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ÇOBAN S, SAKA OM, BOZKIR A. Evaluation of Biodegradable Microparticles for Mucosal Vaccination Against Diphtheria Toxoid: Nasal Efficacy Studies in Guinea Pigs. Turk J Pharm Sci 2023; 20:294-301. [PMID: 37933761 PMCID: PMC10631365 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.05626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In this study, poly-(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles encapsulating diphtheria toxoid (DT) were investigated for their potential as a mucosal vaccine delivery system. Materials and Methods Antigen-containing microparticles were prepared using the double emulsion (w/o/w) solvent evaporation method. Results The average geometric diameter of the particles was found to be between 7 and 24 µm, which is suitable for uptake by the antigen-presenting cells in the nasal mucosa. Although the differences were insignificant, the PLGA polymer-containing formulations exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency. Microparticle formulations, prepared with both PLGA and PCL polymers, were successfully produced at high production yields. The in vitro release profile was presented as a biexponential process with an initial burst effect due to the release of the protein adsorbed on the microsphere surface, and the subsequent sustained release profile is the result of protein diffusion through the channels or pores formed in the polymer matrix. DT-loaded microparticles, DT solution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and empty microparticles (control) were administered via nasal route and subcutaneously to guinea pigs. The antibody content of each serum sample was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Conclusion Absorbance values of the ELISA test showed that PLGA- and PCL-bearing microparticles could stimulate an adequate systemic immune response with intranasal vaccination. In addition, PLGA and PCL microparticles resulted in significantly increased IgG titers with intranasal administration as a booster dose following subcutaneous administration. PCL polymer elicited a high immune response compared with PLGA polymer (p <0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin ÇOBAN
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ongun Mehmet SAKA
- Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Asuman BOZKIR
- Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara, Türkiye
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Maeyama JI, Kurata-Iesato Y, Isaka M, Komiya T, Sakurai S. Induction of antibody responses in mice immunized intranasally with Type I interferon as adjuvant and synergistic effect of chitosan. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:610-619. [PMID: 32662896 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are a range of host-derived molecules with adjuvant potential; they have been used for many years in the treatment of cancer and viral hepatitis. Therefore, the safety of IFNs for human use has been established. In this study, we evaluated the mucosal adjuvanticity of IFN-β administered intranasally to mice with diphtheria toxoid, and suggested a method to improve its adjuvanticity. When IFN-β alone was used as a mucosal adjuvant, no clear results were obtained. However, simultaneous administration of IFN-β and chitosan resulted in an enhancement of the specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody responses, the mucosal IgA antibody response, and antitoxin titers. Furthermore, the intranasal administration of IFN-α alone resulted in a greater increase in antibody titer than IFN-β, and a synergistic effect with chitosan was also observed. These findings suggest that intranasal administration of chitosan and Type I IFNs may display an effective synergistic mucosal adjuvant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurata-Iesato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Toray Industries Inc., Mishima, Japan
| | - Masanori Isaka
- Department of Microbiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takako Komiya
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingou Sakurai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Bacterial DNA comprising palindromic sequences and containing unmethylated CpG is recognized by toll-like receptor 9 of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and induces the production of interferon-α and chemokines, leading to the activation of a Th1 immune response. Therefore, synthetic equivalents of bacterial DNA (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) have been developed for clinical applications. They are usually phosphorothioated for in vivo use; this approach also leads to adverse effects as reported in mouse models.Mucosal vaccines that induce both mucosal and systemic immunity received substantial attention in recent years. For their development, phosphodiester-linked oligodeoxynucleotides, including the sequence of a palindromic CpG DNA may be advantageous as adjuvants because their target pDCs are present right there, in the mucosa of the vaccination site. In addition, the probability of adverse effects is believed to be low. Here, we review the discovery of such CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their possible use as mucosal adjuvants.
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Key Words
- Ab, antibody
- BCG, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
- CpG
- DT, diphtheria toxoid
- DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity
- G, guanine
- IFN, interferon
- IgG1
- IgG2a/c
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PPD, purified protein derivative
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th1
- mucosal adjuvant
- pDC
- pDCs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells
- palindrome
- phosphodiester
- phylaxis
- rCTB, recombinant cholera toxin B subunit
- sIgA, secretory IgA
- secretory IgA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Iho
- a Host Defense Laboratory; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui ; Yoshida-gun , Fukui , Japan
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Shukla A, Mishra V, Bhoop BS, Katare OP. Alginate coated chitosan microparticles mediated oral delivery of diphtheria toxoid. (Part A). Systematic optimization, development and characterization. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:220-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Oh IG, Jawale C, Lee J. The B subunits of cholera and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxins enhance the immune responses in mice orally immunised with a recombinant live P-fimbrial vaccine for avian pathogenic E. coli. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:293-303. [PMID: 24659715 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2014.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the adjuvant effect of recombinant attenuated Salmonella expressing cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) for the P-fimbriae subunit-based vaccine of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) in a murine model. The PapA-specific sIgA and IgG responses were significantly enhanced after immunisation with the Salmonella-PapA vaccine in the presence of CTB or LTB. The group immunised with the Salmonella-LTB strain promoted Th1-type immunity, whereas that immunised with the Salmonella-CTB strain produced Th2-type immunity. We concluded that both Salmonella-CTB and -LTB strains can enhance the immune response to PapA, and that the LTB strain may be a more effective adjuvant for APEC vaccination, which requires higher Th1-type immunity for protection. Thus, our findings provide evidence that immunisation with an adjuvant, LTB, is one of the strategies of developing effective vaccines against P-fimbriated APEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Gyeong Oh
- 1 Chonbuk National University College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute 561-756 Jeonju South Korea
| | - Chetan Jawale
- 1 Chonbuk National University College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute 561-756 Jeonju South Korea
| | - John Lee
- 1 Chonbuk National University College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute 561-756 Jeonju South Korea
