Nanda R, Das P, Tripathy PK. Breast milk: immunosurveillance in infancy. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Luna-Castro S, Aguilar-Romero F, Samaniego-Barrón L, Godínez-Vargas D, de la Garza M. Effect of bovine apo-lactoferrin on the growth and virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Biometals 2014; 27:891-903. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Clementi CF, Murphy TF. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae invasion and persistence in the human respiratory tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2011; 1:1. [PMID: 22919570 PMCID: PMC3417339 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2011.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen of the human respiratory tract and is a leading cause of respiratory infections in children and adults. NTHI is considered to be an extracellular pathogen, but has consistently been observed within and between human respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages, in vitro and ex vivo. Until recently, few studies have examined the internalization, trafficking, and fate of NTHI in host cells. It is important to clarify this interaction because of a possible correlation between intracellular NTHI and symptomatic infection, and because NTHI infections frequently persist and recur despite antibiotic therapy and the development of bactericidal antibodies, suggesting a possible intracellular state or reservoir for NTHI. How does NTHI enter host cells? Can NTHI survive intracellularly and, if so, for how long? Strides have been made in the identification of host receptors, signaling, endocytosis, and trafficking pathways involved in the entry and persistence of NTHI in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara F Clementi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York Buffalo, NY, USA
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Spahich NA, St Geme JW. Structure and function of the Haemophilus influenzae autotransporters. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2011; 1:5. [PMID: 22919571 PMCID: PMC3417375 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2011.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotransporters are a large class of proteins that are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are almost universally implicated in virulence. These proteins consist of a C-terminal β-domain that is embedded in the outer membrane and an N-terminal domain that is exposed on the bacterial surface and is endowed with effector function. In this article, we review and compare the structural and functional characteristics of the Haemophilus influenzae IgA1 protease and Hap monomeric autotransporters and the H. influenzae Hia and Hsf trimeric autotransporters. All of these proteins play a role in colonization of the upper respiratory tract and in the pathogenesis of H. influenzae disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Spahich
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Center, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
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Active-site gating regulates substrate selectivity in a chymotrypsin-like serine protease the structure of haemophilus influenzae immunoglobulin A1 protease. J Mol Biol 2009; 389:559-74. [PMID: 19393662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first structure of a member of the immunoglobulin A protease (IgAP) family at 1.75-A resolution. This protease is a founding member of the type V (autotransporter) secretion system and is considered a virulence determinant among the bacteria expressing the enzyme. The structure of the enzyme fits that of a classic autotransporter in which several unique domains necessary for protein function are appended to a central, 100-A-long beta-helical domain. The N-terminal domain of the IgAP is found to possess a chymotrypsin-like fold. However, this catalytic domain contains a unique loop D that extends over the active site acting as a lid, gating substrate access. The data presented provide a structural basis for the known ability of IgAPs to cleave only the proline/serine/threonine-rich hinge peptide unique to IgA1 (isotype 1) in the context of the intact fold of the immunoglobulin. Based upon the structural data, as well as molecular modeling, a model suggesting that the unique extended loop D in this IgAP sterically occludes the active-site binding cleft in the absence of immunoglobulin binding is presented. Only in the context of binding of the IgA1-Fc domain in a valley formed between the N-terminal protease domain and another domain appended to the beta-helix spine (domain 2) is the lid stabilized in an open conformation. The stabilization of this open conformation through Fc association subsequently allows access of the hinge peptide to the active site, resulting in recognition and cleavage of the substrate.
