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Yadav D, Ostrea EM, Cheng CT, Kisseih E, Maddipati KR, Thomas RL. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid and olive oil supplementation on pup weight in alcohol-exposed pregnant rats. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1334285. [PMID: 38638591 PMCID: PMC11024321 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1334285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Low birth weight has been observed in offspring of alcoholic mothers due likely to unresolved inflammation and oxidative injury. Dietary lipids play a role in inflammation and its resolution. The primary objective was to investigate the effect of DHA and olive oil on the birth weight of pups born to alcohol-exposed dams. Methods Pregnant rats were randomized to the control or three treatment (alcohol) groups. From gestational days (GD) 8-19, the control group received daily olive oil and malto/dextrose, whereas groups 2 and 3 received olive oil and low-dose alcohol or high-dose alcohol, respectively. Group 4 received daily DHA and high-dose alcohol. The dam's blood was collected on GD 15 and 20 for cytokine analysis. Dams were sacrificed on GD 20. The mean birth weight of pups was compared by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Duncan's test. Results There was a significant increase in the pups' mean birth weight in the high-dose alcohol/DHA and high-dose alcohol/olive oil. Higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-12p70) were noted in the alcohol-exposed dams. Conclusions DHA and olive oil supplementation in alcohol-exposed pregnant rats significantly increased their pups' birth weight despite having high pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism of this effect remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Enrique M. Ostrea
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Charlie T. Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Esther Kisseih
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Krishna R. Maddipati
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ronald L. Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Kanno Mathias D, Piazentin Costa J, Rodrigues Calvo C, Claro da Silva R, Converti A, Segura N, Jachmanián I, Gioielli LA, Neves Rodrigues Ract J. Incorporation of Caprylic Acid into a Single Cell Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid for the Production of Specialty Lipids. Food Technol Biotechnol 2021; 58:411-422. [PMID: 33505204 PMCID: PMC7821774 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.58.04.20.6546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research background New sources of docosahexaenoic acid have recently been investigated aiming at infant formula fortification and dietary supplementation, among which the single cell oil with 40-50% of this acid. Experimental approach For this purpose, such an oil was blended with caprylic acid in amount substance ratio ranging from 1:1 to 5:1 and the blends were interesterified using either Novozym 435 or Lipozyme TL IM as the catalyst. The influence of the amount of excess free caprylic acid in the substrate, as well as the type of enzyme on the triacylglycerol rearrangement resulting from the synthesis of the structured lipids were evaluated. Results and conclusions The regiospecific lipase Lipozyme TL IM seemed to induce transesterification among single cell oil triacylglycerols preferably by acidolysis with caprylic acid, which was directly proportional to the ratio of this acid in the substrate. In reactions catalyzed by the non-regiospecific lipase Novozym 435, a higher incorporation of caprylic acid into single cell oil triacylglycerols was observed than when using Lipozyme TL IM, independently of the oil/caprylic acid molar ratio. Novelty and scientific contribution These results revealed the importance of combining the choice of the type of lipase, either regiospecific or not, with the amount ratios of free fatty acids and the substrate in acidolysis when aiming to produce structured lipids as a source of docosahexaenoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kanno Mathias
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Piazentin Costa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Rodrigues Calvo
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Claro da Silva
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, NC 27411 Greensboro, USA
| | - Attilio Converti
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pole of Chemical Engineering, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadia Segura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry, University of the Republic (UDELAR), Av. Gral Flores 2124, Casilla de Correos 1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Iván Jachmanián
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry, University of the Republic (UDELAR), Av. Gral Flores 2124, Casilla de Correos 1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luiz Antonio Gioielli
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Neves Rodrigues Ract
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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Abed SM, Zou X, Ali AH, Jin Q, Wang X. Profiling of triacylglycerol composition in arachidonic acid single cell oil from Mortierella alpina by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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4
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Falk MC, Zheng X, Chen D, Jiang Y, Liu Z, Lewis KD. Developmental and reproductive toxicological evaluation of arachidonic acid (ARA)-Rich oil and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-Rich oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:270-278. [PMID: 28284730 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the reproductive and developmental toxicity of dietary exposure to DHA-rich oil from Schizochytrium sp. and ARA-rich oil from Mortierella alpina. In a developmental toxicity study, pregnant Wistar rats were untreated (control) or administered corn oil (vehicle control), 1000, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg bw/day of DHA-rich oil or ARA-rich oil via gavage from gestation days 6 through 20. In the reproductive toxicity study, male and female Wistar rats were administered vehicle control (corn oil), or 1000, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg bw/day of DHA- or ARA-rich oil via gavage throughout the mating period, pregnancy, and the nursing and lactation period. Differences in the number of fetuses, fetal skeletal malformations, and external and visceral anomalies in the developmental study and mortality, clinical signs, fertility indices, physical observations, gross necropsy findings, and gestation period length in the reproductive toxicity study were not dose-related or significantly different from control groups, and were not considered to be treatment related. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for maternal toxicity and embryo/fetal development and for paternal or maternal treatment-related reproductive toxicity for the DHA-rich oil and ARA-rich oil administered by gavage, was 5000 mg/kg bw/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Falk
- LSRO Solutions LLC, 2286 Dunster Lane, Rockville, MD 20854, United States.