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Maeyama JI, Takatsuka H, Suzuki F, Kubota A, Horiguchi S, Komiya T, Shimada I, Murata E, Osawa Y, Kitagawa H, Matsuki T, Isaka M, Yamamoto S, Iho S. A palindromic CpG-containing phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide as a mucosal adjuvant stimulates plasmacytoid dendritic cell-mediated T(H)1 immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88846. [PMID: 24586411 PMCID: PMC3933336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), resembling bacterial DNA, are currently tested in clinical trials as vaccine adjuvants. They have the nuclease-resistant phosphorothioate bond; the immune responses elicited differ according to the CpG ODN sequence and vaccination method. To develop a CpG ODN that can induce plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC)-mediated T(H)1 immunity through the mucosa, we constructed phosphodiester G9.1 comprising one palindromic CpG motif with unique polyguanosine-runs that allows degradation similar to naturally occurring bacterial DNA. METHODS T(H)1 and T(H)2 immunity activation was evaluated by cytokine production pattern and T-bet/GATA-3 ratio in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mouse bone marrow cells. Adjuvanticity was evaluated in mice administered G9.1 with diphtheria toxoid (DT) through nasal vaccination. RESULTS G9.1 exhibited stronger IFN-α-inducing activity than A-class CpG ODN2216 and increased T-bet/GATA-3 ratio by enhancing T-bet expression. Nasally administered G9.1 plus DT induced DT-specific mucosal IgA and serum IgG, but not IgE, responses with antitoxin activity in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, possibly due to IFN/BAFF production. Induction of T(H)1, but not T(H)2-type Abs depended completely on pDCs, the first in vivo demonstration by CpG ODNs. CONCLUSIONS G9.1 is a promising mucosal adjuvant for induction of pDC-mediated T(H)1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Takatsuka
- Division of Legal Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata-shi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiko Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kubota
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Satomi Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takako Komiya
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiroh Shimada
- Forensic Medicine and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
- Research and Education Program for Life Science and Translational Research Program, University of Fukui, Fukui-shi, Fukui, Japan
| | - Eri Murata
- Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Youko Osawa
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Harukazu Kitagawa
- Chemical Substances Management, Administration Control Office, Emori & Co., Ltd., Fukui-shi, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takasumi Matsuki
- Forensic Medicine and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
- Research and Education Program for Life Science and Translational Research Program, University of Fukui, Fukui-shi, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masanori Isaka
- Department of Microbiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Saburo Yamamoto
- Central Laboratory, Japan BCG Laboratory, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Iho
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
- Research and Education Program for Life Science and Translational Research Program, University of Fukui, Fukui-shi, Fukui, Japan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Maeyama JI, Isaka M, Yasuda Y, Matano K, Morokuma K, Ohkuma K, Tochikubo K, Yamamoto S, Goto N. Effects of Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit (rCTB) on Cellular Immune Responses: Enhancement of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Following Intranasal Co-Administration ofMycobacterium bovis-BCG with rCTB. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:457-63. [PMID: 15215619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) is a safe and potent mucosal adjuvant. To gain insight into the mechanism underlying the adjuvant effect of rCTB, the effects of rCTB on cell-mediated immune responses of mice and guinea pigs were examined after intranasal administration of Mycobacterium bovis -bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) with and without rCTB. Delayed-type hypersensitivity, for skin reactions in guinea pigs and for footpad swelling reactions in mice, to purified protein derivative (PPD) were enhanced by intranasal co-administration of BCG and rCTB, as compared to giving BCG alone to these animals. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma production of spleen cells and antigen specific spleen cell proliferation, stimulated with PPD, were enhanced in the presence of rCTB. These results strongly suggest that rCTB enhances cellular as well as humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Nayak B, Ray AR, Panda AK, Ray P. Improved Immunogenicity of Biodegradable Polymer Particles Entrapped Rotavirus Vaccine. J Biomater Appl 2010; 25:469-96. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328209353642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) entrapped in polylactide (PLA) and polylactide-coglycolide (PLGA) polymer particles were formulated and evaluated in mice for improved immunogenicity using oral, intranasal (IN), and intramuscular (IM) routes of administration. Microparticles of size ranges between 1 and 8 µm were prepared using double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Stabilizers like mouse serum albumin, sucrose, and sodium bicarbonate that were used during particle formulation helped in minimizing the denaturation of the entrapped antigen. Immunization with 20 µg of antigen entrapped in polymeric particles through various routes of administration elicited measurable amount of antibody titer in mice. The immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer (≥4-fold rise between pre and post immunized sera) was analyzed by the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PLGA encapsulated RV microparticles elicited better antibody response through IN route (90%) where as PLA encapsulated RV microparticles showed improved response when administrated through oral route (83.3%). Overall, the performance of IN route based immunization was significantly higher than oral and IM route ( p<0.001) with both the polymers. The results are of indication that, PLGA encapsulated RV microparticles have greater potential for vaccine formulation to combat rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bismita Nayak
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016, India, Centre for Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alok R. Ray
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016, India, Centre for Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India,
| | - Amulya K. Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pratima Ray
- Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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9
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Fc receptor-targeted mucosal vaccination as a novel strategy for the generation of enhanced immunity against mucosal and non-mucosal pathogens. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:311-23. [PMID: 19688186 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that targeting immunogens to Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaR) on antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APC) can enhance humoral and cellular immunity in vitro and in vivo. FcgammaR are classified based on their molecular weight, IgG-Fc binding affinities, IgG subclass binding specificity, and cellular distribution and they consist of activating and inhibitory receptors. However, despite the potential advantages of targeting Ag to FcR at mucosal sites, very little is known regarding the role of FcR in mucosal immunity or the efficacy of FcR-targeted mucosal vaccines. In addition, recent work has suggested that FcRn is present in the lungs of adult mice and humans and can transport FcRn-targeted Ag to FcgammaR-bearing APC within mucosal lymphoid tissue. In this review we will discuss the need for new vaccine strategies, the potential for FcR-targeted vaccines to fill this need, the impact of activating versus inhibitory FcgammaR on FcR-targeted vaccination, the significance of focusing on mucosal immunity, as well as caveats that could impact the use of FcR targeting as a mucosal vaccine strategy.
