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Ruggiero A, Pascucci GR, Cotugno N, Domínguez-Rodríguez S, Rinaldi S, Tagarro A, Rojo P, Foster C, Bamford A, De Rossi A, Nastouli E, Klein N, Morrocchi E, Fatou B, Smolen KK, Ozonoff A, Di Pastena M, Luzuriaga K, Steen H, Giaquinto C, Goulder P, Rossi P, Levy O, Pahwa S, Palma P. Determinants of B-Cell Compartment Hyperactivation in European Adolescents Living With Perinatally Acquired HIV-1 After Over 10 Years of Suppressive Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860418. [PMID: 35432380 PMCID: PMC9009387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) experience signs of B-cell hyperactivation with expansion of 'namely' atypical B-cell phenotypes, including double negative (CD27-IgD-) and termed age associated (ABCs) B-cells (T-bet+CD11c+), which may result in reduced cell functionality, including loss of vaccine-induced immunological memory and higher risk of developing B-cells associated tumors. In this context, perinatally HIV infected children (PHIV) deserve particular attention, given their life-long exposure to chronic immune activation. Methods We studied 40 PHIV who started treatment by the 2nd year of life and maintained virological suppression for 13.5 years, with 5/40 patients experiencing transient elevation of the HIV-1 load in the plasma (Spike). We applied a multi-disciplinary approach including immunological B and T cell phenotype, plasma proteomics analysis, and serum level of anti-measles antibodies as functional correlates of vaccine-induced immunity. Results Phenotypic signs of B cell hyperactivation were elevated in subjects starting ART later (%DN T-bet+CD11c+ p=0.03; %AM T-bet+CD11c+ p=0.02) and were associated with detectable cell-associated HIV-1 RNA (%AM T-bet+CD11c+ p=0.0003) and transient elevation of the plasma viral load (spike). Furthermore, B-cell hyperactivation appeared to be present in individuals with higher frequency of exhausted T-cells, in particular: %CD4 TIGIT+ were associated with %DN (p=0.008), %DN T-bet+CD11c+ (p=0.0002) and %AM T-bet+CD11c+ (p=0.002) and %CD4 PD-1 were associated with %DN (p=0.048), %DN T-bet+CD11c+ (p=0.039) and %AM T-bet+CD11c+ (p=0.006). The proteomic analysis revealed that subjects with expansion of these atypical B-cells and exhausted T-cells had enrichment of proteins involved in immune inflammation and complement activation pathways. Furthermore, we observed that higher levels of ABCs were associated a reduced capacity to maintain vaccine-induced antibody immunity against measles (%B-cells CD19+CD10- T-bet+, p=0.035). Conclusion We identified that the levels of hyperactivated B cell subsets were strongly affected by time of ART start and associated with clinical, viral, cellular and plasma soluble markers. Furthermore, the expansion of ABCs also had a direct impact on the capacity to develop antibodies response following routine vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ruggiero
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Domínguez-Rodríguez
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, RITIP (Traslational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alfredo Tagarro
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, RITIP (Traslational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Infanta Sofía University Hospital. Infanta Sofia University Hospital and Henares University Hospital Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation (FIIB HUIS HHEN), San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Rojo
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, RITIP (Traslational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline Foster
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Bamford
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Department of Oncology, Surgery and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)- IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Klein
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Morrocchi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Benoit Fatou
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kinga K. Smolen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michela Di Pastena
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- UOSD Unit of Clinical Psychology – Dept. of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Umass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Hanno Steen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paolo Palma
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
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2
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Gonzales GB, Njunge JM, Gichuki BM, Wen B, Potani I, Voskuijl W, Bandsma RHJ, Berkley JA. Plasma proteomics reveals markers of metabolic stress in HIV infected children with severe acute malnutrition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11235. [PMID: 32641735 PMCID: PMC7343797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection affects up to 30% of children presenting with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Africa and is associated with increased mortality. Children with SAM are treated similarly regardless of HIV status, although mechanisms of nutritional recovery in HIV and/or SAM are not well understood. We performed a secondary analysis of a clinical trial and plasma proteomics data among children with complicated SAM in Kenya and Malawi. Compared to children with SAM without HIV (n = 113), HIV-infected children (n = 54) had evidence (false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p < 0.05) of metabolic stress, including enriched pathways related to inflammation and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we observed reduced plasma levels of zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, butyrylcholinesterase, and increased levels of complement C2 resembling findings in metabolic syndrome, diabetes and other non-communicable diseases. HIV was also associated (FDR corrected p < 0.05) with higher plasma levels of inflammatory chemokines. Considering evidence of biomarkers of metabolic stress, it is of potential concern that our current treatment strategy for SAM regardless of HIV status involves a high-fat therapeutic diet. The results of this study suggest a need for clinical trials of therapeutic foods that meet the specific metabolic needs of children with HIV and SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - James M Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bonface M Gichuki
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bijun Wen
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isabel Potani
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wieger Voskuijl
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,Global Child Health Group, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H J Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James A Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Schein TN, Blackburn TE, Heath SL, Barnum SR. Plasma levels of soluble membrane attack complex are elevated despite viral suppression in HIV patients with poor immune reconstitution. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:359-366. [PMID: 31461782 PMCID: PMC6857077 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is now a therapeutic target for the management of serious and life-threatening conditions such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, glomerulonephritis and other diseases caused by complement deficiencies or genetic variants. As complement therapeutics expand into more clinical conditions, monitoring complement activation is increasingly important, as is the baseline levels of complement activation fragments in blood or other body fluid levels. Although baseline complement levels have been reported in the literature, the majority of these data were generated using non-standard assays and with variable sample handling, potentially skewing results. In this study, we examined the plasma and serum levels of the soluble membrane attack complex of complement (sMAC). sMAC is formed in the fluid phase when complement is activated through the terminal pathway. It binds the regulatory proteins vitronectin and/or clusterin and cannot insert into cell membranes, and can serve as a soluble diagnostic marker in infectious disease settings, as previously shown for intraventricular shunt infections. Here we show that in healthy adults, serum sMAC levels were significantly higher than those in plasma, that plasma sMAC levels were similar between in African Americans and Caucasians and that plasma sMAC levels increase with age. Plasma sMAC levels were significantly higher in virally suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to non-HIV infected healthy donors. More specifically, PLWH with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 had even greater sMAC levels, suggesting diagnostic value in monitoring sMAC levels in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. N. Schein
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - T. E. Blackburn