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Runke Bioengineering (Fujian) Co., Ltd, Zhao'an County, Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dieling Chen
- Runke Bioengineering (Fujian) Co., Ltd, Zhao'an County, Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Runke Bioengineering (Fujian) Co., Ltd, Zhao'an County, Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeshen Liu
- Runke Bioengineering (Fujian) Co., Ltd, Zhao'an County, Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Kara D Lewis
- LSRO Solutions LLC, 2286 Dunster Lane, Rockville, MD 20854, United States
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5
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Patten GS, Sanguansri L, Augustin MA, Abeywardena MY, Bird AR, Patch CS, Belobrajdic DP. Microencapsulated krill and tuna oil blend raises plasma long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels compared to tuna oil with similar increases in ileal contractility in rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:201-209. [PMID: 27643849 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1224229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) may be more bioavailable from krill oil compared to fish oil due to their phospholipid structure. We tested whether a microencapsulated krill and tuna oil blend (ME-TOKO) provided greater LC n-3 PUFA bioavailability, improved blood lipid profiles and increased intestinal contractility compared to microencapsulated tuna oil (ME-TO). Rats were divided into three groups to receive isocaloric diets containing ME-TO, ME-TOKO and microencapsulated olive oil (ME-OO) at 0.3 or 2 g/100 g for 4 weeks. Final body and organ weights, feed intake and waste output were similar. ME-TOKO rats had higher plasma total LC n-3 PUFA levels compared to ME-TO, but liver LC n-3 PUFA levels and plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels were similar in non-fasted rats. Diets containing 2% ME-TO and ME-TOKO also showed similar increases in ileal contractility. In summary, ME-TO bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFA was similar to ME-TOKO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen S Patten
- a CSIRO Health and Biosecurity , Kintore Avenue , Adelaide South Australia , Australia
| | - Luz Sanguansri
- b CSIRO Agriculture , Sneydes Road , Werribee Victoria , Australia
| | | | - Mahinda Y Abeywardena
- a CSIRO Health and Biosecurity , Kintore Avenue , Adelaide South Australia , Australia
| | - Anthony R Bird
- a CSIRO Health and Biosecurity , Kintore Avenue , Adelaide South Australia , Australia
| | - Craig S Patch
- c The Omega-3 Centre , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Damien P Belobrajdic
- a CSIRO Health and Biosecurity , Kintore Avenue , Adelaide South Australia , Australia
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Fernández-Iglesias A, Quesada H, Díaz S, Pajuelo D, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJ, Mulero M. Combination of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil increases the hepatic detoxification by GST mediated GSH conjugation in a lipidic postprandial state. Food Chem 2014; 165:14-20. [PMID: 25038643 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of dietary lipids leads to oxidative stress. This postprandial oxidative stress may potentiate the adverse effects of postprandial hyperlipidaemia. Proanthocyanidins have been shown to alleviate oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridaemia associated with the postprandial state. Additionally, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) also have beneficial effects on lipoprotein metabolism and oxidative stress. The present study was designed to investigate the possible additive effects in liver of an acute dose of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) and oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-OR) on lipidic postprandial oxidative stress in Wistar rats. GSPE+DHA-OR modifies the hepatic antioxidant enzymatic activities (GST and GPx), clearly showing that this combination increases the detoxification of postprandial xenobiotics via the GST action mediated hepatic GSH conjugation. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the combination of GSPE and DHA-OR ameliorate the transient imbalance between the lipid hydroperoxide level and antioxidant status related to a lipidic postprandial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Helena Quesada
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sabina Díaz
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - David Pajuelo
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Josepa Salvadó
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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7