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The serine protease motif of Pic mediates a dose-dependent mucolytic activity after binding to sugar constituents of the mucin substrate. Microb Pathog 2008; 45:115-23. [PMID: 18538533 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pic gene is harbored on the chromosomes of three important pathogens: enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and Shigella flexneri. Since Pic is secreted into the intestinal lumen during EAEC infection, we sought to identify intestinal-mucosal substrates for Pic. Pic did not damage epithelial cells, cleave fodrin, or degrade host defense proteins embedded in the mucus layer (sIgA, lactoferrin and lysozyme). However, by using a solid-phase assay to evaluate the mucinolytic activity of EAEC Pic, we documented a specific, dose-dependent mucinolytic activity. A serine protease inhibitor and an enzymatically inactive variant of Pic were used to show that the Pic serine protease motif is required for mucinolytic activity. Pic binds mucin, and this binding was blocked in competition assays using monosaccharide constituents of the oligosaccharide side chains of mucin. Moreover, Pic mucinolytic activity decreased when sialic acid was removed from mucin. Thus, Pic is a mucinase with lectin-like activity that can be related to its reported hemagglutinin activity. Our results suggest that EAEC may secrete Pic into the intestinal lumen as a strategy for penetrating the gel-like mucus layer during EAEC colonization.
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Hosea Blewett HJ, Cicalo MC, Holland CD, Field CJ. The immunological components of human milk. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2008; 54:45-80. [PMID: 18291304 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(07)00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast-feeding is generally accepted as the optimal method of feeding infants. However, we have yet to fully understand the complex mixture of bioactive compounds contained in human milk. Epidemiological studies have indicated that breast-feeding is associated with health benefits in the infant for many immune-related conditions. Breast milk contains various antimicrobial substances, factors that promote immune development, constituents that promote tolerance/priming of the infant immune system, as well as anti-inflammatory components. This chapter identifies and discusses the immunological compounds in human milk and the available evidence for their effect on the immune system of the infant. Current feeding regimens recommended for infants are based primarily on the current understanding of the nutritional requirements of the neonate, but perhaps will be modified to reflect the consequences on immune function both immediate and later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Hosea Blewett
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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Erwin AL, Smith AL. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: understanding virulence and commensal behavior. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:355-62. [PMID: 17600718 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is genetically diverse and exists as a near-ubiquitous human commensal or as a pathogen. Invasive type b disease has been almost eliminated in developed countries; however, unencapsulated strains - nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) - remain important as causes of respiratory infections. Respiratory tract disease occurs when NTHi adhere to or invade respiratory epithelial cells, initiating one or more of several proinflammatory pathways. Biofilm formation explains many of the observations seen in chronic otitis media and chronic bronchitis. However, NTHi biofilms seem to lack a biofilm-specific polysaccharide in the extracellular matrix, a source of controversy regarding their relevance. Successful commensalism requires dampening of the inflammatory response and evasion of host defenses, accomplished in part through phase variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Erwin
- Microbial Pathogens Program, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
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Antonelli PJ, Schultz GS, Sundin DJ, Pemberton PA, Barr PJ. Alpha1-antitrypsin single dose adjuvant therapy for acute otitis media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 135:111-5. [PMID: 16815194 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proteases have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media. Inhibition of these proteases can improve treatment outcomes in certain conditions. The goal of this study was to determine if intratympanic administration of a single dose of the protease inhibitor, recombinant alpha 1-antitrypsin (rAAT), can facilitate resolution of acute otitis media (AOM) in the chinchilla. METHODS AND MEASURES Pneumococcus was injected into both middle ears of 12 chinchillas. After 3 to 4 days, middle ears were cultured, systemic antibiotics were initiated, and rAAT or its vehicle was administered into the middle ears of all animals. Serial tympanic membrane (TM) scoring, tympanometry, and auditory-evoked brain stem response testing were performed. Animals were sacrificed at varying timepoints and temporal bones studied for objective measures of OM. RESULTS Although not reaching statistical significance, there was a trend to more rapid resolution of AOM in rAAT-treated ears. Tympanometry, auditory thresholds, and quantitative histologic parameters did not differ between rAAT and vehicle treated ears. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of intratympanic rAAT likely does not facilitate the resolution of antibiotic-treated pneumococcal AOM in the chinchilla model. Serial administration of this protease inhibitor may be necessary to see a significant treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Antonelli