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - S. L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseaseUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - S. R. Barnum
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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4
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Wu B, Ouyang Z, Lyon CJ, Zhang W, Clift T, Bone CR, Li B, Zhao Z, Kimata JT, Yu XG, Hu Y. Plasma Levels of Complement Factor I and C4b Peptides Are Associated with HIV Suppression. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:880-885. [PMID: 28862830 PMCID: PMC5727467 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
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Individuals who exhibit long-term
HIV suppression and CD4 T-cell preservation without antiretroviral
therapy are of great interest for HIV research. There is currently
no robust method for rapid identification of these “HIV controller”
subjects; however, HLA-B*57 (human leukocyte antigen (major histocompatibility
complex), class I, B*57) genotype exhibits modest sensitivity for
this phenotype. Complement C3b and C4b can influence HIV infection
and replication, but studies have not examined their possible link
to HIV controller status. We analyzed HLA-B*57 genotype and complement
levels in HIV-positive patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral
therapy, untreated HIV controllers, and HIV-negative subjects to identify
factors associated with HIV controller status. Our results revealed
that the plasma levels of three C4b-derived peptides and complement
factor I outperformed all other assayed biomarkers for HIV controller
identification, although we could not analyze the predictive value
of biomarker combinations with the current sample size. We believe
this rapid screening approach may prove useful for improved identification
of HIV controllers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Wu
- Biodesign Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, 1 Guangdong Road, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02139-3583, United States
| | - Christopher J. Lyon
- Biodesign Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110003, China
| | - Tori Clift
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Christopher R. Bone
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Boan Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100 Middle Section of West 4th Ring Road, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02139-3583, United States
| | - Ye Hu
- Biodesign Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems
Engineering, Virginia G. Piper, Arizona State University, 727
E. Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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5
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Agrawal P, Nawadkar R, Ojha H, Kumar J, Sahu A. Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An Overview. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1117. [PMID: 28670306 PMCID: PMC5472698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a major first line of immune defense, the complement system keeps a constant vigil against viruses. Its ability to recognize large panoply of viruses and virus-infected cells, and trigger the effector pathways, results in neutralization of viruses and killing of the infected cells. This selection pressure exerted by complement on viruses has made them evolve a multitude of countermeasures. These include targeting the recognition molecules for the avoidance of detection, targeting key enzymes and complexes of the complement pathways like C3 convertases and C5b-9 formation - either by encoding complement regulators or by recruiting membrane-bound and soluble host complement regulators, cleaving complement proteins by encoding protease, and inhibiting the synthesis of complement proteins. Additionally, viruses also exploit the complement system for their own benefit. For example, they use complement receptors as well as membrane regulators for cellular entry as well as their spread. Here, we provide an overview on the complement subversion mechanisms adopted by the members of various viral families including Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Agrawal
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Renuka Nawadkar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Hina Ojha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
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6
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Amet T, Lan J, Shepherd N, Yang K, Byrd D, Xing Y, Yu Q. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Deficiency Attenuates the Production of Infectious HIV-1 and Renders Virions Sensitive to Complement Attack. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1100-1112. [PMID: 27231035 PMCID: PMC5067833 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) escapes complement-mediated lysis (CML) by incorporating host regulators of complement activation (RCA) into its envelope. CD59, a key member of RCA, is incorporated into HIV-1 virions at levels that protect against CML. Since CD59 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (GPI-AP), we used GPI anchor-deficient Jurkat cells (Jurkat-7) that express intracellular CD59, but not surface CD59, to study the molecular mechanisms underlying CD59 incorporation into HIV-1 virions and the role of host proteins in virus replication. Compared to Jurkat cells, Jurkat-7 cells were less supportive to HIV-1 replication and more sensitive to CML. Jurkat-7 cells exhibited similar capacities of HIV-1 binding and entry to Jurkat cells, but were less supportive to viral RNA and DNA biosynthesis as infected Jurkat-7 cells produced reduced amounts of HIV-1 RNA and DNA. HIV-1 virions produced from Jurkat-7 cells were CD59 negative, suggesting that viral particles acquire CD59, and probably other host proteins, from the cell membrane rather than intracellular compartments. As a result, CD59-negative virions were sensitive to CML. Strikingly, these virions exhibited reduced activity of virus binding and were less infectious, implicating that GPI-APs may be also important in ensuring the integrity of HIV-1 particles. Transient expression of the PIG-A gene restored CD59 expression on the surface of Jurkat-7 cells. After HIV-1 infection, the restored CD59 was colocalized with viral envelope glycoprotein gp120/gp41 within lipid rafts, which is identical to that on infected Jurkat cells. Thus, HIV-1 virions acquire RCA from the cell surface, likely lipid rafts, to escape CML and ensure viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohti Amet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jie Lan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nicole Shepherd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kai Yang
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daniel Byrd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yanyan Xing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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7
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Complement and HIV-I infection/HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:184-98. [PMID: 24639397 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The various neurological complications associated with HIV-1 infection, specifically HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist as a major public health burden worldwide. Despite the widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy, the prevalence of HAND is significantly high. HAND results from the direct effects of an HIV-1 infection as well as secondary effects of HIV-1-induced immune reaction and inflammatory response. Complement, a critical mediator of innate and acquired immunity, plays important roles in defeating many viral infections by the formation of a lytic pore or indirectly by opsonization and recruitment of phagocytes. While the role of complement in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and HAND has been previously recognized for over 15 years, it has been largely underestimated thus far. Complement can be activated through HIV-1 envelope proteins, mannose-binding lectins (MBL), and anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Complement not only fights against HIV-1 infection but also enhances HIV-1 infection. In addition, HIV-1 can hijack complement regulators such as CD59 and CD55 and can utilize these regulators and factor H to escape from complement attack. Normally, complement levels in brain are much lower than plasma levels and there is no or little complement deposition in brain cells. Interestingly, local production and deposition of complement are dramatically increased in HIV-1-infected brain, indicating that complement may contribute to the pathogenesis of HAND. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of complement in HIV-1 infection and HAND, as well as potential therapeutic approaches targeting the complement system for the treatment and eradications of HIV-1 infection.