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10
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Induction of immune responses in mice after oral immunization with recombinant Lactobacillus casei strains expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F41 fimbrial protein. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4491-7. [PMID: 19447955 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02672-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to develop a safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F41 infections, we have developed a surface antigen display system using poly-gamma-glutamate synthetase A (PgsA) as an anchoring matrix. The recombinant fusion proteins comprised of PgsA and fimbrial protein of F41 were stably expressed in Lactobacillus casei 525. Surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. Oral inoculation of recombinant L. casei 525 into specific-pathogen-free BALB/c mice resulted in significant mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) titers that remained elevated for >16 weeks. High levels of IgG responses in sera specific for F41 fimbriae were also induced, with prominent IgG1 titers as well as IgG2a and IgG2b titers. The helper T-cell (Th) response was Th2-cell dominant, as evidenced by increased mucosal and systemic interleukin-4-producing T cells and a concomitant elevation of serum IgG1 antibody responses. More than 80% of the mice were protected against challenge with a 2 x 10(4)-fold 50% lethal dose of standard-type F41 (C83919). The induced antibodies were important for eliciting a protective immune response against F41 infection. These results indicated that the use of recombinant L. casei 525 could be a valuable strategy for future vaccine development for ETEC.
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Bitsaktsis C, Rawool DB, Li Y, Kurkure NV, Iglesias B, Gosselin EJ. Differential requirements for protection against mucosal challenge with Francisella tularensis in the presence versus absence of cholera toxin B and inactivated F. tularensis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4899-909. [PMID: 19342669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a category A biothreat agent for which there is no approved vaccine and the correlates of protection are not well understood. In particular, the relationship between the humoral and cellular immune response to F. tularensis and the relative importance of each in protection is controversial. Yet, understanding this relationship will be crucial to the development of an effective vaccine against this organism. We demonstrate, for the first time, a differential requirement for humoral vs cellular immunity in vaccine-induced protection against F. tularensis infection, and that the requirement for Ab observed in some protection studies, may be overcome through the induction of enhanced cellular immunity. Specifically, following intranasal/mucosal immunization of mice with inactivated F. tularensis organisms plus the cholera toxin B subunit, we observe increased production of IgG2a/2c vs IgG1 Ab, as well as IFN-gamma, indicating induction of a Th1 response. In addition, the requirement for F. tularensis-specific IgA Ab production, observed in studies following immunization with inactivated F. tularensis alone, is eliminated. Thus, these data indicate that enhanced Th1 responses can supersede the requirement for anti-F. tularensis-specific IgA. This observation also has important ramifications for vaccine development against this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Bitsaktsis
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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12
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The mucosal adjuvanticity of the oligodeoxynucleotides containing a non-methylated CpG motif on BCG and diphtheria toxoid. Vaccine 2009; 27:1166-73. [PMID: 19136040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CpG-DNA is currently attracting attention as an effective and safe vaccine adjuvant to prevent from microbial infections. In this report, we examined the effects of oligo B, which is a synthetic CpG-DNA, in mucosal administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and diphtheria toxoid (DT). Co-administration with oligo B enhanced BCG-induced delayed type hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) in guinea pigs. The titers of anti-DT serum IgG, IgA and mucosal IgA antibodies induced by intranasal administration with DT plus oligo B were significantly higher than that with DT alone. In both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, intranasal administration of DT with oligo B induced enough level of antibodies to prevent onset of diphtheria. The analysis of antibody subclasses showed that intranasal administration of oligo B induced not only IgG1 but also IgG2a, IgG2c and IgA anti-DT antibodies. In contrast, there was no or little production of the anti-DT serum IgE. Taken together our data suggest that oligo B is a powerful adjuvant in mucosal immunization.
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13
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Amidi M, Pellikaan HC, Hirschberg H, de Boer AH, Crommelin DJA, Hennink WE, Kersten G, Jiskoot W. Diphtheria toxoid-containing microparticulate powder formulations for pulmonary vaccination: preparation, characterization and evaluation in guinea pigs. Vaccine 2007; 25:6818-29. [PMID: 17692440 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of N-Trimethyl chitosan (TMC, degree of quaternization 50%) and dextran microparticles for pulmonary delivery of diphtheria toxoid (DT) was investigated. The antigen-containing microparticles were prepared by drying of an aqueous solution of polymer and DT through a supercritical fluid (SCF) spraying process. The median volume diameter of the dry particles, as determined by laser diffraction analysis, was between 2 and 3 microm and the fine particle mass fractions smaller than 5 microm, as determined by cascade impactor analysis, were 35 and 56% for the dextran and TMC formulations, respectively. The water content of the particles as measured by Karl-Fischer titration was 2-3% (w/w). Pulmonary immunization with DT-TMC microparticles containing 2 or 10 Lf of DT resulted in a strong immunological response as reflected by the induction of IgM, IgG, IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) antibodies as well as neutralizing antibody titers comparable to or significantly higher than those achieved after subcutaneous (SC) administration of alum-adsorbed DT (2 Lf). Moreover, the IgG2/IgG1 ratio after pulmonary immunization with DT-TMC microparticles was substantially higher as compared to SC administered alum-adsorbed DT. In contrast, pulmonarily administered DT-dextran particles were poorly immunogenic. Among the tested formulations only pulmonarily administered DT-containing TMC microparticles induced detectable pulmonary secretory IgA levels. In conclusion, in this paper it is demonstrated that TMC microparticles are a potent new delivery system for pulmonary administered DT antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lameiro MH, Malpique R, Silva AC, Alves PM, Melo E. Encapsulation of adenoviral vectors into chitosan–bile salt microparticles for mucosal vaccination. J Biotechnol 2006; 126:152-62. [PMID: 16757053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is the incorporation of adenoviral vectors into a microparticulate system adequate for mucosal delivery. Microencapsulation of the vectors was accomplished by ionotropic coacervation of chitosan, using bile salts as counter-anion. The process was optimized in order to promote high encapsulation efficiency, with a minimal loss of viral infectivity. The maintenance of sterility during all the encapsulation procedure was also taken into account. The principle relies on the simple addition of a solution containing adenoviral vectors to a solution of neutralized chitosan, under stirring. Some surfactants were added to the chitosan solution, to improve the efficiency of this process, such as Tween 80, and Pluronic F68 at 1% (w/v). Encapsulation efficiency higher than 84% was achieved with formulations containing sodium deoxycholate as counter-anion and Pluronic F68 as dispersant agent. The infectivity of the adenoviral vectors incorporated into microparticles was assessed by release assays in PBS and by direct inoculation in 293 and Caco-2 cells. The release in aqueous media was negligible but, when in contact with monolayers of the cells, an effective release of bioactive adenovirus was obtained. Our work shows that encapsulation in microparticles, not only appear to protect the adenovirus from the external medium, namely from low pH, but can also delay their release that is fully dependent on cell contact, an advantage for mucosal vaccination purposes. The formulations developed are able to maintain AdV infectivity and permit a delayed release of the bioactives that is promoted by digestion in situ of the microparticles by the cell monolayers. The onset of delivery is, that way, host-controlled. In view of these results, these formulations showed good properties for mucosal adenovirus delivery.