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Casanova E, Baselga-Escudero L, Ribas-Latre A, Arola-Arnal A, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJ. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and proanthocyanidins improve postprandial metabolic flexibility in rat. Biofactors 2014; 40:146-56. [PMID: 23983179 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia influences the development of atherosclerosis, which itself constitutes a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The introduction of bioactive compounds may prevent these deleterious effects. Proanthocyanidins are potent antioxidants that have hypolipidemic properties, while omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) stimulate fatty acid oxidation and gene expression programs, controlling mitochondrial functions. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute treatment of ω3 PUFAs and proanthocyanidins on the metabolic flexibility and lipid handling profiles in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of rats that were raised on diets, high in saturated fatty acids. For this, oil rich in docosahexaenoic (DHA-OR), grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE), or both substances (GSPE + DHA-OR) were administered with an overload of lard oil to healthy Wistar rats. Our results indicate that the addition of DHA-OR to lard oil increases insulin sensitivity and redirects fatty acids toward skeletal muscle, thereby activating fatty acid oxidation. We also observed an improvement in adipose mitochondrial functionality and uncoupling. In contrast, GSPE lowers lipidemia, prevents muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and damage, furthermore, activates mitochondrial biogenesis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue. The addition of GSPE+DHA-OR to lard resulted in nearly all the effects of DHA-OR and GSPE administered individually, but the combined administration resulted in a more attenuated profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Casanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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8
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Hussain A, Nookaew I, Khoomrung S, Andersson L, Larsson I, Hulthén L, Jansson N, Jakubowicz R, Nilsson S, Sandberg AS, Nielsen J, Holmäng A. A maternal diet of fatty fish reduces body fat of offspring compared with a maternal diet of beef and a post-weaning diet of fish improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in adult C57BL/6 male mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 209:220-34. [PMID: 23746286 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM The maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation may affect the long-term health of the offspring. Our aim was to study how a fish or meat diet perinatal and after weaning affects body composition, insulin sensitivity and the profile of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in breast milk, fat depots, skeletal muscle and liver in male adult mice offspring. METHODS During gestation and lactation, C57BL/6 dams were fed a herring- or beef-based diet. Half of the pups in each group changed diets after weaning. In offspring, body composition measured by DEXA, plasma lipid profile and insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic clamp or QUICKI were monitored to adulthood. Analysis of total FAs by GC-MS were performed in the diet, breast milk and in different tissues. RESULTS At 9 week of age, offspring of herring-fed dams had less body fat than offspring of beef-fed dams. Mice fed herring after weaning had increased insulin sensitivity at 15 week of age, reduced total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and compared with beef-fed mice, larger interscapular brown adipose tissue depots. The FA composition of the maternal diet was mirrored in breast milk, and the herring diet significantly affected the FA profile of different tissues, leading to an increased content of n-3 PUFAs. CONCLUSION A herring-based maternal diet reduces body fat in the offspring, but the insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids and amount of brown adipose tissue are affected by the offspring's own diet; the herring diet is more beneficial than the beef diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hussain
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - I. Nookaew
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Systems Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - S. Khoomrung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Systems Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - L. Andersson
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - I. Larsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - L. Hulthén
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition; Institute of Medicine; The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - N. Jansson
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - R. Jakubowicz
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - S. Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Statistics; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - A.-S. Sandberg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Food Science; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - J. Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Systems Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - A. Holmäng
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