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8
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Bahr GM. Immune deficiency in HIV-1 infection: novel therapeutic approaches targeting innate and adaptive responses. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:529-47. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Moog C, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Teillaud JL, Biedma ME, Holl V, Van Ham G, Heyndrickx L, Van Dorsselaer A, Katinger D, Vcelar B, Zolla-Pazner S, Mangeot I, Kelly C, Shattock RJ, Le Grand R. Protective effect of vaginal application of neutralizing and nonneutralizing inhibitory antibodies against vaginal SHIV challenge in macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:46-56. [PMID: 23591718 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Definition of antibody (Ab) functions capable of preventing mucosal HIV transmission may be critical to both effective vaccine development and the prophylactic use of monoclonal Abs. Although direct antibody-mediated neutralization is highly effective against cell-free virus, increasing evidence suggests an important role for immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated inhibition of HIV replication. Thus, a panel of well-known neutralizing (NAbs) and nonneutralizing Abs (NoNAbs) were screened for their ability to block HIV acquisition and replication in vitro in either an independent or FcγR-dependent manner. Abs displaying the highest Fc-mediated inhibitory activity in various in vitro assays were selected, formulated for topical vaginal application in a microbicide gel, and tested for their antiviral activity against SHIVSF162P3 vaginal challenge in non-human primates (NHPs). A combination of three NAbs, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10, fully prevented simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) vaginal transmission in 10 out of 15 treated NHPs, whereas a combination of two NoNAbs, 246-D and 4B3, although having no impact on SHIV acquisition, reduced plasma viral load. These results indicate that anti-HIV Abs with distinct neutralization and inhibitory functions differentially affect in vivo HIV acquisition and replication, by interfering with early viral replication and dissemination. Therefore, combining diverse Ab properties may potentiate the protective effects of anti-HIV-Ab-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moog
- U1110 INSERM/UNISTRA, Institute of Virology, Strasbourg, France
| | - N Dereuddre-Bosquet
- 1] CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI, DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France [2] UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay, France
| | - J-L Teillaud
- INSERM UMR-S 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris Descartes University, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - M E Biedma
- U1110 INSERM/UNISTRA, Institute of Virology, Strasbourg, France
| | - V Holl
- U1110 INSERM/UNISTRA, Institute of Virology, Strasbourg, France
| | - G Van Ham
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Heyndrickx
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - D Katinger
- Polymun Scientific GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - B Vcelar
- Polymun Scientific GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - S Zolla-Pazner
- NYU School of Medicine and New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - I Mangeot
- 1] CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI, DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France [2] UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay, France
| | - C Kelly
- Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - R J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - R Le Grand
- 1] CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI, DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France [2] UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay, France
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10
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Lam T, Thomas LM, White CA, Li G, Pone EJ, Xu Z, Casali P. Scaffold functions of 14-3-3 adaptors in B cell immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80414. [PMID: 24282540 PMCID: PMC3840166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Class switch DNA recombination (CSR) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus crucially diversifies antibody biological effector functions. CSR involves the induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression and AID targeting to switch (S) regions by 14-3-3 adaptors. 14-3-3 adaptors specifically bind to 5'-AGCT-3' repeats, which make up for the core of all IgH locus S regions. They selectively target the upstream and downstream S regions that are set to undergo S-S DNA recombination. We hypothesized that 14-3-3 adaptors function as scaffolds to stabilize CSR enzymatic elements on S regions. Here we demonstrate that all seven 14-3-3β, 14-3-3ε, 14-3-3γ, 14-3-3η, 14-3-3σ, 14-3-3τ and 14-3-3ζ adaptors directly interacted with AID, PKA-Cα (catalytic subunit) and PKA-RIα (regulatory inhibitory subunit) and uracil DNA glycosylase (Ung). 14-3-3 adaptors, however, did not interact with AID C-terminal truncation mutant AIDΔ(180-198) or AIDF193A and AIDL196A point-mutants (which have been shown not to bind to S region DNA and fail to mediate CSR). 14-3-3 adaptors colocalized with AID and replication protein A (RPA) in B cells undergoing CSR. 14-3-3 and AID binding to S region DNA was disrupted by viral protein R (Vpr), an accessory protein of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), which inhibited CSR without altering AID expression or germline IH-CH transcription. Accordingly, we demonstrated that 14-3-3 directly interact with Vpr, which in turn, also interact with AID, PKA-Cα and Ung. Altogether, our findings suggest that 14-3-3 adaptors play important scaffold functions and nucleate the assembly of multiple CSR factors on S regions. They also show that such assembly can be disrupted by a viral protein, thereby allowing us to hypothesize that small molecule compounds that specifically block 14-3-3 interactions with AID, PKA and/or Ung can be used to inhibit unwanted CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonika Lam
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Thomas
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Clayton A. White
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Guideng Li
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Egest J. Pone
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paolo Casali
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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11
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Taruishi M, Terashima K, Dewan Z, Yamamoto N, Ikeda S, Kobayashi D, Eishi Y, Yamazaki M, Furusaka T, Sugimoto M, Ishii M, Kitamura K, Yamamoto N. Role of Follicular Dendritic Cells in the Early HIV-1 Infection:In vitroModel without Specific Antibody. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:693-702. [PMID: 15383706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
About 90% of HIV-1 RNA in the lymph nodes is reported to localize in follicular dendritic cellsnetwork (FDC-NW) as early as several days after infection and as much as that in the late stage. But the mechanism remains to be fully understood. To elucidate the role of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in the early stage of HIV-1 infection, FDC-like cell strains (FDCLC) were established and they were characterized in the co-culture system with T cells for their effect on HIV-1 trapping and replication in p24 immunoassay, immunohistochemistry as well as confocal and electronmicroscopy. Established FDCLC were positive for CNA-42, S-100alpha and intercellular desmosome-like junctions. L-SIGN and DC-SIGN were also detected in FDCLC. Alu-HIV-1 PCR analysis showed no HIV-1 integration in FDCLC. FDCLC trapped HIV-1 and transferred them to uninfected MOLT-4 T cells (MOLT-4) efficiently in the absence of specific antibody. FDCLC also accelerated HIV-1 replication in HIV-1-pre-exposed MOLT-4. These unique FDCLC effects were explained, at least partly, by the fact that FDCLC up-regulated CD4 expression in MOLT-4 and helped T cells escape from apoptosis in the co-culture. These data suggest that FDC/FDCLC engage not only in trapping but also in active expansion of HIV-1 in the absence of specific antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Taruishi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of a family of cytokines that includes IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, all of which utilize a common γ chain in their individual receptor complexes for delivering intracellular signals in their target cells. IL-21 is produced by CD4+ T-cells, in particular follicular T-helper cells, and is critically important in the regulation and maintenance of T cells and B cells in innate and adaptive immunity. The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic because of the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor, and it plays a critical role in T cell-dependent and -independent human B cell differentiation for generating humoral immune responses. This article reviews the current knowledge about the importance of IL-21 and IL-21 receptor interaction in human B cell responses, immune defects of B cells and IL-21 in HIV infection, and the potential applicability of IL-21 in vaccines/immunotherapeutic approaches to augment relevant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL- 33136
| | - Anita Parmigiani
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL- 33136
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL- 33136
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13
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Jenabian MA, Saïdi H, Charpentier C, Bouhlal H, Schols D, Balzarini J, Bell TW, Vanham G, Bélec L. Differential activity of candidate microbicides against early steps of HIV-1 infection upon complement virus opsonization. AIDS Res Ther 2010; 7:16. [PMID: 20546571 PMCID: PMC2895573 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 in genital secretions may be opsonized by several molecules including complement components. Opsonized HIV-1 by complement enhances the infection of various mucosal target cells, such as dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells. Results We herein evaluated the effect of HIV-1 complement opsonization on microbicide candidates' activity, by using three in vitro mucosal models: CCR5-tropic HIV-1JR-CSF transcytosis through epithelial cells, HIV-1JR-CSF attachment on immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (iMDDC), and infectivity of iMDDC by CCR5-tropic HIV-1BaL and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1NDK. A panel of 10 microbicide candidates [T20, CADA, lectines HHA & GNA, PVAS, human lactoferrin, and monoclonal antibodies IgG1B12, 12G5, 2G12 and 2F5], were investigated using cell-free unopsonized or opsonized HIV-1 by complements. Only HHA and PVAS were able to inhibit HIV trancytosis. Upon opsonization, transcytosis was affected only by HHA, HIV-1 adsorption on iMDDC by four molecules (lactoferrin, IgG1B12, IgG2G5, IgG2G12), and replication in iMDDC of HIV-1BaL by five molecules (lactoferrin, CADA, T20, IgG1B12, IgG2F5) and of HIV-1NDK by two molecules (lactoferrin, IgG12G5). Conclusion These observations demonstrate that HIV-1 opsonization by complements may modulate in vitro the efficiency of candidate microbicides to inhibit HIV-1 infection of mucosal target cells, as well as its crossing through mucosa.