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15
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Yi Z, Fu Y, Yang C, Li J, Luo X, Chen Q, Zeng W, Jiang S, Jiang Y, He Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Li N, Zhu DY. Recombinant M. smegmatis vaccine targeted delivering IL-12/GLS into macrophages can induce specific cellular immunity against M. tuberculosis in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2006; 25:638-48. [PMID: 17000035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we constructed a viable therapeutic vaccine of recombinant M. smegmatis mediated IL-12/GLS (granulysin) gene transfer into murine macrophages to exert the immunotherapy effects on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We tested this recombinant therapeutic vaccine in an in vivo study to determine its capability of stimulating host specific immune responses against M. tuberculosis. BALB/c mice intranasally immunized with the therapeutic vaccine developed an efficient Th1 protective immune response against M. tuberculosis which was equal to that of the BCG strain. Inoculation intranasally with this viable vaccine induced high level of serum IFN-gamma, IL-12 and IgG2a. The viable vaccine was capable of inducing purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen-specific splenocytes proliferation and IFN-gamma production from T cells in spleens of the immunized mice. In addition, intranasally inoculation with the viable vaccine can induce PPD antigen-specific sIgA production in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the immunized mice. No change of IL-4 level was found in all groups. The therapeutic mechanism of this viable vaccine against M. tuberculosis infection observed here appeared to be a result of the specific Th1 immune response activated by mycobacterium antigen from M. smegmatis and the expression of sIL-12/GLS in alveolar macrophages via the M. smegmatis-mediated gene transfer method. This research demonstrates that the therapeutic gene can be introduced into a host by viable mycobacteria works to induce the host specific immune response against M. tuberculosis infection in vivo. Since this therapeutic vaccine can strongly induce specific Th1 responses against M. tuberculosis in BALB/c mice and has no obviously harmfulness to the host simultaneously, the recombinant vaccine might be a potential candidate therapeutic vaccine against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Yi
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 400016, China
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16
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Aguila A, Donachie AM, Peyre M, McSharry CP, Sesardic D, Mowat AM. Induction of protective and mucosal immunity against diphtheria by a immune stimulating complex (ISCOMS) based vaccine. Vaccine 2006; 24:5201-10. [PMID: 16650917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing concern over the efficacy of existing vaccines for diphtheria and there is interest in the development of a mucosally active formulation which might improve local protection. Lipophilic immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMS) containing Quil A are active by both parenteral and mucosal routes and here we have established methods for incorporating palmitified diphtheria toxoid (DT) into ISCOMS. The resulting formulation was immunogenic by the subcutaneous, oral and intranasal routes, with very low doses of DT inducing systemic humoral immune responses, as well as cell mediated immunity including both gammaIFN and IL5 production. Intranasal immunisation with DT in ISCOMS also stimulated significant local antibody production in tracheal washes, as well as cellular immunity in draining lymphoid tissues and serum neutralising antibodies. Finally, subcutaneous immunisation of guinea pigs with DT in ISCOMS primed protective immunity against challenge with diphtheria holotoxin more efficiently than the equivalent doses of DT in the conventional alum vaccine. ISCOMS based vaccines may provide a novel strategy for mucosal and systemic immunisation against diphtheria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aguila
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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17
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Fingerut E, Gutter B, Goldway M, Eliahoo D, Pitcovski J. B subunit of E. coli enterotoxin as adjuvant and carrier in oral and skin vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 112:253-63. [PMID: 16701905 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal sites are one of the main natural ports of entry into the body. Stimulation of a local response by antibodies as the systemic protection may enhance the efficacy of non-living vaccines, and allow for vaccination by subunit vaccines without the need for injection. Mucosal or skin vaccination necessitates a suitable adjuvant and carrier. Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and its B subunit (LTB) have been found to be effective adjuvants. The aim of this study was to efficiently produce and purify recombinant LTB (brLTB), and examine its adjuvant and carrier properties. The gene encoding LTB was cloned and expressed in E. coli, and the product was found to have a pentameric form with the ability to bind the cell receptor, GM1 ganglioside. A one-step method for efficient purification and concentration of brLTB was developed. Both oral and intramuscular vaccination with purified brLTB yielded high antibody titers, which detected the whole toxin. In an attempt to test its adjuvant characteristics, brLTB was mixed with either BSA or a recombinant protein (rKnob of egg drop syndrome adenovirus) and delivered intramuscularly, orally or transcutaneously. The addition of brLTB significantly elevated the antibody response in groups vaccinated orally and transcutaneously, but had no influence in injected groups. Vaccination with another recombinant protein, (viral protein 2 of infectious bursal disease virus) supplemented with brLTB did not elevate the antibody response, as compared to vaccination with the antigen alone. These results demonstrate that the addition of brLTB makes oral and transcutaneous vaccination with protein antigens possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fingerut
- Migal, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
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18
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Fingerut E, Gutter B, Meir R, Eliahoo D, Pitcovski J. Vaccine and adjuvant activity of recombinant subunit B of E. coli enterotoxin produced in yeast. Vaccine 2005; 23:4685-96. [PMID: 15951067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT) have been studied intensively as vaccines against diseases caused by those bacteria and as adjuvants for mucosal vaccination. Two major problems interfere with the use of these promising adjuvants: their toxicity and the residual bacterial endotoxins mixed with the desired LT. In this study, subunit B of LT was expressed in Pichia pastoris yeast cells (yrLTB) and the recombinant protein was purified and concentrated by ion-exchange chromatography. The final yield of the recombinant protein was 5-8 mg/l induction medium. The molecule is in pentameric form and binds to GM1 gangliosides. When given orally to chickens, anti-LTB antibodies were produced, exhibiting its ability to cross the digestive system and induce an immune response. The adjuvant activity of yrLTB was proven by fusing it to viral protein 2 (VP2) of infectious bursal disease virus. Birds intramuscularly vaccinated with this molecule exhibit 70-100% protection, in a dose-response-dependent manner. This method eliminated the bacterial endotoxins and enabled the production of large quantities of LTB. Expression in a eukaryotic system allows the production of fusion proteins that require post-translational modifications. This may allow oral vaccination with a protein fused to yrLTB. The approach described in this study will enable the efficient production of a non-toxic, eukaryotically expressed enterotoxin as a vaccine against the toxin itself or as a carrier or adjuvant for foreign vaccine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fingerut
- Migal, Immunology Department, Industrial Zone POB 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
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19