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Ochoa TJ, Brown EL, Guion CE, Chen JZ, McMahon RJ, Cleary TG. Effect of lactoferrin on EnteroaggregativeE. coli(EAEC)This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 7th International Conference on Lactoferrin: Structure, Function, and Applications, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 84:369-76. [PMID: 16936809 DOI: 10.1139/o06-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that lactoferrin inhibits adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells and decreases invasiveness of Shigella flexneri in HeLa cells by disruption of the type III secretory system (TTSS) of both enteropathogens. To determine whether these effects were specific to the TTSS, we assessed the activity of bovine lactoferrin on enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteropathogens whose virulence is not TTSS dependent. Bovine lactoferrin at a concentration of 1.0 and 0.1 mg/mL inhibited EAEC growth. Saturation with iron reversed the bacteriostatic effect. Lactoferrin under nonbacteriostatic conditions decreased EAEC adherence to HEp-2 cells as evaluated by microscopy and CFUs; this effect was not iron dependent. Lactoferrin inhibited EAEC biofilm formation and increased autoagglutination. Lactoferrin blocks EAEC adherence by inducing release and degradation of aggregative adherence fimbria, a key element of EAEC pathogenesis. We hypothesized that lactoferrin binding to lipid A of lipopolysaccharide disrupts the virulence proteins anchored to the bacterial outermembrane. These data suggest that the effect of lactoferrin on surface proteins is not restricted to organisms having a TTSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Ochoa
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein synthesized by neutrophils and exocrine glands, plays an important role in human innate defense mechanisms against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. First, a bacteriostatic activity of lactoferrin, depending on iron withholding to bacteria, and successively a bactericidal iron-independent effect, related to its binding on bacterial surfaces, was recognized. Many other functions have been ascribed to this cationic protein, including the inhibiting action toward bacterial adhesion and invasion of target host cells. Recent research also reported the lactoferrin influence on bacterial aggregation and biofilm development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. The different lactoferrin functions can be justified by different physicochemical properties of the molecule, which include the iron-binding capability, the binding to anionic cell surfaces and molecules, and serine protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Valenti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Italy.
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Lee HY, Andalibi A, Webster P, Moon SK, Teufert K, Kang SH, Li JD, Nagura M, Ganz T, Lim DJ. Antimicrobial activity of innate immune molecules against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4:12. [PMID: 15125783 PMCID: PMC428576 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-4-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its direct connection to the nasopharynx which harbors otitis media pathogens as part of its normal flora, the middle ear cavity is kept free of these bacteria by as yet unknown mechanisms. Respiratory mucosal epithelia, including those of the middle ear and eustachian tube, secrete antimicrobial effectors including lysozyme, lactoferrin and β defensins-1 and -2. To elucidate the role of these innate immune molecules in the normal defense and maintenance of sterility of respiratory mucosa such as that of the middle ear, we assessed their effect on the respiratory pathogens nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) 12, Moraxella catarrhalis 035E, and Streptococcus pneumoniae 3, and 6B. Methods Two assay methods, the radial assay and the liquid broth assay, were employed for testing the antimicrobial activity of the molecules. This was done in order to minimize the possibility that the observed effects were artifacts of any single assay system employed. Also, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial innate immune molecules on OM pathogens. For the statistical analysis of the data, Student's t-test was performed. Results Results of the radial diffusion assay showed that β defensin-2 was active against all four OM pathogens tested, while treatment with β defensin-1 appeared to only affect M. catarrhalis. The radial assay results also showed that lysozyme was quite effective against S. pneumoniae 3 and 6B and was partially bacteriostatic/bactericidal against M. catarrhalis. Lysozyme however, appeared not to affect the growth of NTHi. Thus, lysozyme seems to have a more pronounced impact on the growth of the Gram-positive S. pneumoniae as compared to that of Gram-negative pathogens. Lactoferrin on the other hand, enhanced the growth of the bacteria tested. The results of the radial assays were