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Abstract
The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, is a first-line defender against foreign pathogens such as HIV-1. The role of the complement system in HIV-1 pathogenesis appears to be multifaceted. Although the complement system plays critical roles in clearing and neutralizing HIV-1 virions, it also represents a critical factor for the spread and maintenance of the virus in the infected host. In addition, complement regulators such as human CD59 present in the envelope of HIV-1 prevent complement-mediated lysis of HIV-1. Some novel approaches are proposed to combat HIV-1 infection through the enhancement of antibody-dependent complement activity against HIV-1. In this paper, we will review these diverse roles of complement in HIV-1 infection.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The humoral immune response to HIV-1 throughout infection is comprised of complex mixtures of antibody isotypes with numerous HIV-1 specificities. However, unlike antibody responses to most infections, protective antibody responses are delayed and do not arise until long after HIV-1 latency is established. We review recent data on HIV-1-specific antibody isotypes induced following HIV-1 transmission: to understand the effects of HIV-1 on B cell and T cell effector responses, to understand the timing of the rise and fall of different anti-HIV-1 antibodies and to understand how antibodies could contribute to protective immunity if they were either pre-existing or elicited immediately after HIV-1 transmission. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of the earliest events following infection by the transmitted/founder virus have recently revealed that early destruction of B cell generative microenvironments may be responsible for delay of potentially protective anti-HIV-1 antibody responses. Unlike the initial CD8 T cell response to HIV-1, the initial induced antibody response is usually ineffective in controlling virus replication during acute HIV-1 infection. SUMMARY The antibody isotypes and specificities elicited during HIV-1 infection can provide a window into deciphering the detrimental effects of HIV-1 on B cell and T cell responses. Additionally, further characterization of the virus inhibitory capabilities of anti-HIV-1 antibody isotypes can define the spectrum of potential protective HIV-1 antibodies that could be readily elicited by experimental vaccines and adjuvants.
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16
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Hu W, Yu Q, Hu N, Byrd D, Amet T, Shikuma C, Shiramizu B, Halperin JA, Qin X. A high-affinity inhibitor of human CD59 enhances complement-mediated virolysis of HIV-1: implications for treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:359-68. [PMID: 19955519 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenic enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, escape complement-mediated virolysis by incorporating host cell regulators of complement activation into their own viral envelope. The presence of complement regulators including CD59 on the external surface of the viral envelope confers resistance to complement-mediated virolysis, which may explain why human pathogenic viruses such as HIV-1 are not neutralized by complement in human fluids, even in the presence of high Ab titers against the viral surface proteins. In this study, we report the development of a recombinant form of the fourth domain of the bacterial toxin intermedilysin (the recombinant domain 4 of intermedilysin [rILYd4]), a 114 aa protein that inhibits human CD59 function with high affinity and specificity. In the presence of rILYd4, HIV-1 virions derived from either cell lines or peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-1-infected patients became highly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis activated by either anti-HIV-1 gp120 Abs or by viral infection-induced Abs present in the plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals. We also demonstrated that rILYd4 together with serum or plasma from HIV-1-infected patients as a source of anti-HIV-1 Abs and complement did not mediate complement-mediated lysis of either erythrocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results indicate that rILYd4 may represent a novel therapeutic agent against HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Hu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Ligand-engaged urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and activation of the CD11b/CD18 integrin inhibit late events of HIV expression in monocytic cells. Blood 2008; 113:1699-709. [PMID: 18941116 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-138412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) signaling via its receptor uPAR inhibits late events in HIV-1 replication in acutely infected primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and promonocytic U937 cells. Here we show that U937-derived, chronically infected U1 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) express integrins, uPA, and soluble uPAR at levels similar to those of MDMs. uPA inhibited HIV expression in U1 cells incubated with either PMA or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but not with other HIV-inductive cytokines or lipopolysaccharide. Of interest, only PMA and TNF-alpha, but not other HIV-inductive stimuli, induced surface expression of the alpha(M) chain CD11b in U1 cells constitutively expressing CD18, the beta(2) chain of the Mac-1 integrin. Like uPA, fibrinogen, a Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) ligand, and M25, a peptide homologous to a portion of the beta-propeller region of CD11b preventing its association with uPAR, inhibited HIV virion release in PMA-stimulated U1 cells. Both uPAR small-interference RNA (siRNA) and soluble anti-beta(1)/-beta(2) monoclonal antibodies abolished the anti-HIV effects of uPA, whereas CD11b siRNA reversed the anti-HIV effect of M25, but not that induced by uPA. Thus, either uPA/uPAR interaction, Mac-1 activation, or prevention of its association with uPAR triggers a signaling pathway leading to the inefficient release of HIV from monocytic cells.