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Kubota E, Joh T, Tanida S, Sasaki M, Kataoka H, Watanabe K, Itoh K, Oshima T, Ogasawara N, Togawa S, Wada T, Yamada T, Mori Y, Fujita F, Shimura T, Ohara H, Isaka M, Yasuda Y, Itoh M. Oral vaccination against Helicobacter pylori with recombinant cholera toxin B-subunit. Helicobacter 2005; 10:345-52. [PMID: 16104951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innocuous pure recombinant cholera toxin B-subunit (rCTB) is very attractive as a strong adjuvant for host immunization, but little is known about rCTB's gastric mucosal immunoadjuvanticity against Helicobacter pylori. The immunoadjuvanticity of rCTB against H. pylori was tested. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were immunized with sonicated H. pylori and rCTB orally or intranasally and sacrificed on day 42 after immunization. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test was performed to evaluate IgE-mediated anaphylaxis with serum from mice to which H. pylori-antigen with rCTB had been administered. Immunoglobulin titer specific to H. pylori in serum, lavation of the gastrointestinal tracts and feces were examined. Gastritis in vaccinated mice after a challenge was assessed with the scoring defined from grading of gastric inflammation. H. pylori proliferation after immunization was investigated by counting colony forming units (CFU) per gram of stomach tissue. RESULTS PCA test exhibited no reactions against the serum from mice immunized with H. pylori-antigen with rCTB administered orally and intranasally. Oral and nasal coadministrations of rCTB significantly raised systemic and mucosal immunities against H. pylori and suppressed proliferation of H. pylori in gastric mucosa. The score of gastritis in mice immunized orally was significantly higher than that of mice immunized nasally due to postimmunization gastritis. Only oral administration of rCTB suppressed H. pylori proliferation as compared with intranasal administration and without rCTB. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that rCTB has systemic and mucosal immunoadjuvanticities against H. pylori and that oral vaccination with rCTB might additively support antibiotic eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kubota
- Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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20
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Ohmura M, Yamamoto M, Tomiyama-Miyaji C, Yuki Y, Takeda Y, Kiyono H. Nontoxic Shiga toxin derivatives from Escherichia coli possess adjuvant activity for the augmentation of antigen-specific immune responses via dendritic cell activation. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4088-97. [PMID: 15972497 PMCID: PMC1168555 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.7.4088-4097.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) derivatives, such as the Stx1 B subunit (StxB1), which mediates toxin binding to the membrane, and mutant Stx1 (mStx1), which is a nontoxic doubly mutated Stx1 harboring amino acid substitutions in the A subunit, possess adjuvant activity via the activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Our results showed that StxB1 and mStx1, but not native Stx1 (nStx1), resulted in enhanced expression of CD86, CD40, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and, to some extent, also enhanced the expression of CD80 on bone marrow-derived DCs. StxB1-treated DCs exhibited an increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, a stimulation of DO11.10 T-cell proliferation, and the production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, including gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. When mice were given StxB1 subcutaneously, the levels of CD80, CD86, and CD40, as well as MHC class II expression by splenic DCs, were enhanced. The subcutaneous immunization of mice with ovalbumin (OVA) plus mStx1 or StxB1 induced high titers of OVA-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG1, and IgG2a in serum. OVA-specific CD4+ T cells isolated from mice immunized with OVA plus mStx1 or StxB1 produced IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10, indicating that mStx1 and StxB1 elicit both Th1- and Th2-type responses. Importantly, mice immunized subcutaneously with tetanus toxoid plus mStx1 or StxB1 were protected from a lethal challenge with tetanus toxin. These results suggest that nontoxic Stx derivatives, including both StxB1 and mStx1, could be effective adjuvants for the induction of mixed Th-type CD4+ T-cell-mediated antigen-specific antibody responses via the activation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ohmura
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Caglar K, Aybay C, Ataoglu H. Effect of monophosphoryl lipid A on antibody response to diphtheria toxin and its subunits. APMIS 2005; 113:256-63. [PMID: 15865606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_03.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) was evaluated for its ability to enhance the antibody response to diphtheria toxin and its fragment A and fragment B subunits. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with 1 Lf of diphtheria toxoid in the presence of 25 microg of MPL on days 0 and 14. Two weeks after the second immunization, sera were obtained from the mice and analysed for antibody response to diphtheria toxin and its subunits. A new ELISA method, developed in our laboratory, was used to measure antibody levels against the toxin, fragment A, and fragment B. It was observed that MPL significantly enhanced antibody responses to diphtheria toxin and its subunits. However, there was no statistical difference between anti-A and anti-B responses. The results indicated that MPL seems to be a potential candidate as an adjuvant for future diphtheria vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Caglar
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Giri PK, Sable SB, Verma I, Khuller GK. Comparative evaluation of intranasal and subcutaneous route of immunization for development of mucosal vaccine against experimental tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 45:87-93. [PMID: 15985227 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is crucial for protection against respiratory infections. Whether the intranasal route of vaccination imparts better protection against pulmonary tuberculosis than that of subcutaneous vaccination remains a debatable issue. In this study, we have investigated the effect of the routes of immunization on the induction of immunoprotection against experimental tuberculosis employing mycobacterial culture filtrate proteins complexed with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide. Vaccination via intranasal and subcutaneous routes triggered immune activation in the spleen and cervical lymph node, while the former route of vaccination lead to higher antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation, interferon-gamma, interleukin-12 and interleukin-4 responses in cervical lymph node and induction of antigen-specific IgA responses at mucosal level of the respiratory tract. Mice vaccinated via the intranasal route were found to be better protected against experimental tuberculosis particularly in lung compared to subcutaneous-immunized mice. These results emphasize the importance of the intranasal route vaccination in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Giri
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160 012 Chandigarh, India
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23
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Moschos SA, Bramwell VW, Somavarapu S, Alpar HO. Adjuvant synergy: The effects of nasal coadministration of adjuvants. Immunol Cell Biol 2004; 82:628-37. [PMID: 15550121 DOI: 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern peptide and protein subunit vaccines suffer from poor immunogenicity and require the use of adjuvants. However, none of the currently licensed adjuvants can elicit cell-mediated immunity or are suitable for mucosal immunization. In this study we explored the immunological effect of nasal co-administration of adjuvants with distinct functions: cholera toxin subunit B, a potent mucosal adjuvant that induces strong humoral responses, muramy di-peptide (MDP), an adjuvant known to elicit cell mediated immunity but rarely used nasally, and chitosan, an adjuvant that achieves specific physiological effects on mucosal membranes that improve antigen uptake. Groups of five female BALB/c mice received on days 1 and 56 nasal instillations of the recombinant Helicobacter pylori antigen urease admixed to single or multiple adjuvant combinations. Serum IgG kinetics were followed over 24 weeks. At the conclusion of the experiment, local antibody responses were determined and antigen-specific recall responses in splenocyte cultures were assayed for proliferation and cytokine production. The combination of adjuvants was shown to further contribute to the increased antigenicity of recombinant H. pylori urease. The data presented here outline and support facilitation of increased immunomodulation by an adjuvant previously defined as an effective mucosal adjuvant (chitosan) for another adjuvant (MDP) that is not normally effective via this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Moschos