confirmed using liquid broth assays for antimicrobial activity, and showed that lysozyme and β defensin-2 could act synergistically against S. pneumoniae 6B. Moreover, in the liquid broth assay, β defensin-1 showed a modest inhibitory effect on the growth of S. pneumoniae 6B. As assessed by ultrastructural analysis, lysozyme and β defensin-2, and to a much lesser extent, β defensin-1, appeared to be able to cause damage to the bacterial membranes. Conclusions Here we report that lysozyme and the β defensins can inhibit the growth of clinical isolates of otitis media pathogens – namely NTHi strain 12, S. pneumoniae strains 3 and 6B and M. catarrhalis strain 035E – and cause ultrastructural damage to these pathogens. Moreover, we demonstrate that lysozyme and β defensin-2 can act synergistically against S. pneumoniae. These findings are consistent with the concept that secreted antimicrobial peptides and other components of innate immunity constitute the first line of defense protecting host mucosal surfaces, including the tubotympanal (eustachian tube and middle ear cavity) mucosa, against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haa-Yung Lee
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
| | - Ali Andalibi
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Paul Webster
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
- Ahmanson Center for Advanced Electron Microscopy, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Sung-Kyun Moon
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Karen Teufert
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, KonKuk University Hospital, Chungju, Korea
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nagura
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
| | - David J Lim
- The Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Ochoa TJ, Noguera-Obenza M, Ebel F, Guzman CA, Gomez HF, Cleary TG. Lactoferrin impairs type III secretory system function in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5149-55. [PMID: 12933858 PMCID: PMC187368 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.9.5149-5155.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an important cause of infant diarrhea in developing countries. EPEC uses a type III secretory system to deliver effector proteins into the host cell. These proteins cause the characteristic attaching and effacing lesion on enterocytes. Lactoferrin, a glycoprotein present in human milk, inhibits EPEC adherence to mammalian cells. To determine the effect of lactoferrin on the initial host cell attachment step that is mediated by the type III secretory system, we focused on EPEC-induced actin polymerization in HEp2 cells, on the hemolytic activity, and on measurement of E. coli secreted proteins A, B, and D (EspABD). Lactoferrin blocked EPEC-mediated actin polymerization in HEp2 cells and blocked EPEC-induced hemolysis. The mechanism of this inhibition was lactoferrin-mediated degradation of secreted proteins necessary for bacterial contact and pore formation, particularly EspB. The proteolytic effect of lactoferrin was prevented by serine protease inhibitors. This disruption of the type III secretory system implies that lactoferrin could provide broad cross protection against the enteropathogens that share this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Ochoa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77040, USA
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Antonelli PJ, Schultz GS, Kim KM, Cantwell JS, Sundin DJ, Pemberton PA, Barr PJ. Alpha 1-antitrypsin and ilomastat inhibit inflammatory proteases present in human middle ear effusions. Laryngoscope 2003; 113:1347-51. [PMID: 12897557 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200308000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proteases of both the serine and metalloproteinase families have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media (OM). Inhibitors of proteases from each of these families have been shown to beneficially impact disease progression in a number of related chronic inflammatory conditions, but their use has not been studied in OM. The purpose of this study was to assess the activity of the protease inhibitors recombinant alpha 1-antitrypsin (rAAT) and ilomastat on inflammatory proteases present in human middle ear effusions (MEEs), with a view to their potential utility in the treatment of OM. STUDY DESIGN Prospective and ex vivo. METHODS MEEs were collected from 100 patients presenting for middle ear surgery, most commonly tympanostomy tube placement or treatment of acute posttympanostomy otorrhea (APTO). MEEs were analyzed for the presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and the inhibitory activity of rAAT and ilomastat on these proteases, respectively. RESULTS MMP levels were highest in APTO, and HNE was highest in chronic suppurative OM and APTO. High levels of MMP and HNE (>3 mAU/min) were found in 52% and 37% of MEEs, respectively. Ilomastat and rAAT demonstrated significant inhibition of MMP and HNE activity (>30% reduction), respectively, in 80% and 82% of MEEs with high levels of activity. CONCLUSIONS Proteases are commonly found in OM. Ilomastat and rAAT are potent inhibitors of proteases in MEEs across a wide range of OM in humans. Investigation into the potential therapeutic benefits of these protease inhibitors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Antonelli
- Department of Otolarynology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610-0264, USA.