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18
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Moir S, Fauci AS. Pathogenic mechanisms of B-lymphocyte dysfunction in HIV disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:12-9; quiz 20-1. [PMID: 18547629 PMCID: PMC2708937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HIV disease is associated with abnormalities in all major lymphocyte populations, including B cells. Aberrancies in the B-cell compartment can be divided into 3 broad categories: changes that arise as a result of HIV-induced immune activation, changes that arise as a result of HIV-induced lymphopenia, and changes that arise independently of these 2 parameters. We review recent developments in all 3 categories of abnormalities and highlight how observations made in the early years of the HIV epidemic are better understood today in large part because of the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy. Insight into the mechanisms of B-cell dysfunction in HIV disease has also been achieved as a result of increased knowledge of the B-cell subpopulations as they exist in healthy individuals, compared with their abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of B-cell abnormalities in HIV disease can potentially lead to new strategies for improving antibody responses against opportunistic pathogens that afflict HIV-infected individuals and against HIV itself, in the context of both HIV infection and an antibody-based HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Potent human immunodeficiency virus-neutralizing and complement lysis activities of antibodies are not obligatorily linked. J Virol 2008; 82:3834-42. [PMID: 18234794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02569-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the contribution of complement-mediated lysis to the in vivo activities of neutralizing antibodies, we analyzed the influence of complement activation on treatment success in a recent passive immunization trial with the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10. Administration of monoclonal antibodies led to an immediate, high activation of the complement system even in the absence of viremia in the 14 participating human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Lysis activity measured in patient plasma increased during passive immunization; however, the increases were modest and only partially attributable to the administration of antibodies. We found that unlike neutralization activity, lysis activity was not associated with treatment success in this trial. Compared to complement lysis mounted by the polyclonal antibody response in vivo, monoclonal antibodies were weak inducers of this activity, suggesting that polyclonal responses are more effective in reaching the required threshold of complement activation. Importantly, strong neutralization activity of the monoclonal antibodies did not predict complement lysis activity against patient and reference viruses, suggesting that these activities are not linked. In summary, our data support the notion that the in vivo activities of 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 are likely due to direct neutralization or Fc receptor-mediated mechanisms such as phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
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20
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Ho J, Moir S, Kulik L, Malaspina A, Donoghue ET, Miller NJ, Wang W, Chun TW, Fauci AS, Holers VM. Role for CD21 in the establishment of an extracellular HIV reservoir in lymphoid tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6968-74. [PMID: 17513746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) represent a major extracellular reservoir for HIV. A better understanding of the mechanisms of virion attachment to FDC may offer new avenues for reducing viral burdens in infected individuals. We used a murine model to investigate the establishment of extracellular HIV reservoirs in lymph nodes (LN). Consistent with findings in human tissues, CD21 was required for trapping of HIV to LN cells, as evidenced by significantly reduced virion binding when mice were pretreated with a C3 ligand-blocking anti-CD21 mAb and absence of virion trapping in CD21 knockout mice. Also consistent with findings in human tissues, the majority of HIV virions were associated with the FDC-enriched fraction of LN cell preparations. Somewhat surprisingly, HIV-specific Abs were not essential for HIV binding to LN cells, indicating that seeding of the FDC reservoir may begin shortly after infection and before the development of HIV-specific Abs. Finally, the virion-displacing potential for anti-CD21 mAbs was investigated. Treatment of mice with anti-CD21 mAbs several days after injection of HIV significantly reduced HIV bound to LN cells. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for CD21 in HIV trapping by LN cells and suggest a new therapeutic avenue for reducing HIV reservoirs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/virology
- Extracellular Space/immunology
- Extracellular Space/metabolism
- Extracellular Space/virology
- HIV/immunology
- HIV/metabolism
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/virology
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Complement 3d/immunology
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement 3d/physiology
- Receptors, HIV/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ho
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Abstract
Humoral immunity is considered a key component of effective vaccines against HIV-1. Hence, an enormous effort has been put into investigating the neutralizing antibody response to HIV-1 over the past 20 years which generated key information on epitope specificity, potency, breadth and in vivo activity of the neutralizing antibodies. Less clear is still the role of antibody-mediated effector functions (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement system) and uncertainty prevails whether Fc-mediated mechanisms are largely beneficial or detrimental for the host. The current knowledge on the manifold functions of the humoral immune response in HIV infection, their underlying mechanisms and potential in vaccine-induced immunity will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Fierer DS, Vargas J, Patel N, Clover G. Absence of erythrocyte-associated HIV-1 in vivo. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:587-90. [PMID: 17624845 PMCID: PMC1950676 DOI: 10.1086/519741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study found high levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) bound to erythrocytes in HIV-1-infected patients with long-term undetectable plasma HIV-1 loads, potentially representing a novel and important reservoir of HIV-1 infection. To attempt to confirm this finding, we purified erythrocytes from 13 HIV-1-infected patients with long-term undetectable plasma viral load and depleted contaminating CD3(+)CD4(+) lymphocytes using magnetic beads. HIV-1 load of the purified erythrocyte fraction was <20 copies/mL in 11 of 13 patients and 42 and 52 copies/mL in 2 patients. Contrary to the prior report, therefore, erythrocytes do not represent a novel reservoir of HIV-1 infection in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seth Fierer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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23
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Bouhlal H, Chomont N, Réquena M, Nasreddine N, Saidi H, Legoff J, Kazatchkine MD, Bélec L, Hocini H. Opsonization of HIV with complement enhances infection of dendritic cells and viral transfer to CD4 T cells in a CR3 and DC-SIGN-dependent manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1086-95. [PMID: 17202372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrated that opsonization of primary HIV-1 with human complement enhances infection of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (iDC) and transmission in trans of HIV to autologous CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Infection of iDC by opsonized primary R5- and X4-tropic HIV was increased 3- to 5-fold as compared with infection by the corresponding unopsonized HIV. Enhancement of infection was dependent on CR3 as demonstrated by inhibition induced by blocking Abs. The interaction of HIV with CCR5 and CXCR4 on iDC was affected by opsonization. Indeed, stromal-derived factor-1 was more efficient in inhibiting infection of iDC with opsonized R5-tropic HIV-1(BaL) (45%) than with heat-inactivated complement opsonized virus and similarly RANTES inhibited more efficiently infection of iDC with opsonized X4-tropic HIV-1(NDK) (42%) than with heat-inactivated complement opsonized virus. We also showed that attachment of complement-opsonized virus to DC-specific ICAM-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) molecule on iDC and HeLa DC-SIGN(+) CR3(-) cells was 46% and 50% higher compared with heat-inactivated complement opsonized virus, respectively. Hence, Abs to DC-SIGN suppressed up to 80% and 60% the binding of opsonized virus to HeLa cells and iDC, respectively. Furthermore, Abs to DC-SIGN inhibited up to 70% of the infection of iDC and up to 65% of infection in trans of autologous lymphocytes with opsonized virus. These results further demonstrated the role of DC-SIGN in complement opsonized virus uptake and infection. Thus, the virus uses complement to its advantage to facilitate early steps leading to infection following mucosal transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Bouhlal
- Université René Descartes Paris V and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 743, Institut des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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24
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Robinson WE. Mechanism for complement-mediated, antibody-dependent enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in MT2 cells is enhanced entry through CD4, CD21, and CXCR4 chemokine receptors. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:434-47. [PMID: 16987062 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Some antibodies neutralize Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, antibody to HIV and complement can enhance HIV replication if cells express both complement receptors and CD4, a phenomenon described as complement-mediated, antibody-dependent enhancement (C'ADE). Although increased binding of opsonized virions has been reported, the mechanism by which C'ADE enhances HIV replication remains unproven. In this study, real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect HIV cDNA indicates that complement and anti-HIV antibodies enhance HIV entry 8- to 30- fold with similar increases in integrated provirus. Thus, complement increases HIV replication through a mechanism of enhanced entry. To further refine the mechanism of C'ADE, chemokine receptor antagonists were employed. JM2987, a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist, blocked HIV infection and C'ADE; thus CD4, complement receptors, and CXCR4 chemokine receptors are required for enhanced entry of HIV into MT2 cells. Finally, anti-HIV immunoglobulin enhanced replication of not only group M clade B HIV but also group M clade D and group O isolates. These data demonstrate that antibodies mediating C'ADE of HIV infection are broadly reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Edward Robinson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, USA.