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
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24
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Ohmura-Hoshino M, Yamamoto M, Yuki Y, Takeda Y, Kiyono H. Non-toxic Stx derivatives from Escherichia coli possess adjuvant activity for mucosal immunity. Vaccine 2004; 22:3751-61. [PMID: 15315856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Both B subunit of Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1-B), which mediates the binding of toxin to the membrane, and mutant Stx1 (mStx1), which is a non-toxic double-mutated Stx1 harboring double amino acid substitutions in the A subunit, possess potent mucosal adjuvant activity. Nasal immunization of mice with ovalbumin (OVA) plus the Stx1-B or mStx1 induced OVA-specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses. IgG subclass analysis revealed that mStx1 and Stx1-B as mucosal adjuvants supported Ag-specific IgG1 followed by IgG2b Abs. The co-administration of either mStx1 or Stx1-B with OVA enhanced the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 with low IFN-gamma, by OVA-specific CD4+ T cells. To better elucidate the mechanisms underlying mStx1's and Stx1-B's adjuvant activity, we next sought to examine whether or not dendritic cells (DC) residing in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue (NALT) were activated by nasal administration of Stx1-B or mStx1. We found that mice nasally administered with Stx1-B or mStx1 showed an up-regulation in the expression of CD80, CD86 and especially CD40 on NALT DCs. Taken together, these results suggest that non-toxic Stx derivatives could be effective mucosal adjuvants for the induction of Th2-type, CD4+ T cell mediated, antigen-specific mucosal IgA and systemic IgG Ab responses, and that they likely owe their adjuvant activity to the up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules including CD80, CD86 and CD40 on NALT DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ohmura-Hoshino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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25
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Chen L, Wang J, Zganiacz A, Xing Z. Single intranasal mucosal Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination confers improved protection compared to subcutaneous vaccination against pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:238-46. [PMID: 14688101 PMCID: PMC344011 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.238-246.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the intranasal (i.n.) route of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination provides better protection against pulmonary tuberculosis than subcutaneous (s.c.) vaccination remains an incompletely solved issue. In the present study, we compared both immune responses and protection elicited by single BCG vaccinations via the i.n. or s.c. route in BALB/c mice. While both i.n. and s.c. vaccination triggered comparable levels of primary immune activation in the spleen and draining lymph nodes, i.n. vaccination led to a greater antigen-specific gamma interferon recall response in splenocytes than s.c. vaccination upon secondary respiratory mycobacterial challenge, accompanied by an increased frequency of antigen-specific lymphocytes. There was also a quicker cellular response in the lungs of i.n. vaccinated mice upon mycobacterial challenge. Mice vaccinated i.n. were found to be much better protected, particularly in the lung, than s.c. vaccinated counterparts against pulmonary tuberculosis at both 3 and 6 months postvaccination. These results suggest that the i.n. route of vaccination improves the protective effect of the current BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Chen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Gene Therapeutics, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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26
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Takeda F, Arakawa T, Toma H, Ishii A, Sato Y. Intranasal sensitization with Blomia Tropicalis antigens induces allergic responses in mice characterized by elevated antigen-specific and non-specific serum ige and peripheral blood eosinophil counts. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46:1-8. [PMID: 15057325 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652004000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the potential allergenicity of Blomia tropicalis (Bt) antigen, IgE production of both specific and non-specific for Bt antigen was monitored in BALB/c mice after exposure to the antigen by nasal route. It was evidenced that B. tropicalis contains a functional allergen in its components. The allergenic components, however, when administered intranasally without any adjuvant, did not function to induce IgE response within a short period. On the other hand, intranasal inoculation of Bt antigens augmented serum IgE responses in mice pretreated by a subcutaneous priming injection of the same antigens. Inoculation of Bt antigen without subcutaneous priming injections induced IgE antibody production only when the antigen was continuously administered for a long period of over 24 weeks. Even when the priming injection was absent, the Bt antigen inoculated with cholera toxin (CT) as a mucosal adjuvant also significantly augmented the Bt antigen-specific IgE responses depending on the dose of CT co-administered. The present study also demonstrated that Bt antigen/CT-inoculated mice showed increased non-specific serum IgE level and peripheral blood eosinophil rates without noticeable elevations of the total leukocyte counts. The immunoblot analysis demonstrated 5 main antigenic components reactive to IgE antibodies induced. These components at about 44-64 kDa position were considered to be an important candidate antigen for diagnosis of the mite-related allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Takeda
- Division of Tropical Parasitology, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
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27
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Maeyama JI, Isaka M, Yasuda Y, Matano K, Taniguchi T, Morokuma K, Ohkuma K, Tochikubo K, Goto N. Effects of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit on IL-1beta production by macrophages in vitro. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 46:593-9. [PMID: 12437026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) is a safe and potent mucosal adjuvant. As a clue to the mechanism of the adjuvant effect of rCTB, the profile of cytokines secreted in vitro by the mouse peritoneal macrophage (Mphi) treated with rCTB was examined. IL-1beta secretion, intracellular production, and expression of its mRNA of LPS-stimulated Mphi was greatly enhanced by treatment with rCTB. IL-1beta production in response to other microbial stimulators, such as Pansorbin, Sansorbin, insoluble peptidoglycan, and Taxol, was also potentiated by rCTB. Mphi pretreated with rCTB before 24 hr could maintain the ability to produce a high level of IL-1beta, suggesting that this ability may be involved in the adjuvant activity of rCTB on Mphi stimulation. The possibility of close association between rCTB and signal transduction of a Toll-like receptor family in Mphi is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Byrd W, Mog SR, Cassels FJ. Pathogenicity and immune response measured in mice following intranasal challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains H10407 and B7A. Infect Immun 2003; 71:13-21. [PMID: 12496144 PMCID: PMC143142 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.1.13-21.