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Bautista CJ, Rodríguez-González GL, Torres N, Hernández-Pando R, Ramírez V, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E. Protein restriction in the rat negatively impacts long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and mammary gland development at the end of gestation. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:429-36. [PMID: 24051037 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maternal nutrition during gestation is critical for mammary gland cell proliferation and differentiation and development of optimal delta-6 (Δ6D) and delta-5 (Δ5D) desaturase and elongase 2 and 5 (Elovl 2 and 5) activity for synthesis of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, important for normal fetal and neonatal brain development. We hypothesized that maternal low protein diet (LPD) impairs mammary gland preparation for lactation and PUFA synthesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate consequences of maternal LPD on mammary gland structure and development and expression of enzymes responsible for LC-PUFA production. METHODS Pregnant rats were assigned to control or protein restricted, isocaloric diet (R). At 19 days gestation, mammary gland tissue was removed for histological analysis and lipid, AA, EPA and DHA determination by gas chromatography. Gene transcription was quantified by RT-PCR and protein by Western blot. RESULTS In R mothers, mammary gland lobuloalveolar development was decreased and showed fat cell infiltration. Δ6D, Δ5D, and Elovl 5 mRNA were lower in R, whereas protein levels measured by Western blot were unchanged. This is the first report that detects mammary gland desaturase and elongase protein. Although Elovl 2 mRNA was not detectable by RT-PCR, Elovl 2 protein was not different between groups. AA and DHA were lower and EPA undetectable in the mammary gland of R mothers. CONCLUSIONS Maternal LPD decreased late gestation mammary gland lobuloalveolar development and LC-PUFAs. Protein restriction negatively impacts maternal mammary gland development prior to lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Bautista
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán," Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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Arachidonate-enriched triglyceride oil does not promote tumor development in a rat medium-term multi-organ carcinogenesis model. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2780-91. [PMID: 22583651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modifying potential on tumor development of arachidonate-enriched triglyceride oil (ARA-oil) containing approximately 40% arachidonic acid was investigated in a medium-term multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay using male and female F344 rats. The animals were sequentially given five carcinogens with different target sites in the first 4 weeks, and then administered ARA-oil for 24 weeks at dietary levels of 0% (control), 1.25%, 2.5% or 5.0%. No statistically significant differences in incidences and multiplicities of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions were showed in the large intestine in either sex. In the liver, kidney, and lung in both sexes, and the mammary gland and uterus in females, tumor promoting potential was not evident with ARA-oil treatment. ARA-oil did not affect the quantitative data for glutathione S-transferase placental form positive foci of the liver. Increased induction of hyperplastic or neoplastic lesions in the urinary bladder and thyroid in ARA-oil-treated groups was without dose dependence. In addition, a second experiment with ARA-oil only administration for 8-week revealed no effects on cellular proliferation in the urinary bladder or thyroid in either sex. These results indicate that ARA-oil has no tumor promoting potential in any organs or tissues initiated with the five carcinogens applied in the present study.
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11
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Fedorova-Dahms I, Marone P, Bauter M, Ryan A. Safety evaluation of DHA-rich Algal Oil from Schizochytrium sp. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3310-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Hadley K, Ryan A, Nelson E, Salem N. Preclinical safety evaluation in rats using a highly purified ethyl ester of algal-docosahexaenoic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2778-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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90-Day feeding and genotoxicity studies on a refined arachidonic acid-rich oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2407-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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The hypolipidemic effect of an ethyl ester of algal-docosahexaenoic acid in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Lipids 2009; 44:817-26. [PMID: 19655188 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a triacylglycerol (TAG) or an ethyl ester are protective against cardiovascular disease. Both have significant TAG-lowering effects. We developed a concentrated ethyl ester of DHA (MATK-90, 900 mg/g) using microalgae as its source. This study evaluated the effects that different doses of MATK-90 had on lipid levels and clinical parameters in male Wistar rats fed a high-fructose diet used to induce hypertriglyceridemia (TAG > or = 300 mg/dL). Effects of MATK-90 were compared to those produced by a pharmaceutical product (Lovaza, formerly Omacor, P-OM3; 465 mg EPA + 375 mg DHA), a TAG oil used in food (DHASCO, algal-DHA, 40% DHA by weight), and a control (corn oil). Doses of MATK-90 (0.6, 1.3, 2.5, 5.0 g kg(-1) day(-1)), algal-DHA (2 g DHA kg(-1) day(-1)), and P-OM3 (5.0 g kg(-1) day(-1)) were administered by oral gavage for 28 days. A significant dose-related decrease was observed in TAG and cholesterol levels in all but the lowest dose of MATK-90 treatment group vs. control. The high-dose group of MATK-90 and the P-OM3 group produced similar reductions in TAG levels.