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25
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Huber M, Fischer M, Misselwitz B, Manrique A, Kuster H, Niederöst B, Weber R, von Wyl V, Günthard HF, Trkola A. Complement lysis activity in autologous plasma is associated with lower viral loads during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e441. [PMID: 17121450 PMCID: PMC1637124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the possibility that antibody-mediated complement lysis contributes to viremia control in HIV-1 infection, we measured the activity of patient plasma in mediating complement lysis of autologous primary virus. METHODS AND FINDINGS Sera from two groups of patients-25 with acute HIV-1 infection and 31 with chronic infection-were used in this study. We developed a novel real-time PCR-based assay strategy that allows reliable and sensitive quantification of virus lysis by complement. Plasma derived at the time of virus isolation induced complement lysis of the autologous virus isolate in the majority of patients. Overall lysis activity against the autologous virus and the heterologous primary virus strain JR-FL was higher at chronic disease stages than during the acute phase. Most strikingly, we found that plasma virus load levels during the acute but not the chronic infection phase correlated inversely with the autologous complement lysis activity. Antibody reactivity to the envelope (Env) proteins gp120 and gp41 were positively correlated with the lysis activity against JR-FL, indicating that anti-Env responses mediated complement lysis. Neutralization and complement lysis activity against autologous viruses were not associated, suggesting that complement lysis is predominantly caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Collectively our data provide evidence that antibody-mediated complement virion lysis develops rapidly and is effective early in the course of infection; thus it should be considered a parameter that, in concert with other immune functions, steers viremia control in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Fischer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amapola Manrique
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Kuster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Niederöst
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Viktor von Wyl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Kimball P, Wagner B. Elevated B-cell autoantibodies among HIV+ transplant candidates: crossmatch implications. Transplant Proc 2006; 37:4191-3. [PMID: 16387075 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report our experience in assessing autoantibodies among HIV+ patients considered for renal transplantation. Autoantibodies against autologous T and B cells were determined by complement-dependent cytotoxicity autocrossmatching (CDC) or flow cytometric autocrossmatching (FCXM) for 28 HIV+ and 72 HIV- men. T-cell CDC was negative among HIV+ and HIV- individuals (0%). In contrast, B-cell CDC was higher among HIV+ than HIV- patients (71% vs 4%, P = .001). However, HIV+ patients also showed unusual sensitivity to complement that potentially invalidated the B-cell CDC. Complement sensitivity was higher among those with positive versus negative HIV RNA (71% vs 25%, P < .01). Alternate use of FCXM showed equivalent T-cell FCXM between HIV+ versus HIV- individuals (5% vs 1%, P = NS). However, B-cell FCXM was more prevalent among HIV+ than HIV- patients (45% vs 2%, P < .01). B-cell FCXM was higher among patients with positive than negative HIV RNA (57% vs 25%, P < .05). Simulated allocrossmatching against unrelated DR-matched donors showed that two out of four HIV+ patients with positive FCXM had positive allocrossmatches that were eliminated when allocrossmatching was repeated using autoabsorbed serum. We conclude that HIV+ patients are more likely to produce B-cell autoantibodies than HIV- individuals, which, if not realized, could cause false-positive allocrossmatches and inappropriate transplant denial.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kimball
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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27
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Mullick J, Bernet J, Panse Y, Hallihosur S, Singh AK, Sahu A. Identification of complement regulatory domains in vaccinia virus complement control protein. J Virol 2005; 79:12382-93. [PMID: 16160165 PMCID: PMC1211521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.19.12382-12393.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus encodes a homolog of the human complement regulators named vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP). It is composed of four contiguous complement control protein (CCP) domains. Previously, VCP has been shown to bind to C3b and C4b and to inactivate the classical and alternative pathway C3 convertases by accelerating the decay of the classical pathway C3 convertase and (to a limited extent) the alternative pathway C3 convertase, as well as by supporting the factor I-mediated inactivation of C3b and C4b (the subunits of C3 convertases). In this study, we have mapped the CCP domains of VCP important for its cofactor activities, decay-accelerating activities, and binding to the target proteins by utilizing a series of deletion mutants. Our data indicate the following. (i) CCPs 1 to 3 are essential for cofactor activity for C3b and C4b; however, CCP 4 also contributes to the optimal activity. (ii) CCPs 1 to 2 are enough to mediate the classical pathway decay-accelerating activity but show very minimal activity, and all the four CCPs are necessary for its efficient activity. (iii) CCPs 2 to 4 mediate the alternative pathway decay-accelerating activity. (iv) CCPs 1 to 3 are required for binding to C3b and C4b, but the presence of CCP 4 enhances the affinity for both the target proteins. These results together demonstrate that the entire length of the protein is required for VCP's various functional activities and suggests why the four-domain structure of viral CCP is conserved in poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Mullick
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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28
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Aasa-Chapman MMI, Holuigue S, Aubin K, Wong M, Jones NA, Cornforth D, Pellegrino P, Newton P, Williams I, Borrow P, McKnight A. Detection of antibody-dependent complement-mediated inactivation of both autologous and heterologous virus in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2005; 79:2823-30. [PMID: 15709001 PMCID: PMC548453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2823-2830.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific CD8 T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are induced in primary infection and make an important contribution to the control of early viral replication. The importance of neutralizing antibodies in containing primary viremia is questioned because they usually arise much later. Nevertheless antienvelope antibodies develop simultaneously with, or even before, peak viremia. We determined whether such antibodies might control viremia by complement-mediated inactivation (CMI). In each of seven patients studied, antibodies capable of CMI appeared at or shortly after the peak in viremia, concomitantly with detection of virus-specific T-cell responses. The CMI was effective on both autologous and heterologous HIV-1 isolates. Activation of the classical pathway and direct viral lysis were at least partly responsible. Since immunoglobulin G (IgG)-antibodies triggered the CMI, specific memory B cells could also be induced by vaccination. Thus, consideration should be given to vaccination strategies that induce IgG antibodies capable of CMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlén M I Aasa-Chapman
- Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, Wohl Virion Centre, 46 Cleveland St., London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
