1
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Maina TW, Grego EA, Broderick S, Sacco RE, Narasimhan B, McGill JL. Immunization with a mucosal, post-fusion F/G protein-based polyanhydride nanovaccine protects neonatal calves against BRSV infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186184. [PMID: 37359514 PMCID: PMC10289034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of death in young children and there are no FDA approved vaccines. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is antigenically similar to HRSV, and the neonatal calf model is useful for evaluation of HRSV vaccines. Here, we determined the efficacy of a polyanhydride-based nanovaccine encapsulating the BRSV post-fusion F and G glycoproteins and CpG, delivered prime-boost via heterologous (intranasal/subcutaneous) or homologous (intranasal/intranasal) immunization in the calf model. We compared the performance of the nanovaccine regimens to a modified-live BRSV vaccine, and to non-vaccinated calves. Calves receiving nanovaccine via either prime-boost regimen exhibited clinical and virological protection compared to non-vaccinated calves. The heterologous nanovaccine regimen induced both virus-specific cellular immunity and mucosal IgA, and induced similar clinical, virological and pathological protection as the commercial modified-live vaccine. Principal component analysis identified BRSV-specific humoral and cellular responses as important correlates of protection. The BRSV-F/G CpG nanovaccine is a promising candidate vaccine to reduce RSV disease burden in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia W. Maina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Grego
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Scott Broderick
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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2
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Abd-Eldaim M, Maarouf M, Potgieter L, Kania SA. Amino Acid Variations of The Immuno-Dominant Domain of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Attachment Glycoprotein (G) Affect the Antibody Responses In BALB/c Mice. J Virol Methods 2023; 316:114712. [PMID: 36958697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory illness in ruminants and infants. The G glycoprotein of RSV serves as the viral attachment ligand. Despite currently available vaccines, RSV immunity is insufficient, and re-infections occur. Vaccine studies employing the G-protein's 174-187 amino acids, representing the immunodominant domain, have protected mice and calves against infections. To investigate the causes of vaccination failure, we designed four synthetic peptides for the ruminant RSV isolates (391-2, Maryland-BRSV, European-BRSV, and ORSV) using the immune-dominant sequence and vaccinated mice groups with them. The produced antibodies targeting each peptide were evaluated using ELISA and flow cytometry to determine their reactivity against the linear antigen and the native form of the G protein, respectively. Antibodies responded to homologous and heterologous peptides as determined by ELISA. Using flow cytometry-analysis targeting the natively folded protein, most generated antibodies reacted only with their homologous strain. However, antibodies raised to 391-2 peptide reacted with homologous and heterologous Maryland-BRSV viral epitopes. Accordingly, inadequate immunity and recurring RSV infections might be attributed to variations of antibodies targeting the immunodominant region of the G-protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd-Eldaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Maarouf
- Department of Virology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Leon Potgieter
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN, USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN, USA
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3
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Lemon JL, McMenamy MJ. A Review of UK-Registered and Candidate Vaccines for Bovine Respiratory Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121403. [PMID: 34960149 PMCID: PMC8703677 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is widely regarded as a cornerstone in animal or herd health and infectious disease management. Nineteen vaccines against the major pathogens implicated in bovine respiratory disease are registered for use in the UK by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). However, despite annual prophylactic vaccination, bovine respiratory disease is still conservatively estimated to cost the UK economy approximately £80 million per annum. This review examines the vaccine types available, discusses the surrounding literature and scientific rationale of the limitations and assesses the potential of novel vaccine technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Lemon
- Sustainable Agri-Food and Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael J. McMenamy
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK;
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4
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Efficacy of mucosal polyanhydride nanovaccine against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the neonatal calf. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3021. [PMID: 29445124 PMCID: PMC5813012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is closely related to HRSV and a significant cause of morbidity in young cattle. BRSV infection in calves displays many similarities to RSV infection in humans, including similar age dependency and disease pathogenesis. Polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., nanovaccines) have shown promise as adjuvants and vaccine delivery vehicles due to their ability to promote enhanced immunogenicity through the route of administration, provide sustained antigen exposure, and induce both antibody- and cell-mediated immunity. Here, we developed a novel, mucosal nanovaccine that encapsulates the post-fusion F and G glycoproteins from BRSV into polyanhydride nanoparticles and determined the efficacy of the vaccine against RSV infection using a neonatal calf model. Calves receiving the BRSV-F/G nanovaccine exhibited reduced pathology in the lungs, reduced viral burden, and decreased virus shedding compared to unvaccinated control calves, which correlated with BRSV-specific immune responses in the respiratory tract and peripheral blood. Our results indicate that the BRSV-F/G nanovaccine is highly immunogenic and, with optimization, has the potential to significantly reduce the disease burden associated with RSV infection in both humans and animals.