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity and immunogenicity induced in BALB/c mice by intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains H10407 (O78:H11:CFA/I:LT(+):ST(+)) and B7A (O148:H28:CS6:LT(+):ST(+)) (two ETEC strains previously used in human challenge trials) were studied. The i.n. inoculation of BALB/c mice with large doses of ETEC strains H10407 and B7A caused illness and death. The H10407 strain was found to be consistently more virulent than the B7A strain. Following i.n. challenge with nonlethal doses of H10407 and B7A, the bacteria were cleared from the lungs of the mice at a steady rate over a 2-week period. Macrophages and neutrophils were observed in the alveoli and bronchioles, and lymphocytes were observed in the septa, around vessels, and in the pleura of the lungs in mice challenged with H10407 and B7A. In mice i.n. challenged with H10407, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies were measured at high titers to the CFA/I and O78 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens. In mice i.n. challenged with B7A, low serum IgG antibody titers were detected against CS6, and low serum IgG and IgM antibody titers were detected against O148 LPS. The serum IgG and IgM antibody titers against the heat-labile enterotoxin were equivalent in the H10407- and B7A-challenged mice. The CFA/I and O78 LPS antigens gave mixed T-helper cell 1-T-helper cell 2 (Th1-Th2) responses in which the Th2 response was greater than the Th1 response (i.e., stimulated primarily an antibody response). These studies indicate that the i.n. challenge of BALB/c mice with ETEC strains may provide a useful animal model to better understand the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of ETEC and its virulence determinants. This model may also be useful in providing selection criteria for vaccine candidates for use in primate and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Byrd
- Department of Enteric Infections, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA.
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29
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Arêas APDM, Oliveira MLSD, Ramos CRR, Sbrogio-Almeida ME, Raw I, Ho PL. Synthesis of cholera toxin B subunit gene: cloning and expression of a functional 6XHis-tagged protein in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2002; 25:481-7. [PMID: 12182829 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) has been extensively studied as immunogen, adjuvant, and oral tolerance inductor depending on the antigen conjugated or coadministered. It has been already expressed in several bacterial and yeast systems. In this study, we synthesized a versatile gene coding a 6XHis-tagged CTB (359bp). The sequence was designed according to codon usage of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei, and Salmonella typhimurium. The gene assembly was based on a polymerase chain reaction, in which the polymerase extends DNA fragments from a pool of overlapping oligonucleotides. The synthetic gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in E. coli in an insoluble form, reaching levels about 13 mg of purified active pentameric rCTB per liter of induced culture. Western blot and ELISA analyses showed that recombinant CTB is strongly and specifically recognized by polyclonal antibodies against the cholera toxin. The ability to form the functional pentamers was observed in cell culture by the inhibition of cholera toxin activity on Y1 adrenal cells in the presence of recombinant CTB. The 6XHis-tagged CTB provides a simple way to obtain functional CTB through Ni(2+)-charged resin after refolding and also free of possible CTA contaminants as in the case of CTB obtained from Vibrio cholerae cultures.
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30
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Sheoran AS, Artiushin S, Timoney JF. Nasal mucosal immunogenicity for the horse of a SeM peptide of Streptococcus equi genetically coupled to cholera toxin. Vaccine 2002; 20:1653-9. [PMID: 11858875 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The intranasal immunogenicity of cholera toxin (CT) genetically coupled to peptide sequence aa236-334 (F3) of the SeM protein of Streptococcus equi was studied in five young adult Welsh ponies. All ponies made rapid CTB- and SeMF3-specific serum antibody responses following the first immunization. Specific nasal IgA responses were detected in two ponies 14 days after the first immunization, in another two 14 days after a second immunization on day 14, and in all ponies 28 days after a third immunization on day 42. SeMF3-specific antibody responses in sera and nasal washes were dominated by IgGb and IgA, respectively, and remained elevated for at least 140 days. Strong serum IgGa and IgG(T) responses were also observed. These antibody responses were qualitatively similar to those induced during recovery from equine strangles. Antibody responses in mucosal secretions were boosted in some ponies by immunizations subsequent to the first immunization, but antibodies in serum were never boosted. In vitro survival of S. equi was significantly reduced by SeMF3-specific antibodies in sera obtained 14 days after the second immunization but survival increased in sera collected following subsequent immunizations, possibly due to absence of synthesis of high affinity antibodies. Finally, the susceptibility of all immunized ponies to commingling challenge by S. equi indicated either that SeMF3 lacks protective epitopes or that the antibodies induced by the chimera were not at effective levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sheoran
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
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31
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Maeyama J, Isaka M, Yasuda Y, Matano K, Kozuka S, Taniguchi T, Ohkuma K, Tochikubo K, Goto N. Cytokine responses to recombinant cholera toxin B subunit produced by Bacillus brevis as a mucosal adjuvant. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 45:111-7. [PMID: 11293476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to clarify the mechanism of the mucosal adjuvanticity of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB), which is inherently uncontaminated with the holotoxin produced by Bacillus brevis and has a powerful mucosal adjuvant activity, on cytokine responses compared with that of cholera toxin (CT). rCTB had no ability to stimulate cyclic AMP formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages (Mphi). Cytokine production by non-immunized Mphi cultured with rCTB or CT and by the spleen cells of mice co-immunized intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA) and rCTB or CT was examined. rCTB alone did not induce interleukin (IL)-1alpha/beta or IL-6 production by Mphi, but combination of rCTB with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced both IL-1alpha/beta production. Conversely, CT plus LPS suppressed IL-1alpha/beta production more than LPS alone. Both rCTB and CT suppressed IL-12 secretion induced by interferon gamma (IFN gamma) plus LPS. IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were secreted by mouse spleen cells restimulated with OVA after intranasal co-administration of OVA together with rCTB, and in response to CT, the same cytokines were secreted. The different effect of rCTB on Mphi from that of CT may mean a difference between the mechanisms of rCTB and CT during the early stage of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Biologics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of the lungs and upper airways are common sites for infection. Extensive studies of the mechanisms associated with immune responses in the respiratory tract have found that understanding the system is challenging and involves many complex interactions to prevent and eliminate infection. Immune protection against diseases transmitted through the respiratory tract requires an understanding of the important aspects associated with beneficial, detrimental or ineffective immune responses. Two critical aspects of an immune response against a pathogen are that of the inductive stage, either induced by vaccination or primary infection, and the effector stage, the ability to recognise, respond to and eliminate the infection without detriment to the host. An immunisation strategy must not only have a measure of the induced antigen specific response, but this response must also be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kyd
- Division of Science and Design, Gadi Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia.