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29
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Boackle RJ, Nguyen QL, Leite RS, Yang X, Vesely J. Complement-coated antibody-transfer (CCAT); serum IgA1 antibodies intercept and transport C4 and C3 fragments and preserve IgG1 deployment (PGD). Mol Immunol 2005; 43:236-45. [PMID: 16199260 PMCID: PMC1317113 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In periodontal disease, IgG1 and IgA1 antibodies produced in situ deposit on antigens in the affected tissues. Thus, there is an interest in the effect of co-deposited IgA1 antibodies on complement activation by IgG1-immune complexes. In the present study, we first analyzed the effect of IgA1-immune complexes on complement using human IgA1 antibodies to dansyl (with dansylated human serum albumin serving as the immobilized antigen). It was observed that these IgA1-immune complexes when incubated for prolonged times with 33% human serum as a source of complement received C4b and C3b deposition. As C4b and C3b deposited on the IgA1 antibodies and on the antigenic surface, the complement-coated IgA1 antibodies departed. These fluid-phase complement-coated IgA1 antibodies were transferred to antigen-coated microtiter-ELISA plates, where they became bound to the antigens. Thus, the complement-coated IgA1 antibodies retained their antigen-binding function, especially as a proportion of their covalently bound C3b progressively degraded to iC3b and C3d. Genetically engineered carbohydrate-deficient mutant human IgA1 antibodies were used to assess the role of carbohydrate in accepting the C4b and C3b depositions, and these studies indicated that the carbohydrate on the Fc-region of IgA1 played a positive role. Another interesting finding generated by this study was that when IgA1 was co-deposited with IgG1 antibodies, and serum complement was added, the IgG1 antibodies tended to remain on the antigenic surface. The co-deposited IgA1 antibodies not only controlled (reduced) the rate of the consumption of the first component of complement (C1) and of classical complement pathway activation by IgG1-immune complexes (and therein reduced the rate of complement-mediated dissolution of the IgG1-immune complexes), but also the co-deposited IgA1 antibodies simultaneously intercepted/accepted C4b and C3b, then departed, as complement began to cover the antigenic surfaces. The process in which complement-coated IgA1 antibodies transferred to non-complement-coated antigens is termed complement-coated antibody-transfer/transport (CCAT). In this way, IgA1 antibodies extended the efficiency of the complement system by insuring the specific IgA1 antibody-mediated transport of the captured biologically active complement fragments to those antigens stimulating the IgA1 antibody response but not yet neutralized (completely coated) with complement. Simultaneously by impeding the rate of C1 consumption and by intercepting C4b and C3b, IgA1 antibodies slowed C4b and C3b deposition on the antigenic surface and on the co-deposited IgG1 antibodies. Thus, in the presence of ongoing complement activation, the deposition of serum IgA1 antibodies enabled the co-deposited IgG1 antibodies to better maintain their ability to interact with antigens. We termed this latter phenomenon, preservation of IgG antibody deployment (PGD). In summary, co-deposited IgA1 antibodies maximized the efficiency of the complement system, transported their covalently bound complement fragments to specific antigens and sustained the effective deployment of IgG1 antibodies directed to those same antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Boackle
- Department of Stomatology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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30
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Stoiber H, Pruenster M, Ammann CG, Dierich MP. Complement-opsonized HIV: the free rider on its way to infection. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:153-60. [PMID: 15488605 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The complement system (C) is one of the main humoral components of innate immunity. Three major tasks of C against invading pathogens are: (i) lysis of pathogens by the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC); (ii) opsonization of pathogens with complement fragments to favor phagocytosis; and (iii) attraction of inflammatory cells by chemotaxis. Like other particles, HIV activates C and becomes opsonized. To escape complement-mediated lysis, HIV has adopted various properties, which include the acquisition of HIV-associated molecules (HAMs) belonging to the family of complement regulators, such as CD46, CD55, CD59, and the interaction with humoral regulatory factors like factor H (fH). Opsonized virus may bind to complement receptor positive cells to infect them more efficiently or to remain bound on the surface of such cells. In the latter case HIV can be transmitted to cells susceptible for infection. This review discusses several aspects of C-HIV interactions and provides a model for the dynamics of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heribert Stoiber
- Institute of Hygiene and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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31
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Lian YC, Della-Negra M, Rutz R, Ferriani V, de Moraes Vasconcelos D, da Silva Duarte AJ, Kirschfink M, Grumach AS. Immunological analysis in paediatric HIV patients at different stages of the disease. Scand J Immunol 2005; 60:615-24. [PMID: 15584973 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There are only few clinical studies on complement in well-defined (or characterized) paediatric HIV patients. Aim of this study was to evaluate the complement system and immunoglobulins in HIV-infected children and to correlate data to stage of disease. Blood samples of 127 HIV-infected children (11-134 months; 62 male : 65 female) were collected in order to evaluate humoral immunity. The patients were classified according to CDC clinical (N-asymptomatic; A-mild symptoms such as common recurrent infections; B-moderate symptoms such as Candidiasis and herpes infections, meningitis, sepsis and anaemia; C-severe symptoms such as opportunistic infections and neoplasia) and with respect to immunological criteria (T CD4(+) cell count). Analysis of complement system included the classical (CH50), alternative (APH50) pathway activities and plasma concentrations of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), of the C4 allotypic variants C4A and C4B. (ELISA), and of the C3 split product C3d (rocket immunoeletrophoresis). Immunodiagnosis also included CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte count and immunoglobulin concentrations. Complement activation and consumption was observed in all patients correlating with disease activity. Activated classical and alternative pathways and elevated C3d were significantly correlated with immunologic category 3. C3d levels were also significantly correlated with immunologic category 1. Undetectable CH50 and APH50 were found in two (group C) and 10 patients (n = 2, A = 2, B = 2, C = 4), respectively. Low MBL values were found in 13/127 but without correlation to disease severity. Undetectable C4B levels were observed in three patients, favouring the diagnosis of a complete deficiency. Although not related to clinical symptomatology, a strong ongoing complement activation can be observed in all stages of HIV infection. In contrast to earlier reports MBL could not be considered as a risk factor for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lian