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5
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Blodörn K, Hägglund S, Fix J, Dubuquoy C, Makabi-Panzu B, Thom M, Karlsson P, Roque JL, Karlstam E, Pringle J, Eléouët JF, Riffault S, Taylor G, Valarcher JF. Vaccine safety and efficacy evaluation of a recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) with deletion of the SH gene and subunit vaccines based on recombinant human RSV proteins: N-nanorings, P and M2-1, in calves with maternal antibodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100392. [PMID: 24945377 PMCID: PMC4063758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines against both bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV, HRSV) to be used in the presence of RSV-specific maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) remains a high priority in human and veterinary medicine. Herein, we present safety and efficacy results from a virulent BRSV challenge of calves with MDA, which were immunized with one of three vaccine candidates that allow serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA): an SH gene-deleted recombinant BRSV (ΔSHrBRSV), and two subunit (SU) formulations based on HRSV-P, -M2-1, and -N recombinant proteins displaying BRSV-F and -G epitopes, adjuvanted by either oil emulsion (Montanide ISA71VG, SUMont) or immunostimulating complex matrices (AbISCO-300, SUAbis). Whereas all control animals developed severe respiratory disease and shed high levels of virus following BRSV challenge, ΔSHrBRSV-immunized calves demonstrated almost complete clinical and virological protection five weeks after a single intranasal vaccination. Although mucosal vaccination with ΔSHrBRSV failed to induce a detectable immunological response, there was a rapid and strong anamnestic mucosal BRSV-specific IgA, virus neutralizing antibody and local T cell response following challenge with virulent BRSV. Calves immunized twice intramuscularly, three weeks apart with SUMont were also well protected two weeks after boost. The protection was not as pronounced as that in ΔSHrBRSV-immunized animals, but superior to those immunized twice subcutaneously three weeks apart with SUAbis. Antibody responses induced by the subunit vaccines were non-neutralizing and not directed against BRSV F or G proteins. When formulated as SUMont but not as SUAbis, the HRSV N, P and M2-1 proteins induced strong systemic cross-protective cell-mediated immune responses detectable already after priming. ΔSHrBRSV and SUMont are two promising DIVA-compatible vaccines, apparently inducing protection by different immune responses that were influenced by vaccine-composition, immunization route and regimen.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cattle
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, Viral
- Humans
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/blood
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Subunit/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Load
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister Blodörn
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Jenna Fix
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Dubuquoy
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Michelle Thom
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Per Karlsson
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Erika Karlstam
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Pringle
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Jean François Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), which is an important cause of respiratory disease in young calves, is genetically and antigenically closely related to human (H)RSV. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection with these viruses are similar. The viruses are host-specific and infection produces a spectrum of disease ranging from subclinical to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia, with the peak incidence of severe disease in individuals less than 6 months of age. BRSV infection in calves reproduces many of the clinical signs associated with HRSV in infants, including fever, rhinorrhoea, coughing, harsh breath sounds and rapid breathing. Although BRSV vaccines have been commercially available for decades, there is a need for greater efficacy. The development of effective BRSV and HRSV vaccines face similar challenges, such as the need to vaccinate at an early age in the presence of maternal antibodies, the failure of natural infection to prevent reinfection, and a history of vaccine-augmented disease. Neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the fusion (F) protein of HRSV, which can protect infants from severe HRSV disease, recognise the F protein of BRSV, and vice versa. Furthermore, bovine and human CD8(+) T-cells, which are known to be important in recovery from RSV infection, recognise similar proteins that are conserved between HRSV and BRSV. Therefore, not only can the bovine model of RSV be used to evaluate vaccine concepts, it can also be used as part of the preclinical assessment of certain HRSV candidate vaccines.