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33
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Hagiwar Y, Tsuji T, Iwasaki T, Kadowaki S, Asanuma H, Chen Z, Komase K, Suzuki Y, Aizawa C, Kurata T, Tamura S. Effectiveness and safety of mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT H44A) as an adjuvant for nasal influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2001; 19:2071-9. [PMID: 11228379 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness and safety of mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, LT H44A (His to Arg substitution at position 44 from the N-terminus of the A1 fragment of the A subunit) as an adjuvant for nasal influenza vaccine were examined. (1) When 0.2 microg of LT H44A, together with 0.2 microg of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (PR8, H1N1) vaccine, was administered intranasally into BALB/c mice (twice, 4 weeks apart), anti-PR8 hemagglutinin (HA) IgA and IgG antibody (Ab) responses were induced at levels that were sufficient to provide either complete protection against infection with a small volume of PR8 virus suspension or partial protection against infection with a lethal dose of the suspension. The dose of the mutant LT and vaccine used here (0.2 microg/ 20 g doses mouse) corresponded to the estimated dose per person, i.e. 0.1 mg/10 kg body weight. (2) Using these vaccination conditions, no additional total IgE Ab responses were induced. (3) The mutant was confirmed to be less toxic than the native LT when the toxicity was analyzed either using Y1 adrenal cells in vitro (1/483 EC(50)) or by an ileal loop test. (4) One hundred micrograms of the mutant, administered intranasally or intraperitoneally into guinea-pigs (Heartley strain, 0.3-0.4 kg), caused no body-weight changes 7 days after administration, although 100 microg of the native LT administered intraperitoneally caused death in all guinea-pigs due to diarrhea within 2 days. The intranasal administration of 100 microg of the mutant resulted in almost no pathological changes in the nasal mucosa 3 days after administration. These results suggest that LT H44A, which can be produced in high yields in an E. coli culture (about 5 mg/l), could be used as one of the effective and safe adjuvants for nasal influenza vaccine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hagiwar
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Lopes LM, Maroof A, Dougan G, Chain BM. Inhibition of T-cell response by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-treated epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6891-5. [PMID: 11083810 PMCID: PMC97795 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.12.6891-6895.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is an extensively studied adjuvant of mucosal responses. Nevertheless, its mode of action as an adjuvant remains incompletely understood. In this study, we describe a simplified in vitro model with which to look at some aspects of immunoregulation by LT. The interaction of LT with the apical surface of a monolayer of CaCo-2 epithelial cells induces the release of a soluble factor which inhibits the antigen-induced release of interleukin-2 by T cells cultured at the basolateral side of the cells. The release of this factor requires the ADP-ribosylating activity of LT since the isolated B subunit, as well as an enzymatically silent LT mutant, loses biological activity in this model. The inhibitory activity is likely to be due to prostaglandin release, since it is blocked by indomethacin. The contribution of LT-induced prostaglandin release to the complex immunoregulatory activity of LT is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lopes
- Department of Immunology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, London W1P 6DB, United Kingdom
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Kozuka S, Yasuda Y, Isaka M, Masaki N, Taniguchi T, Matano K, Moriyama A, Ohkuma K, Goto N, Udaka S, Tochikubo K. Efficient extracellular production of recombinant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit by using the expression/secretion system of Bacillus brevis and its mucosal immunoadjuvanticity. Vaccine 2000; 18:1730-7. [PMID: 10699320 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding the mature Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) was introduced in a vector pNU212 and expressed at high levels in Bacillus brevis HPD31. The maximum amount of recombinant LTB (rLTB) secreted into the modified 5PY medium containing erythromycin was about 350 mg l(-1) when cultivated at 30 degrees C for 8 days. The rLTB purified directly from the culture supernatant by using D-galactose immobilized agarose was identical to the native LTB with respect to the molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the amino terminal amino acid sequence. Western blot analysis with antiserum to cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) indicated that rLTB had cross-reactivity to native CTB and its GM1 binding ability was almost the same as that of the CTB. The rLTB predominantly showed the pentameric form when non-boiled samples were applied to SDS-PAGE. When rLTB was administered intranasally to mice with diphtheria toxoid (D(T)), it resulted in the substantial stimulation of D(T)-specific serum IgG antibody, and in the induction of moderate levels of D(T)-specific mucosal IgA antibody responses in the nasal cavities and in the lung, suggesting that purified rLTB acts as a promising immunoadjuvant on mucosal immunizations.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Bacillus/genetics
- Bacillus/metabolism
- Bacterial Toxins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/isolation & purification
- Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry
- Diphtheria Toxoid/administration & dosage
- Diphtheria Toxoid/immunology
- Enterotoxins/administration & dosage
- Enterotoxins/biosynthesis
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enterotoxins/isolation & purification
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/analysis
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Lung/metabolism
- Mice
- Nasal Mucosa/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Transformation, Bacterial
- Vagina/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kozuka
- Department of Microbiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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