- Institute of Infectology Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Bajtay Z, Speth C, Erdei A, Dierich MP. Cutting edge: productive HIV-1 infection of dendritic cells via complement receptor type 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4775-8. [PMID: 15470016 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate that macrophage-tropic HIV-1 opsonized by complement and limited amounts of anti-HIV-IgG causes up to 10-fold higher productive infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells than HIV treated with medium or HIV opsonized by Ab only. Enhanced infection is completely abolished by a mAb specific for the ligand-binding site of CD11b (i.e., alpha-chain of complement receptor 3, receptor for iC3b), proving the importance of complement receptor 3 in this process. Inhibition of complement activation by EDTA also prevents enhanced infection, further demonstrating the role of complement in virus uptake and productive infection. Since HIV is, even in the absence of Abs, regularly opsonized by complement, most probably the above-described mechanism plays a role during in vivo primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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33
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Abstract
Dendritic cells are critical for host immunity and are involved both in the innate and adaptive immune responses. They are among the first cells targeted by HIV-1 in vivo at mucosal sites. Dendritic cells can sequester HIV-1 in endosomal compartments for several days and transmit infectious HIV-1 to interacting T cells in the lymph node, which is the most important site for viral replication and spread. Initially, the cellular immune response developed against HIV-1 is strong, but eventually it fails to control and resolve the infection. The most dramatic effect seen on the immune system during untreated HIV-1 infection is the destruction of helper CD4(+) T cells, which leads to subsequent immune deficiency. However, the immunomodulatory effects of HIV-1 on different dendritic cell subpopulations may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. This review discusses the effects HIV-1 exerts on dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro, including the binding and uptake of HIV by dendritic cells, the formation of infectious synapses, infection, and the role of dendritic cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Larsson
- New York University, School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 507, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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34
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Abstract
The complement system is an essential component of the innate immune system that aids the recognition and destruction of pathogens. Despite the potent cytolytic activity of this system, some pathogens have turned interactions with complement to their advantage. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, also seem to use the complement system to facilitate target cell infection in lymphoid tissues. TSEs are associated with the accumulation of disease-specific prion protein in the brain, which is accompanied by progressive neurodegeneration. Unregulated activation of complement can cause host tissue damage, as observed in some neurodegenerative disorders, and active complement components have been detected in the brains of hosts with TSEs. Whether complement inhibitors will be useful to treat TSEs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, Ogston Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK.
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35
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Bernet J, Mullick J, Panse Y, Parab PB, Sahu A. Kinetic analysis of the interactions between vaccinia virus complement control protein and human complement proteins C3b and C4b. J Virol 2004; 78:9446-57. [PMID: 15308738 PMCID: PMC506936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.17.9446-9457.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) is an immune evasion protein of vaccinia virus. Previously, VCP has been shown to bind and support inactivation of host complement proteins C3b and C4b and to protect the vaccinia virions from antibody-dependent complement-enhanced neutralization. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of VCP with its target proteins C3b and C4b have not yet been elucidated. We have utilized surface plasmon resonance technology to study the interaction of VCP with C3b and C4b. We measured the kinetics of binding of the viral protein to its target proteins and compared it with human complement regulators factor H and sCR1, assessed the influence of immobilization of ligand on the binding kinetics, examined the effect of ionic contacts on these interactions, and sublocalized the binding site on C3b and C4b. Our results indicate that (i) the orientation of the ligand is important for accurate determination of the binding constants, as well as the mechanism of binding; (ii) in contrast to factor H and sCR1, the binding of VCP to C3b and C4b follows a simple 1:1 binding model and does not involve multiple-site interactions as predicted earlier; (iii) VCP has a 4.6-fold higher affinity for C4b than that for C3b, which is also reflected in its factor I cofactor activity; (iv) ionic interactions are important for VCP-C3b and VCP-C4b complex formation; (v) VCP does not bind simultaneously to C3b and C4b; and (vi) the binding site of VCP on C3b and C4b is located in the C3dg and C4c regions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bernet
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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36
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Zinn KR, Szalai AJ, Stargel A, Krasnykh V, Chaudhuri TR. Bioluminescence imaging reveals a significant role for complement in liver transduction following intravenous delivery of adenovirus. Gene Ther 2004; 11:1482-6. [PMID: 15295616 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effect of complement on transgene expression was evaluated in vivo and in vitro using mice lacking complement components. Complement component 3 (C3) deficient mice (C3-/-) and appropriate wild-type controls were intravenously injected with a replication incompetent, luciferase-expressing normal Ad5 (Ad5Luc1), or fibritin-fiber Ad5 (Ad5FFLuc1). Repeated, noninvasive bioluminescence imaging was conducted over 35 days. Our data show for the first time that C3 facilitates both short- and long-term hepatic expression of luciferase following systemic delivery. C3-/- mice showed significantly less (P < 0.05) luciferase expression in their liver than treatment-matched wild-type mice when 2.3 x 10(9) (Ad5Luc1) and 4.0 x 10(9) (Ad5Luc1 or Ad5FFLuc1) viral particles (v.p.) were infused. The maximal difference in luciferase activity between C3-/- and wild-type mice was 99-fold difference at 3 days for the 2.3 x 10(9) v.p. dose (Ad5Luc1), 35-fold at 13 days for the 4.0 x 10(9) v.p. dose (Ad5Luc1), and 22-fold at 13 days for the 4.0 x 10(9) v.p. dose (Ad5FFLuc1). Preincubation of Ad5Luc1 with wild-type, C1q-/-, or factor B (FB) deficient mouse sera for 5 min significantly (P < 0.05) increased transduction of mouse liver cells, as compared to preincubation with C3-/- sera or PBS. These results suggest the classical or alternate complement pathway enhances Ad5-mediated liver transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Zinn
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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37
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Boraschi D, Tagliabue A, Martin MU, Rappuoli R. INNAMORA, a European Workshop focussed on the mechanisms of innate immunity in pathogen-host interaction and their exploitation in novel mucosal immunisation strategies. Vaccine 2003; 21 Suppl 2:S1-11. [PMID: 12763677 PMCID: PMC7131447 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Unit of Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Tagliabue
- The International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul National University Campus, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael U. Martin
- Institute of Immunology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Wincherstrasse 2, D-35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Chiron Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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