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7
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Immunogenetic responses in calves to intranasal delivery of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) epitopes encapsulated in poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:786-93. [PMID: 23890818 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is the principal aetiological agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex. A BRSV subunit vaccine candidate consisting of two synthetic peptides representing putative protective epitopes on BRSV surface glycoproteins in soluble form or encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles were prepared. Calves (10 weeks old) with diminishing levels of BRSV-specific maternal antibody were intranasally administered a single dose of the different peptide formulations. Peptide-specific local immune responses (nasal secretion IgA), but not systemic humoral (serum IgG) or cellular responses (serum IFN-γ), were generated by all forms of peptide. There was a significant reduction in occurrence of respiratory disease in the animals inoculated with all peptide formulations compared to animals given PBS alone. Furthermore no adverse effects were observed in any of the animals post vaccination. These results suggest that intranasal immunisation with the peptide subunit vaccine does induce an as yet unidentified protective immune response.
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8
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Kavanagh OV, Adair BM, Welsh MD, Earley B. Local and systemic immune responses in mice to intranasal delivery of peptides representing bovine respiratory syncytial virus epitopes encapsulated in poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:809-12. [PMID: 23312498 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential of a microparticulate vaccine delivery system in eliciting a specific mucosal antibody response in the respiratory tract of mice was evaluated. Two vaccine candidate peptides representing epitopes from the G attachment and F fusion antigens from bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were encapsulated into poly(DL-lactide co-glycolide) biodegradable microparticles. The encapsulation process did not denature the entrapped peptides as verified by detection of peptide-specific antibodies in mucosal secretions by ELISA using peptide as antigen. Following intranasal immunisation, the encapsulated peptides induced stronger upper and lower respiratory tract specific-IgA responses, respectively, than the soluble peptide forms. Moreover, a strong peptide-specific cell-mediated immune response was measured in splenocytes in vitro from the mice inoculated with the encapsulated peptides compared to their soluble form alone indicating that migration of primed T cells had taken place from the site of mucosal stimulation in the upper respiratory tract to the spleen. These results act as a foundation for vaccine efficacy studies in large animal BRSV challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen V Kavanagh
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Ireland
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9
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Silva L, Cardoso K, Silva M, Spilki F, Arns C. Cloning of the transmembrane glycoproteins G and F from a Brazilian isolate of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a prokaryotic system. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was the cloning of those transmembrane glycoproteins G and F from an isolate bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV) - a Brazilian isolate of BRSV, named BRSV-25-BR in previous studies, in a prokaryotic system to proceed the sequencing of larger genomic fragments. The nucleotide substitutions were confirmed and these clones may also be used in further studies regarding the biological effects of those proteins in vitro and in vivo.