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid with activities in both infants and adults. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the published literature concerning the toxicological assessment of DHA-rich oils in animals and the safety profile of DHA consumption in humans. Structured literature searches concerning DHA toxicology and DHA effects on platelet function, lipid levels, oxidative potential, glycemic control, and immune function were conducted. The toxicological profile of DHA derived from single-cell organisms demonstrates that these oils are safe in rats (up to a consumption level of 3290 mg/kg body weight/d) in 90-d toxicology evaluations, as well as in reproductive and developmental toxicology studies. The maximum DHA level in human breast milk exceeds 1% of total fatty acids in high-fish-consuming populations. Consumption of DHA-rich human milk as sole source of nutrition provides approximately 315 mg/d in infants 1-6 months of age, and appears to be a safe level of intake. DHA supplementation studies in adults have employed doses ranging from less than 1 to 7.5 g/d, and have not resulted in any consistent adverse responses in platelet function, lipid levels, in vivo oxidation parameters, glycemic control, or immune function. In conclusion, DHA consumption does not result in consistent adverse events in infants or adults. Safe intake levels may be modeled on DHA intake from human milk in infants, and may be at least as high as the upper doses studied in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Lien
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
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Lippmeier JC, Crawford KS, Owen CB, Rivas AA, Metz JG, Apt KE. Characterization of Both Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Pathways in Schizochytrium sp. Lipids 2009; 44:621-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hammond BG, Lemen JK, Ahmed G, Miller KD, Kirkpatrick J, Fleeman T. Safety assessment of SDA soybean oil: Results of a 28-day gavage study and a 90-day/one generation reproduction feeding study in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:311-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Blum R, Kiy T, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Wong AW, Roberts A. One-generation reproductive toxicity study of DHA-rich oil in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 49:260-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Blum R, Kiy T, Tanaka S, Wong AW, Roberts A. Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies of DHA-rich oil in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 49:271-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Arterburn LM, Oken HA, Hoffman JP, Bailey-Hall E, Chung G, Rom D, Hamersley J, McCarthy D. Bioequivalence of Docosahexaenoic acid from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food. Lipids 2007; 42:1011-24. [PMID: 17713804 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, is important for eye and brain development and ongoing visual, cognitive, and cardiovascular health. Unlike fish-sourced oils, the bioavailability of DHA from vegetarian-sourced (algal) oils has not been formally assessed. We assessed bioequivalence of DHA oils in capsules from two different algal strains versus bioavailability from an algal-DHA-fortified food. Our 28-day randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study compared bioavailability of (a) two different algal DHA oils in capsules ("DHASCO-T" and "DHASCO-S") at doses of 200, 600, and 1,000 mg DHA per day (n = 12 per group) and of (b) an algal-DHA-fortified food (n = 12). Bioequivalence was based on changes in plasma phospholipid and erythrocyte DHA levels. Effects on arachidonic acid (ARA), docosapentaenoic acid-n-6 (DPAn-6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were also determined. Both DHASCO-T and DHASCO-S capsules produced equivalent DHA levels in plasma phospholipids and erythrocytes. DHA response was dose-dependent and linear over the dose range, plasma phospholipid DHA increased by 1.17, 2.28 and 3.03 g per 100 g fatty acid at 200, 600, and 1,000 mg dose, respectively. Snack bars fortified with DHASCO-S oil also delivered equivalent amounts of DHA on a DHA dose basis. Adverse event monitoring revealed an excellent safety and tolerability profile. Two different algal oil capsule supplements and an algal oil-fortified food represent bioequivalent and safe sources of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Arterburn
- Martek Biosciences Corporation, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