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Abstract
Human milk contains a wide variety of proteins that contribute to its unique qualities. Many of these proteins are digested and provide a well-balanced source of amino acids to rapidly growing infants. Some proteins, such as bile salt-stimulated lipase, amylase, beta-casein, lactoferrin, haptocorrin, and alpha1-antitrypsin, assist in the digestion and utilization of micronutrients and macronutrients from the milk. Several proteins with antimicrobial activity, such as immunoglobulins, kappa-casein, lysozyme, lactoferrin, haptocorrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and lactoperoxidase, are relatively resistant against proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract and may, in intact or partially digested form, contribute to the defense of breastfed infants against pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Prebiotic activity, such as the promotion of the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, may also be provided by human milk proteins. This type of activity can limit the growth of several pathogens by decreasing intestinal pH. Some proteins and peptides have immunomodulatory activities (eg, cytokines and lactoferrin), whereas others (eg, insulin-like growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and lactoferrin) are likely to be involved in the development of the intestinal mucosa and other organs of newborns. In combination, breast-milk proteins assist in providing adequate nutrition to breastfed infants while simultaneously aiding in the defense against infection and facilitating optimal development of important physiologic functions in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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Simonova M, Shtanko O, Sergeyev N, Weissleder R, Bogdanov A. Engineering of technetium-99m-binding artificial receptors for imaging gene expression. J Gene Med 2003; 5:1056-66. [PMID: 14661181 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimization of gene therapy protocols requires accurate and non-invasive quantification of vector delivery and gene expression. To facilitate non-invasive imaging of gene expression, we have genetically engineered 'artificial receptors', i.e. membrane proteins that bind (99m)Tc-oxotechnetate ((99m)TcOT) via transchelation from a complex with glucoheptonate. The latter is a component of a widely used clinical imaging kit. METHODS The engineered marker proteins were designed as type I and II membrane proteins and consisted of (1) an (99m)TcOT-binding domain, metallothionein (MT), and (2) a membrane-anchoring domain. Engineered constructs were used for transfection of COS-1 and 293 cells; the expression of mRNA was verified by RT-PCR. RESULTS Immunofluorescent analysis, cell fractionation and immunoblotting revealed expression of marker proteins on plasma membrane. Transfection of cells resulted in strong positive staining of plasma membrane with anti-His-tag antibodies. Scintigraphic imaging in vitro confirmed the ability of transfected cells to bind (99m)TcOT. The fraction of bound radioactivity reached a peak (3.53%) when 0.93 MBq (99m)TcOT was added to transfected COS-1 cells. The experiment-to-control signal ratio was equal to 32 at the same added dose. CONCLUSIONS (1) Both types of engineered 'artificial receptors' were expressed on the surface of eukaryotic cells; (2) marker proteins were functional in binding (99m)TcOT; and (3) type II membrane proteins were more efficient in binding (99m)TcOT than type I proteins. We anticipate that the developed approach could be useful for 'tagging' transfected cells with (99m)TcOT enabling imaging of tracking in vivo transduced cells or cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Simonova
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Bldg. 149, 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Klein JO, Chonmaitree T, Loosmore S, Marchant CD, Ruuskanen O, Shinefield HR. Otitis media: a preventable disease? Proceedings of an international symposium organized by the Marcel Mérieux Foundation, Veyrier-du-Lac, France, February 13 to 16, 2000. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:473-81. [PMID: 11368103 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200105000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J O Klein
- Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.
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