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10
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Zhang W, Lockey RF, Mohapatra SS. Respiratory syncytial virus: immunopathology and control. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:169-79. [PMID: 20477096 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of serious upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children worldwide. RSV infection in infancy may lead to the onset of asthma or other health problems later in life. An effective vaccine is not yet available against RSV infection. Humans respond to RSV infection by mounting an immune response, but the antiviral immunity is incomplete, thus repeat RSV infections continue throughout life. The precise mechanism of RSV-induced infection and immunopathology remains unclear. The limited knowledge of RSV immunity is a major problem in designing a protective vaccine. In this review, the biology of RSV infection, its immunopathology, the role of innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the understanding of how to control RSV infection based on prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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11
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Mekseepralard C, Toms GL, Routledge EG. Protection of mice against Human respiratory syncytial virus by wild-type and aglycosyl mouse–human chimaeric IgG antibodies to subgroup-conserved epitopes on the G glycoprotein. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1267-1273. [PMID: 16603529 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to conserved epitopes on the G glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) subgroup A fail to neutralize the virus in cell culture in the absence of complement, but are protective in rodent models of infection. They may have potential as prophylactic agents in human infants. In order to investigate the role of Fc-dependent pathways in protection by one such antibody, 1C2, the VH and VL genes were isolated by RT-PCR and assembled with human κ light-chain and human γ1 heavy-chain constant-region genes to form two mouse–human chimaeras, which were expressed in NS0 cells. One of the chimaeras carried a wild-type γ1 chain, whilst the other had an aglycosyl mutation in the CH2 domain rendering the antibody defective in complement activation and FcγR binding. Whilst both chimaeric antibodies exhibited similar avidity for HRSV in ELISA, only the fully glycosylated wild type was capable of neutralizing the virus in the presence of complement. In mice passively immunized with either murine or wild-type γ1 chimaeric antibody, no virus could be recovered from the lungs 4 days after intranasal inoculation of HRSV. In mice immunized with the aglycosyl γ1 chimaera, however, virus was present in the lungs following challenge, although virus titres were significantly reduced compared with controls (P<0·005). These results indicate that the protective effect of this antibody is mediated by both Fc-dependent and Fc-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mekseepralard
- The Schools of Clinical Medical Sciences and Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - G L Toms
- The Schools of Clinical Medical Sciences and Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - E G Routledge
- The Schools of Clinical Medical Sciences and Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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12
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Spilki FR, Almeida RS, Domingues HG, D'Arce RCF, Ferreira HL, Campalans J, Costa SCB, Arns CW. Phylogenetic relationships of Brazilian bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates and molecular homology modeling of attachment glycoprotein. Virus Res 2006; 116:30-7. [PMID: 16387381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes lower respiratory tract disease in young cattle. Recently, it was possible to determine the sequence of the G protein gene, which plays a role in the attachment of BRSV particles to the cells, from three distinct Brazilian isolates. The phylogenetic analysis conducted here using those sequences compared to other worldwide distributed isolates of BRSV allow us to allocate Brazilian strains within the subgroup B, which was no longer found in the world since the 1970s. One of the Brazilian strains has a major mutation between amino acid residues 173 and 178, within the central hydrophobic conserved region, exactly on the site of two of the four cysteine-noose forming cysteine residues. Homology modeling with the previously determined NMR structure of this protein domain was made to check whether these mutations altered the three-dimensional conformation of this immunodominant region. Possible consequences on the biological effects induced by such mutation on the G protein are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, 13084-970 Campinas, Brazil
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13
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Hägglund S, Hu KF, Larsen LE, Hakhverdyan M, Valarcher JF, Taylor G, Morein B, Belák S, Alenius S. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus ISCOMs--protection in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccine 2005; 23:646-55. [PMID: 15542185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The protection induced by immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was evaluated and compared to that of a commercial inactivated vaccine (CV) in calves with BRSV-specific maternal antibodies. Following experimental challenge, controls (n = 4) and animals immunized with CV (n = 5) developed moderate to severe respiratory disease, whereas calves immunized with ISCOMs (n = 5) remained clinically healthy. BRSV was re-isolated from the nasopharynx of all controls and from all calves immunized with CV, but from none of the calves immunized with ISCOMs. BRSV-RNA was detected by real-time PCR from a single animal in this group. Significantly higher BRSV-specific nasal IgG, serum IgG1 and IgG2 titers were detected before and after challenge in animals immunized with ISCOMs versus CV. In conclusion, the ISCOMs overcame the suppressive effect of maternal antibodies in calves and induced strong clinical and virological protection against a BRSV challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/prevention & control
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- ISCOMs/administration & dosage
- ISCOMs/immunology
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Male
- Nasopharynx/virology
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hägglund