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HAMAM FAYEZ, SHAHIDI FEREIDOON. LIPASE-CATALYZED ACIDOLYSIS OF ALGAL OILS WITH CAPRIC ACID: OPTIMIZATION OF REACTION CONDITIONS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLGY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2004.tb00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Blanco PG, Freedman SD, Lopez MC, Ollero M, Comen E, Laposata M, Alvarez JG. Oral docosahexaenoic acid given to pregnant mice increases the amount of surfactant in lung and amniotic fluid in preterm fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:1369-74. [PMID: 15167843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to determine whether docosahexaenoic acid increased surfactant production, as reflected by increased dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, in mouse fetal lung and amniotic fluid. STUDY DESIGN On day 9.5 of gestation, pregnant mice were given docosahexaenoic acid orally at 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg per day and were killed at day 16.5 (preterm) and day 19.5 (term) of gestation. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine was measured in fetal lung homogenates and amniotic fluid by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine values in lung were 0.22 +/- 0.27 microg/mg of total protein in preterm versus 1.96 +/- 0.57 microg/mg in term control fetuses. Pretreatment with 5, 10, or 20 mg docosahexaenoic acid increased dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine levels in preterm fetuses to 1.20 +/- 0.75, 1.60 +/- 0.67, and 3.28 +/- 0.44 microg/mg of protein, respectively. A similar trend was observed in amniotic fluid in which dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine levels were 1.86 +/- 3.70 microg/mL in preterm fetuses at baseline and increased to 7.81 +/- 1.21, 16.83 +/- 1.62 and 22.72 +/- 3.44 microg/mL after pretreatment for 7 days with 5, 10, and 20 mg docosahexaenoic acid (P<.05 compared to untreated mice). Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine levels in amniotic fluid were 24.46 +/- 10.3 microg/mL in term control mice. CONCLUSION The oral administration of docosahexaenoic acid to pregnant mice during pregnancy can induce dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine production and secretion, which is the major lipid component of surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola G Blanco
- Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are natural constituents of the human diet; however, dietary intakes of these fatty acids are below recommended values. The main dietary source of DHA is fatty fish, with lesser amounts provided by shellfish, marine mammals, and organ meats. The addition to traditional food products of refined oils produced by marine microalgae represents potential sources of supplemental dietary DHA. DHA45-oil is manufactured through a multi-step fermentation and refining process using a non-toxigenic and non-pathogenic marine protist. Comprising approximately 45% DHA, and lesser concentrations of palmitic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, DHA45-oil is intended for use in foods as a dietary source of DHA. The safety of DHA45-oil was evaluated in various genotoxicity and acute, subchronic, and reproductive toxicity studies. DHA45-oil produced negative results in genotoxicity assays and demonstrated a low acute oral toxicity in mice and rats. Dietary administration of DHA45-oil to rats in subchronic and one-generation reproductive studies produced results consistent with those observed in oral studies using high concentrations of omega-3 PUFAs from fish or other microalgal-derived oils. The results of these studies, as well as those of various published metabolic, toxicological, and clinical studies with DHA-containing oils, support the safety of DHA45-oil as a potential dietary source of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kroes
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80176, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Yalelaan 2, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Achieving appropriate growth and nutrient accretion of preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants is often difficult during hospitalization because of metabolic and gastrointestinal immaturity and other complicating medical conditions. Advances in the care of preterm-LBW infants, including improved nutrition, have reduced mortality rates for these infants from 9.6 to 6.2% from 1983 to 1997. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has responsibility for ensuring the safety and nutritional quality of infant formulas based on current scientific knowledge. Consequently, under FDA contract, an ad hoc Expert Panel was convened by the Life Sciences Research Office of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences to make recommendations for the nutrient content of formulas for preterm-LBW infants based on current scientific knowledge and expert opinion. Recommendations were developed from different criteria than that used for recommendations for term infant formula. To ensure nutrient adequacy, the Panel considered intrauterine accretion rate, organ development, factorial estimates of requirements, nutrient interactions and supplemental feeding studies. Consideration was also given to long-term developmental outcome. Some recommendations were based on current use in domestic preterm formula. Included were recommendations for nutrients not required in formula for term infants such as lactose and arginine. Recommendations, examples, and sample calculations were based on a 1000 g preterm infant consuming 120 kcal/kg and 150 mL/d of an 810 kcal/L formula. A summary of recommendations for energy and 45 nutrient components of enteral formulas for preterm-LBW infants are presented. Recommendations for five nutrient:nutrient ratios are also presented. In addition, critical areas for future research on the nutritional requirements specific for preterm-LBW infants are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Klein
- Life Sciences Research Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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