- Department of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7019, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Brady RP, Topliff CL, Kelling CL. In vitro expression of full-length and truncated bovine respiratory syncytial virus G proteins and their antibody responses in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2004; 22:3762-8. [PMID: 15315857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Revised: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a primary cause of lower respiratory tract disease in calves. Protection is incomplete following vaccination or natural infection, as re-infections are common. The objectives of this study were to create plasmid DNA constructs encoding the full-length, secreted, or conserved region of the BRSV G glycoprotein, and to compare and evaluate their expression in cell culture and potential to induce antibody responses in BALB/c mice. Transfection of COS-7 cells with plasmid DNA resulted in expression of the BRSV G region from each of the plasmid DNA constructs. Following inoculation of BALB/c mice with plasmid DNA, a significant and equivalent anti-BRSV G IgG response was elicited to the full-length and truncated BRSV G proteins. These constructs may be used to study host pathological and immunological responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- COS Cells
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/metabolism
- Transfection
- Vaccines, Subunit/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Brady
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, East Campus Loop and Fair Street, Veterinary Basic Science, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA
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15
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Power UF, Plotnicky-Gilquin H, Goetsch L, Champion T, Beck A, Haeuw JF, Nguyen TN, Bonnefoy JY, Corvaïa N. Identification and characterisation of multiple linear B cell protectopes in the respiratory syncytial virus G protein. Vaccine 2001; 19:2345-51. [PMID: 11257359 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important respiratory pathogen in man, against which no vaccine is available. However, recent evidence suggests that antibodies to the RSV F and G proteins may play an important role in disease prevention. We previously demonstrated that BBG2Na, a subunit vaccine candidate including residues 130-230 of the Long strain G protein, protects rodents against RSV challenge. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) and synthetic peptides, five linear B cell epitopes were identified that mapped to residues 152-163, 165-172, 171-187 (two over-lapping epitopes) and 196-204. Antibody passive transfer and peptide immunisation studies revealed that all were protective. Pepscan analyses of anti-RSV-A and BBG2Na murine polyclonal sera suggested stronger immunogenicity of some protective epitopes (protectopes) in the context of BBG2Na compared with live virus. However, all the identified murine B cell protectopes were conserved in RSV seropositive humans. Should these protectopes correspond with protection in humans, BBG2Na may constitute a very interesting vaccine candidate against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- U F Power
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 74164 Cedex, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France.
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16
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Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection is the major cause of respiratory disease in calves during the first year of life. The study of the virus has been difficult because of its lability and very poor growth in cell culture. However, during the last decade, the introduction of new immunological and biotechnological techniques has facilitated a more extensive study of BRSV as illustrated by the increasing number of papers published. Despite this growing focus, many aspects of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, immunology etc. remain obscure. The course and outcome of the infection is very complex and unpredictable which makes the diagnosis and subsequent therapy very difficult. BRSV is closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) which is an important cause of respiratory disease in young children. In contrast to BRSV, the recent knowledge of HRSV is regularly extensively reviewed in several books and journals. The present paper contains an updated review on BRSV covering most aspects of the structure, molecular biology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, epidemiology, diagnosis and immunology based on approximately 140 references from international research journals.
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17
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Beck A, Zorn N, Bussat MC, Haeuw JF, Corvaïa N, Nguyen TN, Bonnefoy JY, Van Dorsselaer A. Synthesis and characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus protein G related peptides containing two disulfide bridges. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2000; 55:24-35. [PMID: 10667858 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2000.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the most important cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in infants and young children. Approximately 100000 children are hospitalized in the USA each year as a result of RSV infections. During the research and development of subunit human Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccines (hRSV), we have produced numerous synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins containing the four cysteines of the highly conserved central region of the G attachment protein. For several of these disulfide-containing peptides, all possible oxidized isomers were synthesized using various oxidation conditions and resulting in different ratios of isomers. Each isolated isomer was fully characterized by RP-HPLC, FZCE and ES-MS after purification by preparative RP-HPLC. The different cysteine pairings were unambiguously established after enzymatic digestion, LC-MS analysis and peptide microsequencing. These synthesis and analytical methods were developed for the characterization on one hand, of recombinant fusion protein BBG2Na which is currently being investigated in advanced clinical phases as a very promising vaccine candidate, and on the other hand, for peptides which were synthesized to be evaluated as conjugate vaccines or as immunochemical tools, after covalent coupling to carrier proteins. Furthermore, these studies allowed us to determine which of the different possible isomers was the most stable and probably the preferred form in native conditions. Finally, the different oxidation and analysis conditions, should be useful for disulfide pairing studies of other peptides and proteins having the same 'xCxxCxxxxxCxxxCx' framework, such as G proteins of non-human RSV strains, developed by other groups as veterinary vaccine candidates for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beck
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Center d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France.
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18
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Plotnicky-Gilquin H, Goetsch L, Huss T, Champion T, Beck A, Haeuw JF, Nguyen TN, Bonnefoy JY, Corvaïa N, Power UF. Identification of multiple protective epitopes (protectopes) in the central conserved domain of a prototype human respiratory syncytial virus G protein. J Virol 1999; 73:5637-45. [PMID: 10364313 PMCID: PMC112622 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.7.5637-5645.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant fusion protein (BBG2Na) comprising the central conserved domain of the respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A (RSV-A) (Long) G protein (residues 130 to 230) and an albumin binding domain of streptococcal protein G was shown previously to protect mouse upper (URT) and lower (LRT) respiratory tracts against intranasal RSV challenge (U. F. Power, H. Plotnicky-Gilquin, T. Huss, A. Robert, M. Trudel, S. Stahl, M. Uhlén, T. N. Nguyen, and H. Binz, Virology 230:155-166, 1997). Panels of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and synthetic peptides were generated to facilitate dissection of the structural elements of this domain implicated in protective efficacy. All MAbs recognized native RSV-A antigens, and five linear B-cell epitopes were identified; these mapped to residues 152 to 163, 165 to 172, 171 to 187 (two overlapping epitopes), and 196 to 204, thereby covering the highly conserved cysteine noose domain. Antibody passive-transfer and peptide immunization studies revealed that all epitopes were implicated in protection of the LRT, but not likely the URT, against RSV-A challenge. Pepscan analyses of anti-RSV-A and anti-BBG2Na murine polyclonal sera revealed lower-level epitope usage within the central conserved region in the former, suggesting diminished immunogenicity of the implicated epitopes in the context of the whole virus. However, Pepscan analyses of RSV-seropositive human sera revealed that all of the murine B-cell protective epitopes (protectopes) that mapped to the central conserved domain were recognized in man. Should these murine protectopes also be implicated in human LRT protection, their clustering around the highly conserved cysteine noose region will have important implications for the development of RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Plotnicky-Gilquin
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois Cedex, France
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19
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Bastien N, Trudel M, Simard C. Complete protection of mice from respiratory syncytial virus infection following mucosal delivery of synthetic peptide vaccines. Vaccine 1999; 17:832-6. [PMID: 10067688 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that intraperitoneal immunization of BALB/c mice with the 14 amino-acid long synthetic peptides G/174-187 and BG/174-187, representing the region 174-187 of the G-glycoprotein from human (H) and bovine (B) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), respectively, completely protects animals from infection with the corresponding virus. A current goal in vaccine development being the delivery of noninvasive protective antigens via mucosal surfaces, we have evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the two peptides when administered to mice by the intranasal (i.n.) route in the presence or absence of the cholera toxin (CT) as a mucosal adjuvant. The two peptides given alone induced the production of RSV-specific circulating IgG, as revealed by ELISA titers of immune sera. When the peptides were administered intranasally with CT, the higher IgG antibody titer which was induced was within the same order of magnitude as that obtained following i.n. immunization with live RSV or intraperitoneal injection with the peptides, thus demonstrating the stimulatory effect of the CT adjuvant. Moreover, although the peptides fail to induce a detectable level of secretory IgA, all animals immunized i.n. with peptide BG/174-187 (plus or minus CT) and all those immunized with peptide G/174-187 mixed with CT were completely resistant to infection by the corresponding virus. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that complete protection against a natural pathogen can be elicited by mucosally delivered synthetic peptides. This supports the usefulness of synthetic peptides in prophylactic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bastien
- Institut Armand-Frappier, Centre de recherche en virologie, Laval des Rapides, Que., Canada
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